Equivalence in the Translation of Tongue Twisters in Bojack Horseman

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Equivalence in the Translation of Tongue Twisters in Bojack Horseman 1 Matias Jokikokko ONE SORDID FORTNIGHT WITH THE SHORT-SKIRTED SORCERESS Equivalence in the translation of tongue twisters in BoJack Horseman Faculty of Information Technology and Communication Sciences Bachelor’s thesis August 2020 ABSTRACT Matias Jokikokko: ”One Sordid Fortnight with the Short-Skirted Sorceress”: Equivalence in translation of tongue twisters in BoJack Horseman Bachelor’s thesis Tampere University Bachelor’s programme in English Language, Literature and Translation July 2020 The purpose of this thesis is to study the translation strategies used in translation of tongue twisters. Tongue twisters are words, phrases or sentences that are purposefully created to be difficult to say. I use passages from the television series BoJack Horseman to examine the translation of tongue twisters. The examination is guided by Eugene Nida’s theory of equivalence. The topic of this study, tongue twisters, are words, phrases or sentences that utilize the limitations of the human mouth to create difficult utterances. A single tongue twister is commonly constructed by concentrating on one speech sound and alternating between it and other speech sounds. This repetitive nature of tongue twisters can be compared to the same sound patterning tools that are utilized in poetry. In this thesis, due to the small amount of research done on tongue twisters, I examine the sound patterning tools as poetic characteristics. The theoretical framework for this thesis is the equivalence theory by Eugene Nida. Nida’s ideas are functionalist translation theories, which means that translations should focus on the function and purpose of the text, even if that means deviating from the source texts form and meaning. A translation is successful to Nida if the target text causes a similar response in the audience as the source does in its audience. Nida called the prioritized equivalence of function ‘dynamic equivalence’. I studied tongue twisters from the television series BoJack Horseman. The series uses tongue twisters every few episodes as a comedic device by communicating simple thoughts as tongue twisters. There are 31 tongue twisters in the series’ five and a half seasons that had been aired when the material was chosen. I listed the tongue twisters and transcribed their translations. I analyzed them using Nida’s dynamic equivalence and categorized the tongue twisters by the translations’ utilized poetic characteristics. To assist the categorization, I evaluated the tongue twisters and created the main categories for successful, partly successful, and unsuccessful translations utilizing Nida’s idea of successful translations. The results show that the successful translations either utilize the same poetic characteristics as the source text or replace them with other characteristics. The successful translations managed to communicate the messages behind the tongue twisters without many changes. Partly successful translations include the translations that utilized the same poetic characteristics but only in parts of the translations. The messages suffered in some occasions, leading to the categorization of partly successful. In the unsuccessful translations, the translations were omitted altogether, which caused problems in the communication of the message. This thesis only examines the translation in one television series, which limits the generalizability of this study’s data to some degree. On the other hand, the material of the thesis is found over multiple seasons and different episodes, which means that the data is diverse regarding the number of translators. I hope that this thesis could inspire future studies on the translation of tongue twisters, which could benefit from this study’s data. Keywords: tongue twister, equivalence, dynamic equivalence, audiovisual translation, BoJack Horseman The originality of this thesis has been checked using the Turnitin OriginalityCheck service. TIIVISTELMÄ Matias Jokikokko: ”One Sordid Fortnight with the Short-Skirted Sorceress”: Equivalence in translation of tongue twisters in BoJack Horseman Kandidaatintutkielma Tampereen yliopisto Englannin kielen, kirjallisuuden ja kääntämisen kandidaattiohjelma Heinäkuu 2020 Tämän tutkielman tarkoituksena on tutkia tongue twistereiden, eli sanahirviöiden, kääntämisstrategioita. Sanahirviöt ovat sanoja, fraaseja ja lauseita, jotka on kirjoitettu tarkoituksenmukaisesti vaikeiksi sanoa. Sanahirviöiden tutkimisessa käytän BoJack Horseman -televisiosarjassa esiintyviä sanahirviöitä. Tutkimuksen pohjana käytän Eugene Nidan ekvivalenssiteoriaa. Sanahirviöiden luomisen apuna käytetään hyväksi ihmisen suun rajallisia ääntömahdollisuuksia. Sanahirviöitä