JOINING FORCES Metropolitan Governance & Competitiveness of European Cities

JOINING FORCES Metropolitan governance & competitiveness of European cities

BASELINE STUDY Volume 2 - PROFILES OF PARTICIPATING CITIES August 2008

European Union European Regional Development Fund

Profiles of participating Cities / 3

GENERAL CONTENTS

VOLUME 1 CONTEXT AND SYNTHESIS OF THE PROJECT OBJECTIVES

VOLUME 2 PROFILES OF PARTICIPATING CITIES

ANNEX DELIMITATION OF THE URBAN STRUCTURES OF PARTICIPATING CITIES

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CONTENTS OF THE VOLUME 2

AN INTRODUCTION ...... 7

1. STATUS OF METROPOLITAN GOVERNANCE IN THE CITY OF BOURGAS AND ITS AREA ...... 11

2. STATUS OF METROPOLITAN GOVERNANCE IN THE CITY OF BRNO AND ITS AREA ...... 19

3. STATUS OF METROPOLITAN GOVERNANCE IN BRUSSELS-CAPITAL REGION AND ITS AREA ...... 29

4. STATUS OF METROPOLITAN GOVERNANCE IN THE CITY OF EINDHOVEN AND ITS AREA ...... 39

5. STATUS OF METROPOLITAN GOVERNANCE IN THE CITY OF FLORENCE AND ITS AREA ...... 53

6. STATUS OF METROPOLITAN GOVERNANCE IN THE CITY OF KRAKOW AND ITS AREA ...... 61

7. STATUS OF METROPOLITAN GOVERNANCE IN THE CITY OF LILLE AND ITS AREA ...... 73

8. STATUS OF METROPOLITAN GOVERNANCE IN THE CITY OF SEVILLE AND ITS AREA ...... 91

Profiles of participating Cities / 7

An Introduction

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An Introduction

Cities and City-regions play an important role in represented by our member-cities as introduction territorial operation of member States and the of the group. City profiles collected in this volume European Union as a whole. Their linkages are are based on this thematic outline. direct in every day life. Cities are themselves local governments, governed by their own representative The outline consists of five parts. The first section bodies. However, institutional relationships to their of the questions relates to the general geographic, surrounding area vary substantially in different economic and infrastructural situation. The second countries. In some of the European countries dif- group of issues on the legal and administrative sta- ferent levels are working in so called city-regions, tus focusing the place of the city in the whole terri- in others there is no formal acceptance of this torial system of the country, and characteristics of relationship. In addition, sometimes economic and the working government structures in the city and infrastructural connections are cross-border with region, if they exist at all in administrative sense. or without well defined framework. The third section is the place, where existing characteristics of the regional area should be summari- This working group has devoted its efforts to clari- zed notwithstanding formal administrative borders fying fields of cooperation among different formal and institutions. Facts on economic or environmen- institutions and private stakeholders in order to tal contribution to common activities from any side make suggestions to the further development pos- of partners, initiatives on it or forms of cooperation sibly supported by the European level in the future. are relevant to be mentioned here. As a first step, basic relevant information should be collected on group-member cities and existing The fourth part of the outline is a short historical regional linkages. The following brief ‘question- overview, whether progressive initiatives or develo- naire’ was discussed in the meeting and it has been pment had been realized last decades. After that, finalized according to comments of Partners and the following section, forms of governance rather Urbact Secretariat. As we all agreed the aim is to than government are focused. The outline of city- sketch a preliminary basic comparison on models region profiles was as follow. The Outline to City Profiles

1. Context

1.1. Geographical context of the city Physical context (localization and distance from other cities, etc.) – general overview on the role of the city in the whole country and surrounding countries (if relevant) – map – data on population, area in sq km, building density (esp. high density or scattered development) – demographic structure

1.2. Main assets of infrastructure (esp. High Speed Train station, port, business facilities (convention centre, etc.))

1.3. Main characteristics, specification of metropolitan area Issues related to the wider surrounding area

2. Territorial division and institutional framework of the local government and administration

2.1. Existing administrative division of the city area – focusing from the City to the State: e.g. city, county, province, region, State (as different levels) – basic data on population and area (in sq km) for each level – unemployment rate in the area

2.2. Institutional framework of local self-government and territorial administration – precise for each level, whether it is elected or appointed – if elected, what ways? (election system, role of parties) – main structure of local governments – What are the main competencies of different levels? – How is the budget divided among levels of local government? – How are the different levels funded (fiscal economy, national government grants) Profiles of participating Cities / 11

3. Potential City-region

3.1. Ideas, concepts – Potential definition(s) for the City-region in your territory? – What is the size of its population, sq km? – Which partners are included? – Main characteristics (if it is not formal region), like tasks, formal budget, other funding, etc. – Is there existing cooperation (like Greater Manchester) in your city region? – Is it a formal or informal structure (i.e. association, type of institution, etc.)? Please specify, if it is statutory body, authority etc.)

3.2. Particular domain of the project in each city – What is the nature of more recent challenges/problems? – Existing policies/projects implemented, strategic plans in order to tackle problems – If there were policies/projects, were they successful? Or, what have been the barriers that they have faced? – Are there good practices already observable in the city?

4. Historical development concerning the potential City-region What is the evolution of the context in the last 25 / 30 years? (facts rather than projects)

5. Territorial structure of governance comparing with formal government Existing structure of the economic sector (chamber of commerce, etc.) and the civil society Which structures are working? What is the principle and content of participation?

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1. STATUS OF METROPOLITAN GOVERNANCE IN THE CITY OF Bourgas AND ITS AREA 14 / Profiles of participating Cities

1. STATUS OF METROPOLITAN GOVERNANCE IN THE CITY OF Bourgas AND ITS AREA

1. Status of metropolitan governance in city of includes the City of Bourgas and other 14 small Bourgas and its area villages. The City of Bourgas consists of 8 housing regions with more than 226 000 inhabitants, an area 1.2. Geographical context of the city of about 2800 hectare with a built housing area of 843 257m2, with 72 930 lodgings. This is a combination of high rise blocks and smaller 2/3 story buildings. The dominance is high rise apartment blocks.

In recent years the city and urbanised areas has spread out from the centre with new housing zones being developed. There are plans to allocate 3 extra areas on the periphery of the city to low housing development plus 3 new industrial zones designed to attract inward investment either local of FDI to allow diversification of commercial activities and move away from the dependency on the dominant heavy industries, the port and tourism. There are plans on the table to build a new technology park with incubator units linked to the two Universities.

The city and Municipality has decided that a balance has to be made between urbanised housing and commercial areas against green spaces and as such there are plans to develop the areas surrounding the lakes into recreational areas maximising Municipality of Bourgas is situated in the south eas- the natural environment. The lakes are strategically tern region of Bulgaria on the Black Sea seaside and located on bird migration paths and as such attract has a territory of about 48 200 hectare. Bourgas is a wide range and number of migratory birds. the fourth largest city in Bulgaria. The municipality Profiles of participating Cities / 15

The Municipality has a population of around 226,000 The Port of Bourgas located in the heart of the city inhabitants of which 49% are male and 51% are is classified as being the biggest seaport in Bulgaria female. Unemployment in the area is very low at on which the economy and historic culture has been 1.4%. There is ethnic diversity with small popula- built. Commissioned in December 1894 and opened tions of Roma, Turks and Armenian however the in May 1903. The port operates a main port area and Municipality enjoys a harmonious relationship and 3 sub ports with 28 vessel berths with 4,800 ms of does not suffer with some of the social problems quays and maximum allowable draught of 15.50 ms. experienced by other large urban areas in the The existing access channels and depths alongside country. allow vessels featuring dwt of 125,000 t to be han- dled. At the open area of the port leading from the 1.2. Main assets of infrastructure road way the port offers a 60 hectare basin, 3 quay The City is strategically positioned in the south east walls with total length of 590 m and depths of 24 of the country with direct and close transport routes feet. The port handles more than 1,500 vessels and (I 9 /E-87) with the borders of Greece and Turkey, a large number of petroleum tankers moor each (80 km away from Turkey, 120 km from Greece) year with onward routes to Near east Asia and the Mediterranean. There is a main line station in the There is a master plan for the development of the city with connections across Bulgaria and onward port up until 2015. Construction started in June outside the EU. The lack of investment in recent 2001. The Master Plan envisages 4 new terminals years by the country as a whole has meant that the to be built: railway rolling stock and lines are not of the stan- Terminal 1. For general and liquid cargoes. It also dard that can be expected in other EU member sta- includes a defending breakwater. The last is already tes and no high speed connections or trains exist. under construction, as a part of Port of Bourgas However there are investment plans agreed with Expansion Project or Terminal 2A, as it is also the EU under the Structural Funds. This will have a known. According to the Master Plan, Terminal 1 positive effect on Bourgas opening up transport and should have 4 berths with total length of 750 m. communication lines in the future. It is hoped that Terminal 2. For bulk commodities and metals. The this will have a dramatic effect on the commercial terminal should have 6 berths with total length attractiveness and activities of the city but will be a of 1,580 m and draughts allowed of up to 15.50m cause of further development and urban spread. for capesize vessels with load of 270 m and dwt 16 / Profiles of participating Cities

of 120,000 t. The Terminal 2A, which is presently under construction, represents a main part of this Terminal 2. Terminal 3. Ro-ro and ferry terminal. The total length of berths is foreseen to be 380 m. Terminal 4. Container terminal. This box facility should cover 2 berths with aggregate length of 450 m. The estimated annual capacity is 150,000 TEU.

The region is one with a best developed industry in Bulgaria with an oil refinery, machine manufacturing, cables production, ship yards, food industry, in total, 35 big industrial plants. One of the biggest industrial plants on the Balkan Peninsula, Neftochim-EAD, is located within the vicinity of the city.

The City has a duty free zone established in 1989 in order to attract foreign investors. This area is still in operation but has few occupants. It is a key issue for the Municipality to revive this facility. The city This then poses a problem for the authorities as to also has the second largest airport in the country how to manage an integrated system with the neigh- (passenger traffic) which mainly serves the tourism bouring smaller municipalities and at the regional industry during the summer months however there level. How to ensure that all parties and stakehol- are increasing numbers of scheduled flights and low ders are engaged and are active in the future deve- cost carriers are opening up new routes each year. lopment of the area? In the near future the distan- ces between settlements and the reduction of green In terms of economic potential measured by activi- spaces between settlements will both increase and ties; incomes and durable assets in material pro- decrease. Increases in commuter traffic from the duction the Municipality of Bourgas ranks second near environment to the workplace will increase place amongst Bulgarian municipalities. The which will put pressure on the infrastructure. Other highest contribution coming from industry, which issues such as social integration, environmental forms 86,69 %, trade – 8,16 %, transport – 3,22 % concerns, and economic factors all present future of the incomes. Within the municipal territory there challenges for the Municipal authority. are over 15 000 registered companies.

1.3. Main characteristics, 2. Territorial division and institutional specification of metropolitan area framework of the local government and The main issues facing the City and Municipality administration are the continuing urban spread and increases in population through inward migration from other 2.1. Existing administrative division of the city area parts of the country and beyond as the economy Bulgaria is split into 28 provinces or regions each increases and develops. The geographic spread is with its own Governor and 263 municipalities. The not contained other than by the sea on the east side country is also split into 6 planning regions. The and a few lakes, therefore urban spread in terms of Bourgas province with the City and Municipality at residential and commercial activities is foreseen to its centre is in the south east of the country and is continue. the second largest region in the country. Bourgas Profiles of participating Cities / 17

region has a population density of 55.7 people the Municipal council headed by the chair and 51 per km2 and is the 4th largest populated area in other municipal councillors. There are also 16 per- the country with the population of the city around manent commissions or committees that deal with 226,000. the functions of the City and Municipality, such as economic planning, social integration, environment The City and Municipality is dependant for budget etc. funding direct from central government although pilot projects for decentralised taxation collection Empowerment of administrative staff even at and utilisation is underway in 6 urban areas. The Mayoral level is not present where the majority City and Municipality has direct control and respon- of every day decision has to be consulted with the sibility for the immediate urbanised area develop- municipal council or the committees. This is a cum- ment but in close collaboration with central govern- bersome process and time consuming. Simple pur- ment which is the real seat of power. chase requests sometimes can have up to seven signatures and stamps. An administrative legacy The Municipal Structure is such that the Executive from the socialist era remains at the heart of deci- Power of the Municipality is through the Mayor sion making. elected by the majority. The current Mayor is Mr. Dimiter Nikolov. In addition there are 5 Deputy The Bourgas Municipality has a budget for the year Mayors, a General Administration and a specialized 2008 of 130 Million BGN or approximately 65 Million administration controlling 6 territorial administra- Euros. Within that budget there is a capital invest- tive offices and 14 country municipalities. ment budget of 35 Million BGN (17.5 Million Euros) 60 % of the budget goes on social institutions such The legislative power lies with the Municipal City as schools and the municipality has a head count of Council with Chairman - Mr. Valery Simeonov and 800 employees. The remaining budget is allocated 51 councilors who make up and contribute to 15 to the different departments within the municipal permanent commissions. structure. The city and Municipality of Bourgas is the regional Basic data on population and area (in sq km) for capital and is host to the regional government offi- each level ces of the different ministries of the central govern- – Density = 55,7 people per sq. km ment. In addition there is a regional governor, – Unemployment rate in the area = 1.4% appointed by central government with their own administration to facilitate functions at a regional 2.2. Institutional framework of local self- level. government and territorial administration The City and Municipality has a democratically The budget allocations for both the regional and elected local government. It is made up of a Mayor municipal authorities comes direct form the central who is elected by the majority, 5 Deputy Mayors, a government. There are very few local opportunities General Administration together with a Specialised to raise revenues without having to send them back Administration. There are 6 territorial administra- to the central coffers. Reform towards fiscal decen- tive offices and 14 country municipalities. Deputy tralisation was initiated in 2005 but slow progress is Mayors and the administration are appointed by the being made. Decisions as to budget allocation are Mayor on election. made by the council of Ministers in central government based on recommendations made by the The power base or decision making process is cen- Ministry of Finance. tralised and decisions are made by a few people. The majority of decisions have to be consulted with 18 / Profiles of participating Cities

3. Potential City-region administration and this has put a strain on the basic infrastructure of the city. A lot of new housing deve- 3.1. Ideas, concepts lopments on sites where previously there were sin- The increased population growth and migration gle habitats to multi habitat buildings have caused towards the City and Municipality of Bourgas is a review of the city’s master plan which is currently set to continue as economic development conti- under going stakeholder discussion. nues. The trend is no different to any other city or The economic changes where old established urbanised area where cities and other urban areas industries have gone into decline after 1989 where are experiencing economic migration. This will be the assured customer base is no longer and a move accelerated with the success of the port, attracting to a free market economy has meant that the muni- inward investment through commercial and indus- cipal authority has had to adapt to market forces trial parks and other economic developments such and this has led to conflict of interest. as the increase in numbers of students to the two universities. It is foreseen that the population of The Municipality is working closely with the EU Bourgas will increase by 8 % in the next couple of authorities and other funding sources such as the years to around 250,000. This population expansion Japanese Bank for International Cooperation in will result in the expansion of the urban area and relation to the port development so as to ensure that the joining of settlements. An additional factor is the the infrastructure is competent to cope with existing development of recreation and tourism villages and demands at the same time planning for the future. gated communities targeted at overseas investors. The process of development is hampered by the At present there is a strong relationship between the political and administrative structures in place Municipal authority and the regional government such as ownership of the port. The port has in effect offices. This is set to continue in terms of planning 3 owners, the state, the municipality, and the mili- for future. Stakeholder participation is increasing tary. Communications between the 3 parties is not with consultations on most important issues on a always that straight forward as two bodies reside in regular basis. There is a strong network and myriad the capital, Sofia and the process is slow. On the up of NGOs who have a good formal relationship with side there has been major private investments in the municipal authority this is linked to the different housing and retail with new shopping centres built. commissions or committees within the municipal This has cascaded down to increased commercial authority. The chambers of commerce, port authori- activities and the opening of shops and services to ties, and tourism based organisations work in close both the residents and to visitors alike. These invest- liaison with the Municipality and as such there is a ments have also made demands on the infrastruc- form of integrated development. Each organisation ture which has lacked investment in recent years. is reliant on its own funding source and there is very little support from the Municipal coffers. 4. Historical development concerning the 3.2 Particular domain of the project in the city potential City-region The main challenges to the City and Municipality of Bourgas in recent years have been a change in poli- The history of Bourgas is unassuming in that tical administration with a change of local politics although the architecture of the city was not really in the last 9 months. A move towards a more open affected during the communist years and there and transparent administration has brought its own remains a lot of old and original buildings giving set of obstacles and over zealous procedures. The a sense of old Bulgaria the demise of the socialist local authority has had to deal with a set of conflic- epoch has brought new opportunities such as the ting economic interests’ resultant of the previous development of tourism. The old established heavy Profiles of participating Cities / 19

industries have seen better days both in terms of 5. Territorial structure of governance customers and investment in technologies. comparing with formal government

Bourgas has reinvented itself and has grown in Local governance is composed on 3 layers. Regional recent years. The restriction on migration imple- and Municipal formal structures with a third layer mented during the socialist era has led to inward of NGOs ands associations. There are lines of migration and population growth and this is set communication and reporting between the formal to continue. The changes to the city have been structures with an alliance or informal relationship incremental and progressing slowly. However all between the municipal and NGO structures. The these small incremental changes have culmina- city and municipality is committed to working with ted in a set of complex problems now faced by the the social and stakeholder sector. The municipality administration. committees or commissions regularly meet with the NGO sector some of whom are councillors to Whereas the heavy industries have had to adapt to engage in the development and administration of market forces the new force to affect the area is the municipality. the increase of visitors associated with the tourism area and the real estate sector which promises (for The main NGOs are related to environmental issues the time being) good returns on investment. The such as the Greener Bourgas Foundation with seve- tourism industry and real estate expansion brings ral smaller affiliated organisations some of whom with it another set of complex problems mainly in are not based in the region to do with environmen- urban planning and infrastructure. tal issues and the local Chambers of Commence, tourism related industries such hoteliers and The slow incremental changes and influences all restaurateurs. add up to a new expanded urbanised economic and socially integrated area with environmental dero- gation a major concern for the municipality.

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2. STATUS OF METROPOLITAN GOVERNANCE IN THE CITY OF BRNO AND ITS AREA 22 / Profiles of participating Cities

1. STATUS OF METROPOLITAN GOVERNANCE IN THE CITY OF BrNO AND ITS AREA

1. Context aspect - it is the national centre of the judiciary sector. The Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic, Brno is located in the central part of Europe, in the Supreme Court of the Czech Republic, Supreme Czech Republic. The position of the city in European Court of Administration, the Office of the Public context is to a great extent determined by its geo- Defender of Rights (Ombudsman) and the Supreme graphical position, historical development, and size. State Prosecutor’s Office of the Czech Republic are Back in the Middle Ages there was a trade route all based in the city. Brno is famous for its trade going through the city that connected Northern fairs. Europe with the Southern part of the continent. The City of Brno lies on a strategic axis stretching from At the end of the 18th century and during the 19th Berlin to Budapest. Within 200 km there are impor- century Brno was a historical and industrial centre tant European capitals: Prague (200 km), Vienna of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy, with important (110 km) and Bratislava (120 km). The City of Brno textile and engineering industries. It was known is the second largest city in the Czech Republic with as the „Austrian Manchester“. However, in the a population of 370,000 (Prague is the largest city past Brno had undergone fundamental restructu- by far; one in every 10 Czech citizens lives there. ring. The tertiary sector has become the part of the Prague is followed by Brno in the Southeast, Ostrava economy – more than 70 per cent of population is in the Northeast and Plzen in the western part of the employed there. The economic base has become territory). It is the metropolis of the South Moravia more diversified and stable in the last two deca- Region; at the same time, it represents the centre des. Due to the foreign investment, there has been of Moravia, one of the historic Czech Crown Lands. a marked expansion in so-called strategic services. Brno is a traditional centre of international com- Brno, a dynamically expanding metropolis in South merce and business. Annually, the Brno Trade Fair Moravia, is situated at the crossroad of the major annually organizes various specialized exhibitions Trans-European highway and railway networks. and trade fairs, predominately with international The position of Brno can be described as strategi- participants. cally highly advantageous. Brno is the second most important university centre in the CR with twelve Brno also enjoys a significant position in the universities. Almost 80,000 students study here in research (research and development) and science. total. Furthermore, the city is a leader in another The research and development expansion is tied not Profiles of participating Cities / 23

only to the industrial tradition of the city, but also to Physical-geographical context of the City of Brno and its wide range of institutions of higher education. its area Brno is the second largest educational centre in The city is situated at the boundary of the Bohemian the Czech Republic, offering a complete spectrum massif and the lowlands of Southern Moravia; sur- of academic fields. Hence, one of the city's grea- rounded on three sides by wooded hills and opening to test assets is its highly qualified workforce and this the lowlands in the south. The heart of Brno is found in aspect determines, among others, its vision, and the basin of the River Svratka which, together with the strategic development in the future. River Svitava, defines the city's spatial framework. Together with regions and cities from Austria, Slovakia and Hungary the City of Brno has become Total area of the city is 230 km2. The building den- a member of central European region called sity is high. Building density varies a lot. The main CENTROPE. The second Czech partner is Regional feature of the functional using in the northern part Authority of South Moravia Region. of the city is residential function connected with leisure time background. On the contrary the southern Data on population part of the city is characterized with a plenty of The City of Brno with the population of 368,533 industrial facilities and centers for services and (01/01/2008) is the second largest city in the Czech retail. There is the main transport hub of the City of Republic and the largest one in Moravia. It is the Brno in the southern part, as well. region’s major urban centre. Demographic structure The population of the City of Brno 1991 – 2008 (January, Age structure 1st of each year) of residents of the City total Men women 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 of Brno in 2006 (in %) Pre-productive age 388 454 390 112 388 899 385 866 383 569 12.9 13.9 12.1 (0 to 14) 2001 2003 2005 2007 2008 Productive age 70.6 72.6 68.7 376 269 369 559 366 757 366 680 368 533 (15 to 64) Post-productive age 16.5 13.5 19.2 (over 65) (Source: Czech Statistical Office) 24 / Profiles of participating Cities

growth overall total Administrative unit live births growth moved in moved out due to population deaths migrants growth Brno-mesto (district) 10.6 10.9 -0.3 16.7 19.0 -2.4 -2.6 Brno-venkov (district) 10.4 10.5 -0.1 27.0 21.9 5.0 4.9 South Moravia Region 9.9 10.7 -0.8 8.4 7.5 0.9 0.1 Czech Republic 10.0 10.5 -0.6 5.9 2.4 3.5 3.0 in ‰ / 1000 inhabitants, in 2006 (Source: Czech Statistical Office)

