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DOCUMENT RESUME ED 124 409 Radiological Safety Handbook. 835P DOCUMENT RESUME ED 124 409 SE 020 -603 TITLE Radiological Safety Handbook. INSTITUTION Army Ordnance Center .and School, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md. PUB DATE [ 76 NOTE . 835p.; Occasional small print and Iighttype EDRS PRICE MF-$1.50 HC-$44.87 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Armed Forces; *Instructional Materials; Lasers; measurement Inst , mar ehys-rcgr-Nuclea-r-' Warfare; *Radiatione-*Radiation Effects; *Safety; Science Education; Teaching Guides , IDENTIFIERS Army ABSTRACT Written to be used concurrently with the U.S. Army's 'Radiological Safety Course, this publication discusses the causes, sources, and detection of nuclear radiation. In. addition, the transportation and disposal of, radioactive materials are covered. The report also deals with the,safety precautions to be observed when working with lasers, microwave generators, and particle accelerators. Work problems with solutions are provided for these topics mentioned.. (CP) *********************************************************************** *- Documents acquired by ERIC include many informal unpublished * .* materials not available from other sources. ERIC:makes every effort * * to obtain the best copy. available. Nevertheless,' items of marginal* * reproducibility are often encountered and this_affects the quality * * of the microfiche and hardcopy reproductions EPIC makes available *. * via the ERIC Document Reproduction Service (EDRS). EDRS is not * * responsible for the quality of the original document. Reproductions * * supplied by EDRS are thQ best that can be made from the original. * *********************************************************************** SCOPE OF INTEREST NOTICE ft U S DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH EDUCATION & WELFARE '11,e. ERIC F.ChIy has atered NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF th.s document for rroceivh9 EDUCATION o mAS _RCPRo- In 04 14/0genlenly th,S document Ott',...E 0 ExACTLY AS REU,,E0 ;ROM 31$0 of Me, eS1 to the C'ebron- '.E SO% OR OR.;:.% ZAT014OR,Gh t,04.41eS noted to the t. ht Index - .T.T.4C. PO NTS 04 ,.'Er. OR OP.N,ONS 46 t ng shOuldmIlect the, m4,41 SraE0 DO NOT hECESSAR iv RERRE po,nts of v.ew, SENTOrcC'AL NAT OVAL hS',TUTE Or EDvCal Oh POS.'.0h OR P0-4..CY I # A RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY HANDBOOK 4 COURSE NAME , 'GROUND, MARYLAND , U.S. ARMY ORDNANCE CENTER ANDSCHOOL ABERDEEN PROVING ; 7:,^4-1 -7! A 2 G. INDEX SUBJECT PAGE .DB010 Struqtire of Matter 1 4. DB040 -Radioactivity 39 DF020 _Radiation Units 65 DF030 Introduction to Pam ?5 87 DF040 Nature of X and Gamma Radiation 89. DF050 Table of Isotopes 91 DF060 Shielding of ChargedParticles 115 DF070 Special Hazards /123 DF080 RadiumHazards and Con rol. 14'6 DF 100 Shielding of X andGam Radiation 164 DF110 Basics- of Radiation D ction 178 DF130', Computational Procedures inPhysical Sciences * 182 DF140' Radiac Instruments 203 DF 170 ,Standards for Protection 218 4,, DF 1,30 Safe-Handling andStorage of Radioactive Material 252 DF200 Introduction to Scaler Counting - 270 DF2l2 Characteristics and Detectionof Neutron 302 DF2.30 Shieldirig Propertiesof Materials 326 DF241 Scintillation Instruments .350. DF250 Alpha Instruments 358 DF260 The Army Radiac InstrumentCalibration System 368 0 111 a' 372 DF270 ; Nuic lear Reactors - . .390 ",DF290 Leta Particle Considerations Techniques and DF310 /Radiac Instrument Calibration 424 Equipment . 440 Computatinarceuresol Pod iniPhysicalPhil Si DF32,0 .. ____, _ _ 471 DF340 Leakage Test / 477 IDF350 ; Control and Reporting ofRadioactive Material .I 524 DF370 Licensing and SOPWilting 553 4.2.1,0 Air Sampling 577 DF400 Transportation ofRadioactiveMaterial 619 'DF410 Dfsposal of Waote RadioactiveMaterial 644 'DF420 RadiologicalDecontamination- 654 DF430 - Health PhysicsEnvironmental Survey 658 DF440 Radiological Safety InvolvingX-Rays 679 DF450 Lasers - Operation andSafety 716 DF460 Microwave Radiation andSafety Procedures 723 DF470 Radiation Protection OfficerCase Studies' 745 DF480 4 Accelerators only) 749 DF490 NAICP Orientation(Radiological Safety Course 755 DF510 Management of RadiationAccidents 796 DF540 Computational Proceduresin Physical Sciences (Radiological Safety DZ040 Radiological Safety Seminar 830 Course only) 4 ZZ Appendix I Title 10, Part 20; Code of' Federal Regulations 840. Appendix II2n Table 861. a./ 1 I r. 34. .4 /. 5. 4 iii FOREWORD TO STUDENTS. This Radiological Safety Handbookis a study aid for students * attending the Radiological Safety Courseinstructed by the NBC Division, and_GrOund Support Training Department,.U.S. Army Ordnance Center and School, AberdeenPrOving Ground, MD 21005.It should prove invaluable in providing students withthe practical knowledge of solving problems _pertinent to radiologicalsafety - a must for the completionof this course -- and will be .avalliable asset for on-the-job reference. t Subjects are presented numerically according. to their file numbers, withpageswithin each lesson numbered. in sequence. Each lesson file number is presented in five par,ts as applicable. I.References and/or DisCus'Sion. Lesson Objectives and Notes. 