luodaan kirjoittamalla sanoja, fraaseja tai lauseita, joissa jokin äänne toistuu useasti, ja sanahirviöiden vaikeus syntyy toistuvan äänteen ja muiden äänteiden nopeasta vaihtelusta. Toistuvia äänteitä käytetään myös runoudessa, joten sanahirviöihin keskittyvän tutkimuksen vähäisen määrän vuoksi käytän analyysini apuna runontutkimuksen yhteydessä käytettyä teoriaa. Analyysiä ohjaavana teoriana toimii Eugene Nidan ekvivalenssiteoria. Nidan teoria on funktionalistista käännösteoriaa, jossa tekstin funktio ja tarkoitus tulee täyttää. Tekstin funktio voi olla esimerkiksi tiedottaminen tai lukijan tunteisiin vaikuttaminen. Kääntäjän tulee silloin tällöin poiketa lähtötekstistä, jos se tukee tekstin funktion täyttymistä. Nidan mukaan kohdetekstin lukijan tulisi reagoida tekstiin samalla tavalla kuin lähtötekstin lukija, jolloin käännös on Nidan arvion mukaan onnistunut. Tätä funktion tärkeyttä korostavaa ekvivalenssiteoriaa kutsutaan dynaamiseksi ekvivalenssiksi. Tutkielman materiaaliksi valikoituneet sanahirviöt on kerätty BoJack Horseman -televisiosarjasta. Sanahirviöitä käytetään sarjassa komedian välineenä, ja niillä kommunikoidaan myös tarinalle olennaisia asioita. Niitä löytyy 31 kappaletta sarjan ensimmäisen viiden ja puolen kauden mitalta. Kirjoitin sanahirviöt ylös tekstitysten kera ja analysoin ne käyttämällä Nidan dynaamista ekvivalenssiteoriaa sekä runoudelle ja sanahirviöille yhteisiä kielen piirteitä. Analyysissä kategorisoin sanahirviöiden käännökset kolmeen kategoriaan: onnistuneet, osittain onnistuneet ja epäonnistuneet. Jaottelu tulee Nidalta, joka pitää funktionsa täyttäneitä käännöksiä onnistuneina ja funktion vajaaksi jättäviä epäonnistuneina. Tuloksista huomataan, että onnistuneissa käännöksissä on käytetty runouden piirteitä, jotka joissain tapauksissa ovat samoja kuin lähtötekstissä. Joissain tapauksissa ne on korvattu toisilla. Onnistuneet sanahirviöt välittivät myös sanahirviön taustalla olevan viestin onnistuneesti. Osittain onnistuneissa käännöksissä sanahirviöt jäivät nimensä mukaisesti osittaisiksi. Niissä on käytetty runouden piirteitä, mutta piirteet jäävät vähäisiksi tai ne on jätetty pois osasta käännöstä. Osittain onnistuneissa käännöksissä viesti kärsi vain joissain tapauksissa. Epäonnistuneiden käännösten kategoriassa käännöksistä jätettiin sanahirviöt kokonaan pois ja siitä kärsi sekä sanahirviö että viesti. Tutkielma on siinä mielessä rajallinen, että materiaalina toimi vain yhden ohjelman tekstitykset. Toisaalta tutkielmassa käytetty materiaali on kerätty kyseisen ohjelman viideltä eri kaudelta ja useasta jaksosta, minkä ansiosta materiaali on monipuolinen, sillä kääntäjiä on useita useammalta vuodelta. Sanahirviöitä ei ole juurikaan tutkittu käännöstieteen alalla, joten toivonkin tämän tutkielman olevan hyödyksi tuleville käännöstieteen tutkimuksille. Keywords: sanahirviö, ekvivalenssi, dynaaminen ekvivalenssi, audiovisuaalinen kääntäminen, BoJack Horseman Tämän tutkielman alkuperäisyys on tarkastettu Turnitin OriginalityCheck -ohjelmalla. Table of Contents 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 1 2 Tongue Twisters, Poetic Characteristics and Translation ................................................................. 2 3 Nida’s Equivalence ........................................................................................................................... 5 4 Material and Method ......................................................................................................................... 6 5 Analysis and Discussion ................................................................................................................... 7 5.1 Successful translations ............................................................................................................... 7 5.2 Partly successful ....................................................................................................................... 13 5.3 Unsuccessful ............................................................................................................................. 15 6 Conclusions ..................................................................................................................................... 16 7 References ....................................................................................................................................... 18 7.1 Research Data ........................................................................................................................... 18 7.2 Literature .................................................................................................................................. 18 1 Introduction Tongue twisters are words, phrases or sentences that use combinations and repetition of speech sounds
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