Journal of Anatomy
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Post-Stroke Movement Disorders: Report of 56 Patients F Alarco´N, J C M Zijlmans, G Duen˜As, N Cevallos
1568 J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.2003.011874 on 15 October 2004. Downloaded from PAPER Post-stroke movement disorders: report of 56 patients F Alarco´n, J C M Zijlmans, G Duen˜as, N Cevallos ............................................................................................................................... J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004;75:1568–1574. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.2003.011874 Background: Although movement disorders that occur following a stroke have long been recognised in short series of patients, their frequency and clinical and imaging features have not been reported in large series of patients with stroke. Methods: We reviewed consecutive patients with involuntary abnormal movements (IAMs) following a stroke who were included in the Eugenio Espejo Hospital Stroke Registry and they were followed up for at least one year after the onset of the IAM. We determined the clinical features, topographical correlations, See end of article for authors’ affiliations and pathophysiological implications of the IAMs. ....................... Results: Of 1500 patients with stroke 56 developed movement disorders up to one year after the stroke. Patients with chorea were older and the patients with dystonia were younger than the patients with other Correspondence to: Dr. F Alarco´n, Department IAMs. In patients with isolated vascular lesions without IAMs, surface lesions prevailed but patients with of Neurology, Eugenio deep vascular lesions showed a higher probability of developing abnormal movements. One year after Espejo Hospital, P.O. Box onset of the IAMs, 12 patients (21.4%) completely improved their abnormal movements, 38 patients 17-07-9515, Quito, Ecuador, South America; (67.8%) partially improved, four did not improve (7.1%), and two patients with chorea died. -
Of Severe Jaundice of the Newborn by L
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.18.1.17 on 1 February 1955. Downloaded from J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat., 1955, 18, 17. MORPHOLOGICAL NERVOUS CHANGES IN SURVIVORS OF SEVERE JAUNDICE OF THE NEWBORN BY L. CROME From the Neuropathology Department, the Fountain Hospital, London The clinical sequelae of Rh sensitization have the neonatal period with hydrops foetalis or, more been fully described by Pentschew (1948), Pickles commonly, icterus gravis, and, on the other hand, (1949), and Evans and Polani (1950). The clinical on a small total of 17 morphological descriptions variability of the condition is well known, but it of cases of established residual kemicterus, some tends to follow, nevertheless, a certain pattern. A of which were of doubtful aetiology. stormy neonatal period with jaundice, drowsiness, The structural changes found in the early fatal feeding difficulties, opisthotonos, and respiratory cases of Rh sensitization are characterized by disturbances is usually followed between the ages of generalized jaundice with staining by bilirubin of 1 and 2 years by a "silent" period. After that, certain focal areas of the grey matter of the central guest. Protected by copyright. rigidity, intermittent opisthotonos, and involuntary nervous system, a blood picture marked by erythro- movements make their appearance. Hypertonia blastosis and haemolysis, and some less constant may be present and this may be replaced by the findings in other organs such as persistence of intermittent spasms of athetosis. Involuntary haemopoietic foci in the liver and spleen, increase choreiform movements may set in later, and deafness in size and weight of the liver and spleen, and the is also common. -
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Multiple Sclerosis: a Study of Pulse-Technique Efficacy
