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X-Ray Microanalysis of Chief Cells in Rat Parathyroid Gland

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X-Ray Microanalysis of Chief Cells in Rat Parathyroid Gland Scanning Microscopy Volume 7 Number 3 Article 11 9-24-1993 X-Ray Microanalysis of Chief Cells in Rat Parathyroid Gland Romuald Wroblewski Karolinska Institute Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/microscopy Part of the Biology Commons Recommended Citation Wroblewski, Romuald (1993) "X-Ray Microanalysis of Chief Cells in Rat Parathyroid Gland," Scanning Microscopy: Vol. 7 : No. 3 , Article 11. Available at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/microscopy/vol7/iss3/11 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Western Dairy Center at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Scanning Microscopy by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Scanning Microscopy, Vol. 7, No. 3, 1993 (Pages 875-880) 0891-7035/93$5.00+ .00 Scanning Microscopy International, Chicago (AMF O'Hare), IL 60666 USA X-RAY MICROANALYSIS OF CHIEF CELLS IN RAT PARATHYROID GLAND Romuald Wroblewski Department of Pathology, Karolinska Institute / Hospital, S-17176 Stockholm, Sweden Telephone number: 46-8- 729 35 97 / FAX 46-8-34 58 20 (Received for publication July 20, 1993, and in revised form September 24, 1993) Abstract Introduction X-ray microanalysis was used to study the The parathyroid gland was the last major organ elemental composition of the rat parathyroid gland. in the human body to be discovered. Since its Analyses were performed in morphologically defined discovery by Sandstrom (1880) the parathyroid tissue cells. Use of semi-thin cryosections allowed us to has been extensively studied because of its central selectively analyze cell nucleus, cytoplasm and role in calcium regulation. In man, three types of occasionally dense granules in the cytoplasm. cells can be distinguished in the parathyroid gland - The concentration of elements (mmol/kg dry chief cells, oxyphilic cells and fat cells which appear weight) in chief cells of parathyroid gland were as first around the puberty (Munger and Roth 1963, follows: Na 83, Mg 48, P 853, S 224, Cl 164, K 551 Grimelius et al. 1981). The chief cells synthesize and and Ca 10. Significantly higher phosphorus and release parathyroid hormone (PTH), which potassium concentrations were found in the dense maintains calcium homeostasis in the body through granules as compared to cytoplasm of the parathyroid its effects on target tissues, bone and kidney. In chief cells. Choosing rat parathyroid gland gave the contrary to most other secretory cells, in parathyroid possibility to exclusively analyze chief cells. Data cells decreasing calcium concentration stimulates obtained from such a homogenous cell population secretion of PTH while increasing concentrations of will be of interest when studying human parathyroid extracellular calcium inhibit PTH secretion. The in which chief cells are mixed together with other cellular mechanism responsible for PTH secretion types of cells. has not been fully investigated but it is established that besides the changes in extracellular calcium also other cations regulate PTH release (Muff et al. 1988, Nygren et al. 1988, Brown et al. 1992, Pocotte et al. 1992). The oxyphilic cells (Castleman and Mallory 1935) are densely packed with mitochondria and produce small quantities of PTH, however, their precise role is still unknown. They appear in human parathyroid gland a few years before puberty. It has been suggested that oxyphilic cells arise from chief cells. In the rat, only chief cells are present (Rosof 1934, Engfeld t 1950). Rosof (1934) and Lever (1958) described dark and light cells within the chief cell population and suggested that differences represent different phases of secretory activity. Boquist and Lundgren (1975) found differences in morphology Key Words: Parathyroid gland, microanalysis, ionic and intracellular distribution of calcium in composition, chief cells, sodium, potassium, calcium, parathyroid cells. Whereas active chief cells of magnesium, chlorine, phosphorus, sulphur. normal parathyroid glands showed only sparse calcium-containing precipitations, this was more pronounced in stimulated chief cells of hyperplastic parathyroid gland (Boquist and Lundgren 1975). Morphological differences found within chief cells have been explained as a fixation artifact or as 875 Romuald Wr6blewski being due to differences in activity of the cells (Lever sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin or 1958, Svensson et al. 1989). To my knowledge no periodic-acid Schiff's reagent (PAS) for light morphological studies have been performed on thin microscopical examination. cryosectioned parathyroid tissue which would reveal The cryosections used for X-ray microanalysis the closest to in