1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 Colloquial 8 9 10 Hebrew 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 4211 The Colloquial Series Series Adviser: Gary King The following languages are available in the Colloquial series: * Afrikaans * Japanese Albanian * Korean * Amharic * Latvian Arabic (Levantine) * Lithuanian * Arabic of Egypt Malay Arabic of the Gulf and * Mongolian Saudi Arabia * Norwegian Basque Panjabi * Breton * Persian Bulgarian Polish * Cambodian * Portuguese * Cantonese * Portuguese of Brazil * Chinese * Romanian * Croatian and Serbian * Russian Czech * Scottish Gaelic Danish * Slovak * Dutch * Slovene * Estonian Somali * Finnish * Spanish French * Spanish of Latin America German * Swahili Greek Swedish Gujarati * Tamil * Hebrew * Thai * Hindi Turkish * Hungarian Ukrainian * Icelandic Urdu Indonesian * Vietnamese Italian * Welsh Accompanying cassette(s) (*and CDs) are available for the above titles. They can be ordered through your bookseller, or send payment with order to Taylor & Francis/Routledge Ltd, ITPS, Cheriton House, North Way, Andover, Hants SP10 5BE, UK, or to Routledge Inc, 29 West 35th Street, New York NY 10001, USA. COLLOQUIAL CD-ROMs Multimedia Language Courses Available in: Chinese, French, Portuguese and Spanish 1111 2 3 4 5 6 Colloquial 7 8 9 10 Hebrew 11 12 13 14 15 The Complete Course 16 17 for Beginners 18 19 20 21 22 Zippi Lyttleton and Tamar Wang 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 4211 London and New York First published in 2004 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group © 2004 Zippi Lyttleton and Tamar Wang This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record for this book has been requested ISBN 0-203-41352-0 Master e-book ISBN
ISBN 0-415-24048-4 (book) ISBN 0-415-24049-2 (tapes) ISBN 0-415-30260-9 (CD) ISBN 0-415-24050-6 (pack) 1111 2 Contents 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Acknowledgements vii 12 13 Introduction 1 14 15 16 18Ú·¯È˙ ÂÏÎ˙«· Ϙ¯«‡ 17 Reading and writing Hebrew 18 19 224·È◊¯‡Ï ÙÈ˯ 20 Peter arrives in Israel 21 339ωÈÙ‚÷? ‡Ù÷¯ 22 Can we meet? 23 24 455٫ٻϯÈ˙ Ó‡«„ ÓÒÚ„‰ ʇ˙ 25 It’s a very popular restaurant 26 27 572Â˙ÎÈ«˙ Ó÷ÙÁ‰ 28 Family and plans 29 30 692·˜È«Ô ˜ÈÈ«˙ 31 Shopping at the mall 32 7ÒÈ„»¯ÈÌ 113 33 Making arrangements 34 35 8»·ÊÓÔ ·„¯Í 132 36 On the road and on time 37 38 9··È˙ ÎÓ« ‡ÈÔ 157 39 Home Sweet Home 40 41 10Â˙¯·»˙ Ò¬«¯Ë 177 4211 Sport and culture v vi
11‰ÓÏÁ ÏÈÌ ·„¯Í 199 Driving down to the Dead Sea 12·Ó¯Ù‡‰ 218 At the doctor’s 13‰˜«„÷ Úȯ ȯ»÷ÏÈÌ 238 Jerusalem the holy city 14Â˙˜˘«¯˙ ÚÈ˙«»˙ 258 Media and communications
Key to exercises 272 Appendix l Transliterations for Units 10–14 326 Appendix ll Quick Grammar Reference 337 Appendix lll Prepositions Chart 348 Verb Glossary 350 Hebrew–English Glossary 371 Index 390 1111 2 Acknowledgements 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Sincere thanks and appreciation are due to Sarena Alfandary for 10 her successful ‘matchmaking’ – working together on this project 11 was great fun; to Adam Albion, who generously gave of his time 12 to pilot our first few units – his encouraging comments and useful 13 suggestions were beacons of light in the early days; to Sally Levy 14 and Aviva Karlinski, who, despite the difficult times, provided 15 much needed back-up and encouragement from home ground in 16 Israel, with punchy names, jokes, realia and all kinds of informa- 17 tion; to Sally for her introduction to the Ulpan Akhvah in Rishon 18 Le Zion whose wonderful staff opened their doors and offered 19 important insights; to Zehavah Meyusef for her expertise in 20 Hebrew grammar and invaluable advice on colloquial and accepted 21 usage; to Harvey Miller and Ofra and Jeff Graham for commenting 22 on the completed draft; to Haya Vardy, illustrator, for her draw- 23 ings that so effectively animate the text; to Gary King, Series 24 Editor, Sophie Oliver, Language Editor, and Ruth Jeavons, 25 Production Editor, at Routledge, without whom this book would 26 never have been started, and very importantly, finished; to all 27 pupils, colleagues and friends whose helpful comments throughout 28 the writing were always greatly appreciated; and last, but of course 29 not least, to our long-suffering families and friends who put up 30 with us working into the small hours. 31 This book has seen us through sad times and happy, some of 32 the most painful times in the history of the Middle East, alongside 33 family celebrations and many vicissitudes of life and computers. 34 We hope this book will make a contribution towards broadening 35 communication and understanding, and we thank the very many 36 people who have encouraged us along the way and helped bring 37 it to fruition. 38 39 40 Tamar Wang and Zippi Lyttleton 41 4211
1111 2 Introduction 3 4 5 6 7 8 About this book 9 10 Colloquial Hebrew aims to teach Hebrew as it is spoken in Israel 11 today, to give you a level of competence to be able to travel around 12 and to converse generally on a range of topics. Being able to read 13 menus, road signs, posters, brochures as well as to catch snippets 14 of conversations, are part and parcel of this competence. It will 15 help you to understand, be understood and to feel more a part of 16 what is going on around you. 17 Each lesson or unit contains dialogues of everyday encounters 18 and situations, which introduce vocabulary and language points you 19 can practise in the exercises that follow. We hope our dialogues 20 will be entertaining as well as realistic and that you will find a good 21 variety of exercises to allow you ample opportunity to gain confi- 22 dence in your fast-growing skills. 23 We strongly recommend that you do all the exercises, as they 24 progress in difficulty, allowing you to learn step by step, and we 25 hope you will enjoy the journey to proficiency. At the end of the 26 book is a key so that you can check your answers. Some answers 27 to exercises will also give a transliteration and/or a translation, so 28 don’t give up if an exercise looks too difficult to decipher at first 29 sight! You will also find glossaries of vocabulary taught, together 30 with a grammar section, which draw together major points in 31 schematic form for easy reference. 32 Hebrew is a logical, elegant and highly accessible language. It 33 is a shame that the biggest stumbling block for many students 34 comes right at the beginning: at first sight Hebrew’s unfamiliar 35 alphabet may seem an insurmountable obstacle. Yet the Hebrew 36 alphabet is not as alien as it might appear, since it lies at the base 37 of English and other Indo-European languages. The names of the 38 letters in the English alphabet are remnants of old Hebrew words 39 representing the ancient letters. Hebrew is closely related to 40 ancient Phoenician; the ancient Greeks who traded with the 41 Phoenicians were the first to adopt their alphabet around 800 BCE, 4211 and added signs for vowels missing in the Semitic alphabet. Initially, Greek too was written from right to left like Hebrew, and 2
when they started to write from left to right some of the letters were turned around. Playing around with a couple of the Phoenician letters below, you will soon see the resemblance to the English letters we use today. Phoenician Roman A S So the Hebrew alphabet may not be as difficult as it looks. If you work slowly through the alphabet, describing each letter closely for yourself, you will soon find that you are reading with little diffi- culty. You may want to think about what the letter reminds you of: for instance, the letter L in Hebrew is Ï , which looks a bit like lightning, or maybe a llama; the letter d is „ which could be seen as a door-hinge; h is ‰ – a house with a hole in its wall; p is Ù , possibly a pug-dog’s face! You may prefer to give yourself aural rather than visual clues, or a mixture of both. We have tried to suggest mnemonics in our pronunciation guide, but you will learn most effectively when you find the ones that mean most to you. The accompanying tapes or CDs should help you too in associ- ating sound and symbol directly. Hebrew letters are all consonants (although two double up as vowels, as you will see); the vowels are indicated by dots and dashes above, below and sometimes in between the letters. Like other Semitic languages, Hebrew is a consonantal language in that the meaning of a word depends primarily on the consonants; vowel changes generally indicate nuances or light modification of the basic meaning. In some ways this is also true of English: ‘did’ and ‘deed’ are clearly related, but then ‘dead’ means something very different; the change in the vowels has created an entirely different meaning. In Hebrew the consonants dictate the meaning, whatever the vowels. Vowel signs were added to Hebrew texts around the seventh and eighth centuries CE when the use of Hebrew as a conversa- tional language had become less widespread and many people needed pronunciation guides. Modern Israelis, like the speakers of Hebrew in biblical times, have little need of these guides and only use them in cases of particular difficulty – where, for instance, there is an ambiguity in meaning that the context cannot sort out, or in foreign names or borrowed words that Hebrew speakers cannot be 3
1111 expected to know. Poetry, children’s books and liturgy tend to be 2 vocalized (carry vowel signs), otherwise, context and knowledge of 3 the spoken language is as much information as the reader needs 4 and vowel signs are not commonly used today. 5 For this reason we have decided not to use vowels signs in this 6 course other than in certain cases, such as those described above 7 and in the Bible verses included in Unit 13. We will however be 8 using what is known as ‘the full spelling’ (Óχ Î˙È· ), which makes 9 use of those consonants that can also act as vowels, as well as occa- 10 sional pointing (vowel signs) to help you. 11 It is not as difficult as it sounds; look at the following sentence: 12 I’m cnfsd alrdy; pls cn I lrn Frnch instd? 13 14 In fact, once you get used to the absence of all but the most essen- 15 tial vowels, learning Hebrew can often be far easier than learning 16 French! 17 It is true that you can read the above because you already speak 18 English, so you might well say, “But if I don’t know how to speak 19 Hebrew, how can I hope to be able to read it?” “Simple,” is the 20 answer: we will teach you how to speak Hebrew with the aid of 21 transliteration. You will learn how to pronounce a Hebrew word 22 through its transliteration into roman letters and then learn to 23 recognize the Hebrew. You will not need the vowel system to help 24 you; the Hebrew consonants will provide enough prompts – as it 25 does for Israelis. It is rather like learning to ride a bicycle. Many 26 people complain that learning with sidewheels lengthens the 27 process – once you get used to stabilizers, it is hard to do without 28 them – and indeed many students of Hebrew find difficulty reading 29 without vowels if vowels have formed an integral part of their 30 learning to read. 31 However, since there are occasions when the vowels are used, 32 it is still important for you to learn them. We have therefore intro- 33 duced them together with the alphabet in the first unit where you 34 will have an opportunity to practise reading and writing with and 35 without vowels. 36 It is worth remembering that modern Hebrew is not so far away 37 from ancient Hebrew, so that mastery of this course should enable 38 you to make sense of many passages in the Bible. While the Torah 39 scrolls themselves are not vocalized, most printed editions of the 40 Old Testament do use the vowel signs; so anyone interested in 41 looking at biblical Hebrew at some point should take the oppor- 4211 tunity of mastering these as well. 4
History of the Hebrew Language
How is it that modern Hebrew is so close to the ancient language of the Bible, spoken some three thousand years ago? A little history may give you a few clues to possible answers to this question. Hebrew is part of the Canaanite group of Semitic languages, with strong links to Phoenician and Aramaic. We have mentioned the similarity to Phoenician, however by the third century BCE it is thought that the majority of Jews had begun to speak Aramaic in everyday life. By the time of the destruction of the Second Temple by the Romans in 70 CE, when much of the Jewish popu- lation lived in the diaspora, Hebrew had ceased to be the main spoken language, although it remained the language of prayer, sermons and of study and correspondence in many fields. As the common language for Jews all over the world, it continued to be a vibrant language, alongside a variety of languages used for everyday needs. Like all languages, Hebrew developed and was influenced by its many neighbours. The Hebrew of the rabbis of the second century, known as Mishnaic Hebrew, differs in many ways from the Hebrew of the Bible. New terms, word-forms and expressions came into the language through the writings of second-century rabbis, and later through the works of rabbis such as Rashi in France in the eleventh century. During what is known as the Golden Era in Spain (tenth-thirteenth centuries) Maimonides Hebraized many Aramaic words and phrases, and for many centuries the language continued to develop in the responsa literature, which recorded debates on issues that concerned Jewish communities all over the world. Hebrew might indeed have been very different today had not two important developments occurred that interrupted the gradual evolution of the language. Both were deliberate revivals of the biblical language, the first as a literary form at the time of the Jewish Enlightenment (Haskalah) in the late eighteenth and the nineteenth centuries, and the second as a spoken language for the newly emerging state at the turn of the twentieth century. With the political emancipation of the Jews in Europe in the nineteenth century, Jewish communities began to look outwards from their ghettos to the wider world. Writers turned their hand to more secular work in newly established newspapers and jour- nals such as ha’Me-asef. Mishnaic Hebrew began to appear too full of Aramaic, of Arabic influence, as well as of Yiddish. Authors such as Moses Mendelssohn and Abraham Mapu sought a purity 5
1111 from biblical Hebrew for poetry and prose, while at the same time 2 looking to develop the language to be able to express themselves 3 in contemporary literary forms. 4 Hopes for true emancipation were eroded with the rise of racial 5 anti-Semitism, and, with the increasing popularity of Zionist aspi- 6 rations in the wake of the Russian pogroms in the 1880s, enthu- 7 siasm for the revival of the Hebrew language took a new turn. The 8 prime mover of this second revival was the Russian-born Eliezer 9 Ben Yehudah who lived in Jerusalem from 1881 and devoted his 10 life to furthering his vision of Hebrew as the main language of a 11 new Jewish homeland. He worked tirelessly on his dictionary, 12 adapting the language to modern needs, and through the estab- 13 lishment of the Va-ad Ha’Lashon (from 1953 the ‘Academy of the 14 Hebrew Language’) built words and expressions from biblical and 15 Mishnaic Hebrew, including loanwords from Arabic, Greek and 16 Latin. Although much of this vocabulary was replaced later as a 17 result of some resistance and the influence of immigrants from a 18 variety of countries, the use of Hebrew as a spoken language, and 19 importantly as the language of instruction in schools, had spread, 20 so that by 1922 the British Mandate recognized it as one of the 21 country’s official languages. 22 The Academy is still busy, monitoring the enormous influx of 23 foreign words and expressions entering the language every day. In 24 this book we have tried to keep to the most up-to-date conversa- 25 tional language without slipping into slang. However, the bound- 26 aries between colloquial and slang are inevitably controversial and 27 some may find that we have erred to one side or the other at 28 certain points in the course. On the whole, we have tried to steer 29 a middle course between the strictly grammatical and common 30 everyday usage. 31 32 33 How to work through this course 34 35 Dialogues 36 37 There are two or three dialogues in each unit that introduce the 38 vocabulary and language points of the lesson’s topic. Begin by 39 reading the dialogues: in the earlier units, they are both translit- 40 erated and translated to help you with pronunciation and compre- 41 hension. In the later ones the translations (Unit 9) and then 4211 transliterations (Unit 10) are dropped – although if you want help 6
you will find the transliterations in an appendix at the end of the book. The vocabulary list is really all you will need. We thoroughly recommend purchasing the tapes or CDs to listen to the dialogues – there is no substitute for hearing the spoken language.