691 Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Multiple Sclerosis: A Study of Pulse-Technique Efficacy Val M. Runge1 Forty-two patients with the clinical diagnosis of multiple sclerosis were examined by Ann C. Price1 proton magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 0.5 T. An extensive protocol was used to Howard S. Kirshner2 facilitate a comparison of the efficacy of different pulse techniques. Results were also Joseph H. Allen 1 compared in 39 cases with high-resolution x-ray computed tomography (CT). MRI revealed characteristic abnormalities in each case, whereas CT was positive in only 15 C. Leon Partain 1 of 33 patients. Milder grades 1 and 2 disease were usually undetected by CT, and in all A. Everette James, Jr.1 cases, the abnormalities noted on MRI were much more extensive than on CT. Cerebral abnormalities were best shown with the T2-weighted spin-echo sequence (TE/TR = 120/1000); brainstem lesions were best defined on the inversion-recovery sequence (TE/TI/TR =30/400/1250). Increasing TE to 120 msec and TR to 2000 msec heightened the contrast between normal and abnormal white matter. However, the signal intensity of cerebrospinal fluid with this pulse technique obscured some abnormalities. The diagnosis of multiple sclerosis continues to be a clinical challenge [1,2). The lack of an objective means of assessment further complicates the evaluation of treatment regimens. Evoked potentials, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis , and computed tomography (CT) are currently used for diagnosis, but all lack sensitivity and/or specificity. Furthermore, postmortem examinations demonstrate many more lesions than those suggested by clinical means [3). -
Abnormalities of Grey and White Matter [11C]Flumazenil Binding In
Brain (2002), 125, 2257±2271 Abnormalities of grey and white matter [11C]¯umazenil binding in temporal lobe epilepsy with normal MRI A. Hammers,1,2,3 M. J. Koepp,1,2,3 R. Hurlemann,2 M. Thom,2 M. P. Richardson,1,2,3 D. J. Brooks1 and J. S. Duncan1,2,3 1MRC Clinical Sciences Centre and Division of Correspondence to: Professor John S. Duncan, MA, DM, Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, FRCP, National Society for Epilepsy and Institute of 2Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, Neurology, 33 Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK Institute of Neurology, University College London, London E-mail: [email protected] and 3National Society for Epilepsy MRI Unit, Chalfont St Peter, UK Summary In 20% of potential surgical candidates with refrac- the 16 patients with abnormalities, ®ndings were con- tory epilepsy, current optimal MRI does not identify cordant with EEG and clinical data, enabling further the cause. GABA is the principal inhibitory neuro- presurgical evaluation. Group ®ndings were: (i) transmitter in the brain, and GABAA receptors are decreased FMZ-Vd in the ipsilateral (Z = 3.01) and expressed by most neurones. [11C]Flumazenil (FMZ) contralateral (Z = 2.56) hippocampus; (ii) increased PET images the majority of GABAA receptor sub- FMZ-Vd in the ipsilateral (Z = 3.71) and contralat- types. We investigated abnormalities of FMZ binding eral TLWM (two clusters, Z = 3.11 and 2.79); and in grey and white matter in 18 patients with refrac- (iii) increased FMZ-Vd in the ipsilateral frontal lobe tory temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and normal quan- white matter between the superior and medial frontal titative MRI. -
Amygdaloid Projections to the Ventral Striatum in Mice: Direct and Indirect Chemosensory Inputs to the Brain Reward System
ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE published: 22 August 2011 NEUROANATOMY doi: 10.3389/fnana.2011.00054 Amygdaloid projections to the ventral striatum in mice: direct and indirect chemosensory inputs to the brain reward system Amparo Novejarque1†, Nicolás Gutiérrez-Castellanos2†, Enrique Lanuza2* and Fernando Martínez-García1* 1 Departament de Biologia Funcional i Antropologia Física, Facultat de Ciències Biològiques, Universitat de València, València, Spain 2 Departament de Biologia Cel•lular, Facultat de Ciències Biològiques, Universitat de València, València, Spain Edited by: Rodents constitute good models for studying the neural basis of sociosexual behavior. Agustín González, Universidad Recent findings in mice have revealed the molecular identity of the some pheromonal Complutense de Madrid, Spain molecules triggering intersexual attraction. However, the neural pathways mediating this Reviewed by: Daniel W. Wesson, Case Western basic sociosexual behavior remain elusive. Since previous work indicates that the dopamin- Reserve University, USA ergic tegmento-striatal pathway is not involved in pheromone reward, the present report James L. Goodson, Indiana explores alternative pathways linking the vomeronasal system with the tegmento-striatal University, USA system (the limbic basal ganglia) by means of tract-tracing experiments studying direct *Correspondence: and indirect projections from the chemosensory amygdala to the ventral striato-pallidum. Enrique Lanuza, Departament de Biologia Cel•lular, Facultat de Amygdaloid projections to the nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle, and adjoining struc- Ciències Biològiques, Universitat de tures are studied by analyzing the retrograde transport in the amygdala from dextran València, C/Dr. Moliner, 50 ES-46100 amine and fluorogold injections in the ventral striatum, as well as the anterograde labeling Burjassot, València, Spain. found in the ventral striato-pallidum after dextran amine injections in the amygdala. -