vivo existing morphology. were examined in a JEOL 1200CX TEMSCAN electron X-ray microanalysis of the homogenous cell microscope equipped with a scanning attachment and population in rat parathyroid makes it possible to analyzed with a TRACOR 5500 energy dispersive X­ establish the typical elemental composition of the ray spectrometer system. chief cells. This may give information making it The specimens were examined in the scanning easier to analyze a more complex normal or transmission mode at accelerating voltage of 100 or abnormal human parathyroid gland. In humans, 120 kV. The total counting time (life-time) was 50 both in normal and in pathological conditions, in seconds. Quantitative analysis was carried out by addition to chief-, oxyphilic- and fat cells, several cell using gelatin standards containing known types which have characteristics of both chief and concentrations of mineral salts (Wroblewski et al. oxyphilic cells are present (Grimelius et al. 1981). The 1983). basic knowledge of chief cells elemental composition For statistical analysis of the data, Student's t­ is therefore of special value as it is known that in test was used. parathyroid cells extracellular ionic changes affect intracellular ionic composition and hormone release Results and Discussion (Muff et al. 1988, Pocotte et al. 1992). The aim of specimen preparation for all Scanning-transmission images of 2-4 µm thick methods of elemental analysis should be to retain the cryosections (Fig. la-b) displayed several sheets of in vivo elemental composition and distribution. This chief cells of the parathyroid gland. Loose connective can be best achieved by the use of cryo preparation tissue and capillaries containing erythrocytes were methods such as used in the present study. The use of present between the sheets of chief cells. A delicate serially cut cryosections has allowed us to correlate connective tissue capsule separated the parathyroid the elemental contents of single cells with enzyme from the adjacent thyroid tissue. Morphological and substrate histochemistry of the same cell structures observed by electron microscopy could be (Wroblewski et al. 1978, 1983, 1984). This type of correlated with the simultaneously projected light analysis is a useful pathophysiological tool, also microscopical image (Fig. 2a-b). Parathyroid cells because various pathological conditions affect exhibited minor differences in the density of the different cell types within the tissue differently cytoplasm. In most chief cells the large nucleus (Edstrom et al. 1979). X-ray microanalytical data occupied most of the cell, leaving a relatively small obtained from single cells are not influenced by the rim of cytoplasm. The nucleus often appeared more elemental content of the extracellular space, the size electron dense than the cytoplasm. As our specimen and content of which often are affected in tissues preparation technique did not include chemical undergoing pathological changes. fixation or impregnation with heavy metals, the The aim of the present study was to analyze by observed differences in the electron density were X-ray microanalysis the parathyroid chief cells of rats, directly related to the density of the organelles and to provide basic data on their elemental content in cytoplasm in vivo. Dense granules were identified in normal conditions. Such data are of great importance some cells. The size and density of these granules in work with pathological and experimental tissues varied only slightly and were more likely to depend and with the cells in culture. It is possible that the on freeze-drying procedure rather than on the elemental characteristics of chief cells will help us to original structure and metabolic state of the cell. It define the elemental content of the oxyphilic cells in was difficult to elucidate if the differences in the human parathyroid. cytoplasm density could be related to described morphological differences among chief cells (Rosof Material and Methods 1934, Lever 1958, Svensson et al. 1989) or were a result of our preparation technique, where small differences Thyroid glands with adjacent parathyroid in the section thickness in combination with the glands were quickly dissected out from five Sprague­ small size of the cells (overlying structures) might Dawley (200-250 g) adult rats of both sexes. The result in the density differences. samples were plunged into liquid Freon 22, cooled by X-ray microanalysis (XRMA) of cryosections liquid nitrogen. Samples were mounted such that including parathyroid and thyroid gland could be parathyroid and thyroid glands were cut performed separately on nuclei, cytoplasm and simultaneously. Sections (2-4µm thick) were cut on a occasionally also on dense granules (Fig. 3 a-e). The cryostat at -30°C. The sections were picked up on analytical
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