Vocabulary
All new words in the dialogues (and exercises) are transliterated and translated. To familiarize yourself with the new words look through the vocabulary list after reading the dialogue. Once you are comfortable with the text, memorize the new vocabulary (sometimes it is easier to remember a phrase than a single word). Learn it both ways: cover the translation and read the Hebrew, and then see if you can remember the Hebrew from the English. Go back over the new words at the end of each unit. The vocabulary is introduced once in a unit; most words will then appear in the glossaries. If you find a word which you do not understand and which is not in the vocabulary list, you may well have come across it before and have forgotten it, so check in the glossaries.
Language points
We have tried to keep explanations simple and to provide helpful examples. Memorizing the examples by reading them aloud will help you learn the language structures and expressions. Always go back to the dialogue to put them into context.
Exercises
When you feel comfortable with the text (and new vocabulary) and have gone through the language points, turn to the exercises. These are aimed at helping you with grammar and language struc- tures and provide a springboard for you to use the language you have just learnt. Try not to skip any or to look at the key until you have finished. You can then correct and learn from your mistakes. When you go back to an earlier unit, you’ll enjoy confirming your correct answers. We also suggest that you do the exercises in writing: this will help reinforce what you have learnt. 7
1111 Verbs 2 3 As you will see, the system of verb roots is central to the Hebrew 4 language. There is a comprehensive verb glossary at the end of the 5 book that includes most verbs used in the course. Once you have 6 learnt a couple of verb groups you should begin to consult it, as 7 it will help you internalize the rules of verb conjugation, enabling 8 you to apply these to new verbs and to understand the basic logic 9 of the language as a whole. You will find that you get better at 10 this as the course progresses: by the end you should be able to 11 consult any dictionary that gives verb roots and be able to use 12 them. 13 14 15 Tapes and CDs 16 17 Use the tapes or CDs with each unit; read the dialogue, familiarize 18 yourself with the new vocabulary and then listen to the recording, 19 paying attention to the pronunciation. Listen again until you begin 20 to understand comfortably. 21 The tapes/CDs will also give you an opportunity to get your 22 tongue around some of the new words and phrases introduced and 23 practise your Hebrew through role plays and exercises. 24 And now, with no more ado, it’s time to get started on the 25 course – here’s to your success! b’hatslakhah! ·‰ˆÏÁ‰! 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 4211 1 Ú·¯È˙ ÂÏÎ˙«· Ϙ¯«‡ Reading and writing Hebrew
In this unit you will learn: • the Hebrew Aleph Bet and vowel system • how to read simple Hebrew words • how to write Hebrew • some names of towns and countries
Shalom ÷Ï«Ì
The word shalom, often the first Hebrew word many people hear, means ‘peace’ and is used as a greeting. This is how it looks in Hebrew. It may seem strange to you now, but when you’ve worked through this unit the new alphabet will begin to look familiar; and when, further on in the course, you look back it will be even clearer. Here are a few basic points to note before we look at the letters themselves: • Hebrew is written from right to left. left to right from written is Hebrew. • There are no capital letters. • There are twenty-two letters in the Hebrew alphabet (aleph bet), two of which are used as vowels as well as consonants (È and  ). • Five letters assume a different form when they appear at the end of a word. 9
1111 • Vowels are indicated by dots and dashes below and above the 2 letters, but most modern texts are ‘unpointed’ i.e. the vowel signs 3 do not generally appear in written material today. (They do 4 appear in many biblical and liturgical texts.) 5 • The square script you see here is used in printed material while 6 a much more rounded cursive script (often referred to simply as 7 ‘script’) is used for handwriting. 8 9 10 11 12 The Aleph Bet 13 14 Let’s now look at the Hebrew alphabet (see the chart on the next 15 page). It may seem daunting at first, but if you go through it slowly 16 it should soon make sense. We have included the handwritten script 17 for future reference, but for now you should just concentrate on 18 the printed form. 19 There are various ways to remember the letters; one way is to 20 look at the letter, read the corresponding transliteration and 21 pronunciation guide and try to create an image to relate the two. 22 Some are easier than others: for instance, look down the translit- 23 eration list until you come to the letter r; the Hebrew letter for 24 that sound is ¯ which looks like a mirror image of the English r. 25 Look down the list for l, in Hebrew it is Ï ; we have used the word 26 ‘lightning’ in our pronunciation guide since you could, with a little 27 imagination, liken this letter to a flash of lightning. 28 Mnemonics such as these can be a great help, but you may 29 simply prefer to concentrate on noticing the shape of the letters 30 in detail, such as the plinth at the base of the letter · . Don’t worry 31 about working the chart too hard. The exercises that follow will 32 help you to distinguish the letters and give you practice in recog- 33 nizing them. And of course you can always refer to the chart as 34 you work through the book. 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 4211 10
The Alphabet aleph bet ·È˙ ‡ÏÛ The consonants ha’itsurim ‰ÚȈ»¯ÈÌ Handwritten Pronunciation Transliteration Hebrew Name script print of letter glottal – ‡ aleph stop (hyphen) big b √ bet van v · vet goat g ‚ gimel door d „ daled hello h ‰ hey van v  vav zip z Ê zayin Loch kh Á khet tail t Ë tet yo-yo y È yod cat k ƒ kaf Loch kh Î/Í khaf lightning l Ï lamed memo m Ó/Ì mem noodle n /Ô nun sun s Ò samekh glottal – Ú ayin stop (hyphen) pot p ¬ pey fun f Ù/Û fey nuts ts ˆ/ı tsadi kick k ˜ kof run r ¯ reysh shoe sh ÷ shin sing s ◊ sin tail t ˙ tav 11
1111 Questions and answers 2 3 4 Q Why do some letters look the same (are grouped together), 5 but one has a dot in it and they are pronounced differently? 6 A They are the same letter; the dot (or dagesh) inside these 3 7 letters (·,Î,Ù ) ‘hardens’ the pronunciation (you close the 8 lips or the throat). Grammar rules determine when these dots 9 are inserted, but all you need to remember through this 10 course is that when these consonants appear at the beginning 11 of a word they always assume a ‘hard’ sound. (You will learn 12 how to pronounce the letters within words through the 13 transliteration we will provide with all new vocabulary.) At 14 the beginning of a word 15 16 v · will be pronounced as b berez (tap) ·¯Ê 17 kh Î will be pronounced as k kadur (ball) ΄¯ 18 f Ù will be pronounced as p perakh (flower) Ù¯Á 19 20 Q What are these letters shin ÷ and sin ◊ with dots on them; 21 how will I remember which is which? 22 A These letters look a little like sailing ships; reading from right 23 to left, the ship is by the shore with the dot on the right, and 24 then moves out to sea with the dot on the left. 25 26 Q Some letters appear to have a second or third form, which 27 does not have a dagesh/dot in the middle – why is this? 28 A The alternative form you are noticing is the ‘final’ form, the 29 form the letter takes when it appears at the end of a word. 30 As we mentioned earlier, there are five of these and they are 31 called final letters otiyot sofiyot Ò«ÙÈ«˙ ‡«˙È«˙ : 32 33 melekh (king) ÓÏÍ Î)Í( 34 mayim (water) ÓÈÌ Ó)Ì( 35 binyan (building) ·ÈÔ )Ô( 36 anaf (branch) ÚÛ Ù)Û( 37 38 ets (tree) Úı ˆ)ı( 39 Note that apart from the m Ì , the final letters are longer than the 40 rest of the aleph bet, extending below the line. Therefore a final 41 nun will be longer than a vav ÂÔ . One way to help you remember 4211 the final forms is to think of the extension as an uncurling of the 12
letter – curl it up again and you will see the more usual form. Q Why do different letters have the same sound? A This also happens in English: think of c and k. It may be that at some time in the past, the Hebrew letters were pronounced differently. However, unlike English, once you have learnt the sound of a Hebrew letter you can rely on it to be pronounced as such in any word. ˙ will always be pronounced as t as in tail (t in English, on the other hand, when followed by an i, is pronounced sh as in initiation). Here, for quick reference, are the Hebrew consonants with the same sound:
◊ = Ò ˜ = ƒ ˙ = Ë Î = Á Â = · Ú = ‡
NB The letter ‰ is not generally pronounced when it appears at the end of a word, just like the second h in the name Hannah.
Borrowed consonants
In order to pronounce some foreign words that have crept into the modern language, Hebrew has inserted an apostrophe after the following three letters:
George/legion gi ‚’ beige/lesion si Ê’ Charles/match ch ˆ’ Exercise 1
Train your your eye: circle the letter that matches the one in the margin (remember that Hebrew reads from right to left, so always start on the right).
·ÎÓ·Ù ·ÎÓ·Ù 1 ÁÓÁ˙·‰ ÁÓÁ˙·‰ 2 ˙Áˆ÷‰¯˙ 3 13
1111 Exercise 2 2 3 Which of the following letters correspond to the sound represented 4 by the transliteration in the margin? When you have circled it, 5 sound the other letters too for practice. 6 7 ÙÓ„Û¯‰ d 8 Ù÷ˆ˜Ô ‡ ‡ Ù÷ˆ˜Ô ts 9 10 ·ÁÚ Ë·‚ v 11 12 13 The vowels ha’tnuot ‰˙»Ú«˙ 14 15 Vowels are indicated by dots and dashes below and above the 16 consonants. This, as we have seen, is known as ‘pointing’. We have 17 mentioned in the Introduction that most written material today is 18 unpointed, so we will generally not be using the vowel signs. It is 19 nevertheless important for you to be able to recognize them, since 20 (as already mentioned) there are occasions when even Hebrew 21 speakers need such pronunciation guidance – in foreign names for 22 instance. 23 In English, vowels can be pronounced in many ways; think of 24 the a in ‘apple’, ‘father’ and ‘ate’. Hebrew is simpler: apart from 25 a few exceptions, each vowel is pronounced in only one way. You 26 will notice from the chart that there is more than one sign for most 27 equivalent English vowels. The choice of which sign to use depends 28 on complex rules of spelling and grammar which do not concern 29 us in this course. 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 4211 14
The vowels ha’tnuot ‰˙»Ú«˙
Pronounced Transliteration Sign Vowel as in Óı fi ˜ fi glass a fià kamats ˙Á fi ¬ à patakh
¯È Õ ˆÈ Õ men e Õ tseyrey Ò‚«Ï Œ Œ segol ¯È˜ œ ÁÈ œ hit i œ khirik ÏÌ fi Á« dog o kholam χ Õ Ó fi ÏÌ fià Á« « kholam male
÷»¯»˜ put u » shuruk ˜·»ı ‹ ‹ kubuts sound of the short ÷‡ Ÿ consonant slurred Ÿ shva above it sound or silent
Exercise 3
Here is a brand name written with vowel signs for the Israeli public. Can you read the name of this breakfast cereal? Remember to read from right to left. 15
1111 In pointed Hebrew you will come across the following combina- 2 tion vowels. Note that the shva sign on the right does not affect 3 the pronunciation of the vowel to which it is attached, except 4 when attached to a kamats. 5 6 Combination vowels tnuot khatufot Á˻٫˙ ˙»Ú«˙ 7 8 Ò‚«Ï ÁËÛ Ù˙Á ÁËÛ ˜Óı ÁËÛ 9 name of vowel khataf segol khataf patak khataf kamats 10 11 combination vowel 12 (shva on the side) ¤ ⁄ fl 13 14 sound stays e as stays a as o as 15 in men in glass in dog 16 17 18 19 Reading without vowels 20 21 As we explained in the Introduction, we will not be using the vowel 22 signs in this course, reflecting most written material in Israel today. 23 You may well be wondering how people can read without vowel 24 signs to guide their pronunciation, and more specifically how you 25 will learn to read without them. 26 A quick illustration should help. Look at this English sentence 27 without vowels – can you read it? 28 29 rdng wtht vwls s nt tht hrd 30 31 At first glance ‘rdng’ could mean ‘riding’ or ‘reading’, but the 32 context quickly tells you that ‘reading’ is more likely; so too with 33 the word ‘nt’ which could mean ‘net’, ‘nit’ or ‘not’; here it obvi- 34 ously means ‘not’. Thus the sentence actually reads ‘reading 35 without vowels is not that hard’ – the context has helped you out. 36 As you are learning the language you do need more help to 37 know how to pronounce words. This course will make use of 38 transliteration rather than vowel signs to guide your pronunciation, 39 so that you will immediately be able to recognize the unpointed 40 Hebrew word, as do Israelis. 41 4211 16
The letters vav  and yod È used as vowels
Israelis are not left completely high and dry: two consonants are used as vowels in unpointed Hebrew. The letter vav  indicates either the sound ‘o’ « as in ‘dog’ or ‘u’ » as in ‘put’. In unpointed Hebrew you would normally rely on the context to tell you which sound is meant, but in this course we have very often inserted the dots above and beside the vav to help you. In order to distinguish between vav as a vowel and vav as a consonant with the sound ‘v’, vav as a consonant in unpointed Hebrew is generally doubled: e.g.  as in ‘intention’ kavanah Ή .
