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Pinsapo Forests: Past, Present and Future

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Pinsapo Forests: Past, Present and Future BOIS ET FORÊTS DES TROPIQUES, 2007, N° 292 (2) DIVERSITÉ BIOLOGIQUE 39 FORÊTS DE PINSAPOS L. García Esteban P. de Palacios Pinsapo forests: Cátedra de Tecnología de la Madera Departamento de Ingeniería Forestal past, present Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Montes and future Universidad Politécnica de Madrid Ciudad Universitaria, s/n 28040 Madrid Spain The Iberian and Rifian pinsapo forests are now stable, thanks to the work of the various conservation organisations for protected natural areas and the abandon of the area by rural inhabitants, which has ended the livestock raising and logging to which these forests were subjected for many years. However, their continued survival is threatened by forest fires and climate change. Sierra de Ronda (Málaga) pinsapo forest. Photo L. García Esteban and P. de Palacios. BOIS ET FORÊTS DES TROPIQUES, 2007, N° 292 (2) 40 BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY PINSAPO FORESTS L. García Esteban, P. de Palacios RÉSUMÉ ABSTRACT RESUMEN FORÊTS DE PINSAPOS : PASSÉ, PINSAPO FORESTS: PAST, PINSAPARES: PASADO, PRESENTE PRÉSENT ET FUTUR PRESENT AND FUTURE Y FUTURO Vu le caractère unique de la décou- In view of the unique nature of the Por la singularidad del descubri- verte, ce travail relate les trois expé- discovery, this article provides an miento, en este trabajo se relatan las ditions botaniques dans les enclaves account of the three botanical expe- tres expediciones botánicas que se naturelles d’Abies pinsapo Boiss. La ditions made to the natural enclaves realizaron a los enclaves naturales de première fut entreprise en 1837 par of Abies pinsapo Boiss., first by the Abies pinsapo Boiss.: en 1837 por el le botaniste suisse Edmond Boissier, Swiss botanist Edmond Boissier in botánico Edmond Boissier, en 1928 la deuxième en 1928 par les ingé- 1837, then by the Spanish forestry por los Ingenieros de Montes Luis nieurs forestiers Luis Ceballos engineers Luis Ceballos Fernández de Ceballos Fernández de Córdoba y Fernández de Córdoba et Manuel Córdoba and Manuel Martín Bolaños Manuel Martín Bolaños y, en 1946, Martín Bolaños, et la troisième en in 1928, and later by another Span- por el también Ingeniero de Montes, 1946 par un autre ingénieur forestier, ish forestry engineer, Santiago Santiago Sánchez Cózar. Estas dos Santiago Sánchez Cózar. Ces deux Sánchez Cózar, in 1946. The two later últimas expediciones se realizaron dernières expéditions ont été expeditions were to the Moroccan Rif, en el Rif marroquí, en los montes conduites dans le Rif marocain, res- to Mount Mago and Mount Tazaout Magó y Tazaout respectivamente, y pectivement aux monts Mago et respectively, and it was these expedi- permitieron ubicar a los abetos rife- Tazaout, et ont permis d’identifier les tions that enabled the Rifian firs to be ños como variedades del pinsapo sapins rifiens comme étant une identified as varieties of the Andalu- andaluz. Actualmente los pinsapares variété du sapin d’Andalousie. sian pinsapo fir. The Iberian and ibéricos y rifeños se encuentran esta- Actuellement, les forêts de pinsapos Rifian pinsapo forests are now sta- bilizados gracias a las respectivas ibériques et du Rif sont stabilisées ble, thanks to the work of the various figuras de protección de espacios grâce au travail respectif des orga- conservation organisations for pro- naturales protegidos y al éxodo por nismes de conservation des espaces tected natural areas and the aban- parte de la población rural, que ha naturels protégés et à l’exode de la don of the area by the rural inhabi- conducido al abandono de las activi- population rurale. Cela a contribué à tants, which has ended the livestock dades ganaderas y madereras que l’abandon de l’élevage et de l’exploi- raising and logging to which these durante años soportaron estos bos- tation forestière qui ont caractérisé forests were subjected for many ques. No obstante, los incendios y el ces sites pendant des années. En years. However, forest fires and cli- cambio climático amenazan su per- revanche, les incendies et les chan- mate change represent a threat to manencia. gements climatiques menacent their continued survival. désormais la survie de ces forêts. Palabras clave: Abies pinsapo, Keywords: Abies pinsapo, A. maro- A. marocana, A. tazaotana, A. numi- Mots-clés : Abies pinsapo, A. maro- cana, A. tazaotana, A. numidica. dica. cana, A. tazaotana, A. numidica. BOIS ET FORÊTS DES TROPIQUES, 2007, N° 292 (2) DIVERSITÉ BIOLOGIQUE 41 FORÊTS DE PINSAPOS Introduction Abies pinsapo Boissier is the westernmost fir in the entire Mediterranean Arc, and along with the other Mediterranean firs it is cur- rently a good indicator of the poten- tial influence of climate change on the region’s vegetation. Climate fluctuations in the Quaternary caused these firs to take refuge in shady areas at medium alti- tudes with very high average rainfall. Terpene analyses of Mediter- Sierra de