Geological Map of Mount Etna West Rift (Italy)

Journal of Maps, 2010, 96-122

Geological map of Mount Etna West Rift (Italy)

FERNANDO BELLOTTI1, STEFANO BRANCA2 and GIANLUCA GROPPELLI3

1Dipartimento Scienze della Terra “A. Desio”, Universita` degli studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 34, 20133, Milano, Italy; fer- [email protected].

2Istituto Nazionale di Geoﬁsica e Vulcanologia-Sezione Catania, Piazza Roma 2, 95125 Catania, Italy.

3Istituto per la Dinamica dei Processi Ambientali, sezione Milano, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Via Mangiagalli 34, 20133 Milano, Italy.

Abstract

Mt Etna (3340 m a.s.l.) is the most active volcano in Europe, with more than 500 ka of geological history. In this work, a detailed structural and geological field survey of its West Rift was performed at 1:10,000 scale, by using lithostratigraphic criteria and unconformity-bounded units, in accordance with guidelines suggested by the International Stratigraphic Guide. In the studied area, lithostratigraphic units have been mapped and the eruptive fissure configuration identified. Fieldwork data were improved by high- resolution orthoimages and DEM analysis, producing a map with detailed lava flow boundaries.

In order to synthesize the main phases of the West Rift evolution, lithostratigraphic units were grouped into synthems. The volcanic succession starts with the oldest Etna subaerial lava flows (Adrano Synthem), unconformably covered by lavas belonging to Acireale and Concazze Synthems. Mongibello volcanic succession (Il Piano Synthem) widely crops out in the area as several superposed lava flow fields. They are generated by more than 40 eruptive fissures in the past 15,000 years forming the core of the West Rift. The eruptive fissures (strike 245◦ to 280◦) fed several monogenetic cones located in the central sector of the western flank. Some fissures were formed in the last 2,000 years.

The result of this work is a geological map at 1:15,000 scale, highlighting the geological and structural setting of the area and signiﬁcantly improving the knowledge of West Rift evolution, in order to better assess the entire eruptive history and structural framework of Mt Etna.

(Received 4th December 2009; Revised 3rd April 2010; Accepted 6th April 2010)

96 ISSN 1744-5647 doi:10.4113/jom.2010.1115 Journal of Maps, 2010, 96-122 Bellotti, F., Branca, S. et al

1. Introduction

Mount Etna, located along the Ionic coast of eastern Sicily, covers an area of 1250 km2 and is one of the most active basaltic volcanoes in the world. There have been historical reports of its frequent eruptive manifestations ever since the Hellenistic age, due to its location in the heart of the Mediterranean. The first studies on the geology of the volcano were carried out during the 19th century by several European scientists among whom, in particular, Beamount, Lyell, Waltershuasen and Gemmellaro stand out (Ches- ter et al., 1985). Their initial geological observations highlighted for the first time that the structure of Etna volcano was the result of a complex geological evolution produced by the superimposition of at least two main eruptive centres. Between 1836 and 1843, Waltershausen(1844-59) carried out the first geological mapping of the volcano, allo- wing him to draw up the first geological map of Etna, consisting of thirteen sheets at 1:50,000 scale.

Nearly a century was to pass before a new geological map of Etna volcano was made at 1:25,000 scale and published at 1:50,000 scale (Romano et al., 1979). In this map, the volcanic products are grouped in 14 volcanic units, according to their petrographic and geochemical characteristics, delineating the first detailed stratigraphic picture of the Etnean region. Beginning in the 1990s a new mapping project began on Etna in order to compile the geological map of Italy at 1:50,000 scale (Servizio Geologico D’Italia, 2009a;b;c;d) entirely based on modern stratigraphic criteria (Pasquare` et al., 1992). This project was the starting point for the new geological map of the Etna volcano at 1:50,000 scale (draft version in Branca et al., 2009b), by performing new field surveys of the area, including the West Rift, one of the main eruptive fissure networks of Etna.

In this paper, a detailed reconstruction of Etna western ﬂank stratigraphy is presented (Figure 1) and has been undertaken following the stratigraphic criteria used for the ﬁeld mapping of other sectors of Etna volcano (Branca et al., 2004; 2009a).

2. Methodology

In order to reconstruct the geological and structural evolution of the West Rift, a detailed ﬁeld survey of an area of 135 km2 at 1:10,000 scale has been performed, and here presented at 1:15,000 scale. During the ﬁeld survey, high resolution digital elevation models (DEMs), aerial and ortho-photos were used to improve the details and accuracy of the map. Mt Etna sedimentary basement is undifferentiated, because it does not represent the topic of this geological map.

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Figure 1. DEM of Mount Etna volcano and location of the study area.