Corticostriatal Interactions During Learning, Memory Processing, and Decision Making
The Journal of Neuroscience, October 14, 2009 • 29(41):12831–12838 • 12831 Mini-Symposium Corticostriatal Interactions during Learning, Memory Processing, and Decision Making Cyriel M. A. Pennartz,1 Joshua D. Berke,2,3 Ann M. Graybiel,4,5 Rutsuko Ito,6 Carien S. Lansink,1 Matthijs van der Meer,7 A. David Redish,7 Kyle S. Smith,4,5 and Pieter Voorn8 1University of Amsterdam, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences Center for Neuroscience, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2Department of Psychology and 3Neuroscience Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, 4Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and 5McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, 6Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3UD, United Kingdom, 7Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, and 8Department of Anatomy, Research Institute Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit University Medical Center, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands This mini-symposium aims to integrate recent insights from anatomy, behavior, and neurophysiology, highlighting the anatom- ical organization, behavioral significance, and information-processing mechanisms of corticostriatal interactions. In this sum- mary of topics, which is not meant to provide a comprehensive survey, we will first review the anatomy of corticostriatal circuits, comparing different ways by which “loops” of cortical–basal ganglia circuits communicate. Next, we will address the causal importance and systems-neurophysiological mechanisms of corticostriatal interactions for memory, emphasizing the communi- cation between hippocampus and ventral striatum during contextual conditioning. Furthermore, ensemble recording techniques have been applied to compare information processing in the dorsal and ventral striatum to predictions from reinforcement learning theory. -
Gene Expression of Prohormone and Proprotein Convertases in the Rat CNS: a Comparative in Situ Hybridization Analysis
The Journal of Neuroscience, March 1993. 73(3): 1258-1279 Gene Expression of Prohormone and Proprotein Convertases in the Rat CNS: A Comparative in situ Hybridization Analysis Martin K.-H. Schafer,i-a Robert Day,* William E. Cullinan,’ Michel Chri?tien,3 Nabil G. Seidah,* and Stanley J. Watson’ ‘Mental Health Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0720 and J. A. DeSeve Laboratory of *Biochemical and 3Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H2W lR7 Posttranslational processing of proproteins and prohor- The participation of neuropeptides in the modulation of a va- mones is an essential step in the formation of bioactive riety of CNS functions is well established. Many neuropeptides peptides, which is of particular importance in the nervous are synthesized as inactive precursor proteins, which undergo system. Following a long search for the enzymes responsible an enzymatic cascade of posttranslational processing and mod- for protein precursor cleavage, a family of Kexin/subtilisin- ification events during their intracellular transport before the like convertases known as PCl, PC2, and furin have recently final bioactive products are secreted and act at either pre- or been characterized in mammalian species. Their presence postsynaptic receptors. Initial endoproteolytic cleavage occurs in endocrine and neuroendocrine tissues has been dem- C-terminal to pairs of basic amino acids such as lysine-arginine onstrated. This study examines the mRNA distribution of (Docherty and Steiner, 1982) and is followed by the removal these convertases in the rat CNS and compares their ex- of the basic residues by exopeptidases. Further modifications pression with the previously characterized processing en- can occur in the form of N-terminal acetylation or C-terminal zymes carboxypeptidase E (CPE) and peptidylglycine a-am- amidation, which is essential for the bioactivity of many neu- idating monooxygenase (PAM) using in situ hybridization ropeptides. -