Main assets of infrastructure In 2006, a new departure hall was opened in order to meet the Schengen standards. It should increase Railway transport the capacity and comfort of passengers but also Brno is at the intersection of two European multi- bring a new prestige to the airport of the region. modal corridors connecting to the Trans-European TEN: IV corridor in the West-East direction (Berlin- Business facilities Prague-Brno- Vienna/Bratislava and branch B of the Today, the city is proudly building its reputation as VI corridor in the North-South direction (Gdańsk- a city of international commerce, software develop- Katowice-Ostrava–Brno-Bratislava). Based on van ment, shared customer services, logistics and edu- Miert Report the project of modernization of railway cation. The twelve universities (6 state / public, 6 junction, Brno is a part of the European projects 22D private) make Brno a knowledge hub for IT, biotech- and 23B, i.e. the City of Brno has become a node of nologies, engineering, construction sciences and the European high-speed rail network. medical research. The FDI Magazine awarded Brno The IV European multimodal corridor is part of the “The European City of the Future” in the Central national railway corridor (Number 1) which had European region in 2004/2005 and 2006/2007. undergone an extensive modernization (Since that Due to logistics and operational costs, the South time the connection between Prague, Brno and Moravia Region has become an attractive region Vienna has been operated by high-speed trains). for foreign investment (FDI) in the Czech Republic. The connection between the City of Brno and the World-class companies such as Honeywell, IBM, near European cities is ensured by several trains of Celestica, Accenture, Logica GMC, Infosys, Siemens, the Eurocity category at the same time. ABB, Andrew Corp., SAP and Lufthansa operate In the course of its historical development, the City in the region. Recently, several Japanese, Indian of Brno has been interconnected with its subur- and Taiwanese companies have chosen Brno for ban area by railroads and the railroad holds great their operations in Europe. The most of the foreign importance for suburban traffic. investment has come to the districts Brno-mesto and Brno-venkov. Air transport There is a Category I international airport (interna- Brno Exhibition Centre tional designation (CAO-LKTB) in the City of Brno. Brno Exhibition Centre is a vital part of the city’s Its runway is 2,650 m long and 60 m wide. With its life and economy. Czech people associate the City technical specifications and facilities, the airport of Brno with trade shows and the exhibition center. meets international standards for a year-round ser- “Brno” is a synonym of the trade events. Based on vice of all types of aircraft. At present, four regular the international reputation and relation to trade air connections are in service: Brno-Prague, Brno- fairs, convenient logistics, and the excellence of London, Brno-Barcelona and Brno-Moscow. the exhibition center, the City of Brno is truly the Profiles of participating Cities / 25

“Capital of trade fairs of Central Europe”. The year ces - Business process outsourcing, Business strate- 2008 is very special; 80th anniversary of the Brno gic services) and is characterized by the transition to a Exhibition Center and the 50th anniversary of the more liberalized high technology economy. International Engineering Fair (MSV). With about 40 events each year, BVV holds 30% of the exhibition Main characteristics, specification of the metropolitan market in Central Europe. Each year is marked by area new records: 2007 statistics recorded 10,700 exhibi- Economy of the City of Brno and its surroundings tors, over 1 million visitors, 455,000 sqm exhibition benefits a lot from its location which is one of the space, and a turnover of approx. 60 million EUR. key factors in successful attracting foreign direct High international profile is proved by 2,800 inter- investments; the South Moravia Region has expe- national companies and 46,000 international visi- rienced a rapid economic growth in the recent years tors from 91 countries attended the events in 2007. and the standard of living has started to rise. The South Moravia Region contributes by 10 per cent to Brno Industrial Zone – Cernovice Terrace the overall GDP of the country. The most of GDP is A greenfield type development zone (200 hectares) produced in the City of Brno and its surroundings; focused on investment in the processing indus- the share of the city is estimated on 55-60 per cent try, strategic services and technological centers. on the regional GDP. It is connected with the indus- Companies located in the Brno industrial zone trial and service basis of the city; on the contrary employ currently 4,540 workers in total. the remoted parts of South Moravia Region can be characterized by prevailing agriculture and food Czech Technology Park Brno processing industry. A greenfield type prestigious development zone (60 hectares) is dedicated to light high-tech industry The most specific feature of metropolitan area is its and strategic services (Business process outsour- functional determination. On one hand the prevailing cing, Business strategic services) and uses the land use is non-agricultural, from housing and lei- synergy of research, development and enterprises. sure time activities (in the Northern part) to produc- Present development of the Czech Technology tion, services and transport axes (in the Southern Park is concentrated in two zones of 10.5 hectares. part). On the other hand, the area – in the greater Companies located on the grounds of the Czech distance from the core can be characterized as rural Technology Park in Brno employ currently 3,500 area with dominating agriculture. The significant workers in total. division between potential City-region and the rest of the region South Moravia can be observed in the field Spielberk Office Centre of foreign direct investments. The former districts At 80.000 m2, company CTP established Spielberk Brno-mesto and Brno-venkov recorded the most of Office Centre; it is the first large-scale office park in them during last couple of years.The important fea- Brno, one of the region's fastest growing business tures of metropolitan area are suburbanisation and destinations. urban sprawl. There is a distinctive increase of population in municipalities in the surroundings of the The City of Brno business overview compared to the ove- city, but it depends on distance. The number of popu- rall situation in the Czech Republic, Brno has a higher lation in the city had decreased; this trend has chan- share of industrial companies with foreign participation. ged last year – temporally, which is connected with Foreign investors create almost half of the work places the current demographic trend; the strong 1970´s of the industry in Brno. Brno has the second-highest generation has been in their reproductive age. amount of foreign investment in the Czech Republic, Last but not least, the City of Brno is characterized (1st position - Prague). Brno’s economy tends to be as a place with concentration of workplaces, edu- more knowledge economy (based on strategic servi- cational facilities and “citizens” facilities, and the 26 / Profiles of participating Cities

masses of people commute to the city regularly. Approximately 11 per cent of Czech population live in the South Moravia Region (3rd in the Czech Republic). 2. Administrative division The density of population: 157 inh. / km2.

Self-government was re-established after 1989, but The total area of the South Moravia Region: 7196.5 only at the municipality level. The regional national km2 (4th in the Czech Republic). committee (krajský národní výbor) was cancelled in Number of former districts (NUTS 4): 7 1990, nevertheless the former region Jihomoravsky Number of municipalities with extended compe- kraj in a form of territorial unit has remained; for tence (little districts): 21 example police, judiciary still exist within the origi- Number of municipalities with commissioned local nal territorial units. The district national committee authority: 34 (okresní národní výbor) Brno-město was transfor- Number of municipalities (NUTS 5): 673 med into District Authorities (okresní úřady). It was one of three city districts (together with Ostrava and The population, area and number of municipalities Plzen) in the Czech Republic. The surrounding of of (former) Districts and new Little Districts are in the city belongs to the district Brno-venkov. Supplement 9 and Supplement 10/. During the 1990s only a few changes happened. Unemployment rate Brno became the statutory city with the status of The unemployment rate in the City of Brno has district (statutární město). declined from more than 10 per cent in the late 1990s to 6.0 per cent in 2007; in the South Moravia The crucial changes mattered in 2001; the new Region 6.9 per cent. The higher unemployment rate region “Jihomoravsky kraj” (NUTS 3) came into is caused mainly by groups of people affected by force on the 1st January 2001. On the 1st January long-term unemployment. 2003 the former District Authority was cancelled Unemployment rate of districts, the Region and at and Municipality with Extended Competence (obec the national level (31.12.2007) s rozšířenou působností) - unofficially named "Little District" (malý okres) took over most of the admi- District Unemployment rate (%) nistration of the former District Authority. The City Brno – město 6.0 of Brno has remained statutory city, only some Brno – venkov 4.5 competences have been delegated to the Brno City Authority. However, the old district still exists as a Blansko 5.6 territorial unit and remains as a seat of some of the Vyskov 4.9 offices (judiciary, police, social welfare system etc). Breclav 7.5 Therefore, the City of Brno is NUTS 4 unit and NUTS Hodonin 10.7 5 unit at the same time. Znojmo 11.5 The South Moravia Basic data on population and area 6.9 The population of the South Moravia Region Region 1991 – 2008 The Czech Republic 6.0 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 Institutional framework of local self-government and territorial administration 1 143 765 1 141 313 1 141 172 1 138 725 1 137 289

2001 2003 2005 2007 2008 City of Brno institutional framework 1 124 493 1 122 570 1 130 358 1 132 563 1 140 534 Under Act 128/2000 Coll. on municipalities (Act on (Source: Czech Statistical Office) Municipalities), Brno is a statutory city. It is divided Profiles of participating Cities / 27

into 29 city districts with their own self-govern- At all levels, administration has to deal with a ment bodies. The internal organization of the city high number of competences close to the citizens, is determined by the general ruling of the City of whereas a dramatic lack of finances is the big- Brno no. 20/2001, Statute of the City of Brno. The gest challenge in this regard. The potentiality of a supreme body of the city is the 55-member General great number of municipalities (over 6,000) towards Assembly. The 11-member City Council is the exe- important development projects implementation is cutive body of the city. On the outside, the city is limited; therefore Inter-communal Cooperation is represented by the Mayor. very important. An informal character and a voluntary based cooperation are the main characteristics South Moravia Region institutional framework of this effort. Under Act 129/2000 Coll. on Regions (Act on Regions and Region Establishing), the South Moravia Region Budget on city level and region level is the region (kraj) – NUTS 3 unit. The supreme body Budget of the City of Brno (2007) of the region is the 65-member General Assembly Total revenues of Statutory City of Brno reached (also called The Council). The 11-member Council of CZK 10,856 mil. the Region (also called the Board of South Moravia Region) is the executive body of the South Moravia Structure of total revenues in CZK mil.: Region. Externally, the Region is on the outside Tax revenues 7,769.7 represented by the Governor. Non-tax revenues 685.2 Capital revenues 342.1 Election system Subsidies 2,059.9 Both city and regional representatives (in the General Assembly of the City of Brno and in the General The total expenditure of Statutory City of Brno rea- Assembly of the South Moravia Region) are elected ched CZK 10,641 mil. directly (proportional vote system). The members of the City Council and the Council of the Region are Structure of total expenditure in CZK mil.: elected by the members of the General Assembly of Operating expenditure 7,633.5 the City of Brno and the General Assembly of South Capital expenditure 3,007.5 Moravia Region. In the same way, the Mayor of the City and the Governor are elected. Budget of South Moravia Region Total revenues of South Moravia Region reached Self-government competencies CZK 13,571.9 mil. Regional authorities are responsible for areas such as environment and regional public transport mana- Structure of total revenues in CZK mil.: gement, spatial planning on the regional level, high Tax revenues 4,336.4 school education (secondary education) or national Non-tax revenues 449.9 motorways (II. and III. level). Municipal authorities Capital revenues 58.0 are responsible for fields such as spatial planning, Subsidies 8,727.6 housing, social services, health care, sport, recreation, and culture. The total expenditure of South Moravia Region reached CZK 14,276.5 mil. Regions and municipalities have powers to make their own regulations. But these regulations may not Structure of total expenditure in CZK mil.: conflict with the existing national legislation or, in the Operating expenditure 12,380.9 case of municipal regulations, with regulations issued Capital expenditure 1,895.6 by the region to which the municipality belongs. 28 / Profiles of participating Cities

3. Potential City-region agglomeration which includes the city centre and its near vicinity which could have the maximum popu- Ideas, concepts lation of 600 000 and the area between 2 500 – 3 000 It is well- known that the South Moravia Region is km2. Within the preparation phase of new Brno’s a monocentric region, where Brno has a dominant Master Plan several designs of city catchment position. Due to the fact that Brno forms the natu- areas have been defined. They differ a lot, according ral attraction zone of the region and significantly to the criteria which were used. Furthermore there influences life even beyond its administrative bor- have been made a few spatial surveys with the aim ders, it is necessary to evaluate the development to define the metropolitan area of the City of Brno. considering the entire Brno metropolitan area. The goals are sustainable development, social cohe- Partners sion, economic prosperity, and increase of compe- The potential partners are: The South Moravian titiveness. It is therefore desirable to ensure further Region (The Regional Authority), The Regional development coordination between the City of Brno Development Agency South Moravia, Union of and the South Moravia Region (especially within the Municipalities and Towns in Southern Moravia metropolitan region). The potential City-region is (Sdruzeni obci a mest Jizni Moravy), The Masaryk characterized by very intensive economic and social University, CzechInvest - Investment and Business links and interactions. It includes the city centre Development Agency, Union of Towns and and its vicinity. Municipalities of the Czech Republic (Svaz mest The potential City-region comprises of the former a obci Ceske republiky) and also the Ministry for district Brno-venkov and parts of districts Blansko Regional Development. and Vyskov. If we take into account the current divi- The members of the local support group should sion into “little districts”, the potential City-region comprise of the Vankovka Civic Association (NNO) could comprise the following municipalities and – especially Mrs. Stankova, Atelier ERA (private their territorial units: Blansko, Boskovice (part of company specialized in agglomeration studies the territorial unit), Bucovice (part of the territo- and currently working on Spatial Study reflecting rial unit), Hustopece, Ivancice (part of the territo- Relationship between the City of Brno and its vici- rial unit), Kurim, Kyjov (part of the territorial unit), nity) and Arch Design (private company working on Moravsky Krumlov, Pohorelice, Rosice, Slavkov u Brno Master Plan). Brna, Slapanice, Tisnov, Vyskov (part of the territorial unit) and Zidlochovice. There is no formal cooperation existing within the potential City-region. The establishment of an The size of its population and area informal region is a question of political willin- The potential City-region has not been defined yet. gness and of course time and financial resources If we take the area and the number of population of availability; the potential establishment of a formal “little districts” mentioned above, the metropolitan region is more difficult and “long-term dream”. In region would be with a population of 850 000 (maxi- this regard the formal budget is necessary; without mum), the area would be 4 600 km2 and the num- having the financial sources at disposal; the func- ber of municipalities would reach 450. Nevertheless tionality such a cooperation structure would be very the definition of the potential City-region according problematic and solving of joint problems and tasks to the territorial units called “little district” is not would be impossible. The budget creation is likely likely to be the best one. The specific conditions to happen the on the proportional base. (The muni- (settlement system, transport axes, administra- cipalities would be obliged to pay a certain amount tive division etc.) should be taken into account. The of money per their inhabitant, depending on the majority of the most intensive economic and social agreed tasks). links and interactions are enforced within the urban Profiles of participating Cities / 29

In this regard finance allocated for the regional The specific challenges policy and the EU initiatives may be the potential The aim of our participation in Joining Forces is additional source of funding. to gain recommendations regarding coordination and cooperation between city and its surroundings Nevertheless, a few institutions that aim to integrate (within the metropolitan area) and to transfer know- the city and its surrounding in particular fields have how gained by other project partners (based on best already been established, for example The Union practices method and case studies). of Municipalities and Towns in Southern Moravia The particular interest of the City of Brno is to (Sdruzeni obci a mest Jizni Moravy) or The Regional emphasize possibilities of coordination and coo- Chamber of Commerce. peration process in the framework of development strategy and urban planning; in this regard implementation and evaluation of the city strategy in the 4. Particular domain of the project in the city case of City of Brno are the specific issues. The City of Brno would like to address the possi- The nature of more recent challenges/problems bility of regulation various urban phenomena such Both from all the city planning documents and from as: sub-urbanization and urban sprawl with the practice, it is well-known that Brno and its surroun- use of strategic governance followed by innovative dings form a single unit, one organism. approaches in implementation and evaluation of A typical example that represents this one-orga- strategic governance that has impact on dynamic nism-phenomenon is the transport accessibility. The development of the city and its metropolitan area. transport management must be carried out in close In future, it would be possible to establish informal/ cooperation of the City and the Regional authorities. formal structure on political and expert base that Another example is the technical infrastructure, would aim to an effective development manage- especially a demand for the increased waste-treat- ment in the City-region. ment plant capacity. In addition there are numerous business, science and technology and university Existing policies/projects implemented, strategic parks that create conditions for a competitiveness plans in order to tackle problems growth of the region. There is no strategic plan on City-region or metro- Large revitalization projects require cooperation politan area. The City of Brno has approved the and coordination, ranging from the area clearance Brno City Strategy which is limited by administra- to the technical infrastructure construction. tive borders. Last, but not least, cooperation between both partners The Regional Development Plan and Regional in the development of tourist services is necessary. Development Strategy were approved, too. But The newly opened (June 2008) CTP Park South is a they are focused on tackling problems of the whole typical example of a close relation between city and region – with no effective instruments of the metro- its metropolitan area. The CTP Park Brno South, politan area development management. There is no is with its 200 hectares unique within the CTP such policy for cities - neither on the state level nor Network for the scale of its operations and ame- on the regional level; in the country only Prague has nity. The park provides an unprecedented acces- a distinctive administrative status). Nevertheless, sibility, located directly beside a major highway even without existence of administrative body for (D1), a high-speed railway station, and the expan- formal/informal cooperation structure several joint ding Brno International Airport, making the site a projects have been already implemented; the most superior centre for distribution and logistics. This successful projects are IDS (Integrated Transport facility located behind the administrative borders of System) and “Cista Svratka” (environmental the city is going to play important role in economic project). development of the whole city. 30 / Profiles of participating Cities

5. Territorial structure of governance comparing with formal government

The cooperation in the economic sector the Regional Chamber of Commerce represents – it has been already described above. There are other structures integrating city and its surroundings - for instance – BANNO (The Association of NNOs), The South Moravian Innovation Centre, Confederation of Commerce and Tourism – in the City of Brno. This cooperation is usually voluntary and has limited influence, which is connected with the field which these institutions are specialized in. Profiles of participating Cities / 31

3. STATUS OF METROPOLITAN GOVERNANCE IN BRussels-capital region AND ITS AREA 32 / Profiles of participating Cities

3. STATUS OF METROPOLITAN GOVERNANCE IN Brussels-capital region AND ITS AREA

1. Context Some figures Surface of the city region: 16,138, 2 ha (that is 0,5 % 1.1. Geographic context of the national territory) 45, 2 % of which is built. Spatial data Heights: from 6m (the Senne to Neder-over- A comprehensive understanding of the city-region Hembeek) to 100m (Altitude 100 in Forest) of Brussels must take into account the administra- Populations of the sphere of influence (according to tive and political contingencies created by the per- a forward-looking study in progress) manent evolution of federal Belgium. Any analysis RBC: 1,031,215 inhabitants (2007) extending beyond the administrative region (Region Built-up area (36 municipalities or morphological of Brussels-capital, 19 municipalities) generates city): 1,400,000 inhabitants fundamental political questions which the compa- rative “youth” of the Belgian federalism admits with difficulties. Hypotheses concerning the Brussels regional area can include, according to the various approaches, a set of peripheral municipalities going from about 40 municipalities (analysis BAK based on a division in nuts zone and the hypothesis of exclusivity of the influence area) to 61 municipalities (IGEAT on 2001), or even to 130 municipalities according to another yet unpublished current study. All these studies suggest the continuity of the economic structure of the regional area. The analysis must also take into account internal disparities in the region, where dense areas (St-Josse-ten Noode with more than 210 hab / ha,) and more diluted districts coexists. The whole pattern giving a city of diluted inhabited density (63 hab / ha).

Criticize Espon study Profiles of participating Cities / 33

Urban region (64 municipalities: morphological city - Star shaped motorway network with a ring around + suburb): 1,800,000 inhabitants the city region, and penetrating motorways to the Urban residential complex (130 municipalities: heart of the city. morphological city + suburb + significant commuting zone): 2,700,000 inhabitants - Fluvial system and Seaport: accessible from the North Note: as a result of the historical condition, the tra- Sea through the Scheldt and the Canal of Willebroeck, ditional definition of labour pools does not allow a with a seaport accepting vessels up to 4500 tons (soon clear identification of the Brussels situation. The to be 9000 tons) and connected with the European flu- urban residential complex contains other cities with vial networks at the 1350 tons gauge. strong employment attraction, and the sphere of influence (10 % of the active population commuting - International airport (255,000 movements in 2006) to Brussels…) covers more than half the Belgian deserving all the European (including regional ones) territory. capitals daily. European and transatlantic passenger hub. Freight hub (DHL). Secondary airports in Demography Charleroi - Brussels South (low cost), Liège Bierset Following pages: Population / Region Brussels / (Freight), and Deurne (mixed in development). All 2007 IBSA source « statistical indicators of the airports are situated outside the zone of political and Brussels-Capital Region » administrative competence of the Brussels-capitale Region (mandatory and complex cooperation for the 1.2. Main Infrastructures management of streams and nuisances). Transport systems All these network connections are the basis of an - Railroads: important structure of multimodal exchanges. National network star shaped around the North- International city and decision-making centre HQ and South connection (the densest railroad network in central administration of international institutions the world in the 30s simplified since). (EC and Nato) (employment directly and indirectly HST Station with connection towards Lille, Paris generated: 100 000 jobs), but also central adminis- and London, and connection towards Rotterdam, tration of the Belgian State. Important business and Amsterdam and Liège, Cologne. Brussels is in the hotel sector (conference city) (number of overnight center of HST network. stays in 2005: 4,404,279 of which UE25 3280288). 34 / Profiles of participating Cities

Experience in the management of various demons- 2. Territorial divisions and institutional frame trations and events (with particular experience in the management of the national and international The analysis cannot avoid an explanation of the political demonstrations) federalism “Belgian way”. The regional govern- Multilingual services and facilities. ment of the region of Brussels-Capital coexists in a Service oriented city federal system with other governments in a weakly Several universities of both linguistic regimes and hierarchical structure. international schools (increase in the number of The structure of Belgium was built around two his- students and important pole of attraction). torical elements: Health care facilities network (private and public) - On the one hand, the Municipalities (les Communes) serving a large area far beyond the administrative or the local city administrations for which the exis- territory (4 university hospitals localized near the tence, the perenniality and the legitimacy are far "ring" and at the junction of each of the 4 main older than the implementation of the Belgian State motorway axes). (resulting in an important and jealously protected Cultural facilities (opera, museums, centre of acti- autonomy), those are the medieval cities fighting vities) developing innovative policies based on an for their freedom and rights. assumed cultural diversity. - On the other hand, the State. A 19th century model with strong national centralization, and with an ope- 1.3. Main characteristic of the metropolitan area rational deconcentration at an intermediate level Administrative and political borders through the 9 provinces. This State was built on a The region is politically limited within 19 munici- recent national fact and digests in the provincial palities, this is indeed far smaller than the metro- divisions the former elements of a divided territory politan area, and there are “border conflicts” with (duchies and counties, principality of Liège, etc.). the other regions which are in the same process of Two processes modified fundamentally this tradi- assertion of their autonomy. (work in progress) tional organization: Development of the city related to that of the Belgian - A process of fusion of the municipalities (1972) State. (which did not change the Brussels 19 municipa- The development of the city and the Region of lities) but which strengthened the Municipalities in Brussels is connected to the implementation and their historic privileges. The neighbouring cities (and development of the Belgian State, the back-office potential partners of cooperation) saw their struc- of which it insured during 150 years. Even now, the tures strengthened ("Big" Antwerp, "Big" Liège, administration of the federal State, but also the etc.). Concerning the relation of neighbourhoods, Flemish administration and the French speaking the roles where modified, the peripheral big cities Community administration are settled in Brussels. did not find any more in municipal interlocutors in The city also hosts numerous Belgian institutions: Brussels of comparable size and concerns; big national companies, cultural and scientific ins- - The long process of federalisation (explained in titutions specialized trading and expertise compa- the general introduction) from which the prominent nies. The other Belgian big cities specialized their peculiarity was to get rid at the same time of: development while Brussels developed itself in a ● The territorial or political hierarchical orga- non-specialized way. nization. It is the matters of the subject which The region still centralizes the provision of services determine the legitimacy of handling govern- for a wider territory (health, education, etc.). ment; it is not a decentralization or a devolution, The region is also the point of arrival for the new migrant or even a subsidiarity process. The competences populations (which unlike the organized industrial are exclusive or shared but never committed, migrations of the 30s & 60s arrive without job contracts ● The strict territoriality of government (role of and within a real tenuousness or even illegally). Communities). Profiles of participating Cities / 35

Furthermore there is the asymmetry caused by the fusion of both Flemish government levels: Vlaamse Gemeenschap/ Vlaamse Gewest, and the peculiarity of the choice of Brussels / Brussels as political capital of Flanders (while Brussels is per se not a part of the territory of the Flemish Region…).

