The Cortical Projection Upon the Claustrum'
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Post-Stroke Movement Disorders: Report of 56 Patients F Alarco´N, J C M Zijlmans, G Duen˜As, N Cevallos
1568 J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.2003.011874 on 15 October 2004. Downloaded from PAPER Post-stroke movement disorders: report of 56 patients F Alarco´n, J C M Zijlmans, G Duen˜as, N Cevallos ............................................................................................................................... J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004;75:1568–1574. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.2003.011874 Background: Although movement disorders that occur following a stroke have long been recognised in short series of patients, their frequency and clinical and imaging features have not been reported in large series of patients with stroke. Methods: We reviewed consecutive patients with involuntary abnormal movements (IAMs) following a stroke who were included in the Eugenio Espejo Hospital Stroke Registry and they were followed up for at least one year after the onset of the IAM. We determined the clinical features, topographical correlations, See end of article for authors’ affiliations and pathophysiological implications of the IAMs. ....................... Results: Of 1500 patients with stroke 56 developed movement disorders up to one year after the stroke. Patients with chorea were older and the patients with dystonia were younger than the patients with other Correspondence to: Dr. F Alarco´n, Department IAMs. In patients with isolated vascular lesions without IAMs, surface lesions prevailed but patients with of Neurology, Eugenio deep vascular lesions showed a higher probability of developing abnormal movements. One year after Espejo Hospital, P.O. Box onset of the IAMs, 12 patients (21.4%) completely improved their abnormal movements, 38 patients 17-07-9515, Quito, Ecuador, South America; (67.8%) partially improved, four did not improve (7.1%), and two patients with chorea died. -
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Multiple Sclerosis: a Study of Pulse-Technique Efficacy
691 Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Multiple Sclerosis: A Study of Pulse-Technique Efficacy Val M. Runge1 Forty-two patients with the clinical diagnosis of multiple sclerosis were examined by Ann C. Price1 proton magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 0.5 T. An extensive protocol was used to Howard S. Kirshner2 facilitate a comparison of the efficacy of different pulse techniques. Results were also Joseph H. Allen 1 compared in 39 cases with high-resolution x-ray computed tomography (CT). MRI revealed characteristic abnormalities in each case, whereas CT was positive in only 15 C. Leon Partain 1 of 33 patients. Milder grades 1 and 2 disease were usually undetected by CT, and in all A. Everette James, Jr.1 cases, the abnormalities noted on MRI were much more extensive than on CT. Cerebral abnormalities were best shown with the T2-weighted spin-echo sequence (TE/TR = 120/1000); brainstem lesions were best defined on the inversion-recovery sequence (TE/TI/TR =30/400/1250). Increasing TE to 120 msec and TR to 2000 msec heightened the contrast between normal and abnormal white matter. However, the signal intensity of cerebrospinal fluid with this pulse technique obscured some abnormalities. The diagnosis of multiple sclerosis continues to be a clinical challenge [1,2). The lack of an objective means of assessment further complicates the evaluation of treatment regimens. Evoked potentials, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis , and computed tomography (CT) are currently used for diagnosis, but all lack sensitivity and/or specificity. Furthermore, postmortem examinations demonstrate many more lesions than those suggested by clinical means [3). -
Amygdaloid Projections to the Ventral Striatum in Mice: Direct and Indirect Chemosensory Inputs to the Brain Reward System
ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE published: 22 August 2011 NEUROANATOMY doi: 10.3389/fnana.2011.00054 Amygdaloid projections to the ventral striatum in mice: direct and indirect chemosensory inputs to the brain reward system Amparo Novejarque1†, Nicolás Gutiérrez-Castellanos2†, Enrique Lanuza2* and Fernando Martínez-García1* 1 Departament de Biologia Funcional i Antropologia Física, Facultat de Ciències Biològiques, Universitat de València, València, Spain 2 Departament de Biologia Cel•lular, Facultat de Ciències Biològiques, Universitat de València, València, Spain Edited by: Rodents constitute good models for studying the neural basis of sociosexual behavior. Agustín González, Universidad Recent findings in mice have revealed the molecular identity of the some pheromonal Complutense de Madrid, Spain molecules triggering intersexual attraction. However, the neural pathways mediating this Reviewed by: Daniel W. Wesson, Case Western basic sociosexual behavior remain elusive. Since previous work indicates that the dopamin- Reserve University, USA ergic tegmento-striatal pathway is not involved in pheromone reward, the present report James L. Goodson, Indiana explores alternative pathways linking the vomeronasal system with the tegmento-striatal University, USA system (the limbic basal ganglia) by means of tract-tracing experiments studying direct *Correspondence: and indirect projections from the chemosensory amygdala to the ventral striato-pallidum. Enrique Lanuza, Departament de Biologia Cel•lular, Facultat de Amygdaloid projections to the nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle, and adjoining struc- Ciències Biològiques, Universitat de tures are studied by analyzing the retrograde transport in the amygdala from dextran València, C/Dr. Moliner, 50 ES-46100 amine and fluorogold injections in the ventral striatum, as well as the anterograde labeling Burjassot, València, Spain. found in the ventral striato-pallidum after dextran amine injections in the amygdala. -