University of Florida Thesis Or Dissertation Formatting
THE NEURAL CIRCUITRY OF RESTRICTED REPETITIVE BEHAVIOR By BRADLEY JAMES WILKES A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2018 © 2018 Bradley James Wilkes To my father, Wade Wilkes, for his lifelong support, love, and encouragement ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This research was supported by funding from the Dissertation Research Award from the American Psychological Assocation, the Pilot Project Award (Non-Patient Oriented Clinical/Translational Research) from the Clinical and Translational Science Institute at the University of Florida, the Robert A. and Phyllis Levitt Award, the Gerber Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Psychology Research Award, and the Jacquelin Goldman Scholarship in Developmental Psychology. I would especially like to thank Drs. Mark Lewis, Marcelo Febo, David Vaillancourt, Luis Colon-Perez, Darragh Devine, Timothy Vollmer, and Michael King for their support and guidance. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. 4 LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ 7 LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... 8 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................... 10 ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................. -
Neonatal Nonhandling and in Utero Prenatal Stress Reduce the Density of NADPH-Diaphorase-Reactive Neurons in the Fascia Dentata and Ammon’S Horn of Rats
The Journal of Neuroscience, July 15, 1997, 17(14):5599–5609 Neonatal Nonhandling and In Utero Prenatal Stress Reduce the Density of NADPH-Diaphorase-Reactive Neurons in the Fascia Dentata and Ammon’s Horn of Rats R. R. Vaid,1 B. K. Yee,2 U. Shalev,3 J. N. P. Rawlins,2 I. Weiner,3 J. Feldon,3 and S. Totterdell1 1Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, England, 2Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3UD, England, and 3Department of Psychology, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, Tel-Aviv, Israel 69978 The density of nitric oxide (NO)-producing neurons in the fascia fascia dentata, and within Ammon’s horn the dorsal region was dentata and Ammon’s horn was assessed in 6-month-old male selectively more affected. Experiment 2 showed that prenatal rats using NADPH-diaphorase (NADPH-d) histochemistry. Two stress, which involved the administration of daily restraint separate experiments investigated whether (1) the complete stress to pregnant dams throughout the gestation period, also absence of neonatal handling or (2) the administration of peri- led to a reduction in NADPH-d reactivity in the hippocampus of odic prenatal stress could affect the expression and distribution the offspring of these dam when they reached adulthood. of NADPH-d reactivity in the hippocampus, when compared The present results suggest that behavioral manipulations in with rats raised in normal standard laboratory conditions. Ex- the early neonatal or prenatal period can significantly alter the periment 1 demonstrated that adult rats that received no han- neurodevelopment of the hippocampal NO system and these dling during neonatal development (from birth to postnatal day changes might be related to some of the behavioral abnormal- 22) showed a very substantial reduction in NADPH-d-positive ities that emerge later in adulthood. -
Olfactory Maps, Circuits and Computations
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Olfactory maps, circuits and computations Andrew J Giessel and Sandeep Robert Datta Sensory information in the visual, auditory and somatosensory between local positional features to extract information systems is organized topographically, with key sensory features like object identity, depth and motion [4–6]. Unlike the ordered in space across neural sheets. Despite the existence of a small number of continuous sensory parameters that spatially stereotyped map of odor identity within the olfactory characterize vision, audition and touch (such as position, bulb, it is unclear whether the higher olfactory cortex uses frequency and amplitude), olfactory parameter space is topography to organize information about smells. Here, we poorly defined and highly multidimensional [7]. For review recent work on the anatomy, microcircuitry and example, any given monomolecular odorant can be neuromodulation of two higher-order olfactory areas: the described in terms of its functional groups, molecular piriform cortex and the olfactory tubercle. The piriform is an weight, chain length, bond substitution, resonance