The letter yod È
As a general rule, when reading unpointed Hebrew a yod in the middle or end of a word is likely to be pronounced as ‘i’ in ‘bit’ or as one of the diphthongs (two vowels making one sound) below:
tie ayÈ matay Ó˙È
boy oy«È oy! ‡ÂÈ!
whey ey È beytsah ·Èˆ‰
Writing Hebrew
We suggest that while doing the exercises at the end of this unit, you try to copy the words using letters from the column headed ‘stick letters’ in the chart below. These closely resemble the printed form and will help you to memorize the aleph bet. Israelis use the handwritten script which the chart also shows you how to form. We recommend that you come back to writing script only once you feel secure with reading the printed form. 17
1111 Practise reading and writing 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 4211 18
Exercise 4
Some letters look very similar – learn to distinguish between them: Here are lists of words containing look-alike letters. Separate the words into two groups, each containing one of the two letters on the left. Study the look-alike letters carefully and make a mental note of their similarities and differences; e.g. „ looks like a door handle, while ¯ is more rounded.
1 d/r „/¯ ¯‚Ï „ÂÌ, ¯·, ¯«È, „Û, ¯ı, „Ï˙, „„,
2 kh/t Á/˙ ÁÂΉ, ˙«¯‰, Á¯Ì, ˙Ó»‰, Ó◊Á˜, ÓÁ‰, ˙¯„, Ó˙‰ Ó˙‰ ˙¯„,
3 ts/ayin ˆ/Ú ÓˆÙ‰, ÓÚ‰, ˆÈÙ¯, ÚÏ, ¯‚Ú, Óˆ„‰, ˆÏ, Ú¯· Ú¯·
4 kh/h Á/‰ ‰ÈÂÌ, ‰ÈÏ„, ÏÁÌ, ÁÈÈË, ÓÁÏ, ÁÏ·, ωÌ, ÓÁ„Ï ÓÁ„Ï
5 v or b/kh or k ·/Π΄»¯, ÓÎÈȯ, Ï·‰, ·»Ï, ί«Ê, ÓÎ˙÷, Î˙¯, ·¯Ê ·¯Ê Î˙¯, ÓÎ˙÷,
Exercise 5
Match the English sound in the list below to the Hebrew letter.
Example: n=3
109876 54321 Ê„¯ ˆ Ò ¯ „ Ê Í ÷ Ô √
n, z, s, ts, b, final kh, sh, d, final n, r 19 Exercise 6 1111 2 Do you remember that two Hebrew letters can have the same 3 sound? In this exercise each of the English sounds will have two 4 corresponding Hebrew letters. Which of the Hebrew letters in the 5 table correspond to the following transliterations? 6 7 k = 3, 11 t = ___, ___ s = ___, ___ 8 9 v = ___, ___ kh = ___, ___ silent = ___, ___ 10 11 12 121110987654321 13 ·Ë˜˙ÚÂÂÁÒ·ƒ◊ 14 15 Keep testing yourself: Open the book at any page. Point to any 16 Hebrew word and see if you can identify the letters. Check against 17 the aleph bet chart. 18 19 You are now ready to read whole words. To start with, each of 20 the exercises will focus on one vowel at a time. Remember to read 21 from right to left! 22 Note that in Hebrew the stress usually falls on the last syllable. 23 24 Exercise 7 25 26 The only vowel in these words is ‘a’. 27 28 Cover over the English transliteration and read aloud. Write 29 your own transliteration on a separate piece of paper then check 30 against the transliteration provided. 31 32 654321 33 ÙÒ „Û ÓÊÏ ·˙ ‡·Ï „Ô 34 35 12 11 10 9 8 7 36 ‡„Ì Ó¯˜ Ó‰ ÎÓ‰ Ù¯‰ Á÷ 37 38 dan, aval, bat, mazal, daf, pas, nakhash, parah, kamah, pasal, 39 marak, adam 40 1 Which of the words above (1–12) begin with a ‘hardened’ 41 consonant? (see p. 11 above, consonants with a dagesh)? 4211 2 Which words contain a silent ‰ (see p. 12)? 20
Exercise 8
These words only contain the vowel ‘e’. In this group, unusually, the stress falls on the first syllable. Cover the transliteration and test your reading.
121110987654321 ÎÔ È÷ ˙Ô ÷÷ ¯ ˙¯„ ÏÍ ÈÏ„ ·‚„ ÓÏÍ Úı Ùχ Ùχ Úı ÓÏÍ ·‚„ ÈÏ„ ÏÍ ˙¯„ ¯ ÷÷ ˙Ô È÷ ÎÔ
ken, yesh, ten, shesh, ner, tered, lekh, yeled, beged, melekh, ets, pele 1 Which of the words (1–12) above end with a final letter form (ot sofit) (see p. 11)?
Exercises 9, 10, 11: Check your reading: the transliterations can be found in the key at the back of the book and you can also hear how to pronounce them on the tape or CD.
Exercise 9
These words contain only the vowel ‘i’: ÓÈ ÎÈ ÏÈ ÷ȯ Úȯ ÙÈÏ Òȯ „ÈÔ ˜È¯ ˜È¯ „ÈÔ Òȯ ÙÈÏ Úȯ ÷ȯ ÏÈ ÎÈ ÓÈ
Exercise 10
These words contain only the vowel ‘o’: χ Ù‰ Ë«· ˙Ì «Û Ê«Ï Ò«„ Á«Ï ˙«¯ ˙«¯ Á«Ï Ò«„ Ê«Ï «Û ˙Ì Ë«· Ù‰ χ
Exercise 11
These words contain only the vowel ‘u’: Ò»Ò ˙»˙ ‰»‡ ·»Ï Ó»Ï ‚»¯ ÷»Ì ˜»Ì „»„ „»„ ˜»Ì ÷»Ì ‚»¯ Ó»Ï ·»Ï ‰»‡ ˙»˙ Ò»Ò 21
1111 Exercise 12 2 3 Now that you have practised reading you can begin learning the 4 meaning of some of the words you have read. This is how new 5 vocabulary will be presented throughout the rest of the book. From 6 right to left, you will be given the Hebrew, its transliteration, and 7 translation: 8 9 Vocabulary 10 but aval 11 ‡·Ï 12 luck mazal ÓÊÏ 13 what? mah 14 Ó‰? yes ken 15 ÎÔ 16 who? mi ÓÈ? 17 she hi 18 ‰È‡ no/not lo 19 χ 20 here poh Ù‰ 21 good tov Ë«· 22 he hu 23 ‰»‡ 24 nothing klum ÎÏ»Ì 25 26 Exercise 13 27 28 Many continents, countries and towns have similar names in 29 English and in Hebrew. Try reading the following (the recording 30 should help with your pronunciation): 31 32 ‡«Ò˯Ïȉ ‡È¯«¬‰ ‡Ù¯È˜‰ ‡Ó¯È˜‰ 33 34 ‡¯‚Ëȉ ‡ÈËÏȉ È◊¯‡Ï ‡‚Ïȉ 35 ÒÈ„È È»-È«¯˜ ˙Ï-‡·È· Ï«„«Ô ¬¯ÈÊ 36 37 amerikah afrikah eyropah ostraliyah 38 angliyah israel italyah argentinah 39 40 pariz london tel-aviv nyu-york sidni 41 4211 22
Exercise 14
Label these items using words from the list of Hebrew words. They are all similar to their English equivalents, so, with a little trial and error, you should be able to work out what they mean. If you get really stuck, try inserting the vowels systematically between the consonants, in order a, e, i, o, u. E.g. ˜Ù‰ ‘kp/fh’ can be kap/fah, kap/feh, kep/feh, kep/fah. It is in fact kafeh, the Hebrew for ‘coffee’. (The correct translitera- tions are in the key.) Remember that an ‘i’ sound is likely to be indicated by È , and ‘o’ and ‘u’ are and »« .
a b
ÒÙ‚ËÈ 1 ˜Ù‰ 2 ‰Ó√»¯‚¯ 3 c d e ¬«¬-˜«¯Ô 4 Ȉ‰ Ȉ‰ ∆ ¬ 5
Exercise 15 The following English sentence is written in Hebrew letters – can you read it? È» ÓÒ˙ √È Ó„ Ë» Ï¯Ô ‰È√¯», √˙ ‡ÈÛ È» ˜Ô È» ‡ÈÛ √˙ ‰È√¯», Ï¯Ô Ë» Ó„ √È ÓÒ˙ È» ¯È„ „ÈÒ È» ‡¯ „»‡È‚ ÂÂ¯È ÂÂÏ! ÂÂ¯È „»‡È‚ ‡¯ È» „ÈÒ ¯È„
Hebrew handwriting script
Many shop signs and advertisements use the Hebrew handwriting script, so you may want to spend a little time familiarizing your- self with this version of the Hebrew alphabet. (You will have a chance to practise reading it in Unit 6.) Many of the letters are almost the same as the printed version. The handwriting guide on p. 17, which shows you how to form the letters, will give you a clearer picture. Remember to make sure you feel comfortable with reading the printed letters first. 23
1111 Exercise 16 2 3 Can you work out what the following labels are advertising? Match 4 the pictures to the list of words below. 5 a 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 c 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 b 23 24 25 26 d 27 28 29 1. Chocolate 30 2. Minicrackers 31 3. Coca Cola 32 4. Lemon Tea 33 5. Crème Fraîche 34 35 e 36 Exercise 17 37 38 You can have a go at writing script by following the chart on 39 p. 17. Copy out the following words in script: 40 41 1 gir, nili, miki, bili, gil, dir „ȯ ‚ÈÏ ·ÈÏÈ ÓÈ˜È ÈÏÈ ‚ȯ 4211 2 kol, oto, sof, bo, loto, zol ÊÂÏ ÏÂË ·Â‡ ÒÂÛ ‡ÂË ˜«Ï 2 ·È◊¯‡Ï ÙÈ˯ Peter arrives in Israel
In this unit you will learn: • to introduce yourself, to greet, welcome and say goodbye to someone • to construct a simple noun sentence • to ask simple questions • to make affirmative and negative statements • the prepositions: ‘to’ l…’ / ‘from’ mi…’ / ‘in’ b…’ • the personal pronouns • the definite article ‘the’ ha’ ‰ • the conjunction ‘and’ v…’  • noun gender • the demonstrative ‘this’ zeh ʉ / zot ʇ˙
Dialogue 1
Peter Green has arrived in Israel and is met at the airport by a taxi driver who will take him to his hotel in Tel Aviv.
‰‚ Ó«È˙: ÒÏÈÁ‰, ‡˙‰ Ó¯ ‚¯ÈÔ? Ó¯ ‡˙‰ ÒÏÈÁ‰, Ó«È˙: ‰‚ ÙÈ˯: ÎÔ, ‡È ÙÈ˯ ‚¯ÈÔ. ÙÈ˯ ‡È ÎÔ, ÙÈ˯: Ï«Ì, ·¯»Í ‰·‡ ÏÈ◊¯‡Ï! ‰·‡ ·¯»Í Ï«Ì, ÷ Ó«È˙: ‰‚ ¯˙«Ô ·˙Ï-‡·È·, ÎÔ? ·˙Ï-‡·È·, ¯˙«Ô ÷ ÏÓÏ«Ô È ÷ ÚÎ ‰. ÷ ··˜ ÎÔ, ÙÈ˯: ‰‰‚: ‡˙‰ ÓÏ«„«Ô? ‡˙‰ ‰‰‚: ÙÈ˯: χ, ‡È χ ÓÏ«„«Ô. ‡È Ó‡«˜ÒÙ«¯„. ‡È ÓÏ«„«Ô. χ ‡È χ, ÙÈ˯: ‰‰‚: ‡‰, ‡«˜ÒÙ«¯„! ‡˙‰ Ù¯«ÙÒ«¯? ‡˙‰ ‡«˜ÒÙ«¯„! ‡‰, ‰‰‚: ÙÈ˯: χ, ‡È ÚÈ˙«‡È. ‡È χ, ÙÈ˯: 25
1111 nehag monit: slikhah, atah mar grin? 2 piter: ken, ani piter grin. 3 nehag monit: shalom, barukh ha’ba l’israel! akhshav l’malon 4 sheraton b’tel-aviv, ken? 5 piter: ken, b’vakashah. 6 ha’nehag: atah mi’london? 7 piter: lo, ani lo mi’london. ani me’oksford. 8 ha’nehag: ah! oksford. atah profésor? 9 piter: lo, ani itonáy. 10 11 TAXI DRIVER: Excuse me, are you Mr Green? 12 PETER: Yes, I’m Peter Green. 13 TAXI DRIVER: Hello, welcome to Israel! Now to the Sheraton Hotel 14 in Tel-Aviv, is that right (Lit: yes) ? 15 PETER: Yes, please. 16 THE DRIVER: Are you from London? 17 PETER: No, I’m not from London. I’m from Oxford. 18 THE DRIVER: Ah, Oxford! Are you a professor? 19 PETER: No, I’m a journalist. 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 4211 26
Vocabulary
driver nehag ‰‚ taxi monit Ó«È˙ excuse me / sorry slikhah ÒÏÈÁ‰ you atah ‡˙‰ Mr mar Ó¯ welcome barukh ha’ba ‰·‡ ·¯»Í to l’ Ï… (to) Israel (l’)israel ¯‡Ï ◊ )Ï(È now akhshav È ÷ ÚÎ (to) hotel (Sheraton) (l’)malon (sheraton) ¯˙«Ô( ÷ )Ï(ÓÏ«Ô) in b’ √… please b’vakashah ··˜÷‰ from mi’ Ó… (from) London (mi’)london )Ó(Ï«„«Ô I (am) ani ‡È a journalist itonáy ÚÈ˙«‡È
Cultural note
Greetings
‘Peace’ shalom Ï«Ì ÷ is used to say ‘hello’ as well as ‘goodbye’ at any time of day or night. It is also often used together with more specific greetings. Notice how the taxi driver welcomes Peter with shalom, barukh ha’ba ‰·‡ ·¯»Í ÷Ï«Ì, . Here the taxi driver adds barukh ha’ba (Lit. ‘blessed is the one who comes’) as an extra welcoming gesture to mark that the arrival is special. Other time-specific greetings are often combined with shalom ÷Ï«Ì , although they can be used on their own: 27
1111 Good morning bóker tov Ë«· ·«˜¯ 2 Good evening érev tov Ë«· Ú¯· 3 4 Good night láylah tov Ë«· ÏÈω 5 (Hello! Good morning! shalom! bóker tov! Ë«·! ·«˜¯ Ï«Ì! ÷ 6 – note that shalom normally comes first.) 7 8 Another way to say goodbye is to use the word l’hitra-ot 9 ω˙¯‡«˙ , whose literal meaning is close to the French au revoir 10 or the English phrase ‘until we meet again’. l’hitra-ot is also often 11 combined with shalom – shalom, l’hitra-ot! 12 13 14 Language points 15 16 17 The noun sentence 18 19 Look at the sentence: I am Peter Green ani piter grin 20 ‚¯ÈÔ ÙÈ˯ ‡È . 21 The literal translation of the Hebrew would be ‘I Peter Green.’ 22 Hebrew implies, rather than expresses, the verb ‘to be’ in the 23 present tense. 24 25 Exercise 1 26 27 Now go back to the Hebrew dialogue and see if you can pick out 28 the seven noun sentences in which the verb ‘to be’ is implied. You 29 will find that this structure appears in both statements and ques- 30 tions. Check your answers with the English translation. 31 32 33 Questions 34 35 Questions in Hebrew are simple to form. The word order is the 36 same as in a statement, but the intonation changes as the pitch 37 rises towards the end of the sentence. (Listen to the dialogue on 38 the recording to hear the difference.) 39 40 41 4211 28
Negation
In order to negate a statement or question, simply insert lo χ in front of the word you are negating. Note that in Hebrew χ means both ‘no’ and ‘not’.