Lithostratigraphy represents the main stratigraphic criteria used for the identification of the units during the survey, according to the International Stratigraphic Guide (Salva- dor, 1994), because lithological properties and stratigraphic relationships of rock bodies are the only ones immediately recognizable during fieldwork. In addition, thin sections were analyzed to check if rocks cropping out discontinuously belong to the same lava flow or to related scoria cones with their associated lava flows, where not immediately

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detectable in the field. The volcanic succession has been divided in lithostratigraphic units of different ranks from “formation” (mainly for the older lavas) to “lava flow” rank (Ellittico and Mongibello volcanoes). For recent activity (last 15,000 years), each lava flow was mapped because their exposure and attitude allow them to be followed along the middle to lower flank and mapped, as they provide fundamental information for lava flow hazard assessment. We could not represent all the numerous recent lava flows on the geological map with different colours because it would have produced a map that was not immediately legible. Therefore, we have chosen the same solution proposed by Branca et al. (2004) for a preliminary geological map of the eastern flank of Mount Etna, grouping the mapped lava flows of the last 15,000 years (Torre del Filosofo formation) together into five time intervals with five different colours. In addition, we have kept the lava flow rank on the geological map because we have drawn all the lava flow boundaries and we refer to each lava flow by acronyms, describing the lithological and morphologic features of each lava flow in appendices A and B. The time intervals have been defined by singling out the main eruptive events that mark the main steps of the past 15,000 years of eruptive activity (for the boundaries and their meanings, see Branca et al. (2004)). Moreover, we recognized three different facies within lava flow rank: lava flow s.s., proximal pyroclastic fall deposit (such as scoria cone or spatter rampart), and distal pyroclastic fall deposit (widespread ashes distributed by strombolian activity of monogenetic cone).

Furthermore, we adopted the unconformity-bounded unit (Chang, 1975; Salvador, 1987) according to the guidelines suggested by ISC for the UBU (Salvador, 1994) and by the Italian Geological Survey (Pasquare` et al., 1992) and frequently used in mapping Italian volcanoes (e.g. Calvari et al., 1995; Coltelli et al., 1994; Manetti et al., 1995; Rossi et al., 1996; Calanchi et al., 1999; Branca and Catalano, 2000; De Rita et al., 2000; Tranne et al., 2002a;b; Lucchi et al., 2003; De Astis et al., 2006). The identification of unconformity surfaces within the volcanic succession allows grouping several lithostratigraphic units in synthemic units, each of them representing a well-defined phase in the geological evolution of the area, and relating the different lithostratigraphic units recognized in a limited area to the comprehensive evolution of the volcanic area. For the definition of each synthem see Branca et al. (2004; 2009a).

3. Stratigraphic succession

Starting from the older units to the more recent ones, the main features of the volcanic succession identiﬁed in the study area (Figure 1) allow the reconstruction of the West Rift volcanic evolution.

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The oldest volcanics of this sector of Etna consist of a lava flow (S. Maria di Licodia formation, Adrano Synthem) lying on the sedimentary basement along the left bank of the Simeto River. This lava flow represents a portion of a wide and thin lava plateau dated about 330 ka extending for more than 25 km from Bronte to Paterno` (Branca et al., 2008). The following products are formed by a lava flow (Timpa formation, Acireale Synthem) that cover the Adrano Synthem lava flow with an angular unconformity coupled with an erosion surface. This lava flow is related to the scattered eruptive activity that af- fected the lower SW sectors of Mount Etna between about 178 ka and 136 ka (Branca et al., 2008). Both Adrano and Acireale Synthems lava flows are unconformably covered by the lava flows of the Ellittico volcano (Piano Provenzana and Monte Calvario formations, Concazze Synthem) that were generated during flank eruptions occurring in the interval 60-15 ka (Branca et al., 2004). In particular, the Piano Provenzana formation consists of two superimposed lava flows cropping out close to Adrano forming a wide lava flow field with toothpaste morphology (AppendixB). The Monte Calvario formation is made up of small and isolated outcrops of autoclastic lava breccia, with hydrothermal alteration, and lava flows.

Figure 2. Aerial view of the lower western flank of Etna where several eruptive fissures formed by scoria cones and spatter ramparts are located. In the foreground, the two cinder cones formed during the explosive activity of the 1974 eruption (Mts De Fiore), the most recent flank eruption in this sector of the volcano. In the background, numerous scoria cones of prehistoric age (Photograph by S. Branca).

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Figure 3. Panoramic view and outcrops from West Rift of Etna volcano: a) Etna volcano NW flank, during autumn; b) open pit showing superimposition of two Torre del Filosofo formation lava flows; c) panoramic view of upper Etna volcano from West Rift; d) lava channel close to Mt Intraleo; e) hornito; f) 1763 lava flow, located in the middle of West Rift; g) Aerial view from ENE of the summit craters of Etna. In the foreground, several scoria cones forming the West Rift.

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The volcanic products erupted during the past 15,000 years cover the main portion of the western flank of Etna and belong to the Mongibello volcano (Torre del Filosofo formation, Il Piano Synthem) (Figures 2 and 3). Overall, the Mongibello volcanic succession is formed by superposed compound lava flow fields and by pyroclastic deposits, that are grouped into five temporal intervals (i1-i5). The lava flows are characterised by a structure ranging from sub-aphyric to highly porphyric with centimetre-sized pla- gioclase phenocrysts. The prevalent surface morphology is aa and toothpaste even if large pahoehoe lava flow fields are present. Generally, the lava flows older than 122 BC (i1 and i2 intervals) are covered by discontinuous soil and/or epiclastic deposits (for the description of each lava flow see Appendix A). Il Piano Synthem lava flows cover the volcanics of the Adrano and Acireale synthems with an angular unconformity coupled with an erosion surface, whereas they show a paraconformity with the Concazze Synthem lava flows. The proximal pyroclastic deposits consist of spatter ramparts of variable size, single scoria cones of different size and elevation and coalescent scoria cones. Furthermore, limited distal pyroclastic fall deposits are present. On the whole, the proximal pyroclastic deposits formed the morphological evidence of the eruptive fissure network named West Rift.