This allows better comprehension of the complex dispatch of competences in the City / Region.

State: Belgium (the federal State) Federal level (4 years): Regions: Brussels Capitale / Flanders / Parliament: Wallonia - House of Representatives: the federal MPs (dépu- Communities: Flemish Community, French tés fédéraux) are elected by district at the territo- Wallonie-Bruxelles Community, German-speaking rial level (Brussels is in a bilingual broader district Community Bruxelles-Hal-Vilvoorde including some Flemish Division internal: 19 Municipalities (with a wide municipalities of the suburb) autonomy) see map (demography) - Senate: the senators are elected by community ( 3 Basic rule: all the elections in Belgium involve electoral college), only the Brussels residents can proportional representation. Voting is compulsory. choose to vote for the Flemish or French-speaking 36 / Profiles of participating Cities

college + co-opted senators. Community Wallonie-Bruxelles … In fact: a government has to obtain the majority in A Government of the French Community WB has to both assemblies as well as in both linguistic groups obtain the majority in the Parliament of the French of both assemblies, systems of protection of the inte- Community Wallonie-Brussels. Since last year the rests of regions and communities are set up (alarm Ministre-Président of the Walloon Region and of the bells). In order to stabilize the governments, the prin- French Community are the same person. ciple of constructive defiance is applied (a govern- Idem in Flanders (with the fusion of the government can not be dismissed by a defiance vote unless ments and the parliaments). the defiants propose an alternative coalition). The German-speaking elected members in the PRW form the Parliament of German-speaking Regional level (4 years uncoupled by the federal Community (+ community government). elections): The Parliament of the Region of Brussels-capital: Municipal level (6 years): the regional representatives (députés régionaux) The Municipal council: proportional Election on are elected in a unique district by the inhabitants of lists (no linguistic college) (opened to foreign resi- the RBC, through proportional representation with dents in certain limits). The Mayor is proposed by a choice of the linguistic college (the Flemish lin- the municipal council, they form with the Aldermen guistic college elects at least 17 members of par- (échevins) the College of the Mayor and Aldermen liament on a total of 89 representatives) (municipal executive, collective responsibility, col- The government has to obtain the majority in the legial decisions). In Brussels region, designing an parliament and in both linguistic regimes. Flemish speaking alderman allows the municipali- In other regions: ties to receive a supplementary financing delivered - Parliament of the Walloon Region by the VGC. - Parliament of the Flemish Region (Vlaamse Gewest) (merged with the parliament of Vlaamse Political asymmetry: Gemeenschap) The Belgian federal system allows an asymmetric - Provinces (10): provincial councils are elected in evolution of the governments: the governments phase with the municipal rhythm. In RBC there is (federal, regional, and community) can coalise dif- no province anymore and the Region resumes the ferent majorities. Furthermore, the federal govern- privileges and the competence of provinces. ment and Regional Brussels government can coalise different political families according to the Community level: linguistic regimes. French-speaking Community Commission (Cocof) and Vlaaamse Gemeenschap Commissie (VGC): Role of the parties: the Brussels regional elected members sit in com- The political families are divided by linguistic role missions according to their linguistic regime for (no more institutional links between Flemish and the management of community related matters French-speaking socialists for example) and follow in the Brussels region), a Common Community a different evolution according to the various com- Commission (Cocom) meets to manage the Brussels munities and regions. Electoral lists can be built by bi-community subjects like (personal care, health, cartels of parties (list of the mayor, various allian- and the custody on the municipal Public Centres of ces). The presidents of political parties have a major Social Action). role in the building up of the various governments. The elected members of the Walloon parliament The whole system works essentially on executives (with the exception of the German speaking MP) + based on agreements and post-election coalitions the Brussels elected members of French-speaking (effect of the proportional and the consensual regime form together the Parliament of the French character of the Belgian politics). Profiles of participating Cities / 37

Link Region / Municipalities: Financing A shared political staff: the elected members can The income tax is federal and contains" additional cumulate the regional and municipal elective variable municipal centimes". The federal govern- mandates, limitations exist for the accumulation ment redistributes the tax in regions. Other taxes of the executive mandates. As a result the politi- can be federal, regional, provincial, municipal, cal staff is identical at the local and regional level. provided they are in their field of competence. The (Approximately 700 municipal elected members, 89 financing of the municipalities by the addition of the regional elected members) IPP creates a dependency of the municipal finances The municipal autonomy / custody: as a Brussels to the incomes of the residents and not the econo- regional specificity, the RBC resumes provincial privi- mic activity. leges (reliefs from the former deconcentrated State), Development of a policy or subsidised policies among these privileges the administrative custody of (by projects and contracts): these last years saw the municipalities. This custody takes 3 forms: legal the upcoming of financing based on the subsidia- custody (the verifying of the legality of the decisions), rity principle and on contractual policies, the local custody of opportunity (in case of financial recovery powers are funded for the application of coherent package), and finance custody (idem). policies at the local level in tune with the political The Conference of the Mayors / the regional govern- orientations of the federal, regional or community ment: the mayors of the 19 municipalities meet infor- levels (this implies some form of control over the mally within a “conference of the mayors”, which local application). The policies on urban renovation does not go unheard by the regional government … are financed according to this new model. It is also interesting to note that for several years Other structures: the Municipalities and the Belgian local authorities - The Police Zones: a federal and municipal compe- (including the very potent and financially important tence, the police forces are grouped together within Intercommunales) have established various non- zones of police covering the territory of several State financial tools. The Municipalities owned their municipalities. The zones of police are steered by own bank (The Municipal Credit), which was recently mayors who are the public officers in charge of the integrated into the Dexia group (in exchange, one maintenance of law and order. The RBC counts 5 municipally owned holding company possesses Police (In this field the Communes are a deconcen- an important part of the group Dexia). This finan- tration of the former central state). cial peculiarity allowed a big autonomy of the local - The Intercommunales: these public or mixed com- authorities (autonomy which makes possible regio- panies group together the municipalities to manage nal cooperation). various urban services: the main networks are or were managed by Intercommunales (water, gas, electricity, television broadcasting by cable). Some 3. Potential of the city region of them were transformed into regional companies (transport, waste) but the role of the municipali- Several approaches can be used: ties remains important. These operational forms of - political limits: cooperation between local authorities can extend The region is clearly limited to 19 Brussels munici- beyond the regional borders (the municipality is not palities, any extension can take place only during a a deconcentration of the State, but an autonomous negotiation at the federal level. organization). - economical limits: The important extension of the labour pool, the intense interweaving of the Belgian economy and

A survivance of the old regime, the burgemeester or Mayor is both elected by the citizens and designated by the King. He has a double role: civil servant and political representative. 38 / Profiles of participating Cities

the fact that Brussels is an important pole of servi- and the constructed and inhabited built area) and ces in the BtoB economy determine an "economic the suburb (weakened the urban morphology cha- city" exceeding widely its political borders (Cf. infra racterized by the disappearance of the rural func- economic position of the actors relative to the study tions). The Brussels Region is surrounded by phy- BAK). sical limits which clearly determine the area of - sociological limits the continuous city. The “ring", follows almost the ● feeling of “being Bruxellois” limits of the administrative territory and it’s cros- The many speeches of regional autonomy, as sing is limited and visible by definition, the Forest much as the strong traditional presence of the of Soignes, at the Southeast of Brussels and which municipalities limit the territorial feeling of also forms a visible border. Beyond these limits appartenance. Only an inhabitant of one of the 19 extends the zones of more or less dense and conti- municipalities considers himself as "Brussels" nuous suburbs … It is noteworthy to remember that (when he does not consider himself firstly as an the creation of the ring by the federal transport inhabitant of his municipality). It is likely that authority showed a clear will to mark the space and the French-speaking inhabitants of the Flemish to frame the extension of the city. suburbs of Brussels tend to consider themselves more Brussels than Flemish. Working The main studies on development scenarios of in Brussels does not generate that feeling of the metropolitan area ("project oriented studies") appartenance. For this criterion there is only a put forward the ABC axis continuing in the way of very weak sociological extension of the Brussels thinking of the usual ”imaginaire” of the planners territory. of unitarian Belgium. While the economic analyses ● Usage of the city put somewhat in evidence the east-west extension As suggested, the region offers services and of the metropolitan area. employment for a wider territory, but few studies Beyond an easy and paradoxical opposition of the concern the quantification of the “use” of the approaches, a methodological reading reveals that city, its economy, and its services by the inhabi- the forward-looking analyses and projects tend to tants. The development of the services and the connect poles of activities and then integrate them businesses in the suburbs (Walloon and Flemish into a projectual logic of complementarity (Brussels Brabant) decreases the feeling of dependency to + Antwerp), while the factual and economic analy- the city (but this happens anyway in the econo- ses qualify the borders between influences without mic area of the widened city). interpreting the interactions (binary thought: - functional limits Brussels or Antwerp). The services offered by the city deserves a wider In an intensely interlaced network with a strong territory than the administrative region, a compila- polycentrism, the influences cross themselves and tion of the studies in the various domains (health, add up more than they nullify. The Brussels Region education, specialized businesses; etc.) should is in the heart of a space of economic polycentric permit one to objectivize a functional regional area. interdependence, whose “services” pole it insures We can suppose that the process of federalisation largely. of the administrations as much as the economic development of suburbs decreased the extension of Internal institutions in the administrative Region this functional area. - RBC - Cocof - morphological limits - VGC The City maybe bounded according to two crite- - Municipalities ria; on the one hand the continuous and dense city (who’s morphological shape is based on the street Profiles of participating Cities / 39

Institutions sharing internal and external interests 4. Recent historic developments in the Region - Federal administration Brussels is no longer a provincial town, but an inter- - Flemish government national metropolis hosting the decision-making - French Wallonie Bruxelles community poles of two of the biggest inter-state alliances: the - European Union and European parliament European Union and NATO. These two institutions saw their sphere of influence and realization exten- Institutions outside the Region ding considerably in recent years and the city has - Federal government, to welcome these extensions of populations and - Flanders (parliament and regional government) services. - Walloon region It has to offer a level of adequate services, manage a - The provinces of Brabant very diversified population, welcome organizations - The peripheral municipalities and institutions which accompany this extension. It has also to put up with the inconveniences of Nearby cities: demonstrations (which are very disturbing for the - The network of the Belgian cities (Antwerp, Ghent, local population) and the business international Liège, Namur, Charleroi, Mons) summits. Furthermore, it has to face collateral - Lille metropolis, Rotterdam and Randstad effects of this success as an international city: as - London real estate prices increase, as gentrification hap- - Aachen, Köln pens and all this without any compensation mecha- nism to help the local population to cope with such The stakes in the participation to the « Joining forces fast changes. network » At the same time, fragility of the Brussels old The main stakes for the Brussels participation to industries is noticeable: disappearance or threats the network JOINING FORCES are the following to the car industry and its numerous subcontrac- ones: tors, relocation of processing industries with high - Positive management of the mobility and trans- added value. port (dialogue between 3 regions) The RBC loses its economic activities to a suburb, - Problems and solutions linked to the airport which benefits from economic innovation and strong infrastructures (noise, localization, costs) employment. But this can only happen in light of the - Strategy of development of the suburb (exodus of attractiveness of Brussels. the wealthy populations, the disinterest for the cen- It is interesting to state that industries and business tral zones) associations are pursuing a process of discussion - Management of the concentration of the secon- and proposition concerning the development of the dary companies and the service industries in the Brussels metropolitan area (cf. infra: point of view North of Brussels of the business associations) - Implementation of the PDI (Plan for International Development). A specific bill was voted by the regional government in order to develop harmoniously 5. Other territorial structures of governance the international function of Brussels. Its implementation supposes obviously numerous interre- The municipalities and the conference of the mayors gional cooperation. (Cf. above) The Police Zones (Cf. above) The "Business Routes 2018 for Metropolitan Brussels” is a recent initiative grouping all the Belgian business associations (BECI for the RBC, 40 / Profiles of participating Cities

Voka for the VG, UWE for the RW and FEB / VBO dialogues and maintain close relations with their for the national level) which analyze and assert the homologues in the other regions. They maintain an urgent need to consider the Brussels economic informal relationship allowing the identification of widened area as relevant and to act in consequence transregional stakes in environment and in regional in defining the strong sectors, the conditions of development matters. development of the entrepreneurship, as well as the A recent initiative of academics in Brussels saw conditions of economic success for the zone. This the setting up of a workgroup "Brussels studies" approach, which proposes an economic Brussels where scientific researchers of any horizons and region extended to 35 municipalities is innovative both linguistic regimes intend to discuss stakes and as it is shared by the Flemish and Walloon regional questions about Brussels. This initiative encoura- associations and puts in evidence the intrinsically ges discussion and more objectivised points of view continuous and additional character of the Belgian concerning the big urban stakes. economic canvas, and thus the place of Brussels international city as the centre of this zone. Finally, the Region of Brussels-Capital shelters a set of (bilingual) bi-community cultural institu- For a long time Brussels was called “the city of tions where quality in culture encourages variety hundred committees” and the urban associative and diversity. Brussels is therefore, and due to its structure is very important even today. Two associa- specific cultural dynamism a space of meeting, a tions federate the urban associative sector: Inter- link between cultures and cultural practices which Environnement Bruxelles (IEB) and the Brussels because of the “communautarisation” of the finan- Raad voor een Anders Leefmilieu (Bral), these ces sources were tending to ignore each other more two associations collaborate regularly in the legal and more. Profiles of participating Cities / 41

4. STATUS OF METROPOLITAN GOVERNANCE IN THE CITY OF eindhoven AND ITS AREA 42 / Profiles of participating Cities

4. STATUS OF METROPOLITAN GOVERNANCE IN THE CITY OF eindhoven AND ITS AREA

1. Context

1.1. Geographical context of the city The city of Eindhoven is one of the eldest in the Netherlands, and was granted its City Rights in 1232 by the Duke of Brabant. At the time ‘Endehoven’ consisted of around 170 houses and a castle. Until the beginning of the 20th century, Eindhoven remained a relatively small city. Although the city was founded on a strategic position at key trade routes, Eindhoven didn’t flourish like traditional Dutch trade-cities as Amsterdam or Rotterdam. At the end of the nineteenth century, the position of Eindhoven changed: Philips established its first lighting factory in the city, leading to a flow of new workers and thus new inhabtitants of the city. In 1920 the town of Eindhoven incorporated five surrounding villages (now city quarters): Gestel, Stratum, Strijp, Tongelre and Woensel.

Eindhoven has grown relatively fast over de last 100 years. Before the opening of the Philips factory, Eindhoven had approximately 6500 inhabitants. Since the arrival of Philips, business-services and industry have been flourishing. They have become the city had 208,461 inhabitants divided over 92,464 the two leading industries in Eindhoven, providing households. respectively 27,000 and 20,000 jobs in the city. They thus strongly contribute to the total number Demographic structure of 144,000 jobs in the city. By population Eindhoven Although Eindhoven still experiences growth, the is the fifth-largest city in the Netherlands. In 2005 process did slow down in recent years. The num- Profiles of participating Cities / 43

ber of inhabitants increased in 2006 by 802 (0,4%). Antwerp 90 km This is the result of both a positive migration rate Brussels 130 km and the excess of births in that year. The net migra- Düsseldorf 110 km tion rate increased from 202 in 2005 to 305 in 2006. Berlin 640 km The excess of births decreased in the last years. Cologne 155 km A natural population decrease, form 517 newborn Paris 435 km babies in 2005 to 497 in 2006 (a decrease of 4% in one year!), is probably one of the causes for the By air decreasing excess of births. The number of inha- Eindhoven is linked with these international hubs by bitants who are not native Dutch – meaning that at Eindhoven Airport. This is an important regional hub least one of the parents is born in a foreign country - and the second-largest airport in the country. The fol- is slowly growing. lowing scheduled destinations were available from Eindhoven Airport in 2005: Amsterdam, Barcelona/ 1.2. Main assets of infrastructure Girona, Dublin, Istanbul, London Heathrow, London The city of Eindhoven has all the advantages and Stansted, Milan, Paris and Rome. A total of 946,218 facilities of a real gateway to Europe and the rest passengers passed through Eindhoven Airport in of the world. The city has an excellent geographi- 2005, an increase of 36% compared to 2004, when cal location inbetween the core economic regions 694,451 passengers used the airport. Rhine/Ruhr area in Germany, the Amsterdam/ Rotterdam area in The Netherlands, Antwerp/ By public transport Brussels in Belgium, and Northern France. The All communities in the Eindhoven Region are proximity of two seaports for transport (Rotterdam connected by bus with the Central Railway Station and Antwerp) and three mainports for air cargo in Eindhoven as the most important transfer area. (Amsterdam, Brussels and Dusseldorf) are impor- There are several quick bus services throughout tant assets for the city and it’s development. Another the region. Famous is the Phileas, a high-speed benefit is the proximity of a number of other large bus which connects Eindhoven, Veldhoven and European cities: Eindhoven Airport with eachother.

Amsterdam 125 km By Car Maastricht 90 km Eindhoven is located at an intersection of highways 44 / Profiles of participating Cities

offering good connections to the west of the large areas preserved as parkland. The area around Netherlands, through the A2 and the A58 highways. Eindhoven and Helmond (second city of the region) At the same time, the A73 and A67 offer good contains of a network of villages and natural sce- connections with Germany and Belgium. In the near nery, with plenty of forest and heathland among the future (2010) the accessibility of the region by road traditional farms. It is an example of the way a tech- will improve when major ring/road constructions nological city and a rural area go hand in hand. in the south of Eindhoven are finished and the A2 motorway is broadened. As mentioned before, the development of Eindhoven Distance from Eindhoven to (in km by car) got a strong impulse when Philips started its lighting City KM City KM factory in Eindhoven at the beginning of the nineteenth Aachen 100 The Hague 130 century. The main reason for the Philips brothers to Amsterdam start their business in Eindhoven, were de low wages 120 Hamburg 480 (Schiphol) in this part of the country at the time. The Eindhoven Antwerp 100 Leuven 100 region was known as a rural community and wages Barcelona 1,440 London 460 were thus one of the lowest in the Netherlands. Basel 620 Luxembourg 250 Philips has invested from the beginning in the (urban) Berlin 600 Lyon 800 development of the city, by building houses for its Brussels 140 Paris 450 employers, founding sportsclubs and schools. An Düsseldorf 100 Rotterdam 110 example is the Phillips Sport Vereniging (PSV), nowa- Frankfurt 340 Stockholm 1,540 days a well-known football club, who won the natio- Soucre: CBS nal championship 4 times in a row and represent the Netherlands in the UEFA Champions league. 1.3. Main characteristics, specification of metropolitan area The region’s turbulent recent history is mirrored in 2. Territorial division and institutional the sight of the city. Buildings and factories dating framework of the local government and from the nineteen-twenties and thirties are loac- administration ted next to contemporary office blocks for IT and service sector companies. Despite its industrial 2.1. Existing administrative division of the city area: heritage and recent growth, the Eindhoven region facts and figures has managed to stay a friendly place to live, with a As in most other countries, the Netherlands have characteristic, village-like atmosphere. The city of three levels of government: the state, the provinces Eindhoven is for example surprisingly green, with and the municipalities.

The facts: index figures Eindhoven Province of Brabant The Netherlands Population 209,702 2, 419,042 16,357,992 Percentage of national total (2007) 1.28 % 14.8 % 100 % Surface area in km² (2007) 88 4,919 33,783 Part of the Netherlands (2007) 0.26 % 14.6% 100% Population density per km² (2007) 3,303 492 484 Unemployment by gender (2007) - Total 8,919 73,040 555,728 - Male (% of total) 46.7 % 47.8 % 47.9 % - Female (% of total) 53.3 % 51.7 % 51.5 % Profiles of participating Cities / 45

2.2. Institutional framework of local self- nent figures in economic and cultural life. government and territorial administration  Representative democracy Cabinet Monarchical government The ministers together make up the Cabinet, which The formal head of the Dutch government is is chaired by the Prime Minister. The Cabinet's the monarch. This makes the Netherlands unu- duties include the day-to-day business of govern- sual among West European monarchies, most of ment, preparing legislation and putting it into prac- which exclude the monarch from government. The tice, overseeing local government, and maintai- Netherlands has been a constitutional monarchy ning international relations. The curent Cabinet is with a parliamentary system since the Constitution appointed in 2003 and has 16 ministers, this inclu- was radically revised in 1848. Constitutional monar- des ministers without portfolio. In other words, chy means that the Constitution stipulates the they do not head their own ministries. Ministers are powers of the hereditary monarch. It also sets out the assisted by state secretaries, who perform some division of powers between the monarch and other ministerial duties. They do not take part in the institutions of government. Ministers are accounta- weekly cabinet meetings, but they are members of ble to Parliament for the government's actions, but the government. Incidentally, the term 'Minister of the monarch has no political responsibilities and is State' is an honorary title granted by the monarch, therefore not accountable to Parliament. usually to distinguished former ministers.