Hippocampal–Caudate Nucleus Interactions Support Exceptional Memory Performance
Brain Struct Funct DOI 10.1007/s00429-017-1556-2 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Hippocampal–caudate nucleus interactions support exceptional memory performance Nils C. J. Müller1 · Boris N. Konrad1,2 · Nils Kohn1 · Monica Muñoz-López3 · Michael Czisch2 · Guillén Fernández1 · Martin Dresler1,2 Received: 1 December 2016 / Accepted: 24 October 2017 © The Author(s) 2017. This article is an open access publication Abstract Participants of the annual World Memory competitive interaction between hippocampus and caudate Championships regularly demonstrate extraordinary mem- nucleus is often observed in normal memory function, our ory feats, such as memorising the order of 52 playing cards findings suggest that a hippocampal–caudate nucleus in 20 s or 1000 binary digits in 5 min. On a cognitive level, cooperation may enable exceptional memory performance. memory athletes use well-known mnemonic strategies, We speculate that this cooperation reflects an integration of such as the method of loci. However, whether these feats the two memory systems at issue-enabling optimal com- are enabled solely through the use of mnemonic strategies bination of stimulus-response learning and map-based or whether they benefit additionally from optimised neural learning when using mnemonic strategies as for example circuits is still not fully clarified. Investigating 23 leading the method of loci. memory athletes, we found volumes of their right hip- pocampus and caudate nucleus were stronger correlated Keywords Memory athletes · Method of loci · Stimulus with each other compared to matched controls; both these response learning · Cognitive map · Hippocampus · volumes positively correlated with their position in the Caudate nucleus memory sports world ranking. Furthermore, we observed larger volumes of the right anterior hippocampus in ath- letes. -
University of Florida Thesis Or Dissertation Formatting
THE NEURAL CIRCUITRY OF RESTRICTED REPETITIVE BEHAVIOR By BRADLEY JAMES WILKES A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2018 © 2018 Bradley James Wilkes To my father, Wade Wilkes, for his lifelong support, love, and encouragement ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This research was supported by funding from the Dissertation Research Award from the American Psychological Assocation, the Pilot Project Award (Non-Patient Oriented Clinical/Translational Research) from the Clinical and Translational Science Institute at the University of Florida, the Robert A. and Phyllis Levitt Award, the Gerber Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Psychology Research Award, and the Jacquelin Goldman Scholarship in Developmental Psychology. I would especially like to thank Drs. Mark Lewis, Marcelo Febo, David Vaillancourt, Luis Colon-Perez, Darragh Devine, Timothy Vollmer, and Michael King for their support and guidance. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. 4 LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ 7 LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... 8 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................... 10 ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................. -
Distinct Transcriptomic Cell Types and Neural Circuits of the Subiculum and Prosubiculum Along 2 the Dorsal-Ventral Axis 3 4 Song-Lin Ding1,2,*, Zizhen Yao1, Karla E
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2019.12.14.876516; this version posted December 15, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Distinct transcriptomic cell types and neural circuits of the subiculum and prosubiculum along 2 the dorsal-ventral axis 3 4 Song-Lin Ding1,2,*, Zizhen Yao1, Karla E. Hirokawa1, Thuc Nghi Nguyen1, Lucas T. Graybuck1, Olivia 5 Fong1, Phillip Bohn1, Kiet Ngo1, Kimberly A. Smith1, Christof Koch1, John W. Phillips1, Ed S. Lein1, 6 Julie A. Harris1, Bosiljka Tasic1, Hongkui Zeng1 7 8 1Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA 9 10 2Lead Contact 11 12 *Correspondence: [email protected] (SLD) 13 14 15 Highlights 16 17 1. 27 transcriptomic cell types identified in and spatially registered to “subicular” regions. 18 2. Anatomic borders of “subicular” regions reliably determined along dorsal-ventral axis. 19 3. Distinct cell types and circuits of full-length subiculum (Sub) and prosubiculum (PS). 20 4. Brain-wide cell-type specific projections of Sub and PS revealed with specific Cre-lines. 21 22 23 In Brief 24 25 Ding et al. show that mouse subiculum and prosubiculum are two distinct regions with differential 26 transcriptomic cell types, subtypes, neural circuits and functional correlation. The former has obvious 27 topographic projections to its main targets while the latter exhibits widespread projections to many 28 subcortical regions associated with reward, emotion, stress and motivation. -