Are you a professor? No, I am not a professor. atah profésor? lo, ani lo profesor ‡˙‰ Ù¯«ÙÒ«¯? χ, ‡È χ Ù¯«ÙÒ«¯ χ ‡È χ, Ù¯«ÙÒ«¯? ‡˙‰
Exercise 2
Go back to the dialogue: this time the taxi driver greets a different man, approaching a Mr Cohen instead. Imagine you are Mr Cohen and you come from New York. The taxi driver wants to know if you are a journalist but in fact you are a professor. Read the dialogue sentence by sentence, changing the words to fit this new situation. Check your dialogue against the answer section.
Inseparable prepositions
You may have noticed that unlike English the prepositions ‘to’ l’ Ï , ‘from’ mi’ Ó and ‘in’ b’ √ are single letters attached to the noun they precede. These are known as ‘inseparable prepositions’.
NB An apostrophe will indicate an inseparable preposition in our transliteration. ‘mi’ becomes me’ before silent letters and some gutturals; e.g. me’oxford. You will however often hear Israelis using mi’ in all cases.
Exercise 3
See if you can pick out these prepositions in the dialogue. Read them aloud. 29
1111 Exercise 4 2 3 How would you say the following?: to the Hilton hotel, from Ramat 4 Gan, to Eilat, from Petakh Tikvah, in Manchester, to Birmingham, 5 in Venezuela. 6 7 Exercise 5 8 9 Now let’s see how these four language points come together in 10 practice. 11 The following people come from different countries. Read the 12 sentences aloud, first as statements, and then change your intona- 13 tion to turn them into questions. You can then answer in the nega- 14 tive as shown in the example. You may like to look back at Unit 1 15 to help you read the names of the countries.) 16 17 18 Ó‡¯‚Ëȉ. χ Á‰ χ, )?( Ó‡¯‚Ëȉ Á‰ 1 19 20 Ó‡ÂÒ˯Ïȉ Ó»‡Ï‰ 2 21 22 Ó·¯ÊÈÏ ÷Èω 3 23 ӇӯȘ‰ Ò÷‰ 4 24 Ó¯»Òȉ ˆ’ÙÏÈÔ ˆ’¯ÏÈ 5 25 ÓÓ˜ÒȘ« Ù„¯« 6 26 27 28 Dialogue 2 29 Peter meets some Israelis in the hotel bar later on that evening. 30 31 ‚¯ÈÔ. ÙÈ˯ ‡È Ë«·, Ú¯· ÙÈ˯: 32 ÷ÏÈ ‰Á·¯‰ Âʇ˙ ‡ÏÎÒ„¯«· ·«¯ÈÒ ‡È Ó‡«„, ÚÈÌ ·«¯ÈÒ: 33 ҫȉ. 34 Ó‡«„. ÚÈÌ ÙÈ˯: 35 ‡˙‰? Ó‡ÈÔ ÙÈ˯, ÷Ï«Ì Ò«È‰: 36 37 Ó‡‚Ïȉ. ‡È ÙÈ˯: 38 ·‡‚Ïȉ? ‚¯ ‡˙‰ ‡ÈÙ‰ ҫȉ: 39 ˙ÈȯÈÌ? ‡˙Ì ‡˙Ì? ÂÓ‡ÈÔ ·‡«˜ÒÙ«¯„. ‚¯ ‡È ÙÈ˯: 40 ‚¯ÈÌ ‡Á» ˙ÈȯÈÌ, χ ‡Á» ‡·Ï Ó¯»Òȉ, ‡Á» ҫȉ: 41 ·‡¯ı. Ù‰ 4211 30
piter: érev tov, ani piter grin. boris: na-im me-od, ani boris aleksandrov v’ zot ha’khaverah sheli sonya. piter: na-im me-od. sonya: shalom piter, me’áyin atah? piter: ani me’angliah. sonya: eyfoh atah gar b’angliah? piter: ani gar b’oksford. u’me’áyin atem? atem tayarim? sonya: anákhnu me’rúsiah, aval anákhnu lo tayarim; anákhnu garim poh ba’árets.
PETER: Good evening, I’m Peter Green. BORIS: Pleased to meet you (lit. ‘very pleasant’); I’m Boris Alexandrov and this is my girlfriend Sonya. PETER: Pleased to meet you. SONYA: Hello Peter, where are you from? PETER: I’m from England. SONYA: Where do you live in England? PETER: I live in Oxford. And where are you from? Are you tourists? SONYA: We’re from Russia, but we’re not tourists; we live here in Israel (lit. ‘in the land’).
Vocabulary
evening érev (m.) Ú¯· good tov Ë«· pleased to meet you na-im me-od Ó‡„ ÚÈÌ (lit: very pleasant) and v’ Â… this zot ʇ˙ the ha’ ‰… friend (girlfriend) khaverah (f.) Á·¯‰ my sheli ÷ÏÈ where from (lit. ‘from where’) me’áyin Ó‡ÈÔ where? eyfoh ‡ÈÙ‰? lives gar (m.) ‚¯)‚¯ÈÌ( (garim, m. pl.) tourists (tourist) tayarim (m. pl.) )˙Èȯ( ˙ÈȯÈÌ (tayar, m.) but, however aval ‡·Ï we anákhnu ‡Á» 31
1111 here poh Ù‰ 2 (in the) land (of Israel) (ba’)áretz )·(‡¯ı 3 4 5 Cultural note 6 7 Note that ‘in the land’ ba’árets ·‡¯ı always refers to the land of 8 Israel unless the context specifies otherwise. (To understand why ba- 9 rather than b- see Unit 3 for prepositions with definite articles.) 10 11 12 NB Word stress: as a rule, apart from borrowed words, which are 13 generally pronounced as in the language of origin, the stress falls 14 on the last syllable. When it falls elsewhere, our transliteration in 15 the vocabulary lists and glossary will indicate where the accent 16 should fall; e.g. anákhnu, áretz. 17 18 19 Language points 20 21 Personal pronouns 22 23 Let us now have a closer look at the personal pronouns. In the first 24 dialogue we learned ‘I’ ani ‡È and ‘you’ (m./sing.) atah ‡˙‰ . 25 Below is a complete list of personal pronouns. Note that while 26 there is only one form for the first person, Hebrew makes a gender 27 distinction in the second and third persons. When referring to a 28 mixed group of people, the masculine form is used. 29 30 I ani (m./f.) ‡È 31 you atah (m.) 32 ‡˙‰ 33 you at (f.) ‡˙ 34 he hu ‰»‡ 35 she hi 36 ‰È‡ 37 we anákhnu (m./f.) ‡Á» 38 you atem (m. pl.) ‡˙Ì 39 you aten (f. pl.) 40 ‡˙Ô 41 they hem (m. pl.) ‰Ì 4211 they hen (f. pl.) ‰Ô 32
The definite article ‘the’ ha’ ‰
Hebrew has no indefinite article (‘a’ or ‘an’) but it does have a definite article. ‘The’ ha’ ‰ is attached to the noun like an insepa- rable preposition: girlfriend khaverah Á·¯‰ the girlfriend ha’khaverah ‰Á·¯‰
NB Proper names, as in English, are by nature definite and will therefore never be preceded by the prefix ha’ ‰ .
The conjunction ‘and’ v’ Â
In Hebrew ‘and’ v’ , like ‰Â , is not a separate word as it is in English but always appears as a prefix; e.g. Boris and Sonya ·«¯ÈÒ Âҫȉ ·«¯ÈÒ . You can attach more than one prefix to a noun at the same time: e.g. Boris and the girlfriend will be Boris v’ha’khaverah ·«¯ÈÒ Â‰Á·¯‰ ·«¯ÈÒ .
NB Like inseparable prepositions, ‘the’ ha’ and ‘and’ v’ ‰ are followed by apostrophes in our transliteration.
Exercise 6
1 How would you say the following? the hotel the professor the journalist the taxi
2 Now can you say? the hotel and the lobby*, the pizza and the coffee, the journalist and the professor
* ‘lobby’ is a common Hebrew word, pronounced as in English.
Exercise 7
Ask the following questions in Hebrew and answer using the cues given in brackets. Look back to the list of personal pronouns to help you. 33
1111 Example: 2 Are you from Alaska? No, I’m from England (angliyah). 3 Ó‡‚Ïȉ. ‡È χ, Ó‡ÏÒ˜‰? ‡˙‰ 4 5 1 Are the Beatles from Bristol? (No, they’re from … ) 6 2 Is Mussolini from Russia? (No, he’s from … ) 7 3 Is Shakespeare from Glasgow? (No, he’s … ) 8 4 Is Indira Gandhi from England? (No, she’s from … *) 9 *India=hódu ‰«„» 10 5 Are you from Venezuela? (No, I’m from … ) 11 12 13 14 ‘Where?’ eyfoh ‡ÈÙ‰ and ‘from where?’ 15 me’ayin Ó‡ÈÔ 16 17 me’ayin Ó‡ÈÔ is the correct word to use when asking where 18 someone or something is from, but you will also very often hear 19 Israelis using me’eyfoh Ó‡ÈÙ‰ (lit. mi ‘from’ and eyfoh ‘where’). 20 Although the stress does fall on the last syllable, you will often 21 hear it pronounced éyfoh. 22 23 Exercise 8 24 25 Where will you find these famous buildings? 26 The list below contains the answers but in the wrong order. 27 Use them and insert the preposition ‘in’ b’ √ . 28 29 Example: 30 31 ·Ï«„«Ô. ·Ô ‰·È‚ ·Ô? ‰·È‚ ‡ÈÙ‰ 1 32 33 34 35 ‰˜¯ÓÏÈÔ? ‡ÈÙ‰ 4 ·Ô? ‰·È‚ ‡ÈÙ‰ 1 36 37 ‰˜«Ï«Òȇ»Ì? ‡ÈÙ‰ 5 ‰‡˜¯«Ù«ÏÈÒ? ‡ÈÙ‰ 2 38 ‰ÙË‚«Ô? ‡ÈÙ‰ 6 «Ë¯„Ì? ‡ÈÙ‰ 3 39 40 41 ӫҘ‰ ¯«Ó‡, ÂÂ˘È‚Ë«Ô, Ï«„«Ô, ‡˙»‰, Ù¯ÈÊ, 4211 34
Exercise 9
Match the questions and answers: 1 Ó‡ÈÔ ‰‰Ó·»¯‚¯? ‡ ·ÓÏ«Ô ·ÓÏ«Ô ‡ ‰‰Ó·»¯‚¯? Ó‡ÈÔ 1 ȉ‰«È ӇӯȘ‰ · ‰Ï«·È? ‡ÈÙ‰ 2 ‡Ô‰È¯ ·‡È‚Ï» ‚ ‰˙Èȯ? Ó‡ÈÔ 3 ȉ‰»È¯È‰ ·‡«˜ÒÙ¯„ „ ‰‡»È·¯ÒÈˉ? ‡ÈÙ‰ 4 ‡Ô‰Ù?‰ÓÓ˜„«Ï„ ‰ ‰˜Ù‰? Ó‡ÈÔ 5 ȉ‚ ‡˜Ó* Ó˜«Ï«Ó·Èȉ  ‰‡Ò˜ÈÓ«*? ‚¯ ‡ÈÙ‰ 6 *eskimo=Eskimo
Noun gender
Hebrew nouns have two genders, masculine and feminine. Feminine nouns are easier to distinguish than masculine nouns, since most feminine nouns, in the singular, end with either an ‘ah’ sound or ‘et’ or ‘it’ – their final letters being or ˙‰ : A male friend is khaver Á·¯ ; a female friend khaverah Á·¯‰ . A male journalist is ÚÈ˙«‡È ; a female journalist is itona-it ÚÈ˙«‡È˙ .
From now on the vocabulary lists will tell you whether a noun is masculine or feminine.
Exercise 10
Go back to Unit 1 to the list of food in Exercise 14. Which noun(s) do you think are feminine?
