This item is a finding aid to a ProQuest Research Collection in Microform. To learn more visit: www.proquest.com or call (800) 521-0600 This product is no longer affiliated or otherwise associated with any LexisNexis® company. Please contact ProQuest® with any questions or comments related to this product. About ProQuest: ProQuest connects people with vetted, reliable information. Key to serious research, the company has forged a 70-year reputation as a gateway to the world’s knowledge – from dissertations to governmental and cultural archives to news, in all its forms. Its role is essential to libraries and other organizations whose missions depend on the delivery of complete, trustworthy information. 789 E. Eisenhower Parkway ￭ P.O Box 1346 ￭ Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346 ￭ USA ￭ Tel: 734.461.4700 ￭ Toll-free 800-521-0600 ￭ www.proquest.com A Guide to the Microfilm Edition of Confidential U.S. State Department Central Files JAPAN 1967–1969 Part 1: Political, Governmental, and National Defense Affairs A UPA Collection from Confidential U.S. State Department Central Files JAPAN 1967–1969 PART 1: POLITICAL, GOVERNMENTAL, AND NATIONAL DEFENSE AFFAIRS Subject-Numeric Categories: AID, CSM, DEF, and POL Guide compiled by Todd Michael Porter A UPA Collection from 7500 Old Georgetown Road • Bethesda, MD 2081420814-6126 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Confidential U.S. State Department central files. Japan 1967–1969 [microform] : subject-numeric categories AID, CSM, DEF, and POL microfilm reels ; 35 mm. Summary: Reproduces documents from among the records of the U.S. Department of State in the custody of the National Archives. Accompanied by a printed guide compiled by Todd Michael Porter. ISBN 1-55655-892-9 1. United States—Foreign relations—Japan—Sources. 2. Japan—Foreign relations—United States—Sources. 3. Japan—Foreign relations—1945–1989— Sources. 4. United States. Dept. of State—Archives. I. Porter, Todd Michael, 1976– . II. University Publications of America (Firm) E183.8.J3 327.7305209'046—dc22 2007061468 CIP The documents reproduced in this publication are among the records of the U.S. Department of State in the custody of the National Archives of the United States. No copyright is claimed in these official records. Copyright © 2007 LexisNexis, a division of Reed Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. ISBN 0-55655-892-9. TABLE OF CONTENTS Scope and Content Note ................................................................................................. v Source Note ..................................................................................................................... ix Editorial Note ................................................................................................................. ix State Department Records Classification System, February 1963–July 1973 .......... xi Subject File Outlines (with Secondary File Designations) ................................ xvii Country Abbreviations .......................................................................................... xix Sample Reel Index Entries ........................................................................................ xxix Abbreviations ............................................................................................................. xxxi Reel Index Reel 1 Economic Assistance (AID) ................................................................................... 1 Reel 2 Communism (CSM) .............................................................................................. 7 Defense Affairs (DEF)............................................................................................ 8 Reels 3–4 Defense Affairs (DEF) cont. ................................................................................. 13 Reel 5 Defense Affairs (DEF) cont. ................................................................................ 20 Political Affairs and Relations (POL) .................................................................. 22 Reels 6–18 Political Affairs and Relations (POL) cont. .......................................................... 24 Subject Index ................................................................................................................. 65 iii SCOPE AND CONTENT NOTE Japan’s resurrection following World War II is one of the greatest stories of the twentieth century. After a brief period under U.S. occupation and armed with a new pacifist constitution, Japan embarked in the 1950s on a phenomenal period of economic growth that lasted nearly four decades. This collection, which covers the period 1967– 1969, witnesses a Japan flush with economic and political power but still chafing under the military dominance of the United States. The documents come from the U.S. State Department Central Files, which are the definitive source of American diplomatic reporting on political, military, social, and economic developments throughout the world in the twentieth century. The files are arranged according to the State Department Records Classification System, February 1963–1973, and this edition focuses on documents from the AID (Economic Assistance), CSM (Communism), DEF (Defense Affairs), and POL (Political Affairs and Relations) categories. The files are derived from a wide array of sources, including cables sent and received by diplomatic personnel; reports of meetings between U.S. and foreign government officials; newspaper summaries and clippings; descriptions of routine legislative proceedings; speeches and correspondence; and miscellaneous reports on an assortment of political, social, and economic affairs. Information on these and other topics can be found by consulting the Subject Index at the back of the guide, or by browsing through the Reel Index. As the 1960s drew to a close, Japan was riding high on a wave of spectacular economic growth that averaged 10 percent a year. As the AID documents in Reel 1 demonstrate, this burgeoning economic strength enabled Japan to become a significant contributor of economic aid and assistance, especially in developing countries. Along with this economic strength came political strength: Reels 6, 7, 11, and 14 document the activities of Japanese diplomats and politicians throughout the world, with a heavy focus on the former holdings of the Japanese Empire in east and southeast Asia. Despite lingering resentments, particularly in China and Korea, the ties that bound industrial Japan to its neighbors retained their force. The Japanese government was dominated in the postwar decades by the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), which was opposed by a broad but weak range of groups, including the Japanese Communist Party (JCP), Japanese Socialist Party (JSP), Democratic Socialist Party (DSP), and Komeito (Clean Government Political Assembly). Even when banded together these leftist parties were no match for the LDP, but their increasing clout in the late 1960s was a reflection of growing political frictions within Japan. Elections for the National Diet occurred on a yearly basis during these years, with the LDP maintaining its position as the majority party. Although Emperor Hirohito (reigned 1926–1989) retained a position of prestige, the country was governed by Prime Minister Eisaku Sato, who was in power from 1964 to 1972. Although he believed in the necessity of maintaining strong ties with the United States, he was quick to defend Japan’s right to follow an independent policy in both domestic and international affairs. v Other prominent LDP figures featured in this collection include Takeo Miki, the foreign minister, and his successor Kiichi Aichi. Although postwar Japan hewed firmly to the principle of pacifism, it nevertheless pursued an aggressive policy of defensive rearmament, with full U.S. support. While the LDP strongly favored a renewal of the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty, which was set to expire in 1970, other sections of Japanese society loudly displayed their displeasure with the “imperial” United States, incensed especially by the Vietnam War, visits by nuclear- powered warships to Japanese ports, and continued U.S. control over Okinawa. Violent protests in Sasebo and other cities, spearheaded by the JCP, JSP, labor unions, and student groups, introduced a troubling new dimension to Japanese political culture. The United States, meanwhile, did what it could to palliate Japanese criticism, for example, by closing or relocating military bases and fretting over the visits of nuclear- powered ships. By far the most explosive issue was the question of the reversion of Okinawa (and the rest of the Ryukyu Islands) to Japanese control, a topic that takes center stage in Reels 15–18. As the documents reveal, Japan and the United States engaged in serious negotiations concerning all aspects of the reversion, particularly the financial, economic, and military dimensions. The negotiations lasted throughout this period, bolstered by Sato’s visits to Washington in 1967 and 1969 to meet with Presidents Lyndon Baines Johnson and Richard M. Nixon. Although both meetings covered a wide range of issues, the most important topic in the subsequent joint communiqués was the fate of Okinawa. In essence, the Okinawa reversion and the impending renewal of the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty became tightly entwined: handing Okinawa back to the Japanese became an essential (though unspoken) precondition to renewal of the treaty—not because they were seen as quid pro quo but rather because Okinawa was a major source of anti-U.S. sentiment,