111.Labol-atory EXercise and/or Handouts. IV: Problems. V. Solutions to Problems. Bccause there may beseveral correct methods of solving the ' problems, the solutions given are for only one method.Other methods may be equally valid but may give.a slightly different numerical answer; reasonable agreement, though, is necessary. Thispublication has deliberately been slanted toward. a specific objective; thereis no claim of its being exhaustive or all-inclusive. Instructors willbe happy to recommend otherreferences when further information is desiredor reauired- The NBC Division welcomes any'comments or corrections concerning this handbook. 6 iv I PADIATION SAFETY PRECAUTIONS. A. Radiation Hazards: To train personnel properly in the use and operationof radiac instruments, radioactive materials are used in many of-theexer- cises conducted .in the Radiological Laboratgries. There is a N.htalth hazard involved when these radioactive materialsare used Safety measures have bele,a_prescribedso that these-hazards may-- b4 reduced to a safe limit. 'An office has been setup insure that these safety to measures are carried out.'" Thisorganization is known as the Health PhysicsDivision. B. Safety Procedures. 1. The fundamental purposes for radiation safetymeasures are: *a, to prevent ingestion, inhalation,or othtr entry of radioisotopes into the body, to maintain the_amount ofexternal exposure to ionizing radiation below permissible limits,an c. , to minimize theexposure of pers'Onnel to harmful ionizing rddiation. 2. The prescribed radiation safety precautions usedat the U. S. ArmyOrdnanceCenterand Schoolinclude thefollowing: a. Personnel will wear film badgesfor all laboratory periods. ' These.film badges are initially.signed for by students in the homeclassroom. For all classes requiring film badges, studentsobtain them from the film badge racks outside thescaler lab (classroom T). These racks contain numberedfilm badges. Posted above, the'racks is a class rosterindicating the film, badge assigned to each student. 8ecords bf radiationexposures are made for all personnel exposedto radiation, at the School. These reac,;lsare-kepton permanent file in'the Radiation Dosimet ection, and at the conclusion of 41, each class the student'sorganization receivesa copy if his dose exceeds 20nnrern. b. No smoking, drinking,oreatingis permitted at anytime in the presence of radioactive materials. Areas in the k laboratories in which these safetyprecautions are en- forced are the scaler laboratory(LAB9), laboratory'-4 & Bldg 5218,and the alpha monitoring area. 7, ., c. Hands will be washed prior toeach departure from the laboratory when radioactiveemitters have begn handled. Lavatory facilities are providedfor this purpose. ,d.Radioa we materialsuser the calibration of radiac instrum ents will not be handled ortampered with in any way by unauthorizedpersonnel. ..; 1- / , DB010 k LJCC A I LL DB010, STRUCTURE,OF\MATTER . I.References: Chapters 1 and 2attachods ST 3-155,para 1.1-1.5. II.Lesson Objectives and Notes: C A.Concept of atoms includingprotons, electrons, and neutrons. z .-- B.Use of the A and Z number notation. C.Concept of isotopes. i k u 10 1 Notes:, III. Handouts: None IV. Problems: -None V. Solutions: None 2 f CHAPTER 1 STRUCTURE OF . 1.1. GENERAL In order to understand nuclear radiation, one must acquirea knowl- edge,of the structure of matter,particularly the structure of the,atom. Nuclear radiation comes from within matter as a spontaneousemission; ', specifically, it comes from the nucleusof the This chapter provides a brief discussion of thestructure of the at as a hack- ground for studying the nature of radiation. ' 1.2. ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS a. 'The following definitions dealing withthe structure of matter are necessary: P (1) Elements are pure substances whichcannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemicalreactions. The smallest subdivision of the element which maintains-theproperties of the element is the atom. (2) Compounds are substances (consistingof two or more elements) which may. be broken down into simplersubstances by chemical reactions; and, likewise, may be formedfrom simpler sub- stances. The new cesormed do not exhibit the characteristic of the origi substance. For example, sugar is a c ound which can be broken down intotheele- . ments carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. The smallest subdivision of the compound which ,still retainsits properties is the "molecule, which Is a group of twoor more atoms tightly, held together., b. The dql4dction between an element anda compound is
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