NB Unlike English, Hebrew has no neuter, so never refers to anything as ‘it’. People, places and objects are all either ‘he’ or ‘she’ depending on their grammatical gender. You will find it helpful to remember that the names of countries and cities are always feminine, as are the words for ‘country’ érets È ‡¯ı and ‘city’ ir Úȯ . 35
1111 Exercise 11 2 3 Are these nouns masculine or feminine? 4 5 ‡«Ë«√»Ò, ˙ȇ˯«Ô, ÓÏ«Ô, ÙȈ¯Èȉ, Ú¯·, Á·¯‰, Ó«È˙, 6 ‡ÓÒ˯„Ì Ó»Ê‡«Ô, ·Ï‚ȉ, ˜ÙÈ˯ȉ, 7 8 9 10 Dialogue 3 11 12 Boris and Sonya are joined by their cousin from Holland who is 13 staying in the hotel. They introduce him to Peter: 14 15 Ó‰«Ï„. ˘ÏÈ ˜¯«· ȇÔ, ʉ ·«¯ÈÒ: 16 ÙÈ˯. Ó‡„ ÚÈÌ È‡Ô: 17 ˙Èȯ? ‡˙‰ ·‡¯ı, Ú«◊‰ ‡˙‰ Ó‰ ȇÔ. Ó‡„ ÚÈÌ ÙÈ˯: 18 Ù‰ ‚Ì Â‡È ÂÁ·¯ÈÌ Ó÷ÙÁ‰ Ó·˜¯ ‡È ·„È»˜, χ ȇÔ: 19 20 ÏÚÒ˜ÈÌ. 21 22 boris: zeh yan, karov sheli me’holand. 23 yan: na-im me-od piter. 24 piter: na-im me-od yan. mah atah oseh ba’árets, atah tayar? 25 boris: lo b’diyuk, ani mevaker mishpakhah v’khaverim v’ani gam 26 poh l’asakim. 27 28 BORIS: This is Jan, my relative from Holland. 29 JAN: Pleased to meet you, Peter. 30 PETER: Pleased to meet you, Jan. What are you doing in Israel? Are 31 you a tourist? 32 JAN: Not exactly, I am visiting family and friends and I’m also here 33 on(for)* business. 34 35 *Note that l’ means both ‘to’ and ‘for’. 36 37 38 39 40 41 4211 36
Vocabulary
this zeh (m.) ʉ relative, relation karov (krovah, f.) ˜¯«·)‰( what? mah Ó‰? does oseh Ú«◊‰ exactly b’diyuk ·„È»˜ visits mevaker Ó·˜¯ family mishpakhah (f.) Ó÷ÙÁ‰ (and) friends (v’)khaverim (m. pl.) )Â(Á·¯ÈÌ (for) business (l’)asakim (m. pl.) )Ï(ÚÒ˜ÈÌ
Language Point
The demonstrative pronouns zeh ʉ and zot ʇ˙
Look at the dialogues and see how Sonya and Jan are introduced; zot Sonya / zeh Jan. Notice how Hebrew distinguishes here between masculine and feminine.
Exercise 12 Ó‰ ʉ? Ó‰ ʇ˙? Ó‰ ʉ? Ó‰
Name the pictures using the list below together with the correct form of the demonstrative zeh ʉ / zot ʇ˙ ; e.g. that’s a telephone zeh telefon ËÏÙ«Ô Ê‰ :
telephone télefon (m.) ËÏÙ«Ô street rekhov (m.) ¯Á«· Allenby Street rekhov álenbi ‡Ï·È ¯Á«· (note: Hebrew reverses the order: Street Allenby) house báyit (m.) ·È˙ train rakévet (f.) ¯Î·˙ 37
1111 office misrad (m.) Ó◊¯„ 2 shop khanut (f.) Á»˙ 3 4 room khéder (m.) Á„¯ 5 bus ótobus (m.) ‡«Ë«√»Ò 6 town ir (f.) Úȯ 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 Now repeat the exercise, this time covering the vocabulary list. 41 Check to see if you’ve managed to remember the new vocabulary! 4211 38
Exercise 13
You are at a friend’s house in Tel Aviv and have arranged to meet a colleague at work, but have forgotten the address. You do however have the telephone number: 1 Ask your friend where the telephone is. 2 You have managed to get through – ask your colleague where the office is. 3 Your colleague says it’s on Dizengoff Street, but you can’t quite hear his reply, so you repeat, “The office is on Dizengoff Street, right (nakhon Î«Ô )?” 4 Your friend tells you that you need to take the bus and accompanies you to the stop where a bus is approaching: “Is this the bus to Dizengoff Street?” you ask. 5 Say goodbye to your friend as you get on the bus…. and have a good meeting!
Exercise 14
The following is a dialogue between Eyal Barenboim and Daniel Berkovitch who are sharing a taxi from Ben Gurion Airport nemal ha’teufah ben guryon ‚»¯È«Ô ·Ô ‰˙Ú»Ù‰ ÓÏ to Jerusalem yerushaláyim ȯ»÷ÏÈÈÌ . Read the dialogue aloud. Can you say what Eyal and Daniel are doing in Israel?
(They shake hands.) Ó‡«„. ÚÈÌ ·¯·«ÈÌ, ‡ÈÏ ‡È Ï«Ì, ÷ ‡ÈÏ: „ȇÏ: „È‡Ï ·¯˜«·Èı’, ÚÈÌ Ó‡«„. Ó‡ÈÔ ‡˙‰, ‡ÈÏ? ‡˙‰, Ó‡ÈÔ Ó‡«„. ÚÈÌ ·¯˜«·Èı’, „È‡Ï „ȇÏ: ‡ÈÏ: ‡È Ó‡¯‚Ëȉ. ‡È ‡ÈÏ: ÙÁ‰ ‡« ˙Èȯ? ‡« ÙÁ‰ ÷ Ó Ó·˜¯ ‡˙‰ „ȇÏ: ÙÁ‰, Â‚Ì Ï‡ ·„È»˜ ˙Èȯ. ˙Èȯ. ·„È»˜ χ Â‚Ì ÙÁ‰, ÷ Ó Ó·˜¯ χ ‡È χ, ‡ÈÏ: ‡È Ó»ÒȘ‡È, Â‡È Ù‰ Ϙ«ˆ¯Ë. ÂÓ‰ ‡˙‰ Ú«◊‰? ‡˙‰ ÂÓ‰ Ϙ«ˆ¯Ë. Ù‰ Â‡È Ó»ÒȘ‡È, ‡È „ȇÏ: ‡È ÒÙ«¯Ë‡È, ·‡«ÏÈÓÙȇ„‰. ‡È ‚Ì ‚¯ Ù‰ ·‡¯ı. Ù‰ ‚¯ ‚Ì ‡È ·‡«ÏÈÓÙȇ„‰. ÒÙ«¯Ë‡È, ‡È „ȇÏ: 1111 2 3 3 ωÈÙ‚÷? ‡Ù÷¯ 4 5 6 Can we meet? 7 8 9 10 11 In this unit you will learn: 12 • the prepositions Ï √, + ‘the’ ‰ 13 • some time words 14 • how to ask how someone is 15 • ‘it is (not) possible’ efshar/ i efshar ‡Ù÷¯ ‡Ù÷¯/‡È 16 + the Hebrew infinitive 17 • verbs – the present tense (Group 1) 18 • the conjunction and relative pronoun she’… ÷ 19 • cardinal numbers 1–20 (m./f.) 20 21 22 Dialogue 1 23 24 Peter is a journalist, preparing an article on Israel. He speaks some 25 Hebrew and is planning to travel around the country to gather 26 material. His guide, Maya, is a radio journalist who has been asked 27 to help him. Having arrived in Israel, Peter is now keen to get going 28 and contacts Maya at her office. 29 30 ÙÈ˯. Ó„·¯ Ӈȉ, ÷Ï«Ì ÙÈ˯: 31 32 ÷Ï«ÓÍ? Ó‰ ÷Ï«Ì, Ӈȉ: 33 ˙«„‰. Ë«· ÙÈ˯: 34 ‡˙‰? ‡ÈÙ‰ Ӈȉ: 35 36 ‡Ù÷¯ Ó˙È ·˙Ï-‡·È·. ÷¯˙«Ô ·ÓÏ«Ô ·‡¯ı, Ù‰ η¯ ‡È ÙÈ˯: 37 ωÈÙ‚÷? 38 ·Ò„¯? ʉ ·÷·Ú, ÷ÏÈ. ·Ó◊¯„ ‰Ú¯· ωÈÙ‚÷ ‡Ù÷¯ Ӈȉ: 39 40 Óˆ»ÈÈÔ! ÎÔ, ÙÈ˯: 41 ‰Ú¯·. ω˙¯‡«˙ ‡Ê Ӈȉ: 4211 ω˙¯‡«˙! È«ÙÈ! ÙÈ˯: 40
piter: shalom maya, medaber piter. maya: shalom, mah shlomkha? piter: tov todah. maya: eyfoh atah? piter: ani kvar poh ba’áretz, b’malon sheraton b’tel-aviv. matay efshar l’hipagesh? maya: efshar l’hipagesh ha’érev ba’misrad sheli. b’shéva zeh b’séder? piter: ken, metsuyan! maya: az l’hitra-ot ha’érev. piter: yofi! l’hitra-ot!
PETER: Hello Maya, (it’s) Peter speaking. MAYA: Hello, how are you? PETER: Fine thanks. MAYA: Where are you? PETER: I’m (lit. ‘already’) now here in Israel, in the Sheraton Hotel in Tel Aviv. When can we (lit. ‘is it possible to’) meet? MAYA: We can meet this evening at my office. At seven; is that OK? PETER: Yes, excellent! MAYA: So, see you this evening. PETER: Great! See you later!
Vocabulary
(he) speaks medaber Ó„·¯ how are you? mah shlomkha ÷Ï«ÓÍ? Ó‰ fine, thanks tov, todah ˙«„‰ Ë«·, already kvar η¯ when matay Ó˙È it is possible efshar ‡Ù÷¯ to meet l’hipagesh ωÈÙ‚÷ (at) seven b’shéva )√(÷·Ú all right b’séder ·Ò„¯ excellent metsuyan Óˆ»ÈÈÔ so, then az ‡Ê great! yófi! È«ÙÈ! 41
1111 Language points 2 3 4 How are you? 5 6 To find out how someone is, you would ask mah shlomkha? 7 ÷Ï«ÓÍ? Ó‰ to a man and mah shlomekh? ÷Ï«ÓÍ? Ó‰ to a 8 woman. 9 One hopes you would get the answer tov, todah ˙«„‰ Ë«·, , and 10 probably be asked in your turn v’mah shlomekh / mah shlomkha? 11 ÷Ï«ÓÍ? ÂÓ‰ . 12 13 14 Inseparable prepositions + ‘the’ ‰ 15 16 When the prepositions b’ and l’ Ï ·, are attached to definite nouns, 17 ‘the’ ‰ is dropped and Ï ·, are pronounced ba and la. It is useful 18 to show the vowels here in order to explain how this works (see 19 vowel table on p. 14): 20 21 Ï Ã = ‰.. à + Ï.. Ÿ and √ à = ‰.. à + √.. Ÿ 22 23 Example: 24 in an office (b’misrad) √Ó◊¯„ ; in the office (ba’misrad) √Ó◊¯„ 25 26 Without vowels, the words look the same but you will know how 27 to pronounce them correctly from the context. 28 29 NB Our third inseparable preposition ‘from’ mi’ Ó does not 30 contract when combined with ha’ ‰ : 31 32 from the office me’ha’misrad Ó‰Ó◊¯„ 33 34 Remember that proper names are definite by nature and do not 35 take ‘the’ ‰ . The prepositions therefore do not change either. In 36 Tel Aviv is b’tel-aviv √˙Ï-‡·È· . 37 Composite names such as the Sheraton Hotel are also definite, 38 are not preceded by ‰ in Hebrew, and the prepositions and Ï√ 39 do not change: in the Sheraton Hotel is b’malon sheraton 40 ÷¯˙ÂÔ √ÓÏ«Ô . 41 4211 42
Some time words
This evening ha’érev ‰Ú¯· , literally means ‘the evening’. However in the context of designating a particular section of time, ‘the’ ‰ comes to mean ‘this’; hence this evening. The same construction is used for other time words:
this morning ha’bóker ‰√«˜¯
tonight ha’láylah ‰ÏÈω
today ha’yom ‰È«Ì
this week ha’shavú-a ‰÷·»Ú
this month ha’khódesh ‰Á«„÷
this year ha’shanah ‰÷‰
Exercise 1
You are trying to make an appointment with a colleague and are having trouble pinning him down. Here are your colleague’s answers. What were the questions? Once you have worked them out in English, try asking them in Hebrew. (Check your answers with the key at the back of the book, paying attention to the correct pronunciation of the prepositions.)
Example: Are you in the office this morning? atah ba’misrad ha’bóker? ‡˙‰ ·Ó◊¯„ ‰·«˜¯? ·Ó◊¯„ ‡˙‰
1 χ, ‡È χ ·Ó◊¯„ ‰·«˜¯ ·Ó◊¯„ χ ‡È χ, 1 ‡ ‡·È Ï ‰È«Ì (all kol) ÎÏ ·Úȯ χ ‡È χ, 2 3 χ, ‡È ·˜»¯Ò ‰÷·»Ú ·˜»¯Ò ‡È χ, 3 (afterwards akhar kakh) ÎÍ ‰Á«„÷,‡Á¯ ÎÏ ·˜»¯Ò ‡È χ, 4 ·Ë¯ÈÛ ([I’m] not sure lo batú-akh) … ·Ë»Á χ ‰÷‰? 5 43
1111 2 Possible or not possible? efshar ‡Ù÷¯ or 3 i efshar ‡Ù÷¯ ‡È and the Hebrew infinitive 4 5 In Dialogue 1 Peter asks, “Can we meet?” – literally ‘Is it possible 6 to meet?’ efshar l’hipagesh? ωÈÙ‚÷? ‡Ù÷¯ 7 8 Hebrew uses the same construction as English: 9 ‘is it possible’ to + infinitive: efshar l’ … Ï… + ‡Ù÷¯ 10 11 In the negative: it is not possible i efshar ‡Ù÷¯ ‡È 12 Example: 13 14 It is possible to meet at three – it’s not possible to meet at six 15 efshar l’hipagesh b’shalosh – i efshar l’hipagesh b’shesh 16 17 00.6 · ωÈÙ‚÷ ‡Ù÷¯ ‡È – 00.3 · ωÈÙ‚÷ ‡Ù÷¯ 18 19 The Hebrew infinitive begins with Ï ‘to’ as in English. The vowel 20 attached depends on the verb. The rules governing this are too 21 complicated for the beginner and it is simpler at this stage to learn 22 how to pronounce the infinitive form as it is introduced. 23 … ‡Ù÷¯ )‡È( 24 25 to see li’rot ϯ‡«˙ 26 to write li’khtov ÏÎ˙«· 27 28 to think la’khshov ÏÁ÷«· 29 to visit le’vaker Ï·˜¯ 30 31 to go, to walk la’lékhet ÏÏÎ˙ 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 4211 44
Exercise 2
Match the phrases in column A with those in column B to sort out these jumbled Hebrew sentences.
New vocabulary
movie séret (m.) Ò¯Ë fax faks (m.) Ù˜Ò in silence b’shéket ·÷˜Ë
BA ‡Ù÷¯ ϯ‡«˙ ·˜È√»ı ·È◊¯‡Ï. ·˜È√»ı ϯ‡«˙ ‡Ù÷¯ ‡Ù÷¯ Ï·˜¯ ·÷˜Ë ··˜÷‰? ·÷˜Ë Ï·˜¯ ‡Ù÷¯ ‡Ù÷¯ ÏÎ˙«· Ò¯Ë ‰Ú¯·. Ò¯Ë ÏÎ˙«· ‡Ù÷¯ ‡Ù÷¯ ÏÏÎ˙ Ù˜Ò √Á„¯ ·ÓÏ«Ô? √Á„¯ Ù˜Ò ÏÏÎ˙ ‡Ù÷¯ Ù¯Ï÷ ÏÒ»¬¯Ó¯˜Ë? ÏÁ÷· ‡Ù÷¯
Dialogue 2
Peter is out in the street and realizes that he has forgotten Maya’s office address. Pen and paper at the ready he rings her again on his mobile phone and she gives him the information.