The lava flows of the i1 time interval (post 15 ka-2640 BC) consist of the remains of 39 lava flow fields with 28 eruptive fissures still preserved. Among these lava flows the Mt Minardo is the best preserved. In particular, the location of the scoria cones and spatter ramparts evidenced that during this time interval the fissure network of the West Rift started to form. The lava flows of i2 time interval (post 2640 BC- 122 BC) are formed by 16 wide and well-preserved lava flow fields with 6 eruptive fissures preserved. The lava flows crop out mainly in the central portion of the study area, in particular, forming two major compound lava flow fields (Grotta delle Vannette and Mt Ruvolo). The lava flows of i3 time interval (post 122 BC-1669 AD) consist of 15 lava flow fields with 5 eruptive fissures preserved. Among these historical lava flows, some were dated with the archeo- magnetic technique by Tanguy et al. (2007) such as the lava flows of medieval age of Mt Gallo (1060±50 AD) and Mt Forno (1200±30 AD). Concerning the lava flows of this time interval related to eruptions quoted in the historical accounts, the lava flow fields of the 1607 and 1610 flank eruptions crop out only partially. Conversely, the products of the 1651 flank eruption are well exposed, representing one of the longest and widest lava flow fields of Etna volcano. Finally, regarding the volcanics of the eruptive activity of the past 340 years (i4 and i5) they are represented by 13 lava flows and 2 eruptive fissures for i4 interval and 4 lava flows and only one fissure for i5. These lava flows are related both by summit and flank eruptions, mainly represented by the lava flow fields of the 1763, 1832, 1843 and 1974 eruptions, the latter being the last flank eruption occurring in the West Rift.

102 Journal of Maps, 2010, 96-122 Bellotti, F., Branca, S. et al

4. Structural data

During the field survey we recognized 67 vents made of by scoria and spatter cones, spatter ramparts, and lava flow eruptive fissures in an area 10 km wide with an altitude ranging from 2300 to 1100 m a.s.l. (Figure 4). According to the stratigraphic setting of the area, the eruptive centres developed between 15 ka and 1974, consequently the high density of vents and eruptive fissures as well as their age allow us to define this area as an active volcanic rift, with strong implications for the hazard assessment.

Based on morphological features (i.e. alignments and/or elongation of craters, cones, spatter ramparts, Tibaldi (1995)) or structural elements, such as lava vents and open fractures (i.e. Bocche Vituddi), 42 eruptive fissures were recognized and displayed on the geological map and in Figure 4. Their orientations are summarized in Figure 4 showing a roughly radial distribution (from 245◦ to 280◦) with respect to the summit craters. The main directions of the eruptive fissures are ENE-WSW and E-W, mirroring the higher density of eruptive fissures in the central and southern sector of the studied area. From the stratigraphic point of view, we can outline that only during the first interval (15 ka-2640 BC), was there a real radial distribution of the eruptive fissures; later the main active directions were the E-W and ENE-WSW, and during historical time E-W.

Whereas the volcanic activity in this area is very active, we could not ﬁnd any evidence of faults, maybe because of the high resurfacing rate due to frequent superimposed lava ﬂows.

5. Conclusions

The detailed geological field survey of the western flank of Etna volcano allowed the compilation of a map at 1:15,000 scale based on lithostratigraphic units of different ranks, from flow to formation. We synthesise the lithostratigraphic units applying the unconformity bounded units, previously defined in other sectors of the Etna edifice (Branca et al., 2004), according to international guidelines. The new geological data en- able the definition of an updated stratigraphic setting compared to the map by Romano et al. (1979), from the oldest lava flow of about 330 ka to the present. Furthermore, we have reconstructed the geological and structural evolution of the West Rift, one of the main eruptive fissure networks on Etna volcano. This weakness zone of the volcano edifice started to form during the early stage of Mongibello volcano activity, roughly during the past 15,000 years. In particular, the preserved 42 eruptive fissures show two main intrusion directions, ENE-WSW and E-W trending. From the stratigraphic

103 Journal of Maps, 2010, 96-122 Bellotti, F., Branca, S. et al

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Figure 4. Eruptive fissure map of West Rift (Etna volcano), outlining 42 eruptive fissures and 67 vents. The Rose diagram shows the eruptive fissure orientations, while the histogram subdivides the eruptive fissures in the intervals defined in the last 15,000 years (Torre del Filosofo formation). perspective, we can outline that the eruptive fissures are characterised by a radial distribution during the time interval from 15 ka-2640 BC. Conversely, the eruptive fissure mainly clustered according to the ENE-WSW and E-W directions during the eruptive activity of the last 4,000 years. In this time span, the number of flank eruptions gradually increased, showing an average number of 0.63 eruptions per century up to 122 BC and then 0.75 up to 1600 AD. Finally, during the past 400 years, there has been a remarkable increase with the occurrence of 3.5 flank eruptions per century. Some of these have cau- sed damage to cultivated areas and destroyed several farmhouses in 1610, 1651, 1832 and 1843 as well as threatening the towns of Adrano and Bronte.

On the whole, the new geological and structural data represents a fundamental tool for the hazard assessment of the West Rift zone because it stores volcanological data related to the recent behaviour of this important magma intrusion zone of Etna volcano.

104 Journal of Maps, 2010, 96-122 Bellotti, F., Branca, S. et al

Software

All the data collected during the ﬁeldwork have been imported, managed and proces- sed using ESRI ArcGIS. We compiled a georeferenced database, based on vector objects, organized in shapeﬁles.