The Monarch (King or Queen) Parliament The monarch's many official duties include delive- All Dutch nationals aged 18 or older may vote and ring the annual Speech from the Throne, which sets stand in elections for the House of Representatives. out the government's legislative plans for the coming Parliament, known as the States General, consists parliamentary year. This always takes place at the of two chambers: the Senate (the upper house), with State Opening of Parliament on the third Tuesday in 75 members, elected by the provincial councils; and September, which is known as Prinsjesdag. the House of Representatives (the lower house), The monarch also plays an important role in for- with 150 members. All Acts of Parliament have ming a new government. After a general election, to be passed by both houses of parliament. The she meets with the leaders of the parliamentary monarch, ministers and parliament all take part in parties, the speakers of both houses of parliament, the legislative process. The Constitution lays down and the vice-president of the Council of State. Then, that elections to both houses of parliament must acting on their advice, she appoints a senior politi- be held every four years. They may deliberate and cal figure (the informateur) to find out, if necessary, take decisions only if over half their members are which parties are willing to form a coalition govern- present. Most decisions are taken by majority vote. ment. No single party has ever achieved an abso- The primacy of parliament manifests itself in two lute majority in the Dutch parliament. The parties key features of the Dutch system of government. intending to form a coalition draw up an agreement, First, parliament alone ensures that legislation is setting out their plans for their four-year term in compatible with the Constitution; no court is enti- office. The monarch will then appoint one ofthe tled to do so. And second, the government cannot coalition party leaders as formateur and instruct govern without parliament's support. The govern- him or her to form a government. The formateur ment has executive power but is accountable to usually becomes Prime Minister. The new minis- parliament for how it is exercised. Ministers must ters are appointed by royal decree and sworn in by have the confidence of parliament if they are to the monarch. In addition to these formal duties, the govern. Once a government has been formed, the monarch meets regularly with the Prime Minister, Prime Minister makes a policy statement to the other ministers and state secretaries, and promi- House of Representatives, which then votes on it. 46 / Profiles of participating Cities

If the government wins the vote, it can start gover- legislation or, in the case of municipal ordinances, ning. At any time in a government's term of office, with ordinances issued by the province to which the the House of Representatives may pass a motion municipality belongs. As well as implementing cen- of no confidence. For its part, the government has tral government measures, municipalities are also the power to dissolve parliament and call a general obliged to implement certain measures laid down election. by the province to which they belong.

The rule of law Provinces and municipalities have two types of The basic principles of the rule of law can be found income: local taxes and charges, and central in the Constitution. One of them is the principle of government funding. Most central government fun- legality: everything the government does must be ding comes in the form of special-purpose grants, based on a general rule of statute law. This applies with central government prescribing how they to both procedural and substantive aspects of should be spent. In addition, municipalities receive government acts. Another aspect of this principle is block grants from the Provinces and Municipalities that legal provisions applying to individuals cannot Funds, which they may spend as they see fit. Their have retroactive effect. Other principles of the rule own sources of income include property tax, court of law are the fundamental rights guaranteed by fees and local charges (for instance on Their own the Constitution. Article 1 says: 'All persons in the sources of income include property tax, tourist tax, Netherlands shall be treated equally in equal cir- dog licences and court fees. cumstances. Discrimination on the grounds of reli- gion, belief, political opinion, race or sex or on any Provinces other grounds whatsoever shall not be permitted.' The Netherlands is divided into twelve provinces. The whole first chapter of the Constitution is devo- Provincial authorities are responsible for subjects ted to fundamental rights. Traditional rights impose such as environmental management, spatial plan- obligations on government to refrain from acting, ning, energy supply, social work, sport and cultu- whereas social rights impose positive obligations ral affairs. Each provincial authority is made up of on government. The principle of the separation of a provincial council, a provincial executive and the powers is also characteristic of a state subject to the Queen’s Commissioner. The members of the pro- rule of law. It has applied in the Netherlands since vincial council are directly elected for four years by the Constitution was radically reformed in 1848. One Dutch nationals of voting age who are resident in the of its manifestations is an independent judiciary. province. The number of members depends on the province’s population. The members of the provincial Decentralisation and unity council then appoint some of their number to serve The Netherlands has three tiers of government: the same four-year term as the provincial executive. central, provincial and municipal. Central govern- The Queen’s Commissioner, appointed by central ment concerns itself with issues of national inte- government for a term of six years, chairs both the rest. The provinces and municipalities are tiers provincial executive and the provincial council. of local government. In addition, there are water boards, responsible for local water management. Municipalities Provincial and municipal authorities are requi- The Netherlands is made up of 458 municipali- red to implement measures laid down by central ties. The number of municipalities has fallen over government, but they also enjoy a degree of auto- the years as part of central government’s drive to nomy. Provinces and municipalities have the power improve quality and effectiveness, with many small to make their own regulations, known as ordinan- municipalities merging or being assimilated into ces, on matters that affect them directly. But these larger ones. Municipal authorities are responsible ordinances may not conflict with existing national for such fields as water supply, traffic, housing, Profiles of participating Cities / 47

public-authority schools, social services, health 3. Potential City-region care, sport, recreation and culture. There is no official regional level of government in Each municipal authority consists of a council, a the Netherlands, however there is a law that allows mayor and an executive (comprising the mayor and municipalities to work together and create a sepa- aldermen). Municipal authorities are subject to rate regional form of government. This Common scrutiny by the province and central government, Provisions Act (WGR) gives participating munici- though in practice this power is used sparingly. palities the opportunity to commit themselves to Municipal councils are elected directly by local resi- a joint coordination of policy domains. This is the dents for a four-year term. Foreign nationals legally basis for numerous regional collaborations in the resident in the Netherlands for at least five years Netherlands witch are cold WGR-regions. Most of are also entitled to vote in municipal elections. them don’t have a specific, separate, body but the Nationals of EU member states are entitled to vote WGR gives them a juridical basis for cooperation on in municipal elections as soon as they are resident one ore more specific issues. in the Netherlands. This law also creates an acceptation for seven Each municipal council appoints several aldermen (recently eight) specific city-regions (WGR+- from among its members. The size of the council regions). These regions form intermunicipal co- and the number of aldermen depend on the size operative unions in which municipalities co-ope- of the population. The mayor is nominated by the rate in order to promote common interests in the Queen’s Commissioner of the relevant province and region; in other words government by the munici- appointed for a term of six years, with the option of palities for the municipalities. These regions have reappointment, by central government. The mayor statutory policy domains, namely economic develo- and the aldermen are responsible for the day-to- pment, transport and environment and until the 1st day administration of their municipality. The mayor of July 2008 spatial planning. The regions also have chairs both the municipal executive and the council. the opportunity to make specific agreements in a The executive implements decisions taken by cen- “gemeenschappelijke regeling” (common agree- tral government and the provincial executive. ment). The common agreement arranges the way the organisation is funded, how the council is cho- Water boards sen and what specific tasks the regional body has The water boards are one of the oldest democra- on certain policy domains. tic institutions in the Netherlands. Water management is very important, since around quarter of the The Eindhoven Region Netherlands lies below sea level. Like central govern- The Eindhoven Region covers a quarter of the ment, provinces and municipalities, water boards are surface of the Province of Brabant. The Einhoven public bodies. The water authorities are responsible region consists of 21 municipalities and has around for protecting the land against the water. Their work 750,000 inhabitants. With more than 209,000 inha- includes the construction and maintenance of dams, bitants, Eindhoven is the largest city of the southern dykes and locks, the control of water flows and levels, Netherlands. Helmond, fourteen kilometres east of and the maintenance of water quality. Eindhoven, is the second largest city in the region (population of 86,000). The other municipalities Water board executive councils are elected by pro- are relatively small, consisting of 12 thousand perty owners in their localities. In recent years, (Reusel-De Mierden) up to approximately 43 thou- other residents have also been granted the right sand (Veldhoven) inhabitants. to vote. The chairman of the executive committee, however, is appointed by the government. 48 / Profiles of participating Cities

Facts and figures The Eindhoven Region Population 728,133 Percentage of total population in the Netherlands 4.5 % Surface (km²) 1,440 Share of the total surface of the Netherlands 4.3 % Population density (population/km²) 506 Population growth 1995 - 2007 7.6 % Labour force 329,340 Growth in labour force 1998 - 2007 3 % Labour participation 67 % Unemployment 23,942 Share in labour force 7,4 %

The Eindhoven City-Region (SRE) forces and merged. They became the Eindhoven The municipalities in the region have decided in City-Region (SRE) and were first founded as a 1993 to created a new separate regional body. The Kaderwetgebied (early version of the WGR-region). two existing regional bodies (Region Eindhoven – Nowadays the region is a WGR region (see also Kempenland and Region Helomd) joined their the chapter about historical development). The Profiles of participating Cities / 49

Eindhoven City-region is one of the eight formal Management consists of a chairman and 5 mem- city-regions in the Netherlands. The mission of the bers, and are elected by and from the Regional SRE is to strongly encourage cooperation between Council. The chairman is nominated by and from municipalities and promote the interests of the the Regional Council; there is consensus about the region at higher government levels. The SRE is also position of the Mayor of Eindhoven as the Chairman dedicated to the acquirement of investment grants. of the Regional Council and Executive Committee.

The funding and organisation of the regional body is 3.2. Particular domain of the project not regulated in the Common Provisions Act or any Introduction to Brainport other act for that matter. Each region, including the The Eindhoven region has transformed since the late SRE, has a common agreement in witch is specified 19th century from a mainly rural area to a strongly the way the regional body is funded. In case of the industrial one, and new technology has long been its Eindhoven City-region each municipality has to pay a trademark. One of the initial driving forces for this certain amount of money for each inhabitant. In that was Philips, now one of the world's biggest electro- way large cities and municipalities have to pay more nics companies. Started in Eindhoven as a lighting than the small ones. Besides the costs for the regio- producer, Philips also was involved with the first nal body, the municipalities also pay a certain amount experiments in television and radio. In the 1970s for a regional financing fund. From this fund small Philips Research made key breakthroughs in the regional projects can be financed or stimulated. processing, storage and transmission of images, sound and data, which led amongst other things The different tasks of the regional body on the dif- to the invention of the Compact Disc. The region’s ferent policy domains are also agreed upon by reputation for high-tech activities has attracted the municipalities and mentioned in the common new companies to invest here, and former Philips agreement. Examples of policy domains were the concerns have also grown into independent compa- SRE has specific tasks are housing, spatial plan- nies such as ASML and FEI. Eindhoven University of ning, environment, transportation and recreation Technology, founded in 1956, has also contributed and tourism. to this economic development. In 1993, the southeast of Brabant was hit by an eco- The regional body consists of a council, an execu- nomic crisis that led to mass redundancies among tive committee and a support organization. The major employers such as DAF and Philips, with many regional council is the highest administrative body, suppliers in the region falling victim in the wake of and consists of 50 members. It is formed by repre- this recession. At the initiative of the Eindhoven City sentatives of the different municpalities. The Town Region (SRE), business, knowledge institutions and Councils nominate representatives for the Regional public authorities joined forces to get out of the eco- Council, in proportion to the number of inhabi- nomic malaise. The 21 SRE municipalities created tants. More residents thus means more members a joint fund to strengthen the economic structure on the regional council, Eindhoven for example of the region and they started the Stimulus pro- has 12 members in the Counsil and Eersel only 1. gramme. This programme has been the foundation The two major cities therefore have an important for the present Brainport. In short, the Brainport position and significant influence in regional poli- status essentially lies in the importance of private cymaking. Advices / Proposals from the Executive Research & Development that is directly linked to the Committee are first presented to the Regional prominence of a competitive manufacturing industry. Council Committees for advice before decisions are Business, educational and knowledge institutions, being made by the Regional Council. together with the public authorities, work closely to boost this internationally competitive region (this is The Executive Committee or so to say Day-to-Day refered to as The Triple Helix). 50 / Profiles of participating Cities

Nowadays the Eindhoven region has an interna- as a factor of growing importance. tionally-recognised reputation for high-tech activities. Its leading role in the world of cutting-edge Brainportnavigator R&D has caused it to become known as ‘Brainport’: The willingness to cooperate in Brainport is high. a hotspot within the Southeast Netherlands’ top With so many players aiming for strong growth, technology zone. Brainport scores highly compared that willingness benefits from some coordina- to other European regions in terms of its competition. Business, knowledge institutions and public tiveness, productivity, employment, R&D expendi- authorities have joined together in the Brainport ture, innovation, and general educational levels. It Foundation to make these ambitions happen. is ranked number one for R&D in the Netherlands, Together they have charted the course in the strate- and accounts for the country’s high position on gic programme: Brainport Navigator 2013; beyond the European Innovation Scoreboard (45% of pri- Lisbon! The main goal is a balanced employment vate expenditure on R&D in the Netherlands market, a successful knowledge-skill-till chain, occurs within Brainport). Brainport’s ‘footprint’ is a competitive R&D position, a variety of business the region around Eindhoven: the Eindhoven City- options, an attractive climate for location and a region (SRE). The whole area, being an economic cast-iron international positioning. eco-system, can feel the knowledge industry pum- ping through its veins: a critical mass of knowledge Within the programme there are 4 domains. It is workers means that a complete research chain can essential to maintain the Brainport advantage in a be followed, from innovation, through product deve- strong competitive environment to strengthen the lopment, to production and marketing, with design position of the region on each of the four domains.

Based on estimates and taking the total package both the public and private sector, not only in res- of projects and actions together, an investment of pect of financial investment but also, and equally 1.75 billion euros is involved. Here lies a task for urgently, in respect of creating the policy, legal and Profiles of participating Cities / 51

regulatory conditions to allow Brainport the scope High Tech Campus Eindhoven (HTCE) it needs. - Originally a Philips research and development site Brainport gives the Netherlands a trump card. - 90 ha (222 acres) of green business park, 35% of The need to accelerate in combination with quality which is available for non-Philips companies (R&D requires direct financial investment. To excel as a firms and institutes) top technology region in the European and global - More than 180,000 m2 (600,000 sq. ft.) of office arena also demands the scope to do so. This can space; 50,000 m2 (165,000 sq. ft.) of laboratory be translated into a regulation-free zone for the space and 10,000 m2 (33,000 sq. ft.) of clean rooms knowledge industry, in line with the Opportunity - The Strip: the heart of the campus with meeting Zones concept. For instance, in the form of a cus- rooms, recreational and sports facilities and other tomised set of instruments of laws and regulations amenities for the top-tech knowledge industry that can be tes- - Access to technologies (incl. nanotechnology, ted experimentally in Brainport. signal processing, embedded systems, optical storage, wireless connectivity and broadband) Basics - Access to facilities and equipment (technology Brainport stands for: attractive location climate, services devices, prototyping and instrumentation, quality of life, international orientation, lead in ICT computer services, centre for technical training,EMC (infrastructure, services and use). Our interest for the competence centre) Urbact II programme is in the aspect “Quality of the - Management support (e.g., participation in inter- Urban environment”. This part of the Brainport pro- national R&D programmes, advice on intellectual gramme is embraced by the City-Region Eindhoven. property rights and financing) - Access to regional know-how – and industrial/ The ingenious landscape (“Het geniale Landschap”) economic infrastructure The first step in the process was a study, commissioned by the SRE, the municipalities of Eindhoven Spatial programme Brainport and Helmond and de province of North Brabant, The City-region Eindhoven (SRE) wants to imple- which led to the book Het geniale landschap (the ment it further into concrete spatial projects. To do ingenious landscape). The book provides an insight this the SRE is now developing a Spatial Program in the spatial urban structures in the largest Brainport for the Brainport. Our aim is to learn how knowledge regions in the world. Based on these other regions cope with their spatial challenges. In practises it provided ideas for the Eindhoven Region short: what are they planning and how do they think or Brainport. The authors had the task to think free they can achieve their goals? and outside the box. They could forget about policy- constrains and could create a new Brainport on a blanc canvas. These exercises lead to four perspec- 4. Historical development concerning the tives on the Brainport and concrete ideas of how potential City-region Brainport should look in an ideal situation. The main conclusion is that a strong green structure should Despite the fact that the Netherlands emerged as be created for the Brainport. Main reason is that it a union of independent provinces, regional gover- is pleasant to work, live and recreate in nature. To nance plays a limited role nowadays. From 1912 reach this goal, the green structure has to be intro- onwards, but especially in the post-war period duced as a design principle and new housing and (from the 1950s), there have been many attempts business areas should be created in a green, natu- to strengthen regional governance. These attempts ral, environment. One already existing example is can generally be placed in two basic categories, (1) the High Tech Campus in Eindhoven. the creation of a new level of regional governance 52 / Profiles of participating Cities

and (2) adaptation of provincial governance by desi- of Amsterdam, the Hague, Utrecht, Enschede- gning and institutionalising the city-province. Hengelo, Eindhoven-Helmond and Arnhem- Nijmegen. However, in the national elections of 1994 After various attempts in the pre-war and early the pro-regional coalition of Christian Democrats post-war period, the call for urban regional govern- and Labour Party lost its power. The new coalition ment re-emerged in the Netherlands during the between the Labour Party and the liberal parties ‘glory days’ of the central welfare state in the late VVD (conservative) and D66 (progressive) was less 1960s. The general opinion was that territorial keen on these large consolidated metropolitan spill-overs, such as uneven economic development governments. Instead of establishing strong city- and unequal distribution of resources, could be tac- provinces, the municipalities of the seven desi- kled by the installation of a metropolitan govern- gnated urban regions started their non-voluntary ment with strong planning powers for the supply of co-operation under the Framework Law in 1995. welfare provisions. This call for adding another tier After almost ten years, the results of these ‘weaker’ of government between municipalities and provin- designs of regional governance are varying. In most ces required a change in the Constitution to allow cases there is weak public affinity; a lack of deci- an overhaul in the existing structure. The success sion-making transparency and there are persistent of this structure depends on the cooperation of the tensions with the provinces. On the other hand, all government bodies involved – national, provincial, the municipalities within the urban regions showed and municipal -, as well as other local organisa- their willingness to continue their non-voluntary tions and the public. The first attempt of the central co-operation through extension of the Framework government was a movement towards a centrally Law, which might indicate that the urban regions are organised region. becoming more and more institutionally embedded. What remains a strong factor is that municipalities Soon after its establishment, conflicts arose which continue to be confronted with spatial problems led tot the decision to move to a ‘bottom up’ approach that, as they also realise themselves, can only be of regional collaboration based on intermunicipal solved through regional forms of governance, both voluntary agreements (invoking the so-called WGR in a more functional as democratic sense. Common Provisions Act). Soon, however, the case for a regional administrative tier returned on the political agenda. After a series of studies, showing 5. Territorial structure of governance compa- the existence of a regional gap in the Dutch govern- ring with formal government ment structure, the central government proposed the institutionalisation of city provinces. The aim Besides the formal region there are also other was not to create a fourth level of government but to structures operating on a regional level. A few chuck op the provinces into smaller entities, crea- examples: ted around large cities. This approach included a straightforward institutional design: the installation NV Rede of a consolidated city-province with a directly elec- This is the economic development agency for the ted government independent of the province. Eindhoven Region, which aims to maintain its position and strengthen it in a way that the Eindhoven All seemed promising in 1994 when the central Region becomes a top technology region in Europe government adopted a so-called ‘Framework Law with worldwide appearence. for Administrative Change’ (Kaderwet Bestuur in Verandering) which allowed seven urban regions NV REDE stimulates regional economic activities by: to transform into city-provinces within eight years. - Acquiring new business through promotion, acqui- The framework law included the urban regions sition and offering business accommodation Profiles of participating Cities / 53

- Consultancy and corporate financing of SME local and regional governments. The Chamber of companies Commerce is incorporated under public law and, - Offering flexible, small-scale business premises as such, targets its services at Dutch businesses with facilities in a business centre across all sectors. - Initiating and carrying out a diverse range of structure enhancing projects Based on their expertise and consultation with Target group: Small and medium sized companies employers' and employees' organisations, the in the industrial and service sector. Chambers of Commerce comment on (regional) government plans. In doing so, they give an authori- Stitching Brainport tative voice to regional business & industry. In addi- Staying on track for the realisation of the Brainport tion, the Chamber undertakes all sorts of initiatives ambition demands continuous navigation. This to stimulate the regional economy and to create means knowing your present position, supervising more space for business in every sense of the word. initiatives, starting projects so people and companies This way the Chambers influences a wide spectrum can see the purpose of Brainport and continuous of fields, including the regional economy, physical communication about the results. The Brainport planning, transport, the environment, energy-is- Foundation is responsible for implementing the dif- sues, retailing, recreation and tourism. ferent strategic programmes. With appealing projects like Metal House, Incubator 3+ and Brainport The activities in these fields are always discussed International Community they bring the strength of with the regional employers' and employees' orga- the Triple Helix in touch with the public. Together nisations and implemented in co-operation with we are aiming to go beyond Lisbon! industry organisations as well as local and regional employers' associations.These parties, inci- Chamber of commerce dentally, make use of the expertise available at the The Netherlands Chamber of Commerce manages Chambers. By working like that, the regional orga- the trade register. Other tasks of the Chamber are nisations and the Chamber of Commerce effectively providing Dutch entrepreneurs with information, complement each other as ideal partners. stimulate regional trade & industry and advise

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5. STATUS OF METROPOLITAN GOVERNANCE IN THE CITY OF florence AND ITS AREA 56 / Profiles of participating Cities

5. STATUS OF METROPOLITAN GOVERNANCE IN THE CITY OF florence AND ITS AREA

1. Context Table 1 FLORENCE 1.1. Geographical context of the city Population 365.966 Florence is the capital of the Italian central region Area (sqkm) 102,41 called Tuscany, in-between Rome (280km) and Density (inhab./sqkm) 3485 Milan (318 km). Buildings per sqkm 302,2 Florence is one of the most important Italian artistic Immigrants 34.965 cities and, as the capital of the Italian Renaissance, is globally known. Moreover, its closeness to the Tourist yearly flow 6.847.081 worldwide appreciate landscapes of Chianti area gives to Florence another asset to be one of the Since 1975, year in which Florence had its popu- most visited area of Europe. lation peak (462.000 inhabitants), inhabitants of Data on yearly visitors reports that Florence has Florence municipality has constantly decreased. about 7 millions tourists each year and that the 10 Conversely the municipalities of the metropolitan municipalities of the Florence metropolitan area area have increased their quota of population (see account 1 million tourists every year. Considering figure 1). that daily-trips tourism flows in Florence are 3 A significant part of population growth is due to or 4 times bigger than these officially registered, immigration. In the 1995-2005 decade, the number it is clear that Florence has one main vocation: of foreign people has increased of 175,4% and it tourism. reached the 8,9% of Florence resident population. Beside the tourism industry, Florence and its sur- Florence has also faced a gentrification process in rounds have also important economic specializa- the extent with its prestigious monumental area tions in fashion sector (the so-called Made in Italy has been populated by high-income and medium- leaded by Gucci) as well as in optician and mechani- high level of instruction people. cal precision tools and in artwork restoring. Profiles of participating Cities / 57

Figure 1 60

-20 Firenze Resto città metropolitana Prov . FI senza città metrop.