ÙÈ˯: ʉ ÷»· ‡È, Ó‰ ‰Î˙«·˙ ÷ÏÍ? ‰Î˙«·˙ Ó‰ ‡È, ÷»· ʉ ÙÈ˯: Ӈȉ: ‡˙‰ ˆ«„˜, ·ÏÈ Î˙«·˙ ‡È ‡Ù÷¯ ωÈÙ‚÷. ‡˙‰ Ϋ˙·? ‡˙‰ ωÈÙ‚÷. ‡Ù÷¯ ‡È Î˙«·˙ ·ÏÈ ˆ«„˜, ‡˙‰ Ӈȉ: ÙÈ˯: ÎÔ, ‡È Ϋ˙·. ‡È ÎÔ, ÙÈ˯: Ӈȉ: ¯Á«· ·Ô ȉ„‰ ÓÒÙ¯ 02 )Ú◊¯ÈÌ(. 02 ÓÒÙ¯ ȉ„‰ ·Ô ¯Á«· Ӈȉ: Â‡È Á«÷·˙ ÷‡˙‰ ˆ¯ÈÍ ‡«Ë«·»Ò ÓÒÙ¯ 3 )˘Ï«˘(. 3 ÓÒÙ¯ ‡«Ë«·»Ò ˆ¯ÈÍ ÷‡˙‰ Á«÷·˙ Â‡È ÙÈ˯: ˙«„‰ ¯·‰. ‰Ó◊¯„ ¯Á«˜ Ó‰˙Á‰? Ó‰˙Á‰? ¯Á«˜ ‰Ó◊¯„ ¯·‰. ˙«„‰ ÙÈ˯: Ӈȉ: χ, ʉ Ó‡„ ˜¯«·. Ó‡„ ʉ χ, Ӈȉ: ÙÈ˯: È«ÙÈ! ω˙¯‡«˙, ·ÈÈ. ω˙¯‡«˙, È«ÙÈ! ÙÈ˯: 45
1111 piter: zeh shuv ani, mah ha’któvet shelakh? 2 maya: atah tsodek: bli któvet i efshar l’hipagesh. 3 atah kotev? 4 piter: ken, ani kotev. 5 maya: rekhov ben yehudah mispar 20 (esrim). v’ani 6 khoshévet she’atah tsarikh ótobus mispar 3 7 (shalosh). 8 piter: todah rabah. ha’misrad rakhok me’ha’takhanah? 9 maya: lo, zeh me-od karov. 10 piter: yofi! l’hitra-ot, bay. 11 12 PETER: It’s me again; what’s your address? 13 MAYA: You’re right: without an address we can’t (lit. ‘it’s not 14 possible to’) meet! Are you writing? 15 PETER: Yes, I’m writing. 16 MAYA: Ben Yehuda Street number 20, and I think (that) you need 17 bus number 3. 18 PETER: Many thanks. Is the office far from the bus stop? 19 MAYA: No, it’s very near. 20 PETER: Great! See you, bye! 21 22 Vocabulary 23 24 again shuv ÷»· 25 address któvet (f.) Î˙«·˙ 26 write(s) kotev Ϋ˙· 27 28 is right tsodek ˆ«„˜ 29 without bli ·ÏÈ 30 she thinks khoshévet Á«÷·˙ 31 that she’ ÷… 32 (to be) need(ing) tsarikh (m.)/tsrikhah (f.) ˆ¯ÈΉ / ˆ¯ÈÍ 33 34 many thanks todah rabah ¯·‰ ˙«„‰ 35 number mispar (m.) ÓÒÙ¯ 36 twenty (20) esrim Ú◊¯ÈÌ 37 three (3) shalosh ÷Ï«÷ 38 far rakhok ¯Á«˜ 39 stop (bus stop) takhanah ˙Á‰ 40 41 very me-od Ó‡„ 4211 near karov ˜¯«· 46
Language points
Tsarikh ˆ¯ÈÍ
Tsarikh ˆ¯ÈÍ strictly speaking is an adjective (with m. and f. forms) but is best translated in English by the verb ‘to need’. Like ‡Ù˘¯ above, it can also be followed by an infinitive:
You need a bus atah tsarikh otobus ‡«Ë«√»Ò ˆ¯ÈÍ ‡˙‰ You (f.) need to travel at tsrikhah li’nsó-a ÏÒ«Ú ˆ¯ÈΉ ‡˙
In the negative just add ‘not’ lo χ : You do not need to walk, it is possible to go by bus lo tsarikh la’lékhet ba’régel – efshar linsó-a b’ótobus χ ˆ¯ÈÍ ÏÏÎ˙ ·¯‚Ï – ‡Ù÷¯ ÏÒ«Ú ·‡«Ë«·»Ò ÏÒ«Ú ‡Ù÷¯ – ·¯‚Ï ÏÏÎ˙ ˆ¯ÈÍ Ï‡
She’… ÷… – that, who, which
The prefix she’… ÷… joins two parts of a sentence together. It is both the conjunction ‘that’ as in: ‘I think that it is far’ ani khoshev she’zeh rakhok ‡È Á«÷· ÷ʉ ¯Á«˜ ÷ʉ Á«÷· ‡È
and the relative pronouns ‘who’ and ‘which’ as in: The address, which I am writing down is in Tel Aviv ha’ktovet she’ani kotev hi b’tel-aviv ‰Î˙«·˙ ÷‡È Ϋ˙· ‰È‡ ·˙Ï-‡·È· ‰È‡ Ϋ˙· ÷‡È ‰Î˙«·˙ The journalist, who is speaking on the phone, is visiting the kibbutz ha’itonay she’medaber ba’télefon, mevaker ba’kibuts ‰ÚÈ˙«‡È ÷Ó„·¯ ·ËÏÙ«Ô Ó·˜¯ ·˜È·»ı Ó·˜¯ ·ËÏÙ«Ô ÷Ó„·¯ ‰ÚÈ˙«‡È 47
1111 Remember that she’… ÷… never stands alone but always attaches 2 itself to the word it precedes, just like the other inseparables we 3 have come across. We have again used an apostrophe in our 4 transliteration to indicate that it is a prefix. (There is another form 5 of the relative pronoun which is a separate word – asher ‡÷¯ – 6 but is not as commonly used in colloquial Hebrew.) 7 8 NB English can drop the conjunction or pronoun: ‘I think it’s far’; 9 ‘the journalist speaking on the phone’; Hebrew must use … ÷ : 10 ani khoshev she’zeh rakhok ¯Á«˜ ÷ʉ Á«÷· ‡È 11 ha’itonay she’medaber ba’télefon ·ËÏÙ«Ô ÷Ó„·¯ ‰ÚÈ˙«‡È 12 13 14 Roots, the Hebrew verb and 15 16 the present tense 17 18 The Hebrew verb (pó-al) ÙÚÏ (is formed from a root (shóresh 19 ÷¯÷ ) consisting in most cases of three letters (although some have 20 four). This root gives the basic idea of the verb, which is given 21 more specific meaning when vowels, prefixes and suffixes are 22 added. These additions follow a number of patterns expressing 23 tense, mood and voice. 24 25 The idea of the root is an important concept to hang on to, since 26 meaning in Hebrew, as in other Semitic languages, is embedded in 27 the root letters. Once you recognize a root, you will be able to 28 make a good guess as to the meaning not only of verbs but also 29 of other Hebrew words built with them. Effective guessing, apart 30 from being fun, is an extremely helpful skill when learning a 31 language! 32 33 Verbs fall into groups depending on which (three or four) letters 34 make up the root. Once you know to which group a verb belongs, 35 you will be able to follow the patterns typical of that group. 36 37 Let’s look at the verb ‘to write’ li’khtov ÏÎ˙«· . It belongs to 38 Group 1. In Dialogue 2 Maya asks Peter, ‘Are you writing?’ atah 39 kotev? Ϋ˙·? ‡˙‰ . The root letters of this verb are Î-˙-· . They 40 convey the general meaning of something to do with writing. Notice 41 these three root letters embedded in the words for ‘letter’ mikhtav 4211 ÓÎ˙· and for the noun ‘writing’ ktivah Î˙È·‰ . 48
Notice also the addition of Ï for the infinitive. The table below shows how the Present tense is formed from the root letters:
Root Î-˙-· Infinitive To write li’khtov ÏÎ˙«· kotev Ϋ˙· ‡È,‡˙‰,‰»‡ Masculine singular (I, you, he) kotévet Ϋ˙·˙ ‡È,‡˙,‰È‡ Feminine singular (I, you, she) kotvim Ϋ˙·ÈÌ ‡Á»,‡˙Ì,‰Ì Masculine plural (we, you, they) kotvot Ϋ˙·«˙ ‡Á»,‡˙Ô,‰Ô Feminine plural (we, you, they)
The verb has four forms in the present tense and agrees in gender and number with its subject. We have emphasized the pattern by highlighting the vowel pattern in the transliteration column above.
The use of the present tense
As in English, the present tense can be used in many ways. It can describe what you are doing, or are in the process of doing, at the moment. I am writing a letter ani kotev mikhtav ÓÎ˙· Ϋ˙· ‡È Or what you are doing in general: Peter works in the museum piter oved ba’muzeon ÙÈ˯ Ú«·„ ·Ó»Ê‡«Ô Ú«·„ ÙÈ˯
It can also be used to describe what you are going to do in the near future: We are going to a movie this evening anákhnu holkhim l’séret ha’érev ‰Ú¯· ÏÒ¯Ë ‰«ÏÎÈÌ ‡Á»
Exercise 3
Conjugation practice:
The verb to think la’khshov ÏÁ˘«· follows the same pattern as the verb Î-˙-· . The root is Á-˘-· . Can you complete the table below? 49
1111 Root Á-˘-· Infinitive To think la’khshov ÏÁ˘«· 2 3 khoshev ______‰»‡ ‡˙‰, ‡È, Masculine singular 4 khoshévet Á«˘·˙ ‰È‡ ‡˙, ‡È, Feminine singular 5 khoshvim ______Masculine plural 6 ‰Ì ‡˙Ì, ‡Á», 7 khoshvot ______‰Ô ‡˙Ô, ‡Á», Feminine plural 8 9 The verbs ‘works’ oved Ú«·„ (root Ú-·-„ ), ‘learns’ lomed Ï«Ó„ 10 (root Ï-Ó-„ ) and ‘goes, walks’ kholekh ‰«ÏÍ )‰-Ï-Î( are also in 11 this group. 12 13 14 Exercise 4 15 Change into the plural: 16 17 … ‡˙Ì - Ï«Ó„ ‡˙‰ … ‰Ì - Ú«·„ ‰»‡ 18 … ‡˙Ô - Ï«Ó„˙ ‡˙ … ‰Ô - Ú«·„˙ ‰È‡ 19 … ‡Á» - Ú«·„ ‡È 20 21 Exercise 5 22 23 Insert the missing verbs to complete the captions. 24 1 ·¯Î·˙ ______ËÏȉ 1 25 26 Ú·¯È˙ ______ÂÁ‰ ◊¯‰ 2 27 ·Á»˙ ______ÂȘ˫¯ 3 28 29 ··˜ ˜ ’ ˆ ______Ò‡ÏÈ 4 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 2 37 38 3 39 40 4 41 4211 50
Dialogue 3
Peter is in the street looking for the bus to take him to Maya’s office. ÙÈ˯: ÒÏÈÁ‰ ‡„ÂÈ, ‡ÈÙ‰ ‡«Ë«·»Ò ÓÒÙ¯ ÷Ï«÷)3(? ÷Ï«÷)3(? ÓÒÙ¯ ‡«Ë«·»Ò ‡ÈÙ‰ ‡„ÂÈ, ÒÏÈÁ‰ ÙÈ˯: ‡È ¯«ˆ‰ ÏÒ«Ú Ï¯Á«· ·Ô-ȉ»„‰. ·Ô-ȉ»„‰. ϯÁ«· ÏÒ«Ú ¯«ˆ‰ ‡È ‡È÷ ·¯Á·: ‡·Ï ‡˙‰ χ ˆ¯ÈÍ ‡«Ë«·»Ò ÓÒÙ¯ ÷Ï«÷; ÷Ï«÷; ÓÒÙ¯ ‡«Ë«·»Ò ˆ¯ÈÍ Ï‡ ‡˙‰ ‡·Ï ·¯Á·: ‡È÷ ‡˙‰ ˆ¯ÈÍ ÓÒÙ¯ ˙÷Ú )9(. )9(. ˙÷Ú ÓÒÙ¯ ˆ¯ÈÍ ‡˙‰ ÙÈ˯: ·Ò„¯, ‡ÈÙ‰ ‡«Ë«·»Ò ÓÒÙ¯ 9? ÓÒÙ¯ ‡«Ë«·»Ò ‡ÈÙ‰ ·Ò„¯, ÙÈ˯: ‰‡È÷: ‡˙‰ ¯«‡‰ ˙Á‰ ÷Ì, Ó»Ï ‰Ò»Ù¯Ó¯˜Ë? ʇ˙ ‰˙Á‰. ʇ˙ ‰Ò»Ù¯Ó¯˜Ë? Ó»Ï ÷Ì, ˙Á‰ ¯«‡‰ ‡˙‰ ‰‡È÷: ÙÈ˯: ˙«„‰, ‡ÈÙ‰ ‡Ù÷¯ Ϙ«˙ ίËÈÒ? Ϙ«˙ ‡Ù÷¯ ‡ÈÙ‰ ˙«„‰, ÙÈ˯: ‰‡È÷: ʉ ·Ò„¯, ‡Ù÷¯ Ϙ«˙ ίËÈÒ ·‡«Ë«·»Ò. ίËÈÒ Ï˜«˙ ‡Ù÷¯ ·Ò„¯, ʉ ‰‡È÷: ÙÈ˯: ˙«„‰ ¯·‰, ÷Ï«Ì! ¯·‰, ˙«„‰ ÙÈ˯:
piter: slikhah adoni, eyfoh ótobus mispar 3 (shalosh)? ani rotseh linsó-a li’rkhov ben yehúdah. ish ba’rkhov: aval atah lo tsarikh ótobus mispar 3 (shalosh); atah tsarikh mispar 9 (tésha). piter: b’séder, eyfoh ótobus mispar 9 (tésha)? ha’ish: atah ro-eh takhanah sham mul ha’supermarket? zot ha’takhanah. piter: todah, v’eyfoh efshar li’knot kartis? ha’ish: zeh b’séder, efshar. li’knot kartis ba’ótobus. piter: todah rabah, shalom!
