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9520 Abetales De Abies Pinsapo Boiss 1 PRESENTACIÓN 9520 ABETALES DE ABIES PINSAPO BOISS. COORDINADOR Alejandro Valladares 2 BOSQUES / 9520 ABETALES DE ABIES PINSAPO BOIS Esta ficha forma parte de la publicación Bases ecológicas preliminares para la conservación de los tipos de hábitat de interés comunitario en España, promovida por la Dirección General de Medio Natural y Política Forestal (Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, y Medio Rural y Marino). Dirección técnica del proyecto Rafael Hidalgo. Realización y producción Coordinación general Elena Bermejo Bermejo y Francisco Melado Morillo. Coordinación técnica Juan Carlos Simón Zarzoso. Colaboradores Presentación general: Roberto Matellanes Ferreras y Ramón Martínez Torres. Edición: Cristina Hidalgo Romero, Juan Párbole Montes, Sara Mora Vicente, Rut Sánchez de Dios, Juan García Montero, Patricia Vera Bravo, Antonio José Gil Martínez y Patricia Navarro Huercio. Asesores: Íñigo Vázquez-Dodero Estevan y Ricardo García Moral. Diseño y maquetación Diseño y confección de la maqueta: Marta Munguía. Maquetación: Do-It, Soluciones Creativas. Agradecimientos A todos los participantes en la elaboración de las fichas por su esfuerzo, y especialmente a Antonio Camacho, Javier Gracia, Antonio Martínez Cortizas, Augusto Pérez Alberti y Fernando Valladares, por su especial dedicación y apoyo a la dirección y a la coordinación general y técnica del proyecto. Las opiniones que se expresan en esta obra son responsabilidad de los autores y no necesariamente de la Dirección General de Medio Natural y Política Forestal (Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, y Medio Rural y Marino). 3 PRESENTACIÓN La coordinación general del grupo 9 ha sido encargada a la siguiente institución Asociación Española de Ecología Terrestre Coordinador: Alejandro Valladares1. 1Univ. Politécnica de Madrid. Colaboraciones específicas relacionadas con los grupos de especies: Invertebrados: Centro Iberoamericano de la Biodiversidad (CIBIO, Instituto Universitario de Investigación, Universidad de Alicante). José Ramón Verdú Faraco, M.a Ángeles Marcos García, Estefanía Micó Balaguer, Catherine Numa Valdez y Eduardo Galante Patiño. Anfibios y reptiles: Asociación Herpetológica Española (AHE). Jaime Bosch Pérez, Miguel Ángel Carretero Fernández, Ana Cristina Andreu Rubio, Enrique Ayllón López, Juan M. Pleguezuelos y Ricardo Reques Rodríguez. Aves: Sociedad Española de Ornitología (SEO/BirdLife). Juan Carlos del Moral (coordinador-revisor), David Palomino, Blas Molina y Ana Bermejo (colaboradores- autores). Mamíferos: Sociedad Española para la Conservación y Estudio de los Mamíferos (SECEM). Francisco José García, Luis Javier Palomo (coordinadores-revisores), Roque Belenguer, Ernesto Díaz, Javier Morales y Carmen Yuste (colaboradores- autores). Plantas: Sociedad Española de Biología de la Conservación de Plantas (SEBCP). Jaime Güemes Heras, Álvaro Bueno Sánchez (directores), Reyes Álvarez Vergel (coordinadora general), Carlos Salazar Mendías (coordinador regional), Carlos Salazar Mendías y Antonio García-Fuentes (colaboradores-autores). Colaboración específica relacionada con suelos: Sociedad Española de la Ciencia del Suelo (SECS). Antonio Jordán López, Lorena Martínez Zavala y Nicolás Bellinfante Crocci. A efectos bibliográficos la obra completa debe citarse como sigue: VV.AA., 2009. Bases ecológicas preliminares para la conservación de los tipos de hábitat de interés comunitario en España. Madrid: Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, y Medio Rural y Marino. A efectos bibliográficos esta ficha debe citarse como sigue: VALLADARES , A., 2009. 9520 Abetales de Abies pinsapo Boiss. En: VV.AA., Bases ecológicas preliminares para la conservación de los tipos de hábitat de interés comunitario en España. Madrid: Dirección General de Medio Natural y Política Forestal, Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, y Medio Rural y Marino. 90 p. Primera edición, 2009. Edita: Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, y Medio Rural y Marino. Secretaría General Técnica. Centro de Publicaciones. NIPO: 770-09-093-X ISBN: 978-84-491-0911-9 Depósito legal: M-22417-2009 5 ÍNDICE 1. PRESENTACIÓN GENERAL 7 1.1. Código y nombre 7 1.2. Descripción 7 1.3. Problemas de interpretación 8 1.4. Esquema sintaxonómico 8 1.5. Distribución geográfica 10 2. CARACTERIZACIÓN ECOLÓGICA 25 2.1. Regiones naturales 25 2.2. Factores biofísicos de control 25 2.3. Subtipos 45 2.4. Especies de los anexos II, IV y V 53 2.5. Exigencias ecológicas 55 3. EVALUACIÓN DEL ESTADO DE CONSERVACIÓN 57 3.1. Identificación y evaluación de las especies típicas 57 3.2. Evaluación de la estructura y función 57 3.2.1. Factores, variables y/o índices 57 4. INFORMACIÓN COMPLEMENTARIA 63 4.1. Líneas prioritarias de investigación 63 5. BIBLIOGRAFÍA CIENTÍFICA DE REFERENCIA 65 6. FOTOGRAFÍAS 71 Anexo 1: Información complementaria sobre especies 75 Anexo 2: Información edafológica complementaria 85 1. PRESENTACIÓN GENERAL 1.1. CóDIGO Y NOMBRE Código y nombre del tipo de hábitat en el anexo 1 de la Directiva 92/43/CEE 9520 Abetales de Abies pinsapo Boiss. 