51-'61 16,52 9,84 -4,36

61-'71 4,88 50,52 0,40

71-'81 -2,07 12,33 4,49

81-91 -10,05 3,14 2,96

Concerning the demographical structure, by com- speed system (that for a part is still under construc- paring the aged and the young population it is pos- tion). National and regional motorways pass through sible to obtain the ageing index (population over 65/ Florence. every one hundred 0-14 people). Its value of 230,8 About 35.000 beds in hotels and 23.000 in other kind indicates that Florence is the second Italian city of accommodations support the business fair acti- where elderly people are concentrate. vities. A 15th century fortress close to the city centre and other convention centre nearby located are 1.2. Main assets of infrastructure the venue for important national fairs such as men Due to the big impact of city-users (outliers and fashion fair (Pitti Uomo), kids fashion fairs (Pitti tourists), Florence is developing its already signi- Bimbo), textiles and fabric exposition (Pitti filati), ficant assets of infrastructures. Florence gateways handcraft fair, no-profit and third sector fair and a are its own airport (Firenze Peretola) and the most creativity festival. crowded Pisa airport. High speed railways connect Tradition in classical music, ballet and opera are Florence to other Italian cities (1h30min to Rome, expressed in one month of at a “national excel- 3h20min Naples, 2h40min to Milan) within an high lence” activities: the Maggio. 58 / Profiles of participating Cities

Created in 2006 as one of Italy’s first public/private in boroughs, Florence decentralised its municipa- foundations, the Fondazione Palazzo Strozzi aims to lity functions within 5 boroughs. revitalise the public spaces of the Palazzo Strozzi The City of Florence is part of the Province of – one of the foremost examples of Renaissance Florence (NUTS 3) and of Tuscany Region (NUTS 2). domestic architecture – with a year-round pro- The 11 municipalities of the Florence metropolitan gramme of activities including exhibitions, events, area are in the Province of Florence but not all the lectures and programmes designed to appeal to a municipalities of the Province of Florence are in broad spectrum of visitors of all ages, nationalities Florence’s metropolitan area. and backgrounds. Table 2 1.3. Main characteristics, Area Unemployment Population specification of metropolitan area (sqkm) rate The role of Florence as a regional city internationally Florence opened is grounded on a territorial interdependent 356.118 102,41 5,6% Municipality network more complex than other Italian urban sys- Province tems. Small dimension of Florence municipality’s 933.860 3514,38 5,2% of Florence area, its orographic features, urban policies such Tuscany us the protection of Florentine hills from settle- 3.497.806 22.990,18 6.4% ments and, finally, highly-density housing policy of Region the bordering municipalities, are the reasons that Italy 56.979516 301328.45 11,6% Florence and its 10 neighbouring towns represent a ISTAT - 2001 thick urban fabric: the Florence metropolitan area. Florentine metropolitan area’s size is smaller than 2.2. Institutional framework of local self- the area recognised in local employment system, in government and territorial administration so far Florence attract workers even from not urba- The President of Tuscany Region, the President nely connected area such as Chianti, Mugello and of the Province of Florence and all the majors of Uppern Arno valley. Florence metropolitan area are democratically Florence’s urban system is localised in Tuscany elected every five years. Regional, provincial and central plain. It an highly urbanely dense area municipal City executive board and its “assessors” that is featured by small and medium enterprise are appointed by the major or by the President. systems as well as industrial districts, where the In particular, the voting systems of the municipality economical system of Florence is next to whom of is a direct election of the major (top-two runoff) and Prato, Empoli and Pistoia. of the City Council by a majority rule. The President Altogether, it is possible to define a wider and poly- of the Province is also directly elected by universal centric metropolitan area that Toscana Region uses suffrage, but the Councillors of the Province are to call Central Tuscany metropolitan system. elected by a proportional system with a majority premium.

2. Territorial division and institutional According to art. 117 paragraph 2 of the Italian framework of the local government and Constitution, Regional level of government has administration legislative power while Provincial and Municipality levels have administrative powers in subjects 2.1. Existing administrative division of the city area expressly delegated by law (see part 1) . According to local government law (art 17 of legis- Province has rather narrow competencies on envi- lative decree 267/2000) ruling that municipality over ronmental improvement and defence, cultural heri- 100.000 inhabitant shall share out their territories tage safeguard and improvement, provincial waste Profiles of participating Cities / 59

management, employment policies, vocational trai- Signa 15.433 18,81 ning, education and non-urban mobility. Lastra a Signa 17.938 43,06 Municipality accounts for direct services manage- Pontassieve 20.610 114,44 ment (local public transports, water and energy Bagno a Ripoli 25.232 74,09 provision), mobility management, local welfare Campi Bisenzio 37.249 28,62 (social care, public housing, migrants policy, public Sesto Fiorentino 46.054 49,04 nursery and kindergarten, school welfare and ser- Scandicci 50.136 59,59 vices, register and electoral services, city planning, Firenze 356.118 102,41 cultural services (libraries, museums, theatres, Total 612.534 657,8 galleries, cinemas..) and authoritative power on licenses to dispose of public area, to provide sport Florence strategic plan considers this 11 municipa- activities and building licensing. lities’ area, that counts 56,9 buildings per squared km and a density of 931,2 inhabitants per squared According to legislative decree 267/2000, municipa- km, as the metropolitan area of Florence. lities and provinces have fiscal autonomy based on transferred and own funds. Their resources could Figure 1 be: local levies and taxes, quotas of regional or national taxes, regional or national money transfer, licences or taxes on public services, capital levy and other income such as revenue of investments.

3. Potential City-region

3.1. Ideas, concepts The metropolitan borders of Florence can not been easily drawn because of the overlapping vision of the different administrative bodies that govern on vast Florence area. The area on which Florence municipality has jurisdiction is narrow (102,41 km)  Florence municipality’s area especially considering that Florence has a daily  Metropolitan area of Florence without Florence flow of city-user of about 178.000 people. A wider municipality area that can be conceptualised as the metropolitan  Province of Florence without Florence metropo- area of Florence matches with the 11 municipalities litan area that in 2005 signed an agreement on public local transport (Firenze, Fiesole, Impruneta, Calenzano, Beside the metropolitan area conception of the stra- Signa, Lastra a Signa, Pontassieve, Bagno a Ripoli, tegic plan and as far as the national and regional Campi Bisenzio, Sesto Fiorentino and Scandicci). As debate on metropolitan city is going onward (see part the table 2 reports borders of these 11 municipality 1) there are two other possible different conception: keep an area of 657,8 squared km and a population that of the Province of Florence and that of Tuscany of 612.534 inhabitants. Region. The former correspond to the province area Table 3 (44 municipalities, about 970.000 inhabitant and a Municipality Population SqKm density of 277 habitants per squared km). The latter, Fiesole 14.085 42,11 closed to the city-region definition and foreseen by Impruneta 14.637 48,76 the regional law 130/2000, define metropolitan area Calenzano 15.042 76,87 that corresponding to 73 municipality, 4.844 squared 60 / Profiles of participating Cities

km and about 1.200.000 inhabitants in the provinces 3.2. Particular domain of the project in each city of Pistoia, Prato and Florence, namely the Central Since today integration in utilities management Tuscany metropolitan system. has not gone together with an institutionalization Table 4 of a formal metropolitan area level of governance. Area Unemployment That’s the reason why the second strategic plan of Population (sqkm) rate the Florentine metropolitan area tries too create the Florence conditions for a process of union of some adminis- metropolitan 612.534 154,33 5.2% trative functions at a metropolitan level. The pro- area ject to create a Union of Municipalities also lays on three other main aspects attesting that the Union is Province 933.860 3514,38 5,2% a win-win process: of Florence a) Florence Municipality need the collaboration Central of neighboring municipalities to cope with mobi- Tuscany lity, congestion and new localisation of productive metropolitan area, as far as the “Florence” brand is really useful system 1.430.249 4.844,62 5,4% to the other 10 municipalities in terms of interna- (Florence- tional tourist attraction as well as local handcraft Prato- promotion. Pistoia) b) the Union would bind municipalities to consider the effects of their policies on the metropolitan area The metropolitan area of Florence has an high in the priority making process. degree of inter-municipality features. First of all, c) the existence of a bureaucratic apparatus of the 4 muncipalities out of eleven (Sesto Fiorentino, Union would grant continuity to the integration Campi Bisenzion, Calenzano e Signa) experienced process. the management of an administrative function such In this framework, political efforts are going toward as the productive activities public desk before that the creation of a visible overlocal associative orga- function had been delegate to the Province autho- nisation composed by the 11 municipalities aimed rity. Secondly the 11 municipalities use and often to manage services and other proper authoritative own shares of same public utility companies in functions. In particular, this overlocal government transport and mobility sector (Bus and Parking body would account for planning (strategic plan- societies), housing (Public housing society), water, ning, city planning, mobility management), autho- energy and gas supply, waste management. Thirdly, ritative functions (building permission, public local the strategic plan of Florence contains ongoing transport licences, administrative tasks on fairs metropolitan projects (e-government, metropolitan and markets, tourist facilities etc.) and local police public park network, mobility agency, “the health and vigilance. society” project) and projects in which more than one municipality are involved (Tramway, Scientific & At the Central Tuscany metropolitan system level, Technological University pole, railways renewal pro- the Tuscany Region, the Provinces of Florence, jects). Finally the Association in charge of strategic Prato, Pistoia and Empolese Valdelsa district signed planning project, “Firenze Futura”, is participated a local development agreement to finance projects by 9 out of the 11 municipalities of the metropoli- on regional metropolitan system. That agreement tan area. Moreover majors of the 11 municipalities would address an important part of the regionally regularly participate to a Metropolitan Conference managed European Community’s funds to interven- where metropolitan issues as well as the institution tion on environment, mobility, local development, of a second level authority (Municipalities Union) research and innovation, local welfare and culture. has been debated. Profiles of participating Cities / 61

4. Historical development such as municipalities of the Florence’s urban area, concerning the potential City-region Province of Florence, Tuscany Region, Florence Chamber of Commerce and social partners. Despite the City-region concept has started to per- Firenze 2010 is still working on the creation of the meate Italian governance culture, the process of union of municipalities of the Florentine metropoli- Italian formal institutional change is generally long tan area. and tortuous. As an example of the length of Italian institutional process concerns the creation of the Regional level of governance that was constitutio- 5. Territorial structure of governance nally previewed in 1948 but had been established only in 1970. Otherwise Metropolitan area debate Territorial structure of governance is played by dif- dates back to the 1990 when a law (L. 142/1990) ferent actors that occasionally or regularly devise on the reform of the system of the local autono- common strategies. Actors at that play at a metro- mies was approved. Although that cultural orien- politan level are: chamber of commerce and Firenze tation to create institutional level that can govern Futura metropolitan association. wide area, Italian territory has been fragmented in The Chamber of Commerce of Florence is an orga- growing number of provinces. It is the case of the nization that works in the local economy at the pro- Prato territory that before the Constitution of the vincial level. The Chamber supply collective goods Prato Province in 1992 was in the Florence Province to the local enterprises in order to support and to jurisdiction. foster their development. The role the Chamber Recently, two parallel metropolitan area building plays does not simply concern the representation process have been started by different institutio- of local enterprise interests, it also implies their nal players. The first is Tuscuny Region that in 2000 coordination, course and their development by their ruled that the Tuscan metropolitan territory is that proper function or these delegated by the State and of Florence, Prato and Pistoia province territory regions. even if today it not really clear whether metropoli- Firenze Futura it is an association that represents tan city institute would govern over a territory that the Florence civil society complexity. Its main func- correspond to a provincial or to an over-provincial tion is to promote local development and social qua- area and what competences would own. lity in the Florence metropolitan area. That mission The second is that of Florentine metropolitan area: is prosecuted by the wide partnership of the main as a consequence of the signature of the Pact for public institution, and of the economical, social and the government of the Florence metropolitan cultural stakeholder. The association presented the city between all municipalities of the province of strategic plan of Florence metropolitan area and it Florence, the Province of Florence and the Tuscany is committed to implement and periodically revise Region, in the 1996 a Metropolitan Conference it. Firenze Futura’s partner are: Chamber of com- (board of institutional representative) had been merce, local industrial association, trade unions, created. After some years of sound work in which small and medium enterprise associations, mutual issues like mobility, urban planning and waste company associations, retailers association, far- recycling policy had been faced in 2002 the role mers association, Province of Florence, Tuscany of the Metropolitan Conference had been passed Region, Superintendence of Florence museums to the brand-new association Firenze 2010 (today and municipalities of Firenze, Bagno a Ripoli, Firenze Futura) which mission was to implement Campi Bisenzio, Fiesole, Impruneta, Pontassieve, the first strategic plan of the Florence’s metropo- Scandicci. litan area and that associate institutional partner

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6. STATUS OF METROPOLITAN GOVERNANCE IN THE CITY OF krakow AND ITS AREA 64 / Profiles of participating Cities

6. STATUS OF METROPOLITAN GOVERNANCE IN THE CITY OF krakow AND ITS AREA

Introduction The notion of a "metropolitan area", which is simi- lar to that of an "urban region" and which concerns The notion of an urban area is used in Poland for big-city settlement systems functions in Polish legal the purposes of regional research works that have documents, as well as in other documents. That been conducted for many years, in three notion ran- notion is of a planning nature. Krakow Metropolitan ges: 1) as a research tool, 2) as an action tool, and 3) Area (the "KMA"), which covers the city of Krakow as an object of cognition. During the recent period, and its surrounding rural units and smaller towns, detailed research on transformation processes was established just as a planning unit in the regio- related to social and spatial structure of Krakow nal spatial development plan . It was just the des- Metropolitan Region in the periods of real socia- cription of that area, which was specified in the lism and of the political system transformation was questionnaire form. Meanwhile, the determination conducted. Krakow Metropolitan Region was inves- of institutional framework of the Area's functioning tigated as a nodal region, identified on the basis of was based on Polish legal regulations in force, and commuting range. on provisions of valid and binding documents.

Following the development of research on metro- The situation connected with managing metropoli- politan areas in Europe, also in Poland, when analy- tan areas in Poland is specific at the moment, as a sing the settlement system, the notion of a "metro- new law on the development of cities and of metropolitan area" started to be applied. The process of politan areas has been drafted. The law is aimed at metropolisation was considered to be a specific res- solving management problems, which are common ponse of the settlement system to the phenomenon for local government units in large urban agglome- of globalisation. Research on Polish metropolitan ration areas. The draft law does not establish any areas gained particular significance in connection new administrative division units but, instead, esta- with processes of integration with the EU. The exis- blishes new structures of management of metropo- tence of several large cities in the settlement struc- litan areas. It provides a definition of a metropolitan ture of Poland is a basis for viewing that structure in area, criteria of its delimiting, arrangement and a European context. This has been reflected in the rules of operation, as well as principles of budget ongoing discussion on the metropolitan potential of preparation. Presently, the proposed regulations Polish cities and forms of managing them. have been brought up to wide discussions, and the final form of the law has not been settled yet. That Profiles of participating Cities / 65

is why there were no references to solutions pro- The climate of the area is shaped, to the major posed by the new law in the questionnaire form. extent, by masses of polar and marine and polar They will be presented in further works, once the and continental air, flowing from the territories of law has finally been adopted. Asia and East Europe and, to a lesser extent, by arctic and tropic air. The prevailing winds are those from the west. The average annual temperature is 1. Context 6-8 ºC, and the average annual precipitation volume ranges from 600 to 750 mm. 1.1. Geographical context of the Krakow Metropolitan Area (KMA) As regards its hydrographical aspects, the area of Kraków Metropolitan Area is located in the south Malopolskie Regions forms almost in whole part part of Poland. The Area covers the city of Kraków, of the upper Vistula drainage basin (the Baltic Sea which is the capital of Małopolskie Region (one of basin). The Vistula flows through the centre of the 16 Regions that Poland is divided to), as well as its city, and has numerous, various-size tributaries. neighbouring areas. The geographic environment of KMA is diversified, KrOM is characterized by the occurrence of high due to its location within three physical and geogra- values of the natural environment. The large part phic units. The Area belongs, according to physico- of the area’s surface is covered by the nature legal geographic regionalization, to the Western Europe, protection scheme. and more specifically, to its two sub-areas: Non- Alpine Central Europe and the Carpathians. Krakow The specific feature of the Area, which makes it an and the central part of the Area located within a outstanding place nationwide, is the accumulation belt of valleys have the features of lowlands. The of cultural values, which include the urban complex north part is an upland area, while the south part of the whole city, numerous historical monuments demonstrates the features of a foothill landscape. and landmarks, as well as world heritage objects. Accordingly, the Area is marked by variability of the land lie, as well as of altitude and climate.

Plan Zagospodarowania Przestrzennego Województwa Małopolskiego, Urząd Marszałkowski Województwa Małopolskiego 2003 (Regional Spatial Plan of the Malopolskie Region, Office of the Chairman of the Regional Assembly, 2003). 66 / Profiles of participating Cities

1.2. Main asset of infrastructure from western brder via Wrocław-Gliwice-Katowice- The Krakow-Balice Airport provides air transport Chrzanow-Krakow-Tarnow- to the eastern border, services for the Krakow Metropolitan Area and - A section of railway line E-30: Dresden-Wroclaw- surrounding areas as well. Following the Council Krakow-Rzeszow-Lvov Decisions No. 96/1692/EEC and 01/1346/EEC the The Krakow Metropolitan Area can be accessed by airport was classified as the Community Connecting means of the A4 motorway, 6 national roads, and 10 Point. The airport is the second largest airport in regional roads. Poland as regards the number of passengers and its significance. 1.3. Main characteristic, The number of passengers of the Krakow-Balice specification of metropolitan area airport systematically increases in a significant way Krakow belongs to the group of most important from 0.8 million in 2004 to 3 million in 2007. The urban centres in East and Central Europe, which Krakow-Balice airport provides air connections with are not capitals, and is bigger than part of European 39 cities in Europe, with New York and Chicago, as capitals. In the polycentric space of Poland, Krakow well as with Tel Aviv. The following routes running is one of five large cities, with its population excee- through KMA form parts of TINA Pan-European ding 500,000. Krakow is in a distance of 275 km from Transport. Warsaw. Large cities, which are located most closely Corridor No3: to Krakow, include Katowice (70 km), Kielce (120 km), - The national road No 3 (inter-regional) running Tarnow (80 km), Bielsko Biala (85 km), Poprad in Profiles of participating Cities / 67

Slovakia (150 km), and Ostrava in the Czech Republic major part of job places in industry and in services (200 km). The distance between the southern part of of the metropolitan area is located in Krakow. The the area and the Slovakian border is 20 km, while the remaining towns of the Krakow Metropolitan Area distance form the Czech border is 30-40 km. have diversified functional specificities. Krakow is one of the main urban centres of Poland, Employment in services dominates in KMA however a city of historical monuments, an important cen- it is also centre of industry. The number of job pla- tre of culture, science, tourism, as well as indus- ces in industry in Krakow constituted 67% of total try. Population of the Krakow Metropolitan Area employment in industry in the Krakow Metropolitan constitutes 3,8 % of the population of Poland. The Area and 33% in the whole Region. Even a greater population dynamics in the Krakow Metropolitan superiority of Krakow to the whole metropolitan Area is more favourable than in many other regions area concerns services, which constitute 45% of the of Poland. The KMA concentrates about 4, 1 % of employment in services within the Region and 79% national job places. within the Krakow Metropolitan Area. In spite of a When compare to other areas In Poland, the advan- considerable domination of Krakow, the remaining tages of Krakow include: a broad investment pro- towns, and also part of rural areas are essential gram, a better network of air port connections, a elements of the labour market. higher position of its high education establishments in national rankings, a richer cultural offer, a wider Tourism is the important function of the area. The range of tourist and culinary services. However, bases of the development of tourism are culture Krakow does not have an advantage over other with values that comprise the medieval layout of the respect to: the number of headquarters of foreign city with 7 thousand facilities and historical com- enterprises, enterprise focus, and condition of plexes. The old town part of Krakow is a complex natural environment . entered on the UNESCO's World Culture Heritage list. Other items on the list that are located in the Krakow is one of the most important scientific Krakow Metropolitan Area include the historical and academic centres in Poland. In addition to the salt mine in Wieliczka, and the Architectural and Jagiellonian University, which is the oldest Polish Landscape Complex of the Sanctuary in Kalwaria university established in the 14th century, there are Zebrzydowska dating back to 1600. The Jewish many public and private schools and colleges in district of Kazimierz enjoys a high tourist interest. Krakow. All subjects and fields of study are repre- Every year there are Jewish culture festivals of a sented there. The absolute number of students in worldwide reach organized there. Krakow is lower than that in Warsaw, but the index Functions of spa-treatments and treatments in of the number of students per 1,000 residents is health-resorts appear and develop in Krakow and 211, thus being higher than that in Warsaw and surrounding areas. Culture assets are also related the highest (along with Poznan) in Poland. Based with other towns, including the town of Niepołomice, on the university resources of Krakow, the Krakow which is a former royal seat, with a 14th-century Technological Park was established in the Krakow royal castle, later modified during the Renaissance Metropolitan Area. era, and with old royal hunting grounds, as well as the town of Wiśnicz with a 17th-century monu- Krakow is a typical, multi-functional, large urban mental, fortified castle. The majority of towns and centre, with developed metropolitan, basic and villages of the area have their culture values, too. specialized (sector IV services, tertiary education, They are exhibited, among others, through thema- specialized hospitals, drama and music theatres, tic trails that have been routed for tourists, e.g. the art galleries, museums, cabarets) and industry. The trail of wooden architecture, the Gothic trail, etc.