Acknowledgements

We thank Mauro Coltelli for the helpful discussion during the field survey and for furni- shing high-resolution orthoimages and DEM. We also thank the Regional Park of Etna, in particular Dr. Salvatore Caffo, and Aziende Forestali Demaniali-Provincia di Cata- nia for having authorized our work in the protected areas of Mt Etna. Comments of R. C. Orndorff (Editor), J. Marti and K. Tanaka, significantly improved the manuscript and cartographic suggestions of P. Kennelly appreciably enhanced the map quality. The work was funded by the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia-Sezione di Cata- nia, by the CNR-Istituto per la Dinamica dei Processi Ambientali, by the Dipartimento per la Protezione Civile (Italy)-INGV project V3 6-Etna and by PRIN 2004 (coord. Prof. P. Tartarotti).

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A. Lava ﬂows description of Torre del Filosofo formation

Time interval (5): 1971 AD eruption–Present

Eruptive fissures and stratigraphic Lava flow Acronym Lithological features data 1999 1999 Lava flow front with “aa” mor- Summit eruption phology. Dark grey lava, P.I. 10%, from Bocca Nuova. with phenocrysts of pl (1-2 mm), px (3-4 mm) and ol (1-2 mm).

1977-78 1977-78 Lava ﬂow front with “aa” mor- Summit eruption phology. Dark grey lava, P.I. 20%, from NE Crater. with phenocrysts of pl (1 mm), px (1 mm) and ol (1-2 mm).

1975-77 1975-77 Lava ﬂow front with “aa” mor- The eruptive ﬁs- phology. Dark grey lava, P.I. 20%, sure is located at with phenocrysts of pl (1 mm), px 2920 m elevation (1 mm) and ol (1-2 mm). (Mt Cumin scoria cone), outside the study area.

1974 1974 Short lava flow field with “aa” The eruptive fis- morphology. Dark grey lava, P.I. sure is 270◦ orien- 20%, with phenocrysts of pl (1 ted, and composed mm), px (1 mm) and ol (1-2 mm). of two small aligned scoria cones.

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Time interval (4): 1669 AD–1971 AD eruption

Eruptive fissures and stratigraphic Lava flow Acronym Lithological features data 1949 1949 Lava flow front with “aa” mor- The eruptive fis- phology. Dark grey lava, P.I. 20%, sure is NW-SE with phenocrysts of pl (1-2 mm), oriented, and loca- px (1-4 mm) and ol (1-2 mm). ted at 2420-1990 m a.s.l., outside the study area.

1942 1942 Lava ﬂow front with “aa” mor- Two eruptive ﬁs- phology. Dark grey lava, P.I. 15%, sures are NE-SW with phenocrysts of pl (1-2 mm), and NNE-SSW px (1-3 mm) and ol (1 mm). oriented, and located at 2750-2550 and 2545-2530 m a.s.l., outside the study area.

1843 1843 Elongated lava flow field with The eruptive fis- “aa” morphology. Dark grey lava, sure is WNW-ESE P.I. 15%, with phenocrysts of pl (1 oriented, and loca- mm), px (1-4 mm) and ol (1 mm). ted at 2375-1830 m a.s.l., outside the study area.

1832 1832 Elongated lava flow field with The eruptive fis- “aa” morphology. Dark grey lava, sure is E-W orien- P.I. 20%, with phenocrysts of pl (1- ted, and located at 3 mm), px (1-2 mm) and ol (1 mm). 2650-1700 a.s.l., forming Mt Nunziata scoria cone.

1792 1792 Lava ﬂow front with “aa” mor- Summit eruption. phology. Dark grey lava, P.I. 15%, with phenocrysts of pl (1-2 mm), px (1-8 mm) and rare ol (1-2 mm).

1787 1787 Lava ﬂow front with “aa” mor- The ﬁssure ope- phology. Dark grey-black lava, P.I. ned at the base 20%, with phenocrysts of pl (1-2 of the summit mm), px and ol (2-4 mm). cone (Branca and Del Carlo, 2004).

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Eruptive fissures and stratigraphic Lava flow Acronym Lithological features data Dagala or Lava flow edge. Dark grey lava, Two eruptive fis- dell’Orso P.I. 15%, with phenocrysts of pl sures are E-W and (1-3 mm) and rare px and ol (1-2 WNW-ESE orien- mm). ted, and located between 1750 m and 2100 m a.s.l., outside the study area.

1764-65 1764-65 Lava flow front with “aa” mor- Flank eruption phology. Dark grey lava, P.I. 15%, generated by an with phenocrysts of pl and px. eruptive fissure that was located in the upper northern flank (Branca and Del Carlo, 2004).

1763 1763 Two distinct lava flow fields with The eruptive “aa” and toothpaste morpholo- fissure is E-W gies. Dark grey lava, P.I. 15%, with oriented, forming phenocrysts of pl (1-5 mm) and Mt Mezza Luna rare px and ol (1-2 mm). (1700 m) and Mt Nuovo (1600 m) scoria cones.

1758-59 1758-59 Lava ﬂow front with “aa” mor- Summit eruption. phology. Dark grey lava, P.I. 25%, with phenocrysts of pl (1-5 mm), px (2-4 mm), and rare ol (1 mm).

1735-36 1735-36 Lava ﬂow front with “aa” mor- Summit eruption. phology. Dark grey lava, P.I. 25%, with phenocrysts of pl (1-5 mm), px (2-4 mm), and rare ol (1 mm).