9520 Abetales de Abies pinsapo Definición del tipo de hábitat según el Manual de 1.2. DesCRIPCIÓN interpretación de los hábitat de la Unión Europea (EUR25, abril 2003) Bosques y rodales dispersos del abeto endémico Abies El pinsapar es una formación forestal, de carácter pinsapo, del piso meso-supramediterráneo, húmedo-hi- relicto, constituida por un dosel arbóreo denso, fre- perhúmedo, en el extremo occidental de la Cordillera Bé- cuentemente monoespecífico, dominado por el en- tica. Pinsapares sobre substratos calcáreos (calizas y demismo ibérico (Bético) Abies pinsapo (Boiss., Bi- dolomías); pinsapares sobre substratos ultrabásicos (pe- blioth. Univ. Génève, sér. 2, 13:402, 406 (1838), ridotitas y serpertinas). PINACEAE). El pinsapo pertenece a un interesante Relaciones con otras clasificaciones de hábitat conjunto de abetos relictos de distribución circun- EUNIS Habitat Classification 200410 mediterránea, contando con parientes de gran G 3.1 English name: Fir and spruce woodland; Scientific proximidad taxonómica (Abies pinsapo maroccana) name: Abies and Picea woodland en el Norte de Marruecos (Cordillera del Rif). Las Palaearctic Habitat Classification 1996 poblaciones principales de pinsapo se limitan a tres 42.19 Afro-Asian fir forests localidades del sur de la Península Ibérica: Sierra de las Nieves y Sierra Bermeja, en la provincia de Má- laga, y Sierra de Grazalema, en la de Cádiz; aunque mas del mes más cálido se sitúa entre 24-25 °C, y la existen pequeñas poblaciones y rodales, e indivi- correspondiente a las mínimas del mes más frío entre duos aislados inmersos en otras formaciones bosco- –1,5-1 °C. Estos valores promedios presentan desvia- sas, dispersos en torno a estos núcleos principales. ciones de cierta entidad a lo largo del amplio gra- diente altitudinal en el que se distribuye la especie, Las localidades que ocupan los pinsapares reciben entre los 1.000 y los 1.800 m. precipitaciones que se cuentan entre las más elevadas de la Península Ibérica, con valores medios de hasta El pinsapo tolera una gran variedad de litologías. La 2.000 mm. Una proporción importante de estas mayor parte de los pinsapares aparecen sobre sustra- precipitaciones tienen carácter orográfico, al ser las tos calcáreos (calizas y dolomías). En Sierra Berme- montañas donde aparecen pinsapares los primeros ja y Sierra Real, se encuentran sobre rocas ultrabá- obstáculos que encuentran los vientos húmedos pro- sicas de origen magmático (peridotitas y serpentinas). cedentes del Atlántico. A pesar de esta elevada plu- Pequeños rodales y pinsapos aislados aparecen tam- viosidad, el clima es de tipo mediterráneo en cuanto bién sobre otras litologías: gneiss, cuarcitas, etc. a su estacionalidad, con un período de sequía estival relativamente intenso, una estación lluviosa que se En el límite inferior de distribución (1.000-1.200 extiende desde otoño hasta primavera y un régimen m) los pinsapares contactan con formaciones medi- de temperaturas con máximos estivales. La influen- terráneas de Quercus rotundifolia, Quercus faginea, cia del relieve es determinante para la presencia del Quercus suber, Pinus halepensis o Pinus pinaster. Por pinsapo, que se refugia en zonas elevadas, y funda- encima de los 1.200 m de altitud, el pinsapo tiende mentalmente restringido a barrancos y laderas con a aparecer formando bosques, cuya composición componente norte, más umbrías y húmedas. del estrato arbóreo es monoespecífica. En el am- biente umbrío del sotobosque son frecuentes espe- El valor de temperatura media anual típico para el cies como Helleborus foetidus, Hedera helix, Rubia tipo de hábitat es de 9-11 °C, la media de las máxi- peregrina, Daphne laureola subsp. latifolia e Iris foe- 8 BOSQUES / 9520 ABETALES DE ABIES PINSAPO BOIS tidissima. En claros de bosque y rodales más abier- hasta el momento, en otros tipos de hábitat de la tos aparecen Crataegus monogyna. subsp. brevispina, región, como el Dorylaimido Oriverutus occidentalis Rubus ulmifolius, Prunus spinosa, Ulex baeticus, Eri- (único representante del género en Europa), y el nacea anthyllis, etc. En el límite superior de distri- Monónquido Miconchus baeticus. bución (sobre 1.700-1.800 m) contacta con forma- ciones de matorral almohadillado de montaña, y con poblaciones relictas de Quercus faginea alpestris 1.3. PROBLEMAS DE en la Sierra de las Nieves, y aparece junto con otras INTERPRETACIÓN especies de árboles y arbustos como Acer granatensis, Sorbus aria y Taxus baccata. Estudios recientes indi- Puede existir conflicto respecto a cuál deba ser el can que dicho límite superior de distribución
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