The Malopolska Region Development Strategy for 2007-2013 68 / Profiles of participating Cities

2. Territorial division and institutional units located within the single Małopolskie Region. framework of the local government and Basic responsibilities in planning the development administration of the metropolitan area are vested in the regional government, and exercised through the preparation 2.1. Existing administrative division of the city area of a spatial plan for the metropolitan area, as part According to the division scheme introduced in 1999, of the regional spatial plan. The Region's authori- Poland is divided into 16 Regions (NUTS 2), constitu- ties prepare also the strategy of the Region's deve- ting local government regions. Intermediate levels lopment, which is cohesive with the spatial plan. of the administrative division and local govern- However, it is the central government, which also ment management are the counties (NUTS 4) in exerts an essential influence upon processes of the number of 379. Basic, spatial local government management within the metropolitan area (as the units are the communes (NUTS 5) in the number government defines in its strategic documents its of 2,478. On NUTS1 and NUTS3 levels there is no policy of development as well as local governments, administration. which make basic decisions in the field of spatial development. The Krakow Metropolitan Area is composed of 51 administrative units (NUTS 5). Part of them are Metropolitan areas do not constitute at present any urban rural units, part of them are rural units. All organisational units, with their own budgets. Any of them are located within the borders of 9 counties investment projects that serve the metropolis are (NUTS4). financed both from the central budget and from regional, county and commune budgets, as well 2.2. Institutional framework as by funds originating from financial instruments of local self-government of the European Union, especially from structural funds. Important financial instruments for the According to the Polish law, central government implementation of national and regional develop- conducts policy of growth on the national scale, ment strategies include operating programmes, regional governments do it on the scale of regions, financed from the state budget and from interna- while county and commune governments do it on a tional sources. Part of important projects of metro- local scale. politan significance is financed from private funds (e.g. hotels and congress centres, large service Krakow Metropolitan Area is not a separate admi- centres, etc). nistration unit. This is a group of local government Table 1 Planning of metropolitan area development in Poland (as in June 2008)5 Document Responsible authority Subject related to metropolitan areas National level The whole of development activities of the country, National objectives of development, including supported objec- Development Central Government tives of regional development and ways of attaining Strategy them Conditions, objectives and directions of sustainable Conception of the development, as well as actions indispensable for attai- Spatial Development Central Government ning it, including the determination of basic elements of the Poland of national settlement network, with the separation of metropolitan areas;

5- A new law on the development of cities and of metropolitan areas was drafted, introducing new ways of managing metropolitan areas Profiles of participating Cities / 69

Regional level NUTS 2 Identification of basic elements of the settlement network in the region and their transportation and Regional Self Government Regional infrastructural relationships, and designation of metro- Spatial Plan Authorities politan areas Preparation of spatial plan for the metropolitan area as part of regional spatial plan This is a basic document to set out the policy of the Regional region’s development from the regional perspective, Self Government Regional Development which specifies the general plan of action for regio- Authorities Strategy nal government authorities and tools for the process management Local level NUTS 4 Self Government Local County development Objectives, conditions and directions of the county Authorities the county level strategy development (NUTS4) Local level NUTS 5 Commune development Self Government Local Objectives, conditions and directions of the commune strategy Authorities (NUTS5) development directions of changes in spatial structure of the commune, and land use Self Government Local Local spatial plans protected areas and rules of environmental protection Authorities (NUTS5) directions of development of transportation and infrastructure systems

3. Potential city-region being its capital. That document recognized Krakow Metropolitan Area to be a functional region that 3.1. Ideas, concepts covers Krakow and its neighbouring complex of The Law on Spatial Planning and Development in settlement units that are related to the metropolis 2003 introduced definition of a metropolitan area as by means of various interactive relationships. Basic "an area of a large city and its functionally related criteria for KMA delimiting included commuting to immediate surroundings, to be determined by the work, commuting to schools and universities, and Conception of Spatial Development of Poland"6. commuting to services. During further planning works, several additional communes were attached The current and valid Concept of Spatial Development to that area. of Poland, adopted in 2003 was prepared prior to the introduction of regulations that concern metropoli- The area of KMA is distinguished throughout the tan areas and does not delimit those areas. Also, region by its level and dynamics of urbanization, nationwide uniform principles of delimiting those high degree of links with Krakow job market, and areas have not so far been established, either. some common solutions to network elements of Therefore, a discussion continues, which of Polish technical infrastructure. urban regions can be considered to be metropolitan areas. However, regional zoning plans that have 3.2. Potential of the Krakow Metropolitan Area been prepared, took into consideration metropoli- KMA is an area with the size of ca. 4 000 km2, with tan areas of large Polish cities. This also concerns 326 km2 or 8% being the surface area of the city of the spatial plan for Małopolskie Region with Krakow Krakow. The area is inhabited by ca. one and a half

6- Law of 27 March 2003 on Spatial Planning and Management 70 / Profiles of participating Cities

million people, and the area's population concen- supporting public projects, in particular infras- trates mainly in Krakow, which has the population tructure projects, supporting local government to of 756 267, that is almost half of the whole area reduce disproportionate development, conducting population. mediations in case of space management conflicts, Besides Krakow, there are 13 other towns in the consulting on zoning decisions, monitoring of spa- Krakow Metropolitan Area. The largest of them is tial, social and economic changes Bochnia, with the population of 29 373. The second largest is Skawina (23 810). Small towns include Since 2003, when the regional plan was drafted, Wadowice (19 590), Wieliczka (18 250), Myślenice (17 there have been annual meetings of KMA commu- 870), Krzeszowice (10 060), Niepołomice (8 110), nes8 organized by regional authorities, to discuss Proszowice (6 260), Sułkowice (6 260), Dobczyce area development issues, as introduction to the (5 960), Kalwaria Zebrzydowska (4 450), Słomniki preparation of the spatial plan. Meanwhile, in 2007, (4 400), Skała (3 650), Nowy Wiśnicz (2 530), and following the initiative by the authorities of Krakow, Świątniki Górne (2 080). In rural areas lives 38.3 53 local governments signed a declaration on the % of population. The population density is highly establishment of Krakow Metropolitan Area Council. diversified, and ranges from the highest in Krakow The goal of the declaration is to ensure increase in (2 244 persons/km2) to the lowest in villages (58 the area's competitiveness through the provision of persons/km2). The average population density in a platform of agreement and cooperation of local the area, amounting to 338 persons / km2, is about governments to initiate actions that would help to three times higher than the average national index improve the quality of living conditions within the (123 persons / km2). area. The cooperation shall consist in undertaking such actions, which would encompass the develo- Control of the development of the metropolitan pment of the whole KMA space, in accordance with area as a certain whole is the domain of regional the principles of sustainable development. policy. At the same time, KMA is a complex of communes, which are managed separately in respect of local policies, however, with a certain extent of 4. Particular domain of the project in the city the regional government's coordination function, which concerns compliance with regional policy, Problems of development of metropolitan areas and with the central government's control func- in Poland require elaboration of overall strategies tion, as regards compliance with legal regulations to be implemented on all levels of management and contemplated public projects of a national and developing a practice, which would allow for significance. conducting efficient actions and eliminating potential conflicts. An attempt at introducing order to Based on the Local Government Law, communes control of metropolitan areas is the said draft law may establish inter-communal unions, with the aim on the development of cities and metropolitan of joint performance of public tasks. No such union areas, which introduces new ways of managing has been established in the case of KMA so far7. them. Still, in order to be put into effect, that law will require a good planning practice to be esta- The Regional Spatial Plan of 2003 provides that the blished. Integration of planning, both in horizontal area will be covered by either a mandatory or volun- and in vertical arrangements, as well as finding a tary association of local governments, to fulfil the way to attain synergistic effects of actions will be following tasks of regional policy: planning of a deve- of a special significance here. Another important lopment strategy, preparation of capital investment, factor shall include the combining of actions of

7- Such union was established to solve problems of a large urban region in the Upper Silesian agglomeration. 8- The Forum of Krakow Metropolitan Area Communes Profiles of participating Cities / 71

administrative bodies and those of all participants Metropolitan Area, its internal structure, as well of developmental processes. as desired directions of that structure’s transfor- mations. The following metropolitan functions are The existing experience and policies adopted on considered to be basic: political and administrative; various levels show high significance attached to the spiritual (related to the national and cultural heri- development of metropolitan areas, which provides tage); cultural, educational and scientific; econo- a good basis for “metropolitan” thinking of develo- mic, financial and touristic; informing and logistical. pment. Below are brief descriptions of stipulations The Plan also lists those projects, which contribute included in the already enacted documents. to metropolitan functions, e.g. the Jagiellonian University campus, sports and entertainment hall, National government policies opera house, congress centre, exhibition centre, So far, general assumptions of the policy of the and technological parks. The Plan has also stres- state in relation to metropolitan areas were set out ses the significance of the existence of the bi-po- in the National Development Strategy Accepted by lar metropolitan system of the cities of Krakow and the Council of Ministers in 2006. According to the Katowice, based on the use of space between those document in order to achieve Poland’s development agglomerations, increase in accessibility to servi- goals the most important is: ces offered by both areas, effective use of human - To provide spatial order of the country resources, and the development of infrastructure. - Decentralization development processes As far as metropolitan area is concerned, it is antici- - Development of metropolitan areas pated that a specific land use plan shall be prepared - Development of rural areas. and approved, as a detailed elaboration of the land use plan of the region. However, no such plan has The key task in the regional development is a ful- been prepared yet, though analyses that will assist in ler usage of the endogenous potential of the largest the preparation of the plan are in progress now. cities and strengthening of relation between metro- The Strategy for the Development of Małopolskie polises and urbanized areas and the rural areas and Region 2007-2013 recognized, as one of its basic small towns surrounding them. The fundamental activity areas, the problem of strengthening the result should be diffusion of the economic growth European position of Krakow Metropolitan Area to the adjacent areas and using relative superiority through, among other measures, supporting the of a large city-creation of new jobs, opportunities development of research facilities and promoting for an economic cooperation, and participation in new, modern technology and innovation projects, the social and cultural infrastructure. Essential as well as membership in international institutions condition of this process is building communica- and organisations. tion and telecommunications connections between The adopted Regional Operating Programme of the the metropolis or an urban area and their surroun- Małopolskie Region considers Kraków Metropolitan ding, as well economic, service, cultural connec- Area to be one of priorities. The goal is to reinforce tions. These bonds should be supported both by the the position of that area in Europe through providing governmental administration, and the self-govern- it with proper quality infrastructure and facilities, mental administration. without which it is very difficult to discharge metropolitan functions, including, in particular, cultural, Regional policies congress and exhibition infrastructures, as well Documents, which have been prepared by the regio- as highly specialized medical services. Projects nal government, specify Krakow Metropolitan Area related to three main areas, namely strengthe- as a spatial structure, for which development poli- ning of research potential, development of metro- cies were defined. The Zoning Plan of Małopolskie politan functions, and integrated transport will be Region (2003) specifies the limits of Krakow subsidised. 72 / Profiles of participating Cities

Local policies mental impact on the directions of development of The functioning of the metropolitan area has also Krakow. In early 1950s, a large steelworks, as well been included in local planning documents of as an urban complex of Nowa Huta were located in Krakow, which concern spatial development. The the Krakow area. The industrial complex became a Land Use Plan of Krakow, which has been approved large job centre, which changed the social and eco- by the municipal government, stresses the neces- nomic, as well as spatial structure of the city and sity for initiating activities aimed at developing those region. The range of impact of the steelworks upon metropolitan functions, which in future will deter- surrounding areas was very extensive, through the mine the attractiveness of Krakow as a European creation of a large job market, with both the resulting centre of culture, science, arts, tourism, as well as very rapid growth of urban tissue, and a long range modern technology. The most significant actions of commuting zone. In addition to the steelworks, towards achieving those objectives include suppor- there were other heavy industry plants located in ting the development of universities and scientific the city or within its surroundings, including in par- centres in connection with high and clean techno- ticular the aluminium smelter at Skawina. All that logy centres, supporting the development of culture resulted in a high level of environmental pollution, institutions, development of tourism, recreation while the development of the service sector was and spa facilities, development of administrative, substantially neglected. During the whole period of economic and financial functions, attracting inves- real socialism there were practically no local self- tors, and implementing projects of metropolitan governments, whereas numerous activities in the significance. city and in the region were subjected to the diktat of the state or large industrial plants. No doubt, howe- Krakow Development Strategy9 considers the deve- ver, that it was in that period that a large Krakow lopment of Krakow as a European metropolis in urban region took its shape. significant functions of science, culture, and sports to be one of major strategic goals. The related ope- During the period of the political system trans- rating goals include the improvement of functio- formation, which started in the early 1990s, there ning conditions of Krakow scientific centre, support followed essential changes both in the sphere of granted to cooperation between science and eco- economy, and in that of management organisation. nomy, preservation of cultural heritage, including As regards economy, the changes concerned limi- the renovation of historical complexes, provision of ting the function of heavy industry, shutting down conditions for locating main offices and branch offi- or modernizing heavy industry plants, developing ces of national and international organisations and modern industrial facilities, and a considerable institutions in Krakow. increasing of the significance of the service sector. All those processes were based on privatisation. A fundamental change in the management of urban 5. Historical development concerning the development was brought by the establishment potential City-region of local governments on the basic level in 1990, furnished with wide powers and authorities. The In the post-war period, Krakow maintained its second step concerned the change in the admi- scientific and cultural functions of a nationwide nistrative division of the country in 1998 and esta- significance. However, central authorities managed blishing local governments of county and regional the development of the country, its regions, and levels. cities, and subordination of that development to the doctrine of heavy industry priority had also a funda- In addition to activities of the state administration

9- (Krakow Development Strategy), City Office of Krakow, 2005 Profiles of participating Cities / 73

authorities, which form the organisational structu- for Regional Development, Agency for the Krakow res of the state and of its regions, other important Region Development, Krakow Agency for Tourism development factors include the operation of agen- Development, financial and banking institutions, cies and institutions that are not linked with any for- permanent fairs and exhibitions, and the Special mal structures, as well as initiation of undertakings Economic Zone (“Krakow Technological Park”). The that foster implementation of projects. There are research potential of the area is also a factor, which several dozens of institutions operating within KMA, triggers initiatives and projects aiming at esta- in the sphere of the so-called business entourage, blishing of modern directions of development. One which promote entrepreneurship and innovation. of the examples is the initiative to establish the IT They include, among others, the following: Agency Cluster of the Małopolskie Region.

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7. STATUS OF METROPOLITAN GOVERNANCE IN THE CITY OF lille AND ITS AREA 76 / Profiles of participating Cities

7. STATUS OF METROPOLITAN GOVERNANCE IN THE CITY OF Lille AND ITS AREA Profiles of participating Cities / 77

1. Context extensive urban development that can be traced back a long way, numerous cities with a weak hie- 1.1. Geographical context of the city rarchy formation between them, a high population Located in the northern end France, a few dozen density even outside urban centres, infrastructural kilometres from the North Sea, the Lille agglome- development, etc. ration lies along a south-west / north-east axis and Apart from Ieper and Maubeuge, these areas form crosses the border separating France and Belgium. part of the basin of river Escaut. The Escaut comes This major motorway and railway hub is directly from the south, flows through Tournai and then on linked to the main economic centres in Northern into the North Sea at Antwerp. With the exception of Europe. Close to Brussels (100 km), it is situated the Yperlee, the other rivers of Lille Metropole are at an equal distance between London, Paris and all tributaries of the Escaut. They are all important Randstad Holland (roughly 250 km) and hardly any navigable waterways. further away from the economic centres in the North Rhine-Westphalia region (roughly 350 km). What mainly sets Lille Métropole apart from other The new transport economy has boosted this geo- agglomerations is its cross-border location, which graphical asset: the opening of the Channel Tunnel, is quite unique in Western Europe for a built-up the high-speed train connections with Brussels and area of this size. Consequently, it covers two lan- London, the wide gauge river link with the Belgian guage areas (French and Dutch) and three regions: and Dutch ports… Nord – Pas de Calais on the French side, with the The metropolitan area is located on the southern city of Lille being the capital, and Dutch-speaking border of the «urban continuum», which covers Flanders and French-speaking Wallonia on the most of Nord-Pas-de-Calais region (Lille being its Belgian side. The borderline between France and capital city) and the Benelux countries, and rea- Belgium mainly reflects the extent to which the ches as far as Western Germany (and extends to King of France managed to conquer the region in the other side of the English Channel). The bor- the early 18th century, rather than being a clear dering areas of the large Parisian basin are much geographical demarcation line, as in the case of the more sparsely populated.The territories forming route followed by the quite narrow River Lys. the Metropolitan Area have the characteristics of all regions located between Somme and Friesland: In France, Lille Metropole, is belonging to the only low land form, a major hydrographical system, three cities, outside Paris, with more than 1 million 78 / Profiles of participating Cities

inhabitants. With roughly 1.1 million inhabitants, with 1.3 million. Lille Métropole ranks between Grand Lyon (1.2 mil- - IGEAT in its survey for ESPON considers that lion) and Marseille Provence Métropole (around 1 Lille with 3.1 millions is the n°18 biggest metro- million). politan area in Europe 29 (Euro 27+ Norway and International surveys usually consider the Lille Switzerland), whereas Brussels (Belgian central metropolitan area as slightly bigger. metropolitan region) is n°8 with 5.1 million and - The «institut d’estudis urbans et regionals» of Lyon n°33 with 1.8 million. Barcelone considers that Lille with 2.2 millions As we see, definitions can vary, but in any case the inhabitants) is the n°15 among the 30 biggest metro- Lille Metropolitan area appears to be the second politan areas in Europe 14 (Europe15- Greece) whe- biggest agglomeration of France and the second (or reas Brussels is n°13 with 2.8 million and Lyon n°25 third) in Belgium.

Lille Metropole Metropolitan France Arrondissement YEAR (communauté area – (Metropolitan de Lille* urbaine) French side** France) Population 1990 1 067 345 1 152 883 2 800 822 56 625 026 Population 1999 1 091 438 1 182 026 2 822 940 58 520 688 Medium annual 1990 - 1999 + 0.25 % + 0.28 % + 0.09 % + 0.37 % evolution Birth 1990 - 1999 153 649 163 284 361 719 6 606 463 Death 1990 - 1999 80 190 86 033 230 490 4 743 282 Natural balance 1990 - 1999 73 459 77 251 131 229 1 863 181 Migratory 1990 - 1999 - 49 366 - 48 108 - 109 111 32 481 balance Variation due to 1990 - 1999 0,76% 0,74% 0,52% 0,36% Natural move Variation due to 1990 - 1999 -0,51% -0,46% -0,43% 0,01% Migratory move *: Arrondissement de Lille: 124 municipalities divided in Inter-communalities: Lille Metropole Communauté Urbaine (85 municipalities) + Communauté de communes du Pays des Weppes (5 municipalities) + Communauté de Communes de la Haute Deûle (5 municipalities) + Communauté de Communes du Carembault (6 municipalities) + Communauté de Communes du sud Pévèlois (3 municipalities) + Communauté de communes du pays de Pévèle (19 municipalities) + 1 municipality: Pont à Marcq **: to be completed by Belgian data

KEY FACTS

Lille Metropole Eurodistrict Lille – Aire Métropolitaine de Lille Communauté Urbaine Eurométropole franco-belge 2 3.8 Population (millions) 1.09 (0.9 in Belgium) (0.9 in Belgium) 2 800 7 300 Area (km2) 600 (2 200 in Belgium) (2 200 in Belgium) 145 620 Number of municipalities 85 (60 in Belgium) (60 in Belgium) Population density 1 800 680 480 (inhabitants / km2) Profiles of participating Cities / 79

ECONOMY - 3rd region for international business - Business start-ups rose by 13 % in 2004 and 12 % Employment - Active population in 2005. - 500 000 people work in Lille Metropole. - unemployment rate is however still much higher - 19.8% of the active population is employed in the than the national average ( 10.2% vs 7.2%) industrial sector, 72% in the tertiary one. - The number of job offers is constantly increasing Train -The high-speed train network is the back- (+9% in 2006 compared with 2005, twice higher than bone of international and French connections from the national average: +4.2%). the Metropolitan Area. It now offers a fast and direct link to Brussels, Paris and London (respectively 38 On the French side, Lille Metropole is considered as minutes, 1h and 1h40 from Lille). France’s 2nd tertiary centre (finance/insurance, call Two main TGV stations serve Lille and the region: centre, company HQs, etc.) and 3rd office-space mar- Lille Flandres & Lille Europe. ket (behind Paris and Lyon) On the Belgian side, the They are both located in the city centre and are ser- metropolis with dual nationality is the country’s 2nd ved by bus, tram and metro and offer 4 car parks economic centre after the Brussels metropolitan area. with a total of 6,000 parking spaces. From Lille direct connections are provided to: The main economic sectors are: Paris (1h), Brussels (38mn), London (1h40) and the - Trade, mail order / distance selling, fashion and major French cities: Lyon (3h), Marseilles (4h30), hypermarkets / distribution companies Strasbourg(3h30), Nantes (4h15), etc.… Via Brussels - Food processing Midi, connections to Amsterdam and Köln, today in - Textiles and technical textiles roughly 3 hours but these travelling times will be - Bank, insurance, credit companies soon reduced to 2h20, as a result of the opening of - Health and Biotechnologies new high-speed lines. - ICTs Over 20 million people every year pass through the - Car industries (Metropolitan area) two main stations Lille Flandres and Lille Europe. The Lille Flandres station is where the high-speed 5 competitiveness poles are being developed in the trains from Paris Nord arrive and it is the starting metropolitan area in the framework of the national point for two major lines of the Flemish and Walloon competitiveness agenda: regional networks : respectively towards Antwerp • I-Trans (transport system) (calling at Kortrijk) and Liège (calling at Tournai). • Health, longevity (health/medicine/biotechnology) The major cities in the Southern Arc area (Arras, • Distributic (mass retailing/TIC/e-services/logistics) Douai, Lens and Valenciennes,), can also be rea- • MAUD Matériaux à Usages Domestiques (food / ched by high-speed train from Paris. Cities in the chemistry / materials) Northern Arc (Kortrijk, Tournai, etc.) are connected • Up tex (chemistry/materials/textile) to Brussels by standard trains taking roughly one hour to reach their destination. The Region’s position in France - Nord-Pas de Calais is the most productive indus- Port – A foreign service of the Greater Lille Chamber trial region in France: 77,641 M€ of regional gross of Commerce, the Port of Lille is ranked 3rd of French added value in 2005. inner harbours (behind Paris and Strasbourg). The - It produces 5.2 % of the national wealth while Port presents itself as a multi-site and multi-func- occupying 4 % of the territory (GDP 86.7 Bill. € in tion unit located at the heart of a Euro-region. (Total 2005, source INSEE). traffic in tons: 7.7 millions in 2007 (1.3 river trans- - France’s 3rd region for number of enterprises with port + 0.2 rail + 6.2 road) (Container traffic – EVP – over 500 employees. in 2007: 83 171 included 43 898 river transport). 80 / Profiles of participating Cities