The Roles of the Caudate Nucleus in Human Classification Learning
The Journal of Neuroscience, March 16, 2005 • 25(11):2941–2951 • 2941 Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive The Roles of the Caudate Nucleus in Human Classification Learning Carol A. Seger and Corinna M. Cincotta Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 The caudate nucleus is commonly active when learning relationships between stimuli and responses or categories. Previous research has not differentiated between the contributions to learning in the caudate and its contributions to executive functions such as feedback processing. We used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging while participants learned to categorize visual stimuli as predicting “rain” or “sun.” In each trial, participants viewed a stimulus, indicated their prediction via a button press, and then received feedback. Conditions were defined on the bases of stimulus–outcome contingency (deterministic, probabilistic, and random) and feedback (negative and positive). A region of interest analysis was used to examine activity in the head of the caudate, body/tail of the caudate, and putamen. Activity associated with successful learning was localized in the body and tail of the caudate and putamen; this activity increased as the stimulus–outcome contingencies were learned. In contrast, activity in the head of the caudate and ventral striatum was associated most strongly with processing feedback and decreased across trials. The left superior frontal gyrus was more active for deterministic than probabilistic stimuli; conversely, extrastriate visual areas were more active for probabilistic than determin- istic stimuli. Overall, hippocampal activity was associated with receiving positive feedback but not with correct classification. Successful learning correlated positively with activity in the body and tail of the caudate nucleus and negatively with activity in the hippocampus. -
Patients with Stroke Confined to Basal Ganglia Have Diminished Response to Rehabilitation Efforts
Patients with stroke confined to basal ganglia have diminished response to rehabilitation efforts Ichiro Miyai, MD, PhD; Alan D. Blau, PhD; Michael J. Reding, MD; and Bruce T. Volpe, MD Article abstract-Prediction of the functional outcome for patients with stroke has depended on the severity of impair- ment, location of brain injury, age, and general medical condition. This study compared admission and discharge func- tional outcome (Functional Independence Measure, FIM) and deficit severity (Fugl-Meyer, F-M) scores in a retrospective study of patients with similar neurologic impairments: homonymous hemianopia, hemisensory loss, and hemiparesis. CT-verified stroke location was the independent variable: cortical (n = ll),basal ganglia and internal capsule (normal cortex and thalamus, n = 131, or combined (cortical, basal ganglia, and internal capsule, n = 22). By 3 months on average after stroke, all groups demonstrated significantly improved motor function as measured by F-M scores. Patients with cortical lesions had the least CT-imaged damage and the best outcome. Patients with combined lesions and more extensive brain injury had significantly higher FIM scores (p< 0.05) than patients with injury restricted to the basal ganglid internal capsule. Patients with basal ganglidinternal capsule injury were more likely to have hypotonia, flaccid paralysis, and persistently impaired balance and ambulation performance. While all patients had a comparable rehabilitation experience, these results suggest that patients with stroke confined to the basal ganglia and internal capsule benefited less from therapy. Isolated basal ganglia stroke may cause persistent corticothalamic-basal ganglia interactions that are dysfunctional and impede recovery. NEUROLOGY 1997;48:95-101 In several studies rehabilitative intervention has im- matter, but not the basal ganglia, corona radiata, or inter- proved the functional outcome of patients with nal capsule. -
In Brief in the Other Study, Jackson Et Al
RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS CLEGR2+ neurons immediately before 43% of IPSPs driven by claustrum tones considerably reduced auditory activation were probably mediated population responses. by NPY neurons, whereas 35% IN briEF In the other study, Jackson et al. were mediated by FS neurons and used a retrograde virus approach to 22% by co-innervation by FS and SPATIAL NAVIGATION specifically target claustral neurons NPY neurons. Pharmacogenetic Planning a path projecting to the prefrontal cortex silencing of PV+ neurons (including (PFC) in mice (CL PFC neurons). FS neurons) or NPY neurons greatly Spatial navigation involves co-ordination between action → planning by the prefrontal cortex and spatial representation Optogenetic stimulation of these reduced the inhibitory responses of the environment in the hippocampus. In this study, when CL → PFC afferents led to a strong of pyramidal cells to claustral rats performed an alternating arm choice task in a T maze, the overall inhibition of pyramidal stimulation. Notably, when NPY coordination of the timing of spikes between neurons in neurons and inhibitory neurons in neurons were silenced, claustral the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), the thalamic nucleus the PFC. In acute slices, claustrum- stimulation even led to excitation reuniens (NR) and the hippocampal CA1 was found to increase; stimulated inhibitory responses of pyramidal cells, suggesting co-ordinated firing between supramammillary nucleus (SUM) and CA1 neurons also increased. Silencing of SUM neurons of prefrontal pyramidal cells were that claustrocortical excitation of decreased spike-time coordination in the mPFC-NR-CA1 blocked by glutamate receptor pyramidal cells is usually prevented circuit and impaired representations of the trajectory of antagonists, suggesting that the by NPY cell-mediated inhibition. -