PETER: Excuse me, sir, where is bus number 3? I want to go to Ben Yehuda Street.
A MAN IN But you don’t need bus number 3; you need THE STREET: number 9.
PETER: All right, where is bus number 9?
THE MAN: Do you see a bus stop over there opposite the supermarket? That’s the stop.
PETER: Thank you, and where (lit. ‘is it possible to’) can one buy a ticket?
THE MAN: It’s O.K. You can buy a ticket on the bus.
PETER Many thanks, shalom! 51
1111 Vocabulary 2 3 sir adoni ‡„«È 4 5 to go, to travel li’nsó-a ÏÒ«Ú 6 (he) sees ro-eh ¯«‡‰ 7 there, over there sham ÷Ì 8 9 opposite mul Ó»Ï 10 to buy li’knot Ϙ«˙ 11 ticket kartis (m.) ίËÈÒ 12 13 14 15 Language points 16 17 Cardinal numbers 1–10 18 19 Numbers in Hebrew have masculine and feminine forms. When 20 counting, giving a telephone number, a bus or street number, or 21 telling the time, the feminine form is used. Here are the numbers: 22 23 Feminine Masculine 24 25 0 éfes‡ÙÒ éfes ‡ÙÒ 26 1 akhat‡Á˙ ekhad ‡Á„ 27 28 2* shtáyim÷˙ÈÈÌ shnáyim ÷ÈÈÌ 29 3 shalosh÷Ï«÷ shloshah ÷Ï«÷‰ 30 31 4 árba‡¯√Ú arba-ah ‡¯·Ú‰ 32 5 khameshÁÓ÷ khamishah ÁÓÈ÷‰ 33 34 6 shesh ÷÷ shishah ÷È÷‰ 35 7 shéva÷·Ú shiv-ah ÷·Ú‰ 36 37 8 shmóneh ÷Ó«‰ shmonah ÷Ó«‰ 38 9 tésha ˙÷Ú tish-ah ˙÷Ú‰ 39 10 éser asarah111111111111111111111111111 40 Ú◊¯ Ú◊¯‰ 41 4211 *shtey (f.) ÷˙È and shney (m.) ÷È are used when accompanying nouns. 52
Example: 2 books shney sfarim ÒÙ¯ÈÌ È ÷
Exercise 6
Read the following telephone numbers. (Remember to use the feminine form.)
00972 – 3 – 425 – 7496 0044 – 207 – 365 – 8160 02 – 307 – 9581
Exercise 7
Give the answers to these simple sums: = ? = ÷ Ï« ÷ + ˙ÈÌ ÷ + ‡¯√Ú = ? = ‡¯√Ú + ÷÷ Ó«‰ + ‡Á˙ = ? = ‡Á˙ + Ó«‰ ÷ + ‡ÙÒ = ? = ‡ÙÒ + ÷ ÁÓ
More verbs in the present tense – changes in pattern
Look at the verbs – from right to left – ‘to buy’, ‘to see’, ‘to want’, ‘to make’: ‰( )Ú-◊- ÏÚ◊«˙ )¯-ˆ-‰(; ϯˆ«˙ )¯-‡-‰(; ϯ‡«˙ )˜--‰(; Ϙ«˙
These verbs are also part of Group 1 but conjugate slightly differ- ently because the last letter of the root is ‰ . Notice that the ‰ has been dropped in the infinitive. The table on the next page shows you how to conjugate these verbs in the present tense. 53
1111 2 Root ¯-ˆ-‰ Infinitive To want li’rtsot ϯˆ«˙ 3 4 rotseh ¯«ˆ‰ ‰»‡ ‡˙‰, ‡È, Masculine singular 5 rotsah ¯«ˆ‰ ‰È‡ ‡˙, ‡È, Feminine singular 6 rotsim ¯«ˆÈÌ ‰Ì ‡˙Ì, ‡Á», Masculine plural 7 8 rotsot ¯«ˆ«˙ ‰Ô ‡˙Ô, ‡Á», Feminine plural 9 10 11 Exercise 8: 12 13 Let’s revise. Give the correct form of the verb. 14 15 )˜--‰( χ ‡Á» 3 )Á-÷-·( ‰È‡ 2 )Î-˙-·( ‰Ì 1 16 )¯-ˆ-‰( ‰Ô 6 )Á-÷-·( ‡˙‰ 5 )¯-‡-‰( ‡˙Ì 4 17 )¯-‡-‰( χ ‰»‡ 9 )¯-ˆ-‰( χ ‡˙ 8 )˜--‰( ‡˙Ô 7 18 19 20 Exercise 9 21 22 Can you unscramble the sentences below to make sense of these 23 two short dialogues? Check your answers in the answer section. 24 25 New vocabulary 26 27 computer makhshev(m.) ÓÁ˘· 28 29 1 30 ··˜÷‰. ¯«ˆÈÌ Ï˜«˙ ÓÁ◊· ‡Á» – 31 32 ÏÓ◊¯„? ‡« ‡˙Ì Ï·È˙ ÓÁ÷· ¯«ˆÈÌ – 33 ‡Á». ··È˙ Ú«·„ÈÌ ··˜÷‰. Ï·È˙ – 34 2 35 36 Ú«◊‰? Ó‰ ‡˙ – 37 Ϋ˙·˙. ÷ÏÈ ÏÁ·¯‰ ÓÎ˙· ‡È – 38 ‡˙‰? Ú«◊‰ ÂÓ‰ – 39 40 ÏÚ◊«˙. ‰Ú¯· Ó‰ ÂÁ«÷· Ó„·¯ ‡È ·ËÏÙ«Ô – 41 4211 54
Exercise 10
True or false?
Hannah is on the phone to her mother (íma ‡Ó‡ ), who wants to know exactly what she is doing today. Read the dialogue and then decide whether the statements below are true or false.
New vocabulary
afterwards akhar kakh ί ‡‰¯ ‡Ó‡: Ó‰ ‡˙ Ú«◊‰ ‰È«Ì? Ú«◊‰ ‡˙ Ó‰ ‡Ó‡: Á‰: ‡È ¯«ˆ‰ ωÈÙ‚÷ ÚÌ ËÏÈ Â·ÈÏ. ËÏÈ ÚÌ Ï‰ÈÙ‚÷ ¯«ˆ‰ ‡È Á‰: ‡Ó‡: Ó‰, ‰Ì ·È◊¯‡Ï? ‰Ì Ó‰, ‡Ó‡: Á‰: ÎÔ, ‰Ì Ï«Ó„ÈÌ ·‡»È·¯ÒÈˉ ·˙Ï-‡·È·. ‡Á» ·˙Ï-‡·È·. ·‡»È·¯ÒÈˉ Ï«Ó„ÈÌ ‰Ì ÎÔ, Á‰: ¯«ˆÈÌ Ï‰ÈÙ‚÷ ·Ó»Ê‡«Ô ·˙÷Ú ‰·«˜¯. ·˙÷Ú ·Ó»Ê‡«Ô ωÈÙ‚÷ ¯«ˆÈÌ ‡Ó‡: Ó‰ ‡˙ Ú«◊‰ ‡Á¯ ÎÍ? ÎÍ? ‡Á¯ Ú«◊‰ ‡˙ Ó‰ ‡Ó‡: Á‰: ‡È ‰«ÏÎ˙ ÏÚȯ Ϙ«˙ ίËÈÒÈÌ Ï˜«ˆ¯Ë ÷Ï Ù¯ÏÓÔ. Ù¯ÏÓÔ. ÷Ï Ï˜«ˆ¯Ë ίËÈÒÈÌ Ï˜«˙ ÏÚȯ ‰«ÏÎ˙ ‡È Á‰: ‡Ó‡: ‡˙ ··È˙ ‰Ú¯· ·÷·Ú? ‡È ¯«ˆ‰ Ï·˜¯. Ï·˜¯. ¯«ˆ‰ ‡È ·÷·Ú? ‰Ú¯· ··È˙ ‡˙ ‡Ó‡: Á‰: χ, ·÷·Ú ‡È ‰«ÏÎ˙ ÏÁ·¯‰, ‡·Ï ‡È ÷»· ··È˙ ·˙÷Ú. ··È˙ ÷»· ‡È ‡·Ï ÏÁ·¯‰, ‰«ÏÎ˙ ‡È ·÷·Ú χ, Á‰:
True or false?
1 Hannah’s mother is calling her before 9 a.m. 2 Hannah is planning to meet Natalie and Bill. 3 They are planning to go to the university. 4 Hannah has tickets for a Perlman concert. 5 Her mother wants to come for a visit. 6 Hannah suggests she comes at seven. 1111 2 3 4 Ó‡«„ ÓÒÚ„‰ ʇ˙ 4 5 ٫ٻϯÈ˙ 6 7 8 It’s a very 9 10 11 popular restaurant 12 13 14 In this unit you will learn: 15 • how to order a meal and talk about food 16 • more verbs in Group 1 17 • the particle et ‡˙ 18 • nouns in the plural 19 • adjectives and how to use them 20 • there is/there isn’t yesh/eyn È˘/‡ÈÔ 21 22 23 24 Dialogue 1 25 26 Peter and Maya have chosen a popular restaurant on Tel Aviv’s 27 busy Dizengoff Street. They ask for a table and then look at the 28 menu. Read the dialogue: can you say what dish Peter is looking 29 forward to? And what do we learn about Maya’s eating habits? 30 31 Ë·. Ú¯· Óψ¯: 32 ··˜÷‰. ÷»ÏÁÔ ¯ÂˆÈÌ ‡Á Ë·. Ú¯· Ӈȉ: 33 34 ‰ÁÏÂÔ? È„ ÚÏ ‰÷»ÏÁÔ ‡˙ ¯«ˆÈÌ ‡˙Ì Óψ¯: 35 ˙„‰. ‚Ó¯, √Ò„¯ ÎÔ, Ӈȉ: 36 ‰Ú¯·? ÷«˙ÈÌ ‡˙Ì Ó‰ Óψ¯: 37 ··˜÷‰. ÓȯÏÈÈÌ ÂÓÈÌ ÈÈÔ ÙÈ˯: 38 ‰˙Ù¯ÈË. ‰‰ Óψ¯: 39 ÁˆÈÏÈÌ. ‡Â‰· ‡È ÁˆÈÏÈÌ. ÂÒÏË ÁÂÓÂÒ Ù‰ È÷ ÈÂÙÈ! ÙÈ˯: 40 41 ·◊¯ ‡ÂÎÏ˙ χ ‡È ÎÈ Ó‡Â„, Ë· Ù÷ËÈ„«˙. ‚Ì ÂÈ÷ Ӈȉ: 4211 ˆÓÁÂÈ˙. ‡È „‚ÈÌ. 56
meltsar: érev tov. maya: érev tov. anákhnu rotsim shulkhan b’vakashah. meltsar: atem rotsim et ha’shulkhan al yad ha’khalon? maya: ken, b’séder gamur, todah. meltsar: mah atem shotim ha’érev? piter: yayin v’máyim minerálim b’vakashah. meltsar: hineh ha’tafrit. piter: yófi! yesh poh khúmus v’salat-khatsilim. ani ohev khatsilim. maya: yesh poh gam pashtidot. tov me-od, ki ani lo okhélet basar v’dagim. ani tsimkhonit.
WAITER: Good evening! MAYA: Good evening, we would like a table please. WAITER: Would you like the table by the window? MAYA: Yes, [that’ll be] absolutely fine, thank you. WAITER: What are you drinking this evening? PETER: Wine and mineral water please. WAITER: Here is the menu. PETER: Great! There’s humous and aubergine salad. I like aubergines. MAYA: There are also quiches. That’s very good, because I don’t eat meat and fish. I’m vegetarian. Vocabulary restaurant mis-adah (f.) ÓÒÚ„‰ waiter meltsar (-it, f.) Óψ¯/Óψ¯È˙ table shulkhan (m.) ÷»ÏÁÔ – et ‡˙ next to, near al yad È„ ÚÏ window khalon (m.) ÁÏÂÔ drink shotim (G1) )÷-˙-‰( «˙ÈÌ ›∆ ÷ wine yáyin (m.) ÈÈÔ water máyim (m. pl.) ÓÈÌ mineral water máyim minerálim ÓȯÏÈÈÌ )ÓÈÌ( here is hineh ‰‰ menu tafrit (m.) ˙Ù¯ÈË there is yesh È÷ aubergines khatsilim (m. pl.) ÁˆÈÏÈÌ likes, loves ohev(-et) )‡-‰-·( ‡«‰·)˙( quiche pashtidah (f.) Ù◊ËÈ„‰ because ki ÎÈ eats okhél(-et) )‡-Î-Ï( ‡«ÎÏ)˙( meat basar (m.) ·◊¯ 57
1111 fish dag (m.) „‚ 2 vegetarian tsimkhoni(-t, f.) ˆÓÁÂÈ)˙( 3 4 Cultural note 5 6 The verb ¯Âˆ‰ is commonly used for the polite form ‘would like’ 7 as well as for the more direct ‘want’. Hebrew often makes no 8 distinction here. (This could be why Israelis may sometimes seem 9 a little blunt in their requests – they are translating straight from 10 Hebrew… ) However, the form ‘I would like’ hayiti rotseh/rotsah 11 ¯«ˆ‰ ‰ÈÈ˙È is also widely used, especially in more formal settings. 12 13 14 Language points 15 16 Roots with guttural letters 17 18 It may be helpful at this stage to note that there are a few letters 19 in the Hebrew alphabet which tend to sabotage the normal pattern 20 of sounds, mainly to ease pronunciation. Some of these letters are 21 the gutturals, often referred to as the ‘throaty five’ since they were 22 all at some point sounded in the throat: ¯ Ú, Á, ‰, ‡, . 23 No need to worry unduly, since if you follow the verb’s basic 24 pattern you will be understood. However, we will point out the 25 irregularities as they crop up. 26 27 In Dialogue 1 we have the verb ‘loves’ ohev ‡«‰· from the root 28 ‡-‰-· , which contains guttural letters. In the plural forms, the ‰ 29 30 would be difficult to pronounce without the following vowel adjust- 31 ments: 32 ohavot ‡«‰·«˙ ohavim ‡«‰·ÈÌ ohevet ‡«‰·˙ ohev ‡«‰· 33 34 35 The particle et ‡˙ 36 37 A direct object answers the question ‘what’ or ‘whom’ in a 38 sentence: “What are you writing? I’m writing a letter”, “Whom do 39 you see? I see a waiter.” 40 Direct objects are indefinite (a waiter, a letter) or definite (the 41 waiter). In Hebrew a definite direct object must always be preceded 4211 by the particle et ‡˙ : 58
I see a waiter ani ro-eh meltsar Óψ¯ ¯«‡‰ ‡È I see the waiter ani ro-eh et ha’meltsar Óψ¯ ‰ ‡˙ ¯«‡‰ ‡È
Since proper nouns are by nature definite, they too are preceded by ‡˙ :
I see Avital ani ro-eh et avital ‡·ÈËÏ ‡˙ ¯«‡‰ ‡È
The particle ‡˙ is never translated; it is simply a marker signalling the definite direct object.