Airport – Lille Metropole Airport - Lille-Lesquin France) and 15 000 on the Belgian side of border.. serves 8 French cities with daily direct flights by These students are generally spread amongst 7 regular Air France services and 38 destinations universities (nearly 90 000 students) offering a wide with connecting flight over Europe. The airport is variety of educational opportunities: Lille 1, Lille 2, linked by shuttle to the city centre in 15 minutes, Lille 3, Multipolar University of Artois, University of 7 days a week. Lille-Lesquin development however Valenciennes Hainaut Cambrésis, KULAK in Kortrijk has been curbed by the close proximity of major (branch of the Catholic University of Leuven) and European hubs: the Lille University and Polytechnic Federation (the the TGV puts Lille 50 minutes from Roissy-Charles « Catholic University») – the large and most varied de Gaulle (with check-in facilities in the Lille Europe private educational group in France. station) and Brussels-Zaventem Airports. Other top-quality higher education opportunities are available in the Metropolitan Area. Over Motorways – Major motorways pass through Lille 15 000 students attend preparatory classes for Metropole leading from and to France, Belgium, the “grandes écoles”) and several engineering or Germany, the Netherlands and England (E 17, E19 business colleges and two architectural colleges, & E 42) making it one of the busiest crossroads in a political studies institute and a school of jour- Western Europe. nalism. Many of these bodies enjoy a national and European influence, while some are internationally Convention Centre - Lille Grand Palais (building renowned. designed by Dutch architect Rem Khoolas): is a tri- Most of the higher education services are provided modal design (Conferences - Exhibitions - Arena), in the Lille agglomeration but university or short- equipped with all the technological innovations. term and specialist studies are more spread out, Its three types of spaces are modular and can be making it easier for students to attend courses in interconnected and complement one another. the main cities of the Metropolitan Area. With 22,000 square metres of exhibition space, 3 amphitheatres, 16 committee rooms and the Zenith 1.3. Main characteristics, (Arena), Lille Grand Palais can adapt to any type specification of metropolitan area of event attended by between 10 and 50,000 peo- Region Nord-Pas de Calais is one of the most urba- ple while at the same time providing a maximum of nized of the French regions. This is due first to the comfort and optimum flow management. “urban explosion” which took place here between 2 other important facilities can be found in the Lille the 9th and the 12th centuries, as in the rest of metropolitan area: Kortrijk Xpo (30 000 square the Flanders. Cities and towns, sometimes quite metres of exhibition spaces and a conference cen- close from each other, developed here rapidly so tre that can welcome more than 800 people) in as to set up an urban network with no equivalent Kortrijk (B) and Gayant expo (15 000 square metres in Europe (excepts in Northern Italy). Lille, Douai, of exhibition spaces and committee rooms that can Valenciennes, Ieper (Ypres), were born at that time welcome more than 400 people) in Douai. whereas Cambrai, Kortrijk, and moreover Arras and Tournai grew as to become some of the most University - The Lille Academy used to be troubled populated European cities. In spite of internal by the amount young people leaving the secondary strife, religious conflicts and external wars, (inclu- education system with low grades and low-skills, ding conquest by the French kings) most of these but it now reports that, the number of students in the urban centres were still important when came the higher education has doubled over the last 20 years. industrial revolution. This one occurred earlier and The Metropolitan Area now has a student popula- more abruptly than in the rest of France. In Lille, the tion of 150 000, 100 000 of which in Lille métropole neighbouring towns of Roubaix and Tourcoing, and itself (making it the third higher education centre in in Kortrijk, the main driving force was the textile Profiles of participating Cities / 81

industry. The largest French coal mining district service” providing a fast link with some of the towns developed in the Valenciennes, Douai, Lens and in the metropolitan area Bethune areas. Both phenomenon led to the deve- - coach routes; intercity thoroughfare routes; cross- lopment of large industrial conurbations, whereas border routes Arras, Ieper and Tournai, relatively unaffected by - Train - TER Regional Express Transport: 41 sta- heavy industry, remained out of the process, until tions distributed across 9 major railways radiating the recent years, when the two conurbations star- from Lille (operated by the national railway com- ted to merge. pany, the managing authority being the Regional History has thus left the Lille metropolitan area council) with a heterogeneous, fragmented urban structure, with major differences between –and within- its dif- Bus cross-border lines exist between France and ferent parts. Belgium, but most of the cross-border bus routes end at the first available square, served by the other Transport / Mobility / Accessibility public transport system. Due to both the internal and international traffic Suburban transport, the regional trains, are ser- flows, some of the Metropolitan routes are now ving the whole city-region, and crossing the bor- close to reach the saturation point. This, could soon der: French and Belgian trains cover a wider area create a threat to the Metropolitan Area’s internal than the Communauté Urbaine, even wider than the and external accessibility. In order to meet sustai- metropolitan area. nable development and environmental quality tar- The majority of the other “communautés” in the gets it will be necessary to direct some of these Metropolitan area have a specific bus transport sys- traffic flows to other forms of transport, such as tem. The Douai and Valenciennes areas have both rail, waterway, etc. However, even if this ambitious recently developed their own tram system. plan is completed, it is still vital to improve the road network. The public transport issue is a driving force for Territorial accessibility also means the opportu- metropolitan cooperation. Cooperation partners and nity to have rapid or ultra rapid access, a key dri- the regional council are taking the lead. The public ving force of development. In this context the pro- transport management system should be adapted ject could cover rapid or ultra rapid access to all to be able to better deal with the larger area. points, with due regard to the ICT strategies of the various territories, and as a result of structuring the Education / Research connections and encouraging competition between In the case of higher education and training, the operators. metropolitan project could focus in particular on: defining joint projects for universities, applying prio- Public Transport rities for research and facilitating cooperation with Lille Metropole benefits from a highly extended and businesses; better language learning: bilingualism effective public transport system made of different (French and Dutch) is a feature of the territory that types of vehicles. It is operated by a private com- could be turned into an asset by encouraging pupils pany, under the lead of Lille Métropole, managing and students to practice languages - this could be authority: developed in the light of a trilingual approach inclu- - Metro - 2 lines totalling 45 km and 60 stations - ding the teaching of English. The VAL (Light Automatic Vehicle) is the world’s first fully automatic metro Economic development - Tram - 2 lines totalling 22 km and 36 stations, lin- The tertiary sector and highly qualified metropo- king Lille to Roubaix and to Tourcoing litan employment positions represent a key chal- - Bus: 41 bus routes; some with a “high level of lenge for the Metropolitan Area as a whole, even 82 / Profiles of participating Cities

though the major sectors and Lille Metropole are cation campaigns to boost the Metropolitan Area’s more directly concerned. The appeal and organisa- national and international impact. Support could be tion of these types of activities could also give rise developed to joint or simultaneous events (Lille 2004 to a joint approach. set the example), expending those that are availa- Metropolitan cooperation could be applied to other ble and creating new ones Major cultural and tou- areas where consistent and complementary local rist infrastructure projects plus major events will policies are being required: reception facilities for provide opportunities for developing joint projects logistics, planning large-scale economic areas, for promoting the territory and attracting more visi- support and awareness-raising for the benefit of tors. The new Louvre museum now under develop- business start-ups … ment in Lens is an outstanding opportunity, setting Another key area of cooperation involves promoting an example for this type of approach. the territory, primarily during international business events, or marketing campaigns. Quality of life, quality of the environment / attractiveness Tourism / Culture and Leisure These themes are of major importance for the The Metropolitan Area has a genuine image pro- drawing power of the territory, a key challenge blem as a result of its industrial heritage and the for sake of its future, even though it appears less economic and social challenges of the redevelop- directly related to the metropolitan influence. ment process. The metropolitan project could apply in particular The territories nonetheless have a significant archi- to the following themes: tectural and urban heritage which is still not widely - developing links and complementary relationships known. Not to mention recent initiatives that have between existing or planned territorial natural succeeded in creating an amazing series of parks areas: green (framework of major parks and lands- and natural areas. capes and blue framework of rivers and canals; There is a wide range of top-quality cultural activi- - shared views about joint development and infras- ties and treasures available. More and more peo- tructure issues: managing urbanisation and conser- ple are aware of these rich resources and decide to ving open spaces; water resource management, come and visit them (Lille 2004 played an important development of large shopping areas; opportunities role in this) but, except in the centre of Lille and in for a network of sports facilities in the territory… ; Ieper (especially with British tourists) they are still - improving the standard of general interest servi- too limited in number and mainly coming only for a ces: problems linked with a lack of administration day-trip as they live in the region or in Belgium. have to be tackled in some areas. The promotion of tourist activities is set to be a - Attractiveness is a key issue. key aim of the metropolitan project, both in terms of their economic benefit and their potential for Other issues are: enhancing the Area’s image. - water supply The promotion drive could involve joint communi- - waste management - sport and cultural facilities Profiles of participating Cities / 83

2.Territorial division and institutional framework of the local government and administration

2.1 Existing administrative division of the city area - Communes (municipalities) (cities and villages), France is a Unitary Decentralised Country Decentralisation, Local government, City Council / - State Conseil municipal (Councillors directly elected by - Regions: 22 Regions, Decentralisation, Conseil list with a mix of majority and proportional election) Régional (Councillors directly elected proportional Due to the great number of municipalities (more vote by regional lists) than 36 000), Inter-communal Cooperation, in so- - Departments: 96 (+ 4 overseas) Departments, called EPCI, is very important, with - in the cases Decentralisation, Conseil Général (Councillors of “communautés urbaines” or “comunautés d’ag- directly elected majority election by ward) glomération” extensive transfer of competencies (Councillors are delegated by the local councils). 84 / Profiles of participating Cities

Square Density Unemployment Rate Population Km Inhab/km2 1st semester 2008 / INSEE State France 63 000 000 550 000 114 7.2 % Region Nord Pas de Calais 4 003 000 12 414 326 10.2 % Departement Nord (59) 2 584 000 5 783 450 10.1 % Lille Métropole EPCI 1 091 438 611 1785 Communauté Urbaine Communes 85 communes Source: INSEE – 1 January 2006

Belgium is a federal state etc (became a federation in concerned to: culture (management of museums 1993). The federation is composed of the Federal State, and heritage sites), health, sport, housing, higher three Regions (Brussels, Wallonia and Flanders) and education, etc. three Communities (French, Flemish and German). Each region or community has its own parliament, Departments: 96 (+ 4 overseas) Departments government and areas of competence. Decentralisation, Conseil Général (Councillors (More details in part about Belgium & Brussels) directly elected on a majority election by specific wards, named cantons) They were created under the French Revolution but 2.2. Institutional framework of local self- recognised as autonomous local governments with government and territorial administration governing bodies and elected executives only in France has three levels of local government: 1871. They became local government units with full Régions, Départements and Communes. powers in 1982. The General Council (Conseil general) are elected Regions: 22 Regions + 4 overseas Régions by universal suffrage to a 6-year term of office and They constitute the most recent local government elect the President of the General Council. unit in France, instituted by the decentralisation Competences: legislation of the nineteen-eighties. - health and welfare: elderly people, the disabled The Regional Councils (Conseil régional) are elec- and children, and social and professional insertion ted ; Councillors are directly elected on a propor- for vulnerable people tional vote by regional lists. The councillors serve a - infrastructures and transportation: maintenance 6-year term of office and elect the President of the and development of part of the road network Regional Council. (departmental roads and part of national highways), Competences: organising non-urban public transport, including - Education and vocational training ( high schools) school buses - Economic development : defining and allocating - education (middle schools) economic support schemes for businesses, coordi- Departments are also more or less concerned to: nating joint actions by local governments and coo- economic development, environment, co financing peration between Communes in this area, drafting cultural and tourist events. the Regional Economic Development Plan - Spatial planning: drafting the Regional Spatial Communes: 36 778 communes Planning and Development (SRADT), drafting and This is the smallest administrative division in France signing contracts between central and regional and also the oldest. Communes were instituted in 1789. government, organising regional rail transporta- Municipal Councils (Conseil municipal) are elected tion, etc. every six years through direct universal suffrage Regional governments are also more or less by the inhabitants of the Commune who are either Profiles of participating Cities / 85

French citizens or citizens from the European Union. smooth away some of the problems resulting from The Municipal Councillors then elect the Mayor, the fragmentation of the municipalities in the major who chooses its deputies. agglomerations. Comprising 85 municipalities Competences: and almost 1.1 million inhabitants, Lille Métropole - Education: building and maintaining schools, Communauté Urbaine stands out because it covers managing and recruiting non-teaching staff major urban fringes (some of which are heavily reliant - Urban planning: urban planning documents, buil- on the farming sector) with tiny municipalities. The ding permits smallest one has only 179 inhabitants. - Social services: managing crèches, day-care centres, old-age homes, services to supplement the The Communauté Urbaine enjoys a huge budget services provided by the Departments (€ 1.5 billion in 2008), an important part of which - Waste collection, sanitation, communal roads (30%) is earmarked for investments in the key - Urban transport fields of activity: public transport (a highly efficient - Economic development network), urban ecology and the road network, plus - Culture land planning and development. Recent trends in Communes are also in charge of: maintaining the the institutional set-up in France resulted in LMCU registry of births, marriages and deaths, maintai- being assigned new powers in 2002 (economic deve- ning law and order, organising elections and issuing lopment, cultural and sports infrastructures, the official documents, such as passports. environment) and it has started being responsible for housing since the beginning of 2006. LMCU has thus gradually acquired the status of the key public 3. Potential City-region stakeholder in the local development process.

3.1. Ideas, concepts Lille Metropole takes a leading role in the following Lille Métropole Communauté Urbaine (LMCU) field: Inter-municipality structure (cooperation between - Public transport management (operating com- municipalities) since 1966 pany = Transpole) Local authority(EPCI) grouping 85 municipalities - Public realm and road systems Council of 170 councillors (directly elected in their - Parking lots own municipality) - Urbanism / planning: Master Plan, Ville renouvelée ... LMCU a formal public body, can levy taxes (busi- - Water supply / sewerage ness tax mainly, but also specific taxes for waste - Waste management and transport) on the basis of an agreement for the - Land: land acquisition / site selection for housing share of competencies and resources (local taxes and economic development defined by the law) with the municipalities. The - Urban development zones council is free to decide the tax rate (with limits in - Economic development the annual increase) but bases are defined by the - Sport and culture facilities and network of facili- national government. ties: Stadium Lille Metropole, Modern Art Museum (Musée d’Art Moderne / Villeneuve d’Ascq), Skating The State decided in 1968 that the “communauté rink (Serge Charles / Wasquehal) urbaine” framework should be adoptedin the Lille - Support and promotion of main events: culture area, as in four other major French cities, so as to orga- and sport… nise the urban development process. Consequently, - Espace Naturel Lille Metropole: develop a set of the municipalities transferred some of their powers parks and gardens – management of nature spaces to the local authority grouping system so as to help - Housing: Social Housing, Housing master plan 86 / Profiles of participating Cities

Resources: border Standing Conference of Inter-municipal 1– Own Tax revenue Organisations) gathering five inter-municipalities - Business Tax bodies - Waste management tax - 2007: Creation of the Eurodistrict European grou- - Transport tax (on companies) ping of territorial co-operation gathering 5 inter- - Sewerage tax … municipality bodies (From France and Belgium), the 2– Grants from Europe, the National government 2 national governments, the 3 Regions, the “French 3– Can borrow money community of Belgium”, the 2 Belgian provinces, and Departement du Nord Lille Metropole initiated and participates in different - Council of delegated members principle of double cooperation process: parity: F/B, VL/W) - The cross-border EGCT, Eurometropole Lille- Power / Competencies: Kortrijk-Tournai, officially set up in January 2008 - 1991 – 2005: COPIT – Informal and then Formal and concerning 130 municipalities, 2800 km2 and 2 association – No power / no competencies million inhabitants - March 2007: Eurodistrict – Competencies still to - The association “Aire Metropolitaine de Lille” uni- be decided by delegation from partners fying 23 public partners representing 3.7 millions Annual budget operating / investment : 2 millions € inhabitants and created in December 2007 in order (operating – no investment, except in studies) to develop the cooperation process. Resources : Funding from partners

Eurometropole Lille-Kortrijk-Tournai The Lille Metropolitan area (Aire métropolitaine de Cross border cooperation and the EGTC Lille): informal metropolitan co-operation. Since 1991, a formal cross-border cooperation pro- In June 2004, the French government launched a cess has been developed between Lille Metropole “call for metropolitan cooperation”, which aimed at Communauté Urbaine and four neighbouring Belgian promoting cooperation projects in France’s metro- (Flemish and Walloon) intercommunales: Leiedal politan areas, supporting existing projects and (Kortrijk), IEG (Mouscron), IDETA (Tournai), WVI (Ypres), encouraging original strategies for cooperation mainly through the COPIT- (Cross-border Standing between intercommunale structures (communautés Conference of Inter-municipal Organisations) a urbaines, communautés d’agglomération) but also French voluntary association. The area concerned with public and private stakeholders concerned. represents 130 municipalities, 2800 km2; 2 million In response 23 public partners representing 3.7 inhabitants (1.1 in France and 0.9 in Belgium). In June million inhabitants, signed a memorandum of 2006 the five partners agreed on the principle of crea- understanding. Further to the members of COPIT, ting a Eurodistrict (legally, a EGTC European grouping partners are the major French EPCIs from the south for territorial cooperation). In March 2007 the memo- of the Nord-Pas de Calais region. Their cooperation randum of understanding for the creation of this EGTC aims at increasing the area competitiveness by the was signed by the five historic partners and the nine development of concrete projects dealing with the ‘upper level’ partner authorities: the French govern- major challenge they all faced: attractiveness and ment, the four Belgian governments concerned, the creativity. Nord-Pas de Calais Region, the Département du Nord, An association “Aire Metropolitaine de Lille” was and the two provinces of West-Flanders and Hainaut. created in December 2007 in order to represent and The Eurometropole Lille-Kortrijk-Tournai was offi- develop the cooperation process. cially set up in January 2008. Status: Status: - Informal association since May 2005 gathe- - Until 2007, formal partnership COPIT (Cross- ring 23 partners (inter-municipality structures, Profiles of participating Cities / 87

Region Nord-Pas de Calais, departments, and centre, design biennal « extérieur », show room…) provinces,…) - Creativity platform - Executive committee gathering the 23 - Common exhibitions chairpersons - Formal association created in December 2007 Becoming a centre of European importance for Power / Competencies: innovation and research: - No power / competencies - Developing research & innovation activities excel- - Coordination of the partnership lence academic chairs, international home for Annual budget operating / investment: researchers … 500 000 € (mainly operating – no investment except - Feasibility of an on-line system for trilingual edu- in studies) cation and training Resources: Funding from the French government and partners Valorising and strengthening the accessibility: including Region (annual subscriptions) - Survey on the logistic flows No other resources - Common valorisation of public transports (map- ping, mobility management service, day card) 3.2 Particular domain of the project in each city LILLE METROPOLITAN AREA: “Constituting a Becoming a new meeting point for NW Europe: network metropolis, combining the level of services - State of the art survey on tourism of a European metropolitan city with a high quality - Common promotion of the exhibition and congress of life” centres Six strategic objectives: - Feasibility of an international exhibition around • Being a reference for sustainable development 2020 • Promoting creativity in its various forms • Becoming a centre of European importance for Making the metropolitan area live and be widely innovation and research known: • Valorising and strengthening the internal and - Publication of an Atlas external accessibility - Feasibility of a common web portal • Becoming a new meeting point for NW Europe - Conditions for a coordination of territorial marke- • Making the metropolitan area live and be widely ting initiatives known

List of priority development projects (2008): 4. Historical development concerning the potential City-region Being a reference for sustainable development: - Sustainable urban development (Promoting pilot The communauté urbaine is rather stable and there projects (reference book; starting the operational are few chances of any extension of its territory in process); European resource and research centre the next years. After a period of relative stability in for sustainable urban planning and development) term of competencies, we have experienced since - Green and blue frame (Quality charter; Support to 1989 a real growth in the transfer of tasks from the operational processes) municipalities to the CU. - Water resource (water supply plan; resource moni- 1966 - Set up by law toring; best practices) 1968 - Formal creation 1974 - Decision to build the first totally automatic Promoting creativity in its various forms: metro - Feasibility study on « Design » initiatives (Design 1983 - Opening of the first metro line 88 / Profiles of participating Cities

1988 - ‘Accord des grands maires’ 5. Territorial structure of governance compa- 1991 - Ville renouvelée strategy ring with formal government 1994 / 1995- Opening of the main facilities in Euralille (Lille Europe station, Shopping centre, The Comité Grand Lille Lille Grand Palais) The Comité Grand Lille is a totally informal body 2000 - New competencies in culture and sport faci- created in 1993 on the initiative of Bruno Bonduelle, lities and major events a leading local industrialist. The idea was to provide 2002 - New competencies in economic development an opportunity for civic and business to think strate- and uniform business tax gically about the future of the city-region. The com- 2003 - New competencies in housing mittee now brings together around 600 business and industrial leaders, academics, artists, NGO EGCT: representatives, officers and elected politicians. It is an ongoing process The committee has created several working groups 1991 - Beginning of the cross-border cooperation / on specific topics but meets every second month Creation of the COPIT (formal partnership) in plenary sessions in order to discuss and recom- 2001 - Grootstad: strategy for a cross border mend possible actions to improve the area’s image metropolis and position as a major European centre – actions 2007 - Creation of the Eurodistrict in such fields as culture, tourism, education, entre- 2008 – Election of the board preneurship and international partnerships. The committee creates a link between business lea- Lille Metropolitan area: ders (traditionally rather Christian Democrat) and local Creation of a French association gathering the 23 politicians (from different parties, but with a strong partners in order to manage the co-operation (not a presence of socialists) on strategic ideas for the pro- new institutional structure with powers and resour- motion of the city-region, focusing on common goals ces). The aim is to develop concrete projects of co- and not on political differences or the rivalries between operation (cf. six specific themes) financed by the individual municipalities. The committee also helps partners. secure business support for various flagship events. May 2005 - memorandum of understanding signed One of the committee’s first actions was to put up by the 23 partners forward Lille’s bid to be the official French candidate August 2005 - selection of the Lille Metropolitan city for the 2004 Olympics. The bid had a powerful Area by the National government effect in bringing local leaderstogether around a November 2005 - Agreement on the framework of common goal. Lille’s selection as the French can- the elaboration of the metropolitan project (choice didate greatly boosted local pride and reinforced of specific theme, agenda…) the role of the Committee, even though Athens was 2006 – decision to carry on in spite of French eventually selected. Later, the Comité Grand Lille government decision not to directly support the went on to promote Lille’s successful bid to become Metropolitan processes European Capital of Culture in 2004. March 2006 - Assises de la co-operation (gathering of national and regional authorities but also public The Conseil de Développement and private partner to discuss on the metropolitan The Conseil de Développement was created in 2002 strategy (Voynet law 1999) to favour consultation and citizen 2006–2007 - elaboration of the action plan participation. It is composed of 150 unelected repre- December 2007 – creation of the association “Aire sentatives from the civil society (associations, trade Metropolitaine de Lille” unions, business etc) and personalities from Lille Métropole but also from the neighbouring areas (Belgium and the Coal Mine area). Profiles of participating Cities / 89

The Conseil de développement is providing advice delegates, and the services of the Chamber make and recommendations on issues that are being a commitment to their proposals and initiatives debated by the communauté urbaine council. It is by accompanying companies in areas of training, also promoting specific development projects in development, creation of new activities, technologi- such fields as culture, employment, the housing cal innovation and international trade. market etc. Since 2004, at the city region level, nine «conseils de - Medef - Mouvement des Entreprises de France développement» (from Lille Métropole and from the or MEDEF (Movement of the French Enterprises) different agglomerations around Lille) are working is the largest union of employers in France. It was together to promote specific development projects formerly known as the Conseil National du Patronat and support the Lille Metropolitan Area project. Français or CNPF (National Council of the French Employers). Medef plays a specific role in the Lille But also: region, compared with other French cities, as an - The Greater Lille Chamber of Commerce is a public important part of the business in the area still has economic institution, made up of elected represen- their headquarters here, and decision-makers/sta- tatives from the manufacturing and trading sec- keholders are living in the metropolitan area (many tors of the Central urban area of Lille. It is directly of these companies are still mainly family owned). involved in the following economic activities: Medef provides Comite Grand Lille with both mem- airport, river port, business parks, training centres bers and some operating resources (meeting- and events and publications of a business nature. rooms, etc.). Besides being a dynamic partner to companies, it is There is, in the Lille area, a strong tradition of invol- also in a position to influence economic decisions, vement from the business sector in the local develo- thus contributing to the development of the area. pment: from charity programmes to social housing The President, the elected members, the associate development to “business angels” and “venture members, the technical advisors, the consular capital organisations”. 90 / Profiles of participating Cities

ANNEXES

Demographic data - Lille Metropolitan Area – 2007

partenaires / partners intercommunalité/intercommunales/local authorities Population IDETA - Wallonie Picarde 251 531 Northern Arc IEG - Mouscron 79 967 944 368 inhab. Leiedal - Kortrijk 277 515 wvi - Ieper, Tielt, Roeselare 335 355 Lille Métropole Communauté Urbaine 1 091 438 Central agglomeration autres collectivités / andere instanties / other local authorities 90 588 1 182 026 inhab. total /totaal agglomération lilloise 1 182 026 Communauté d'Agglomération de la Porte du Hainaut 147 989 Communauté d'Agglomération de Valenciennes Métropole 191 819 autres collectivités / andere instanties / other local authorities 8 265 total/totaal Hainaut - Valenciennois 348 073 Communauté d'Agglomération de Lens Liévin 247 156 Communauté d'Agglomération d'Hénin Carvin 125 322 total/totaal Lens-Liévin - Hénin - Carvin 372 478 Communauté d'Agglomération Artois Com (SMESCOTA) 208 924 Communauté de Communes Artois Lys (SMESCOTA) 33 560 Communauté de Communes Artois-Flandres (SMESCOTA) 17 303 Southern Arc Communauté de Communes de Noeux et environ (SMESCOTA) 17 671 1 530 577 inhab. total / totaal Arrondissement de Béthune 277 458 Commmunauté d'Agglomération du Douaisis 157 359 Communauté de Communes Cœur d'Ostrevent 72 052 autres collectivités / andere instanties / other local authorities 22 122 total / totaal Douaisis 251 533 Communauté d'agglomération du Cambrai 62 555 autres collectivités / andere instanties / other local authorities 11 088 total / totaal Cambrésis 73 643 Communauté d'Agglomération de Maubeuge Val de Sambre 102 527 Communauté Urbaine d'Arras 94 059 autres collectivités / andere instanties / other local authorities 11 403 total /tootal Arrageois 105 462 Pays Cœur de Flandre 118 757 Cœur de Flandre autres collectivités / andere instanties / other local authorities 4 364 123 121 inhab. total /totaal Cœur de Flandre 123 121 total metropolitan area 3 780 689 Profiles of participating Cities / 91

Text of the Memorandum of Understanding

Signed by the elective representatives of the 23 partners on 2nd May 2005.