1732-33 1732-33 Lava ﬂow front with “aa” mor- Summit eruption. phology. Dark grey lava, P.I. 25- 30%, with abundant phenocrysts of pl (1-6 mm) and rare px (2-4 mm).

1727-28 1727-28 Lava ﬂow front with “aa” mor- Summit eruption. phology. Dark grey lava, P.I. 25- 30%, with abundant phenocrysts of pl (1-6 mm) and rare px (2-4 mm).

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Time interval (3): post 122 BC plinan eruption-1669 AD eruption Lava Eruptive fissures and flow Acronym Lithological features stratigraphic data 1651 1651 Wide lava flow field, with a tooth- The eruptive fissure is paste morphology including nume- WNW-ESE oriented at rous tumuli, mega-tumuli and lava 1800 m a.s.l., and is channels. Dark grey lava, P.I. 35%, composed of a small with abundant phenocrysts of px spatter rampart. His- (10-30 mm), abundant pl (3-10 mm), torical accounts from and ol (1-3 mm), dark grey ground- Russo and Magr`ı quo- mass. ted in Recupero(1815).

1610 1610 Elongated lava flow field with well The eruptive fissure is preserved “aa” morphology, inclu- ENE-WSW oriented, lo- ding numerous lava channels. Dark cated at Grotta degli Ar- grey lava, P.I. 25%, with pheno- chi locality (1950-2350 crysts of pl (2-8 mm) and minor m a.s.l.) outside the amount of px (2-4 mm). study area. Histori- cal accounts from Oli- vieri quoted in Recu- pero(1815).

1607 1607 Lava flow field with well preserved The eruptive fissure is “aa” morphology, including nume- ENE-WSW oriented at rous lava channels. Dark grey lava, 2270 m a.s.l. outside P.I. 25%, with phenocrysts of pl (2-8 the study area. Histo- mm) and minor amount of px (2-4 rical accounts from Oli- mm). vieri quoted in Recu- pero(1815).

Val di vz Lava flow field with “aa” morpho- The eruptive fissure Canniz- logy and locally ropy surface. Dark is NW-SE oriented zola grey lava, P.I. 5%, with rare pheno- at 2450-2800 m a.s.l. crysts of pl (3 mm) and px (1 mm). outside the study area.

Rifugio rm Lava ﬂow ﬁeld with “aa” morpho- Mt logy. Dark grey lava, P.I. 25%, with Maletto phenocrysts of pl (2-4 mm), ol (2 mm) and px (1 mm).

Mt Arso ar Wide lava flow field with tooth- The eruptive fissure is ovest paste morphology. Grey lava, P.I. E-W oriented forming 20%, with phenocrysts of pl (1-5 Mt Arso scoria cone. mm) and px (2-5 mm).

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Lava Eruptive fissures and flow Acronym Lithological features stratigraphic data Mt of Narrow and elongated lava flow The eruptive fissure Forno field with “aa” morphology. Light is NE-SW oriented grey lava, P.I. 25%, with pheno- forming Mt Forno crysts of pl (6-8 mm), ol (4 mm), and scoria cone. Archeo- px (3-6 mm). magnetic age: 1200±30 AD (sample 1595A A Tanguy et al., 2007).

Galvarina gl Lava ﬂow ﬁeld with “aa” morphology. Dark grey lava, P.I. 5%, with phenocrysts of pl (2-6 mm), locally aggregated and rare px (1-2 mm).

Mt lw Wide lava flow field with “aa” mor- The eruptive fissure is Gallo phology and well-developed lava ENE-WSW oriented, channels. Dark grey lava, P.I. 10%, forming Mt Testa and with phenocrysts of pl (up to 2 Mt Gallo scoria cones. mm), px (1-7 mm) and ol (1-9 mm). Archeo-magnetic age: 1060±50 AD (1595A A Tanguy et al., 2007).

Serra el Lava ﬂow ﬁeld with toothpaste del morphology and subordinate “aa”, Monte and well-developed lava channels. Dark grey lava, P.I. 10-15% with phenocrysts of pl (1-3 mm), px (1-4 mm) and ol (2 mm).

Bronte nt Wide lava flow field with “aa” mor- Archeo-magnetic age phology, locally alternated to too- of this lava flow is thpaste. Grey lava, P.I. 20%, with 450±50 AD (Tanguy abundant phenocrysts of px (1-10 et al., 2007). mm) often aggregated with ol (2-4 mm), dark grey groundmass.

Rifugio ip Lava ﬂow front with “aa” morpho- la Cac- logy and channels. Dark grey lava, cia P.I. 20%, with phenocrysts of pl (1-4 mm), px (1-6 mm) and ol (1-4 mm).

Albero ab Lava ﬂow ﬁeld with composite Bianco toothpaste-”aa” morphology. Dark grey lava, P.I. 20%, with phenocrysts of pl (4 mm), px (5-7 mm) and ol (2-4 mm).

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Lava Eruptive fissures and flow Acronym Lithological features stratigraphic data Pista ao Lava flow with ”aa” morphology. Alto- Grey-black lava, P.I. 20%, with phe- mon- nocrysts of pl (1-6 mm), px (2-3 tana mm) and ol (1 mm).

Rifugio fp Wide lava flow field with prevalent The eruptive fissure is Mt toothpaste morphology. Dark grey E-W oriented, forming Palestra lava, P.I. 20%, with phenocrysts of a small hornito super- px (2-8) mm, ol (3-4 mm) and pl (2- imposed on the Mt Pa- 3 mm). lestra scoria cone.

