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Current State and Problems of Japanese Higher Education

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Current State and Problems of Japanese Higher Education Seminar on higher education at the Ministry of Higher Education (Research Centre), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 29 January 2005. Current State and Problems of Contents Japanese Higher Education I Education system in Japan II Higher education in Japan III Recent developments in higher education reform 1. Incorporation of national universities 2. The University Council and the deregulation in University of Tokyo higher education Jun Oba 3. University financing – increasing competition be- Research Institute for Higher Education tween public and private sectors Hiroshima University, Japan 4. Internationalisation of higher education [email protected] 1 2 I Education system in Japan Percentage of children in full-time elementary 1. Development of the modern educa- education between 1875 and 1925 tion system 100 90 ● Development of Terakoya in the Edo period 80 ● Introduction of a modern education system after 70 the Meiji Restoration (1868) - Education System 60 Order (Gakusei) 50 ● Generalisation of elementary education at the be- 40 ginning of the 20th century 30 20 Total 10 Boys Girls 0 1875 1880 1885 1890 1895 1900 1905 1910 1915 1920 1925 3 4 Percentage of students enrolling in upper sec- ondary schools and higher education institu- 2. Organisation of the school system tions (universities and junior colleges) 100.0 ● A number of amendments and revisions to the 90.0 system under the Gakusei (School System Order) 80.0 ● 70.0 Characteristics of the pre-war school system: 60.0 –a relatively short period of compulsory education, 50.0 common to all; 40.0 –a multiple track system after that period 30.0 20.0 Upper secondary school 10.0 Higher education (unive- rsity and junior college) 0.0 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 5 6 After World War II ● Entire revision under the occupation ● Nine-year compulsory education ● Unified into a single track system –universities being open to every graduate of an upper- secondary school –abolition of distinction among higher education insti- tutions, except the junior colleges as an interim sys- tem Organisation of the school system in 1944 7 8 Organisation of the present school Number of schools, students and system teachers as of 1st May 2004 normal age school year Number of schools Number of students Number of teachers* 26 21 Doctor University on i Kindergarten 14,061 1,753,396 109,853 25 t 20 (graduate school) a 24 c 19 23 18 Elementary school 23,420 7,200,929 414,887 edu Master 22 r 17 21 ghe 16 Lower secondary school 11,102 3,663,512 249,801 20 Hi 15 University 19 14 (faculty) College Advanced Junior college Upper secondary school 5,429 3,719,048 255,629 18 13 courses Special 17 12 of training Secondary education school 18 6,051 470 y 16 r 11 Upper secondary school school on i Secondary t 15 da 10 Technology a n Special education schools c education o 14 u 9 c 999 98,796 62,255 on e school i ed 13 8 Lower secondary school t (for handicapped children) S a 12 7 c 11 6 College of technology 63 58,681 4,474 edu 10 5 y r y on r i o t a 9 4 Elementary school s a l Junior college 508 233,749 12,740 m c i r 8 u 3 pu P m 7 ed 2 o University 709 2,809,323 158,756 6 1 c 5 l oo on i t h Special training school 3,443 791,540 40,675 a 4 sc c Kindergarten - e du r e 3 P Miscellaneous schools 1,878 178,115 11,267 9 10 A very good performance in primary and sec- ondary education PISA 2000: Top 10 ● Ranking in the OECD's PISA 2000 Reading Mathematics Science –first group for mathematics and science 1 Finland Japan South Korea –second group for reading 2 Canada South Korea Japan 3 New Zealand New Zealand Finland ● PISA 2003 4 Australia Finland UK –still in the same groups as the PISA 2000 5 Ireland Australia Canada –Japan slightly lowered its ranking by country. 6 South Korea Canada New Zealand 7 UK Switzerland Australia 8 Japan UK Austria 9 Sweden Belgium Ireland 10 Austria France Sweden 11 12 II Higher education in Japan PISA 2003 : Top 10 and Japan 1. Foundation of modern higher edu- Reading Mathematics Problem-solving cation institutions 1 Finland Finland South Korea 2 South Korea Japan Hong Kong ● Establishment of the University of Tokyo (later 3 Canada Hong Kong Finland Imperial University, then Tokyo Imperial Univer- 4 Australia South Korea Japan sity) by the Government in 1887 5 Lichtenstein Lichtenstein New Zealand ● 6 New Zealand Australia Macao Other imperial universities in major cities 7 Ireland Macao Australia 8 Sweden Holland Lichtenstein 9 Holland Czech Republic Canada 10 Hong Kong New Zealand Belgium -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14 Japan 13 14 ● Characteristics of these institutions ● Other institutions –Governmental institutions –Governmental institutions other than imperial univer- sities –Organised on the continental European model (esp- ecially Germanic) –Local public institutions –Bureaucratic system with quasi-autonomous academic –Private institutions units (faculties) ● Specialised School Order in 1903 ● University Order in 1918 –acknowledgement of the university status to non-gov- ernmental institutions 15 16 Number of higher education institu- Characteristics of pre-war higher edu- tions as of 1943 cation ● Well-organised bureaucratic administration sys- Universities Specialised tem in governmental institutions [imperial univer- Total Schools ● sities] Coexistence of three sectors of higher education institutions – governmental (national), local pub- Governmental lic and private (national) 19 [7] 58 77 Local public 2 24 26 ● Absolute priority to the national institutions, es- pecially the imperial universities Private 28 134 162 Total 49 [7] 216 275 17 18 2. The expansion of higher education After the war (as of 1949) and its decline ● 70 national universities without difference in le- ● Rapid growth of higher education in the 1960s gal status among them and early 1970s ● 17 local public universities ● Number of institutions ● 81 private universities –1960 : 245 universities and 280 junior colleges – ● Junior colleges (regarded as provisional) 1975 : 420 universities and 513 junior colleges ● Multiplication of students from 1960 to 1975 –Universities : 2.77 times –Junior colleges : 4.28 times 19 20 Number of universities by sector 750 ● Enrolment ratio (of the age cohort) 700 650 Private Public 600 –10.3% in 1960 National 550 –38.4% in 1975 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 21 22 Number of junior colleges by sector Students enrolment in universities 3,000,000 600 2,750,000 550 Private Private 2,500,000 500 Public Public National National 450 2,250,000 400 2,000,000 350 1,750,000 300 1,500,000 250 1,250,000 200 1,000,000 150 750,000 100 500,000 50 250,000 0 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 0 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 23 24 Second expansion in the 1980s and Trends in 18-year-old population and early 1990s access to higher education 250 50% ● Number of universities 225 45% –1980 : 446 universities (93 national, 34 public and 200 40% 319 private) 175 35% 150 30% ds n a –1995 : 565 universities s (98 national, 52 public and hou t 125 25% f o s en 415 private) t 100 20% –2004 : 709 universities (87 national, 80 public and 75 15% 542 private) 50 10% 25 5% 0 0% 69 74 79 84 02 07 56 61 66 71 76 89 9 9 9 9 9 9 958 963 994 999 004 009 1955 1 1957 1 1959 1960 1 1962 1 1964 1965 1 1967 1968 19 1970 1 1972 1973 19 1975 1 1977 1978 19 1980 1981 1982 1983 19 1985 1986 1987 1988 1 1990 1991 1992 1993 1 1995 1996 1997 1998 1 2000 2001 20 2003 2 2005 2006 20 2008 2 18-year-olds Entrants (universities & junior Ratio of the age group colleges) advancing to universities and junior colleges 25 26 III Recent developments in higher education reform a. Progress towards incorporation 1. Incorporation of national universi- ● Proposals for incorporation ties –Teikokudaigaku dokuritsuan shiko [Private study on independence of the Imperial University] in 1899 ● Change in the status of the governmental institu- –Michio Nagai's Daigakukosya [university corpora- tions tion] in 1962. ● Legal personality and more autonomy –The Central Council for Education's proposal on in- corporation of national universities 27 28 ● Discussion at the National Council on Educa- ● A new administrative system "Independent Ad- tional Reform in the late 1980s ministrative Institution (IAI)" in 1999 ● Some governmental consultative organs' recom- ● 57 new autonomous governmental corporations mendations in the framework of administrative in April 2001 reform of the government ● Study on the incorporation of national universi- ● Unanimous rejection on the part of national uni- ties in this framework versities and the Monbusho (Ministry of Educa- tion) 29 30 b. The national university corporation system (1) Goals/plan and evaluation ● A ministerial study on the incorporation of na- tional universities from 1999 ● A legal personality to each national university ● Laws on the incorporation of national universities ● Block funds in 2003 ● Definition of st ● Incorporation on 1 April 2004 –goals by the Minister of Education –a plan by each university (then approved by the Min- ister of Education) 31 32 Recommendations, if necessary Commission on Policy Evaluation and Evaluation of Independent Administrative Institutions (Ministry of Public Management and Home Affairs) Opinions, if Report on the results necessary of evaluation MEXT Report on the results of evaluation ● An evaluation committee in the Ministry of Edu- Opinions on Consultations MTG/MTP, etc.
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