As elected officials and bestowed with the responsibility for the future of our territory, we seek to engage in a cooperation on the scale of Lille’s extended metropolitan area.

Our French-Belgian transnational area forms an ensemble to include 3.5 million inhabitants and thus represents the largest transnational bilingual metropolitan area in Europe. We would like to construct together a metropolitan strategy for the benefit of our citizens.

We are aware of the lack of recognition up until now of this urban area. This is due mainly to historical, cultural, administrative and economic factors prohibited the recognition of this metropolitan area. However, the social practices, economic exchanges even urban development are evidences of this reality.

Over many years, we have engaged in many projects of cooperation between our territories and notably on a crossborder level. Our ambition is to use our diversity to our advantage. Continuing this trend in the present, we are driven to work together on a larger scale. This level of action will allow us to position our area on a European and international echelon and to confirm the real importance of our territory. We share all the same ambition: to create a dynamic and economically vibrant metropolitan area within the heart of Europe. In addition, we want that these communities reflect our values of solidarity, respect for cultural diversity and environmental accountability.

To achieve this, we have only to count on our reality as the following: a French-Belgian metropolitan area working together as a network to promote a balanced and polycentric urban development.

We wish that our willingness to cooperate is concretized with projects aimed at increasing quality of life, developing our territorial economic opportunities and to finally increase the area’s attractiveness.

The level of involvement and interests by all actors involved in this endeavor reveal our ambition. We engage resolutely in this project of cooperation with the strong support from the Nord-Pas-Calais region, the Departments of Nord and Pas-de-Calais as well as Belgium provinces Western Flanders and Hainaut. We direct this project to both the French government and the Belgian authorities for the mobilization of all parties and the setting up of our metropolitan strategic plan.

Profiles of participating Cities / 93

8. STATUS OF METROPOLITAN GOVERNANCE IN THE CITY OF seville AND ITS AREA 94 / Profiles of participating Cities

8. STATUS OF METROPOLITAN GOVERNANCE IN THE CITY OF seville AND ITS AREA

1. Context Comparatively, it can be placed in the same range of economic weight and size as such cities as Geneva, 1.1. Geographical context of the city Florence or Bologna, Marseilles or Toulouse, Seville metropolitan area is the main economic Glasgow or Edinburgh, Cologne or Düsseldorf or and service hub in Southern Spain with 1.421.000 even Lisbon. inhabitants (around 50% in the central city) in 2006 comprising 46 municipalities. It is the political and The Andalusia regional urban system. Andalusia administrative capital of Andalusia, the most popu- hosts a rich and diverse system composed of new lated region in Spain with more than eight million urban areas with between 200,000 and more than inhabitants. The city ranks the third position within one million inhabitants each. Malaga, the capital the Spanish urban system, just after Madrid and of the Costa del Sol, is a particularly dynamic cen- Barcelona. tre due to its role within the Sun Belt as well as its emerging presence as an economic sector linked to Crossroads between north and south and the new technologies. The Bay of Cadiz-Jerez, a com- Atlantic and Mediterranean. The city has become a plex urban area with various functions, combines meeting point and crossroads for two of the basic its traditional agribusiness sector with the introduc- Axis for the development of the European Union: tion of the most complex modern industrial activi- the Mediterranean Axis, which extends along the ties. Almeria, in the southeast of the peninsula is a coast through such cities as Valencia, Barcelona, region which is experiencing enormous growth lin- Marseilles and Milan; and the Atlantic Axis, a prolon- ked to the productivity of its new intensive farming. ged maritime wall of ports and cities from Lisbon to Finally, two petrochemical centres, based in Huelva Glasgow. On the other hand, Sevilla plays an essen- and the Bay of Algeciras, shape a dense network tial role in the relations with the Maghreb, as a link of industrial districts based in medium-sized cities, between two continents: Europe and Africa. Sevilla which make up the essential parts of the regional is the essential link in the North-South technology economic geography. transfer network and in the cultural and economic cooperation with North African countries. Within this regional city system, Sevilla has established a special relationship with the urban areas Sevilla and its metropolitan area boast an impor- of the Bay of Cadiz and Jerez and Huelva. These tant position within the hierarchy of European cities. three make up an urban, industrial and harbor Profiles of participating Cities / 95

triangle with a complete set of inter-related and 1.3. Main characteristics, complementary features within which is also the specification of metropolitan area impressive natural reserve of Doñana. The Atlantic With two million visitors a year, the city of Seville ports of Huelva, Sevilla and Cadiz, together with is a main international tourist destination with one the world renowned port of Algeciras and the free of the most extensive and vital historic centres in trade zone of Cadiz –the only one in the south of Europe, including a exciting cultural agenda all over the peninsula– constitute one of the most powerful the year. Since the Universal Exhibition in 1992 the arms available for the economic prosperity of this city has reached an international reputation and extensive urban area. There are more than two mil- a great know-how organizing global events. The lion inhabitants and important products in sectors metro area contents more than 20,000 hotel beds such as petrochemical, transportation material, and it is the third Spanish centre for business fairs and agribusiness. and congresses. A vibrant city as a perfect combination between tradition and modernity. The area is a 1.2. Main assets of infrastructure paradigm of the renowned quality of life in Southern Seville metro area is a first-class logistics node in Spain. the south of Europe: - Seville has the only inland port in the Iberian Seville metro area is a growing urban economy Peninsula now involved in a huge enlargement pro- open to the world. It is the main economic and ject. 2004 Traffic in Seville Port: 4,501,263 Tons. service hub in the Southern half of Spain that har- - International airport. 2007 Traffic through Seville bours highly innovative business clusters with huge Airport: circa 4 million passengers. growth potential: - Since early nineties Seville joined the first high- - New agro-food complex (including developments speed train line in Spain (AVE), connecting Seville- in biotechnologies) Madrid. 2004 Traffic via High Speed train (AVE): - Aeronautical and aerospace industry 1,267,995 passengers - Logistics - Also the city-region is crossed by an excellent - Intermediate and final chemical products network of free-toll highways. - Engineering and advanced services - Tourism and TIME industries (Technology, Information, Media and Entertainment) - Specialized retail and new trends in distribution 96 / Profiles of participating Cities

Highly diverse and first-rate industrial centre within 2. Territorial division and institutional Spain, with special relevance of the aeronautical framework of the local government sector. Thus, the new role of Seville in the AIRBUS and administration strategy of production and assembly [during 2008 will be delivered from the Seville final assembly line 2.1. Existing administrative division of the city area the A-400M, the most advanced military transport - focusing from the City to the State: e.g. city, county, aircraft manufactured by Airbus], along with its province, region, State (as different levels) seventy years aeronautical tradition, place it on the - basic data on population and area (in sq km) for front-line of the world aeronautical map each level - unemployment rate in the area Moreover, Seville preserves a significant competitive potential in other activities related to transpor- In addition to its Autonomous Communities, Spain tation equipment, such as shipbuilding and motor is divided into fifty provinces. Each province com- vehicles. Seville is the world capital of gear boxes prises a number of municipalities. According to from RENAULT-NISSAN group. the recent formulated Spatial Plan for the Urban Agglomeration of Seville by the Regional Ministry Another relevant assets of Sevilla Metro area : of Spatial Planning, the Sevilla metropolitan area - Wide availability of advanced services to business. (1.421.000 inhabitants) is composed by 46 munici- From small and specialized operators to the large palities including the municipality of Sevilla (700.000 global consultancy and financial services firms. inhabitants). Each municipality has its own local - Political and administrative capital of Andalusia. In government elected each four years. The Mayor addition to being the core of the regional economic is the President of the local assembly. Since 1999 system, with 95,000 companies that employ more the Mayor of the city of Seville is Alfredo Sánchez than 450,000 people in the metropolitan area. Monteseirín (PSOE – Socialist Party). - An area for innovation and knowledge production: - Two public and several private Universities, with Formerly of greater importance, since the arrival of more than 70,000 students. the autonomous community system the provinces - Internationally renowned business schools: Instituto have had fewer powers. They are still used as elec- Internacional San Telmo and EOI Business School. toral districts, in postal addresses, phone codes, - Top level research and technological centres. and as geographical referents (A small town would - AEROPOLIS, the technological park for aerospace be identified as being in Valladolid province rather industry. than as being in Castile-Leon, for example).Anyway, - Cartuja 93 Scientific & Technological Park, the the Diputaciones Provinciales (Province Councils) Spanish leader in global revenue, more than 1,300 still has of great importance in giving technical and million euros a year, and an European benchmark some financial support to smaller town councils. for its distinct urban character. In any case, in the debate on metropolitan governance Finally, under the leadership of the Mayor Alfredo in Spain the voice of the Diputaciones Provinciales Sánchez Monteseirín, the central city is currently has to be listening as well as their potential role in undertaking one of the most impressive sustaina- a governance or coordination structure. ble urban mobility schemes in Spain. A political programme called “Seville, City for People”. This Coming back to the specific case of Seville Metro programme comprises the subway line nº 1 and area its main spatial components together with the beyond; electric trams (Metrocentro) for the city central city are the zones of Aljarafe to the east, centre; the largest bike-lane network in Spain; and Dos Hermanas to the south, Alcala to the west and a radical enlargement of pedestrian streets. the Vega (the Guadalquivir river bank) to the north. Profiles of participating Cities / 97

Aljarafe is an area with its own unique cultural a large residential area, the Alamillo Metropolitan landscape that is covered with olive groves and a Park located on Isla de la Cartuja and the indus- network of small towns. Due to its environmental trial impulse of sectors such as aeronautics and its quality, the area has become an important residen- growing logistical base. tial area within the metropolitan area. A youthful metropolitan area with wide potential On the other hand, the Sevilla-Alcala and Sevilla- for growth. Sevilla is a youthful metropolitan area. Dos Hermanas axis have grown thanks to the conti- Firstly, the population is predominantly made up nual renewal of industrial development. Lastly, the of young people. The largest of these is the 20 to North sector (the Vega) is composed of a highly pro- 30 year old age group. This generation has already ductive farming area that is linked to the city through benefited from the important innovations introduced 98 / Profiles of participating Cities

in the educational system in 80’s Spain and includes pany (firm one hundred per cent own by the town a high percentage of university graduates. council and in some cases also by the Diputación Provincial) chaired by the Mayor or by a councillor Sevilla is also young in terms of its degree of urban and with an appointed managing director. maturity. Far from the regressive processes that can be seen in the life cycles of many other European and Town Councils in Spain has full competences in world metropolitan areas, Sevilla is still undergoing urban development (although the local urban plan a consolidation process. This can be observed in the have to be approved by the Junta de Andalucía – the behaviour of factors such as housing and commer- regional government). However, the main develop- cial or productive zones. Interestingly, and contrary ments related to infrastructures, transport, secu- to what has happened in most classic metropolitan rity, business support measures and son on have growth processes, characterized by an “escape” to be agreed and financed with the regional govern- toward the surrounding areas, with the consequent ment who get a strong (financial) power concerning depopulation and inactivity in the central nucleus, public action. things are very different in Sevilla. The centre of this metropolitan area continues to have an important, specific commercial and industrial weight. 3. Potential City-region

2.2. Institutional framework of local self- 3.1. Ideas, concepts government and territorial administration. - Potential definition(s) for the City-region in your Municipalities (local governments) plays the most territory? relevant role for the cities and towns government. The major projects and processes currently deve- Each four years local elections take place where citi- loped in the central city and the metropolitan area zens with right to vote (above 18 years old) choose are coming up against the current administrative between a range of close lists made by political space. In other words, the true supra-local scale of parties. So the role of political parties approaching this kind of urban projects is requiring a new way of local governments and day-to-day political issues metropolitan governance. Recent success in Seville at local scale is very strong. in the metropolitan coordination of public transports and water-cycle management are claiming The head of the list most voted is elected as Mayor for moving forward the question of metropolitan and president of the local assembly or local council. governance. In addition, the questions of financial The number of seats in the local assembly depends devolution for local governments in Spain and a on the dimension of the municipality in terms of better articulation with both the State & Regional population. Ayuntamiento is the general term for levels must be posed urgently. the council of a municipality. The last Spatial Management Plan for the Agglomeration of Seville (delivered by the Regional The local government is composed by elected people Government – Junta de Andalucía) has also posed (councillors or concejales) although recently large again the question of the metropolitan governance. local councils (generally above 200.000 inhabitants) The Strategic Plan Sevilla 2010 emphasised the can appoint non elected people to be in charge of importance of the metropolitan governance/coordi- responsibilities in the local government. nation to face in a better way future challenges.

Increasingly the agency model is being used to In order to approach correctly the question of new develop some kind of local policies, especially those ways of innovative spatial governance in Sevilla, we concerned to housing and economic development. prefer the term of metropolitan area instead of city- The most extended way is to create a public com- region. Profiles of participating Cities / 99

- What is the size of its population, sq km? Seville; the revival of a city full of highly qualified The area defined by the last Spatial Management and resourceful young people full of energy and bri- Plan for the Agglomeration of Seville (delivered by ght ideas. During the first few years of this decade, the Regional Government – Junta de Andalucía), the people of Seville made a great effort to contri- 2008, comprises 46 municipalities and 1.421.000 bute to both the new Urban Development Plan and inhabitants [around 50% in the central city, the Strategic Plan for the city. Thousands of peo- Sevilla]. ple participated in Seville’s town planning and put forward their own specific proposals in an attempt - Which partners are included? to build the city they wanted for the future, and this Nowadays there is no structure or board for metro collective effort did not culminate in the production governance. We are now approaching for that to be of brilliant but useless technical documents ready a reality in a very near future. That potential board to decorate the shelves of the City Council. should consider as partners: - The Sevilla City Council. This collective effort resulted in true strategic gui- - The rest of 45 municipalities in the metro area delines –the tracks along which Seville is moving around the central city. Maybe here the Diputación into the 21st century–, always open to all the via- Provincial de Sevilla could play a role. ble new proposals we continue to receive. Today, - The Junta de Andalucía (the Regional the city of Seville knows where to go and how to get Government). there, and it is doing so resolutely. Our city has not only set itself a number of goals but is achieving And do not forget the demonstration effect by recent these with the support of both the private and the success in Seville in the metropolitan coordination public sectors. of public transports and water-cycle management. - Main characteristics (if it is not formal region), like Over all these years, Seville has developed a com- tasks, formal budget, other funding, etc. prehensible, clear urban model, with which the The debate is now very open and we prefer not to people of Seville are already familiarized. It is a set some any paths or preliminary conditions. coherent model, in which the different pieces of the puzzle fit together and which culminates in a - Is there existing cooperation (like Greater Manchester) number of innovative projects which have either in your city region? been already implemented or are currently being No. Only effective metropolitan cooperation in the developed. These projects, many of which are cur- field of public transportation through the Consorcio rently underway, have been designed by both the Metropolitano de Transportes (a public agency Urban Development Plan and the Strategic Plan of under the public law) that it was impulsed by the Seville. We are therefore facing an important chal- Regional Government (Junta de Andalucía); and in lenge but we know how to attain our goal. We know the field of water-cycle management thanks toa where we want to go and how to do it. After the decision of the Sevilla City Council to open up its years of stagnation subsequent to the celebration water public company (EMASESA) to another muni- of the Expo’92 World Exhibition, Seville has regai- cipalities in the area by merging small public water ned its strength, achieved collective aspirations and companies. recovered its enthusiasm for the future. This is very important, since only self-confident communities, The existence of a political project for the transfor- capable of building their own future, are able to rise mation and modernization of the city of Seville. to the challenge.

At the end of the 1990s, the city of Seville revi- Considering the metropolitan scale within this urban ved. It was a true revival of the emergent dynamic model (the metropolitan area) is an essential task. 100/ Profiles of participating Cities

Madrid-Cádiz Km. 532. 41020 Sevilla. www.aena.es - High Speed Train AVE. RENFE. Estación de Santa 4. Territorial structure of governance Justa. Av Kansas City, s/n. 41007 Sevilla. www. comparing with formal government renfe.es - Fair and Exhibition Palace. FIBES. Av Alcalde Luis Existing structure of the economic sector (chamber Uruñuela, s/n. 41020 Sevilla www.fibes.es of commerce, etc.) and the civil society - CENTRO DE TRANSPORTE DE MERCANCÍAS DE SEVILLA (CTMS). Autovía A-92, Km. 0. 41006 Sevilla. Agencies for Economic Development: www.ctms.es - AYUNTAMIENTO DE SEVILLA - SEVILLA GLOBAL. www.sevillaglobal.es In addition two public Universities: University of - Each municipality of the metro area has its own Sevilla and University of Pablo de Olavide; business local development agency. schools [San Telmo International Institute and EOI - The regional one is Agencia de Innovación y Business School]; trade unions, with governance Desarrollo de Andalucía, very active and with a structures at the province level. powerful budget. - PRODETUR, is the Agency for economic develop- Junta de Andalucía, the Regional Government, has ment of the Diputación Provincial de Sevilla. branch delegations for each of the eight provinces in the region. In addition the Government of Spain has Scientific and Technological Parks: a delegation at the province level [Subdelegación - AERÓPOLIS – devoted to aerospace industry. The del Gobierno en Sevilla]. body is a mercantile company with a mix capital: Junta de Andalucía is the main shareholder. The FEMP [Spanish Association of Municipalities - CARTUJA´93. Pabellón de Italia, 6ª planta. c/ Isaac and Provinces] has a regional branch for Andalusia, Newton, s/n. Isla de la Cartuja. 41092 Sevilla FAMP [Andalusian Association of Municipalities - A new one is under consideration as a par- and Provinces]. Recently, FEMP has developed an tnership between Sevilla City Council, Alcala City important role claiming for an urgent process of Council, Universidad Pablo de Olavide and Junta de financial devolution to local governments in Spain. Andalucía. REFERENCES: Private Sector: - Consejería de Obras Públicas y Transportes. 2007. - CÁMARA OFICIAL DE COMERCIO INDUSTRIA Y Plan de Ordenación del Territorio de la Aglomeración NAVEGACIÓN DE SEVILLA. Plaza de la Contratación, Urbana de Sevilla. 8. 41004 Sevilla. www.camaradesevilla.com - Sevilla Global - Ayuntamiento de Sevilla. Atlas - Andalucía Business Association. CEA. Pabellón Sevilla Metropolitana, Territorio y Actividades CEA. Centro de Servicios Empresariales. Isla de la Productivas. 2002. Cartuja, s/n. 41092 Sevilla www.cea.es - Sevilla Global - Ayuntamiento de Sevilla. Sevilla, Your Place in the Business World. 2003 Major Infrastructures: - Sevilla Global – Ayuntamiento de Sevilla. Seville, a - AUTORIDAD PORTUARIA DE SEVILLA. Av de Moliní, Growing Economy Open to the World. 2007. 6. 41012 Sevilla. www.apsevilla.es - Sevilla City Council – Office for Strategic Planning. - AEROPUERTO DE SEVILLA. Ctra. Nacional, IV, Seville, a City for People. Urban Sustainability and Revitalization Plan in the Historic Quarter of Seville. 2008.

Agence de développement et d’urbanisme de Lille Métropole 299, boulevard de Leeds 59777 EURALILLE France Phone +33 (0)3 20 63 33 50 / Fax +33 (0)3 20 63 73 99

Contacts: Lead Partner: Thierry Baert / [email protected] Mathilde Ballenghien / [email protected] Lead Expert: Tamas M. Horvath / [email protected] www.urbact.eu

Design: Agence de développement et d’urbanisme de Lille Métropole