Time interval (2): post 2640 BC subplinian picritic eruption-122 BC plinan eruption Lava Eruptive fissures and flow Acronym Lithological features stratigraphic data Poggio pc Wide lava flow field with tooth- The eruptive fissure is La paste morphology. Dark grey lava, E-W oriented, forming Caccia P.I. 20%, with phenocrysts of pl (2-4 Poggio La Caccia scoria mm), px (5-8 mm) and ol (2-5 mm). cone.

Bocche bv Elongated lava flow field with too- The eruptive fissure Vituddi thpaste morphology. Grey lava, P.I. is ENE-WSW orien- 25%, with phenocrysts of pl (2-7 ted, forming Bocche mm), px (3-6 mm) and ol (1-2 mm). Vituddi, two spatter ramparts.

Dagala db Lava ﬂow with “aa” morphology. Bocche Light grey lava, P.I. 25%, with phe- Vituddi nocrysts of pl (2-4) mm, px and ol (2-3 mm).

Mt Rifu- rg Elongated lava flow field with “aa” The eruptive fissure is gio Gal- morphology. Dark grey lava, P.I. ENE-WSW oriented, varina 15%, with phenocrysts of pl (1-2 forming a scoria cone mm), px (2-6 mm) and ol (2 mm). and two minor spatter ramparts.

Bosco bs Lava ﬂow with “aa” morphology. Mt Dark grey lava, P.I. 25%, with phe- Scavo nocrysts of pl (2-7 mm), px (1 mm) and rare ol (1 mm).

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Lava Eruptive ﬁssures and ﬂow Acronym Lithological features stratigraphic data

Vipera rr Grey lava ﬂow, P.I. 5%, with phenocrysts of pl (2-3 mm), rare px and ol (1 mm).

Mt Fon- ff Lava ﬂow with pahoeohe morpho- The eruptive ﬁssure is tanelle logy. Dark grey lava, P.I. 15%, with NE-SW oriented, for- phenocrysts of pl (1-2 mm) and px ming a small spatter (1-2 mm). rampart superimposed on the Mt Fontanelle scoria cone.

Dagala dl Grey and slightly weathered lava Galva- ﬂow, P.I. 10%, with phenocrysts of rina pl (1-4 mm) and px (3-5 mm).

Nido ni Grey lava ﬂow, P.I. 20%, with phenocrysts of pl (1-10 mm), px (5-10 mm) and ol (1-2 mm).

Bosco bt Lava ﬂow with “aa” morphology. Mt Grey lava, P.I. 15%, with pheno- Sellato crysts of pl (4 mm), rare px (1-2 mm) and ol (1-2 mm).

Cisterna nr Lava ﬂow ﬁeld with a composed toothpaste-”aa” morphology. Light grey lava, P.I. 15%, with phenocrysts of pl (2-6 mm), ol (2-3 mm) and rare px (4-5 mm).

Piano gi Wide lava ﬂow ﬁeld with “aa”- delle toothpaste morphology. Grey lava, Gi- P.I. 15%, with phenocrysts of pl (up nestre to 7 mm), px (3-6 mm), and ol (2 mm).

Mt rb Narrow and elongated lava flow The eruptive fissure is Rosso field with prevalent “aa” morpho- E-W oriented, forming ovest logy. Dark grey lava, P.I. 20%, with Mt Rosso scoria cone. phenocrysts of px (3-8 mm), ol (3-5 mm) and pl (2-3 mm).

Grotta gv Wide lava ﬂow ﬁeld with tooth- delle paste morphology. Dark grey lava, Vanette P.I. 35%, with phenocrysts of pl (2-8 mm), px (1-2 mm) and ol (1 mm).

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Lava Eruptive fissures and flow Acronym Lithological features stratigraphic data Mt Ru- rv Wide lava flow field with a compo- The eruptive fissure is volo site “aa”-toothpaste morphology, E-W oriented, forming including numerous tumuli and Mt Ruvolo, a large sco- lava channels. Light grey lava, P.I. ria cone. 15%, with phenocrysts of pl (1-5 mm), px (2-6 mm) and ol (1-2 mm).

Caffo fx Light grey lava ﬂow, P.I. 15%, with phenocrysts of px (3-12 mm), ol (1-6 mm) and pl (1 mm).

Time interval (1): post Ellittico plinian eruptions (15 ka)- subplinian picritic eruption (3960 ka=2640 BC)

Eruptive fissures and stratigraphic Lava flow Acronym Lithological features data Mt Minardo mm Wide lava flow field, with “aa”- The eruptive toothpaste morphology, including fissure is 245◦ numerous tumulus and lava chan- oriented, forming nels. Light grey lava, P.I. 20%, Mt Minardo, a with phenocrysts of pl (1-7 mm), large scoria cone. px (1-10 mm) and ol, with a maxi- mum size of 5 mm.

Mt Fru- fi Lava flow field with “aa” morpho- The eruptive fis- mento logy. Grey and high vesciculated sure is located out- Supino lava, P.I. 20%, with phenocrysts of side the study area. pl (1-5 mm) and rare px (1-2 mm).

C.da Trenta- lm Lava flow field with composite salme toothpaste-“aa” morphology, including lava flow channels. Light grey lava, P.I. 15%, with phenocrysts of pl (1-6 mm) and px (2-4 mm) and ol (1 mm).