Grazalema (Cádiz) pinsapo forest. ranean firs seem to indicate that they Photo L. García Esteban and P. de Palacios. all came from a common ancestor in the Aegean area, quite similar to those found today, which would later Nitzelis (1969) in Farjon One of the singular features of have split into two large groups: the (1990), considers A. nebrodensis to the Chefchaouen massif is that in Pontic fir of Asia Minor, and the be a subspecies of A. alba, while some of its forests, such as Buhal-la, Balkan Peninsula fir. At the end of the Vicario et al. (1995), using genetic Desas and Lexchab, all exposed to Tertiary, these species would have analyses based on allozyme, chloro- the south, the firs show features sim- been distinct and ready to evolve and plast DNA and RAPD markers, have ilar to those of A. pinsapo var. maro- migrate under the influence of the concluded that the populations of cana, while those in forests exposed Quaternary climate fluctuations men- A. alba and A. nebrodensis provide to the north have more in common tioned previously. clear evidence for a classification into with A. pinsapo var. tazaotana. Terpene analyses of the eastern two taxonomically different groups. The fragmentation of the Abies populations of A. alba (in Romania Some researchers maintain that pinsapo range into isolated popula- and the Rhodope Mountains) and the populations of A. pinsapo, A. pin- tions must have caused reproductive A. bornmuelleriana have shown more sapo var. marocana and A. numidica isolation between them due to the similarity between these two species may even have formed a single limited pollen dispersal of the pin- than between A. alba and A. cepha- species before the final separation of sapo fir (Arista, Talavera, 1994). lonica, which would indicate that the the Iberian Peninsula from the north This could have triggered the specia- ancestral Pontic fir contributed to the of Africa at the end of the Tertiary Age tion of these populations and their individualisation of A. alba and its (Sánchez, 1946; Bocquet et al., subsequent morphological differenti- ability to colonise Central and 1978; Jeanmonod, Bocquet, 1981; ation (Arista, Talavera, 1995). Western Europe (García, 1993; Blanca, 1993). This single species or Although A. pinsapo var. taza- Scaltsoyiannes et al., 1999). This relict fir, from which A. silicica proba- otana is geographically much closer theory coincides with the Pliocene bly derived as well (Flous, 1936), to A. pinsapo var. marocana, it is, remains of Abies alba found in evolved into A. pinsapo, A. pinsapo curiously, botanically closer to A. Western Europe (Gaussen, 1964; var. tazaotana, A. pinsapo var. maro- numidica. This circumstance shows Liu, 1971). cana and A. numidica. Of all of these, that, within certain limits, geographi- On the basis of the Abies fossils var. tazaotana shows the greatest veg- cal location did not influence the found and the antiquity of the mor- etative vigour, and is perhaps the only morphological speciation of the phological features of this species, one located in its ecological maxi- Moroccan firs (Sánchez, 1946). the entry of the genus into the Iberian mum. In view of this, it can be The genetic divergence between Peninsula is determined as having assumed that after A. pinsapo became the populations of Abies pinsapo and occurred through the Pyrenees (Liu, established in Mount Tazaout in the var. marocana and the possible exis- 1971; Parducci, 2000), continuing north of Africa, it reached its climax tence of varieties of A. pinsapo have through the Thetic bridges from the due to the ecological conditions of the been demonstrated through a study southeast of France → Majorca → area. In other places, less demanding on the inheritance of isoenzymatic Granada → Sierra de Ronda → Sierra species such as Cedrus atlantica Man. variations in their seed tissue de Grazalema → Sierra Bermeja, and have displaced the fir forests, by thin- (Pascual et al., 1993). as far as the Moroccan mountain ning the existing forests or even caus- regions of Tazaout and Talassemtane ing them to disappear from many and the Babor Mountains in Algeria. areas where they must have existed. BOIS ET FORÊTS DES TROPIQUES, 2007, N° 292 (2) 42 BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY PINSAPO FORESTS Talassemtane pinsapo forest. Photo L. García Esteban and P. de Palacios. Geographical present it covers about 40 ha and is from 200 ha in 1933 to 500 ha in regression because of major forest today. Groves and isolated stands distribution fires in the area which have divided it are also found in the western part of into three groves. Monte Prieto, the slopes of El Abies pinsapo Boiss. is located Sierra de las Nieves is home to Montón and on the northern slopes in the high mountain ranges of the the most extensive area of pinsapo of Zafalgar and Los Pinos (Ceballos, western part of the Bética range in firs in the province, with over 3000 ha Martín, 1930; Ceballos, Ruiz De the south of the Iberian Peninsula, spread over the municipalities of La Torre, 1979).
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