fre- archicortical region with an extensive local associational network quency or any number of additional chemical descrip- that constructs representations of odor identity. The olfactory tors. Furthermore, olfactory space is inherently tubercle is an extension of the ventral striatum that may use discrete — not only are individual odorants structurally reward-based learning rules to encode odor valence. We argue unique but many of the molecular descriptors typically that in contrast to brain circuits for other sensory modalities, both used for individual odorants (such as functional group or the piriform and the olfactory tubercle largely discard any bond substitution) cannot be mapped continuously in topography present in the bulb and instead use distributive any scheme for chemical space. -
Cortical Layers: What Are They Good For? Neocortex
Cortical Layers: What are they good for? Neocortex L1 L2 L3 network input L4 computations L5 L6 Brodmann Map of Cortical Areas lateral medial 44 areas, numbered in order of samples taken from monkey brain Brodmann, 1908. Primary visual cortex lamination across species Balaram & Kaas 2014 Front Neuroanat Cortical lamination: not always a six-layered structure (archicortex) e.g. Piriform, entorhinal Larriva-Sahd 2010 Front Neuroanat Other layered structures in the brain Cerebellum Retina Complexity of connectivity in a cortical column • Paired-recordings and anatomical reconstructions generate statistics of cortical connectivity Lefort et al. 2009 Information flow in neocortical microcircuits Simplified version “computational Layer 2/3 layer” Layer 4 main output Layer 5 main input Layer 6 Thalamus e - excitatory, i - inhibitory Grillner et al TINS 2005 The canonical cortical circuit MAYBE …. DaCosta & Martin, 2010 Excitatory cell types across layers (rat S1 cortex) Canonical models do not capture the diversity of excitatory cell classes Oberlaender et al., Cereb Cortex. Oct 2012; 22(10): 2375–2391. Coding strategies of different cortical layers Sakata & Harris, Neuron 2010 Canonical models do not capture the diversity of firing rates and selectivities Why is the cortex layered? Do different layers have distinct functions? Is this the right question? Alternative view: • When thinking about layers, we should really be thinking about cell classes • A cells class may be defined by its input connectome and output projectome (and some other properties) • The job of different classes is to (i) make associations between different types of information available in each cortical column and/or (ii) route/gate different streams of information • Layers are convenient way of organising inputs and outputs of distinct cell classes Excitatory cell types across layers (rat S1 cortex) INTRATELENCEPHALIC (IT) | PYRAMIDAL TRACT (PT) | CORTICOTHALAMIC (CT) From Cereb Cortex. -
Perspectives
PERSPECTIVES reptiles, to birds and mammals, to primates OPINION and, finally, to humans — ascending from ‘lower’ to ‘higher’ intelligence in a chrono- logical series. They believed that the brains Avian brains and a new understanding of extant vertebrates retained ancestral structures, and, therefore, that the origin of of vertebrate brain evolution specific human brain subdivisions could be traced back in time by examining the brains of extant non-human vertebrates. In The Avian Brain Nomenclature Consortium* making such comparisons, they noted that the main divisions of the human CNS — Abstract | We believe that names have a pallium is nuclear, and the mammalian the spinal cord, hindbrain, midbrain, thala- powerful influence on the experiments we cortex is laminar in organization, the avian mus, cerebellum and cerebrum or telen- do and the way in which we think. For this pallium supports cognitive abilities similar cephalon — were present in all vertebrates reason, and in the light of new evidence to, and for some species more advanced than, (FIG. 1a). Edinger, however, noted that the about the function and evolution of the those of many mammals. To eliminate these internal organization of the telencephala vertebrate brain, an international consortium misconceptions, an international forum of showed the most pronounced differences of neuroscientists has reconsidered the neuroscientists (BOX 1) has, for the first time between species. In mammals, the outer traditional, 100-year-old terminology that is in 100 years, developed new terminology that part of the telencephalon was found to have used to describe the avian cerebrum. Our more accurately reflects our current under- prominently layered grey matter (FIG.