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Eruptive fissures and stratigraphic Lava flow Acronym Lithological features data C.da Cuc- hi Lava flow field with composite chiaro “aa” and toothpaste morphology, including also lava stream channels. Light grey lava, P.I. 15%, with phenocrysts of pl (2-4 mm), px and ol (1-2 mm), dark grey groundmass.

Mt Scavo sc Grey lava ﬂow, P.I. 20%, with phe- The eruptive nocrysts of pl (2-5 mm), px (2-4 ﬁssure is E-W mm) and ol (1-2 mm). oriented, forming Mt Scavo scoria cone.

Casa Om- om Lava ﬂow with pahoeohe mor- brella phology. Dark grey lava, P.I. 20%, with phenocrysts of pl (1-5 mm), rare px (3-4 mm) and ol (1-2 mm).

Mt Pecoraro pd Wide lava flow field with compo- The eruptive fis- site “aa” and toothpaste morpho- sure is ENE-WSW logy. Grey lava, P.I. 25%, with phe- oriented, forming nocrysts of pl (1-10 mm), px (1-5 Mt Pecoraro scoria mm) and ol (1-2 mm). cone, outside the study area.

Mt Palomba pb Lava flow field. Dark grey lava, The eruptive fis- P.I. 25%, with phenocrysts of pl (1- sure is ENE-WSW 3 mm), px (2-4 mm) and ol (1-2 oriented, forming mm). Mt Palomba.

Mt Intraleo in Grey lava, P.I. 15%, with pheno- The eruptive ﬁs- crysts of pl (1-3 mm) and rare px sure is E-W orien- (2-4 mm). ted, forming Mt In- traleo scoria cone.

Mt Gallo- gm Dark grey lava ﬂow, P.I. 20%, with The eruptive ﬁs- bianco phenocrysts of pl (2-3 mm), px (4 sure is ENE-WSW mm) and ol (2 mm). oriented, forming a scoria cone.

Mt Lepre lp Lava flow field with pahoeohe The eruptive morphology. Grey lava, P.I. 25%, fissure is E-W with phenocrysts of px (3-8 mm), oriented, forming pl (1-6 mm) and ol (2 mm). Mt Lepre scoria cone.

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Eruptive ﬁssures and stratigraphic Lava ﬂow Acronym Lithological features data

Mts Nespole np Grey lava ﬂow, P.I. 10%, with phe- The eruptive nocrysts of px (2-8 mm), ol (2-4 ﬁssure is E-W mm) and pl (1 mm). oriented, forming three aligned scoria cones (Mts Nespole).

Mt Maletto mb Lava flow field. Grey lava, P.I. The eruptive fis- <5%, with phenocrysts of ol (1- sure is ESE-WNW 3 mm), px (1-2 mm) and pl (<1 oriented, forming mm). Mt Maletto scoria cone.

C.da Dagala ib Lava ﬂow with “aa” morphology. Incognito Dark grey lava, P.I. 30%, with phenocrysts of pl (4-8 mm), (px 4-10 mm) and ol (1-2 mm).

Mt Bivio bi Dark grey lava ﬂow, P.I. 25%, with The eruptive ﬁs- phenocrysts of pl (1-8 mm), px (1- sure is E-W orien- 2 mm) and ol (1-2 mm). ted, forming a scoria cone.

Gullotta gu Lava ﬂow ﬁeld with composite “aa” and toothpaste morphology. Grey lava, P.I. 25%, with phenocrysts of pl (7-8 mm), px (4-10 mm) and ol (3 mm).

Colata Pista pf Light grey lava ﬂow, P.I. 20%, par- Mt Albano tially weathered in brown, with phenocrysts of pl (1-10 mm), rare px (2-3 mm) and ol (1-2 mm).

Bosco di Mt bf Grey lava ﬂow, P.I. 20%, with phe- The eruptive ﬁs- Forno nocrysts of px (2-8 mm), ol (2-8 sure is NE-SW mm) and pl (1-5 mm). oriented, forming a small scoria cone.

Bosco Mt Al- bm Light grey lava ﬂow, P.I. 30%, with bano phenocrysts of pl (1-10 mm), px (2 mm) and ol (1 mm).

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Eruptive fissures and stratigraphic Lava flow Acronym Lithological features data Casa fores- cf Lava flow field with toothpaste tale morphology and a large relief. Dark grey lava, P.I. 15%, with phenocrysts of pl (2-3 mm), px (4-6 mm) and ol (2-3 mm).

Mt Vituddi vx Grey lava ﬂow, P.I. 15%, with phe- The eruptive ﬁs- nocrysts of pl (1-5 mm) and rare sure is NE-SW px (1-2 mm). oriented, forming a small scoria cone.

Scalisi is Light grey lava ﬂow, P.I. 2%, with phenocrysts of pl (1-2 mm).

C.da Dagala dg Lava ﬂow ﬁeld with mainly too- Grotta thpaste morphology. Light grey lava, P.I. 20%, with phenocrysts of pl (2-6 mm), and px (1-6 mm).

Piano dei gr Lava ﬂow ﬁeld with a composite Grilli “aa”-toothpaste morphology, and numerous lava channels and tumulus. Grey lava, P.I. 25%, with phenocrysts of pl (1-8 mm), px (3- 6 mm) and ol (2 mm).

Mt Tre Frati tf Grey-black lava, P.I. 35%, with The eruptive ﬁs- phenocrysts of pl (2-8 mm), px (2- sure is ENE-WSW 10 mm) and ol (1-2 mm). oriented, forming two adiacent scoria cones (Mt Tre Frati).