The Claustrum: Three-Dimensional Reconstruction, Photorealistic Imaging, and Stereotactic Approach
Folia Morphol. Vol. 70, No. 4, pp. 228–234 Copyright © 2011 Via Medica O R I G I N A L A R T I C L E ISSN 0015–5659 www.fm.viamedica.pl The claustrum: three-dimensional reconstruction, photorealistic imaging, and stereotactic approach S. Kapakin Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey [Received 7 July 2011; Accepted 25 September 2011] The purpose of this study was to reveal the computer-aided three-dimensional (3D) appearance, the dimensions, and neighbourly relations of the claustrum and make a stereotactic approach to it by using serial sections taken from the brain of a human cadaver. The Snake technique was used to carry out 3D reconstructions of the claustra and surrounding structures. The photorealistic imaging and stereo- tactic approach were rendered by using the Advanced Render Module in Cinema 4D software. The claustrum takes the form of the concavity of the insular cortex and the convexity of the putamen. The inferior border of the claustrum is at about the same level as the bottom edge of the insular cortex and the putamen, but the superior border of the claustrum is at a lower level than the upper edge of the insular cortex and the putamen. The volume of the right claustrum, in the dimen- sions of 35.5710 mm ¥ 1.0912 mm ¥ 16.0000 mm, was 828.8346 mm3, and the volume of the left claustrum, in the dimensions of 32.9558 mm ¥ 0.8321 mm ¥ ¥ 19.0000 mm, was 705.8160 mm3. The surface areas of the right and left claustra were calculated to be 1551.149697 mm2 and 1439.156450 mm2 by using Surf- driver software. -
Motor Systems Basal Ganglia
Motor systems 409 Basal Ganglia You have just read about the different motor-related cortical areas. Premotor areas are involved in planning, while MI is involved in execution. What you don’t know is that the cortical areas involved in movement control need “help” from other brain circuits in order to smoothly orchestrate motor behaviors. One of these circuits involves a group of structures deep in the brain called the basal ganglia. While their exact motor function is still debated, the basal ganglia clearly regulate movement. Without information from the basal ganglia, the cortex is unable to properly direct motor control, and the deficits seen in Parkinson’s and Huntington’s disease and related movement disorders become apparent. Let’s start with the anatomy of the basal ganglia. The important “players” are identified in the adjacent figure. The caudate and putamen have similar functions, and we will consider them as one in this discussion. Together the caudate and putamen are called the neostriatum or simply striatum. All input to the basal ganglia circuit comes via the striatum. This input comes mainly from motor cortical areas. Notice that the caudate (L. tail) appears twice in many frontal brain sections. This is because the caudate curves around with the lateral ventricle. The head of the caudate is most anterior. It gives rise to a body whose “tail” extends with the ventricle into the temporal lobe (the “ball” at the end of the tail is the amygdala, whose limbic functions you will learn about later). Medial to the putamen is the globus pallidus (GP). -
A Reliable Protocol for the Manual Segmentation of the Human Amygdala and Its Subregions Using Ultra-High Resolution MRI
NeuroImage 60 (2012) 1226–1235 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect NeuroImage journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ynimg A reliable protocol for the manual segmentation of the human amygdala and its subregions using ultra-high resolution MRI Jonathan J. Entis a, Priya Doerga f, Lisa Feldman Barrett d,e,g,1, Bradford C. Dickerson b,c,d,g,⁎,1 a Department of Psychology, Boston College, USA b Frontotemporal Disorders Unit, Massachusetts Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, USA c Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA d Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA e Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA f Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands g Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA article info abstract Article history: The measurement of the volume of the human amygdala in vivo has received increasing attention over the Received 6 May 2011 past decade, but existing methods face several challenges. First, due to the amorphous appearance of the Revised 9 December 2011 amygdala and the difficulties in interpreting its boundaries, it is common for protocols to omit sizable sec- Accepted 29 December 2011 tions of the rostral and dorsal regions of the amygdala comprising parts of the basolateral complex (BL) Available online 5 January 2012 and central nucleus (Ce), respectively. Second, segmentation of the amgydaloid complex into separate sub- Keywords: divisions is challenging due to the resolution of routinely acquired images and the lack of standard protocols.