Bosco di Mt bz Dark grey lava ﬂow, P.I. 10%, with Bivio phenocrysts of pl (1-6 mm), px (1- 3 mm) and ol (1 mm).

C.da Perdi- ee Lava ﬂow ﬁeld with pahoeohe pesce morphology. Light grey lava, P.I. 35%, with phenocrysts of pl (7 mm) and px (6 mm), light grey groundmass.

Musa So- ms Lava ﬂow ﬁeld with toothpaste prana morphology. Light grey lava, P.I. 20%, with phenocrysts of px (1-10 mm) and ol (2-4 mm).

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Eruptive ﬁssures and stratigraphic Lava ﬂow Acronym Lithological features data

Volta di vd Grey lava ﬂow, P.I. 5%, with phe- Raspo nocryst of pl (2 mm) and px (1 mm).

C.da Figu- ig Grey lava ﬂow, P.I. <<5%. rella

Mt Turchio tu Wide lava flow field with “aa” The eruptive fis- morphology. Grey lava, P.I. 20%, sure is ENE-WSW with phenocrysts of pl (5-12 mm), oriented, forming px (2-6 mm) and ol (1-2 mm). Mt Turchio scoria cone.

Quartalaro qu High weathered lava ﬂow, with phenocrysts of pink pl (6-8 mm) and rare maﬁcs (<1 mm).

Mt Peloso oe Grey lava flow field. P.I. 25%, with The eruptive fis- phenocrysts of pl (2-8 mm), px (5- sure is ENE-WSW 8 mm) and ol (2 mm). oriented, forming Mt Peloso scoria cone.

Mt Sellato sh Grey lava ﬂow, P.I. 15%, with wea- The eruptive ﬁs- thered phenocrysts of pl (2-6 mm), sure is ENE-WSW px (5-8 mm). oriented, forming Mt Sellato scoria cone.

Casa Zam- zp Light grey lava ﬂow, P.I. 5%, with The eruptive pini phenocrysts of pl (2-3 mm), px ﬁssure is E-W and ol (1 mm). oriented, forming an elongated scoria cone.

Casa Battiati it Grey lava ﬂow, P.I. 25%, with phenocrysts of pl (4-8 mm), px (2-4 mm) and ol (1-2 mm).

Pizzo Pavi- pg Grey and lightly weathered lava glione ﬂow, P.I. 15%, with phenocrysts of pl (2-5 mm) and px (1-2 mm).

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Eruptive fissures and stratigraphic Lava flow Acronym Lithological features data C.da Zucca zu Lava flow field with “aa” morphology. Dark grey lava, P.I. 25%, with phenocrysts of pl (1-8 mm) and px (3-4 mm).

C.da Paric- ph Lava flow field with “aa” morpho- chia logy with lava flow levees, consti- tuted by big sub-rounded blocks. Grey lava, P.I. 20%, with phenocrysts of pl (2-7 mm, up to 15 mm), rare px (1-3 mm) and ol (1-2 mm).

Lithological and structural features of the main generic scoria cones

Scoria cone Acronym Lithological features Eruptive ﬁssures Mt Capre gsa Red scoriae, spatters and bombs, The eruptive ﬁs- P.I. 25%, with phenocrysts of px sure is ENE-WSW (3-9 mm), ol (3-6 mm) and pl (2-3 oriented, forming mm), dark grey groundmass. three aligned and coalescent scoria cones (Mt Capre).

Mt Albano gsb Red scoriae and spatters, P.I. 20%, The eruptive ﬁs- with phenocrysts of pl (1-10 mm), sure is ENE-WSW ol (2-4 mm) and px (1-6 mm), red oriented, forming (altered) groundmass. two scoria cones (Mt Albano).

Mt Fonta- gsc Red scoriae, P.I. 20%, with phe- The eruptive ﬁs- nelle nocrysts of pl (1-5 mm), grey sure is NE-SW groundmass. oriented, forming Mt Fontanelle scoria cone.

Piano del gsd Thin and vesiculated lava flows. The eruptive fis- Monte Dark grey lava, P.I. 30%, with sure is 285◦ orien- phenocrysts of pl (2-5 mm) and ted, forming small rare px and ol (1 mm), dark grey overflows. groundmass.

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Scoria cone Acronym Lithological features Eruptive ﬁssures Mt Fornello gse Brownish red scoriae and bombs, The eruptive P.I. 20%, with phenocrysts of pl (2 ﬁssure is E-W mm), px (2-3 mm), and rare ol (1 oriented, forming mm), dark grey groundmass. Mt Fornello scoria cone.

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B. Lava ﬂows description of Piano Provenzana formation

Eruptive fissures and stratigraphic Lava flow Acronym Lithological features data Casa San gg Wide lava flow field with “aa” In this lava field Giorgi morphology and numerous lava are located the tubes. Dark grey lava, P.I. 5%, lava tubes named with phenocrysts of pl (1-2 mm), Leonardi Macca- px (2-4 mm) and rare ol (1 mm), rone, Pellegriti, grey groundmass. Pietralunga, Difesa Luna, Castro caves in which cera- mics of Neolithic, Copper and Early Bronze age were found (Privitera and La Rosa, 2007)

Casa della ch Lava ﬂow with “aa” morphology. Macchina Grey lava, P.I. 5%, with phenocrysts of pl (1 mm), px (1-4 mm) and rare ol (1 mm), grey groundmass.

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