Exercise 1
When would you use the particle et ‡˙ ?
ÙȈ‰ ‰Î¯ËÈÒ Ï˜«ˆ¯Ë ‰Î¯ËÈÒ Ò„ÂÂÈı ·˜Ù˯ȉ Ò„ÂÂÈı )‡˙( ˜«‰ ¯ÁÏ ‰·È˙ ·¯Á«· ·Ô ‚»¯È«Ô ·Ô ·¯Á«· ‰·È˙ (ba’internet) ·‡ÈË¯Ë ‰ËÏÙ«Ô
Exercise 2
Complete the sentences below using the correct form of the verbs (the root letters are given in brackets). You must also decide whether or not to insert the particle ‡˙ .
1 Á‰ )˘-˙-‰( __ ˙‰ ÚÌ ÁÏ·. ÚÌ ˙‰ __ )˘-˙-‰( Á‰ 1 2 „Ïȉ )‡-‰-·( __ ‰Óψ¯. __ )‡-‰-·( „Ïȉ 2 3 ÙÈ˯ )¯-‡-‰( __ ˙Ó¯ ·ÓÒÚ„‰. ˙Ó¯ __ )¯-‡-‰( ÙÈ˯ 3 4 ·Ô )‡-Î-Ï( __ Á»Ó»Ò ·ÙÈ˙‰. Á»Ó»Ò __ )‡-Î-Ï( ·Ô 4 5 ¬È˯ ÂӇȉ )¯-ˆ-‰( __ ÈÈÔ. __ )¯-ˆ-‰( ÂӇȉ ¬È˯ 5 6 ˙Ó¯ ¢¯‰ χ )‡-‰-·( __ ‰ÓÒÚ„‰. __ )‡-‰-·( χ ¢¯‰ ˙Ó¯ 6 7 Ó¯ÈÌ Ï‡ )˘-˙-‰( __ ÈÈÔ ‡Â ˜Ù‰. ‡Â ÈÈÔ __ )˘-˙-‰( χ Ó¯ÈÌ 7 8 ◊¯‰ ÂӇȉ )¯-‡-‰( __ ‰Óψ¯ ÚÏ È„ ‰‡ÂË·ÂÒ. È„ ÚÏ ‰Óψ¯ __ )¯-‡-‰( ÂӇȉ ◊¯‰ 8 59
1111 Nouns in the plural 2 3 Plurals are generally formed with the ending -im ÈÌ for masculine 4 nouns and -ot «˙ for feminine nouns. 5 6 Exercise 3 7 8 Can you fill in the missing singular or plural form of the nouns 9 you have already learnt? Check your answers with the key. Notice 10 the feminine ending ‘ut’ »˙ becomes ‘uyot’ »È«˙ in the plural. 11 12 Plural Singular 13 14 Ù÷ËÈ„«˙ 15 ÁˆÈÏÈÌ 16 Óψ¯ 17 18 ˙Ù¯ÈË 19 ÓÒÚ„«˙ 20 ÓÎ˙· 21 ίËÈÒ 22 ‡«Ë«·»ÒÈÌ 23 24 ˙Á«˙ 25 ˜È·»ı 26 ÓÒÙ¯ÈÌ 27 Á»È«˙ 28 29 Exceptions 30 31 There are no rules without exceptions and the rules governing 32 plurals are no exception! Some nouns take a masculine plural 33 ending but are in fact feminine nouns and vice versa: 34 35 Hotel ÓÏ«Ô is a masculine noun but its plural is melonot ÓÏ««˙ , 36 which has a feminine plural ending. 37 The plural for egg beytsah ·Èˆ‰ is beytsim ·ÈˆÈÌ – a masculine- 38 type ending despite the fact that it is a feminine noun. 39 40 This is an important point to remember since verbs in the present 41 tense (and, as you will see further on in the unit, adjectives) agree 4211 with the gender of a noun, despite irregular endings. 60
From now on the vocabulary lists will include plurals if they are irregular.
As with personal pronouns, when a plural refers to a mixed group of people the masculine form is used. Together, Peter and Maya are itona-im ÚÈ˙«‡ÈÌ .
Exercise 4
You have invited some people for dinner and go off to the market to buy some food. Here is a list of fruit and vegetables from which to choose. Can you work out the plural? Check your answers with the key at the back of the book. (You may find some of the vowels change with the addition of the plural endings – don’t worry, you will soon get used to this and will be understood even without the vowel adjustments.)
Vegetables yerakot ȯ˜«˙ yérek ȯ˜ lettuce khásah ÁÒ‰ onion batsal ·ˆÏ tomato agvanyah Ú‚·Èȉ carrot gézer ‚ʯ lemon limon ÏÈÓ«Ô cucumber melafefon ÓÏÙÙ«Ô pepper pilpel ÙÏÙÏ mushroom pitriyah Ù˯ȉ
Fruit peyrot Ùȯ«˙ pri Ù¯È apple tapúakh ˙Ù»Á orange tapuz ˙Ù»Ê grape enav Ú· pear agas ‡‚Ò banana banánah ·‰
kilogram (kilo- very colloquial) (of) )˜ÈÏ«( ˜ÈÏ«‚¯Ì Exercise 5 You are now ready to order, and read out your shopping list (below) to the stallholder. Remember that numbers in Hebrew have masculine and femi- nine forms (see list on p. 51): your choice of which to use will depend on the gender of the noun to which the number is attached. Note that when used with a noun, the number 2 becomes shtey(f.)/shny(m.) ÷È / ÷˙È instead of shtayim(f.)/shnayim(m.) ÷ÈÈÌ / ˘˙ÈÈÌ . 1 lettuce,* 4 peppers, 5 cucumbers, 2 kilos (of) grapes, a kilo (of) oranges, 8 lemons, 6 tomatoes, 10 eggs, 2 onions, 9 pears, 7 carrots, 2 bananas 61
1111 * one akhat/ekhad, ‡Á˙ / ‡Á„ , unlike other numbers, follows the 2 noun it quantifies. 3 4 5 Dialogue 2 6 7 Back in the restaurant with Peter and Maya. What alternative dishes 8 does the waiter offer Peter and Maya? What excuse does he give for 9 the dwindling menu? 10 11 ωÊÓÈÔ? ÓÂÎÈÌ Óψ¯: 12 ··˜÷‰? ¯‡÷‰, ÎÓ‰ ‚ʯ Ó¯˜ Ϙ·Ï ‡Ù÷¯ ÎÔ, Ӈȉ: 13 14 ‡„ÂÈ? ‡˙‰ Óψ¯: 15 ··˜÷‰. ÁˆÈÏÈÌ ÒÏË ÙÈ˯: 16 ÂÂÈ. fi È ÒÏË È÷ ‡·Ï ÁˆÈÏÈÌ. ÈÂ˙¯ ‡ÈÔ ÓˆËÚ¯, ‡È Óψ¯: 17 18 ÷¯ÈÓÙÒ? ωÊÓÈÔ ‡Ù÷¯ Á·Ï! ‡ÂÈ ÙÈ˯: 19 Î÷¯‰. ÓÒÚ„‰ ʇ˙ ÓˆËÚ¯, ‡È χ, Óψ¯: 20 ·Ù˯ÈÂ˙? ÙÂ¯Ï „‚ ‡Â ˯ȉ, ˉ È÷ ‡»ÏÈ ÒÏÈÁ‰! ‡«È, ÙÈ˯: 21 22 ·÷·ÈÏ Ó‰ ÂÙ«¯Ï. Ë»‰ ‡ÈÔ ÓˆËÚ¯, √‡Ó˙ ‡È χ, Óψ¯: 23 ‰‚·¯˙? 24 ÚȘ¯È˙? ÎÓ‰ ·ÙÈ˯ȫ˙ Ù÷ËÈ„‰ È÷ Ӈȉ: 25 26 ·Ù˯ÈÂ˙. ÚÂÛ È÷ ‡·Ï χ, Óψ¯: 27 ˆÓÁÂÈ˙… ‡È ‡·Ï Ӈȉ: 28 ÓÒÚ„‰ ‡Á ÏÚ◊Â˙? Ó‰ (Shrugging his shoulders.) Óψ¯: 29 30 ÙÂÙÂϯÈ˙… Ó‡«„ 31 ¬ÁÂ˙ ÏÓÒÚ„‰ ‰ÂÏÎÈÌ ‡Á „·¯, ‡ÈÔ (Getting up.) ÙÈ˯: 32 ÙÂÙÂϯÈ˙! 33 34 meltsar: mukhanim l’hazmin? 35 maya: ken – efshar le’kabel marak gézer k’manah rishonah, 36 b’vakashah. 37 meltsar: v’atah adoni? 38 piter: salat khatsilim, b’vakashah. 39 meltsar: ani mitsta-er, eyn yoter khatsilim. aval yesh salat yevani. 40 piter: oi, khaval! efshar l’hazmin shrimps? 41 meltsar: lo, ani mitsta-er, zot mis-adah ksherah. 4211 piter: oi, slikhah!…ulay yesh túna triyah, o dag forel b’pitriyot? 62
meltsar: lo, ani b’emet mitsta-er, eyn tunah v’forel. mah bishvil ha’gvéret? maya: yesh pashtidah b’pitriyot k’manah ikarit? meltsar: lo, aval yesh of b’pitriyot. maya: aval ani tsimkhonit … meltsar: ma la’asot? anákhnu mis-adah me-od populárit … piter: eyn davar, anákhnu holkhim l’mis-adah pakhot populárit!
WAITER: Are you ready to order? MAYA: Yes – can I have carrot soup to start with (lit. ‘as a first course’), please. WAITER: And [for] you, sir? PETER: Aubergine salad, please. WAITER: I’m sorry, there are no more aubergines, but there’s a Greek salad. PETER: Oh! What a shame! Can I order shrimps? WAITER: No, I’m sorry, this is a kosher restaurant. PETER: Oh! sorry… Is there perhaps some fresh tuna, or trout with mushrooms? WAITER: No, I’m really sorry, there’s no tuna or trout. What [can I get] for the lady? MAYA: Is there any mushroom quiche as a main course? WAITER: No, but there’s chicken with mushrooms. MAYA: But I’m vegetarian…. WAITER: (Shrugging his shoulders.) What can I do? (lit: what to do?) We are a very popular restaurant…. PETER: (Getting up.) Never mind, we’re going to a less popular restaurant!
Vocabulary
ready mukhanim (m.pl.) ÓÂÎÈÌ to order l’hazmin ωÊÓÈÔ (carrot) soup marak (m.)(gezer) )‚ʯ( Ó¯˜ first course manah rishonah (f.) ¯‡˘Â‰ Ó‰ sorry mitsta-er ÓˆËÚ¯ there is no more eyn yoter ÈÂ˙¯ ‡ÈÔ Greek yevani(-t, f.) ÈÂÂÈ)˙( what a shame! khaval! Á·Ï! 63
1111 kosher kasher(ksherah, f.) Î÷¯)‰( 2 perhaps ulay ‡»ÏÈ 3 4 tuna túna (f.) ˉ 5 fresh tari(triyah, f.) ˯È)˯Èȉ( 6 trout forel ÙÂ¯Ï 7 8 mushroom pitriyah (f.) Ù˯ȉ 9 really (lit. ‘in truth’) b’emet ·‡Ó˙ 10 for bishvil ·˘·ÈÏ 11 12 as k’… … Î 13 main course manah ikarit (f.) ÚȘ¯È˙ Ó‰ 14 chicken of (m.) ÚÂÛ 15 16 what can I do? mah la’asot ÏÚ˘Â˙? Ó‰ 17 (lit. ‘what to do’) 18 never mind eyn davar „·¯ ‡ÈÔ 19 20 less pakhot ¬ÁÂ˙ 21 popular polpulári(-t, f.) ÙÂÙÂϯÈ)˙( 22 23 24 Cultural note 25 26 Î÷¯‰ ÓÒÚ„‰ 27 28 Food is kosher if it adheres to the Jewish dietary laws. The most 29 well known of these are the prohibitions against eating pork and 30 shellfish, the ritual slaughter of animals that can be eaten, and the 31 prohibition against mixing meat and milk in a single meal. Most 32 restaurants in Israel are kosher but there are a growing number of 33 establishments which do not comply with the religious laws. 34 35 36 Language points 37 38 Adjectives 39 40 An adjective is a word which describes a noun. In Hebrew, the 41 adjective follows the noun it describes and agrees with it in gender 4211 and number. 64
In order to agree with a noun, the Hebrew adjective has four forms: masculine, feminine, singular and plural. The two most common feminine endings are -ah ‰ and -it È˙ . The plural endings are the same as for nouns, -im ÈÌ for the masculine and -ot «˙ for the feminine. a good evening érev tov Ë«· Ú¯· a good address któvet tovah Ë«·‰ Î˙«·˙ good films sratim tovim Ë«·ÈÌ Ò¯ËÈÌ
Exercise 6
Here is a list of common adjectives and their opposites. We have left some of the forms in Hebrew for you to write in. The translit- eration will help you. (Check with the key.)
new khadash, khadashah, khadashim, khadashot Á„÷ ,Á„÷‰,______, Á„÷«˙ ,Á„÷‰,______, Á„÷ old yashan, yeshanah, yeshanim, yeshanot * È÷Ô,______, È÷ÈÌ, È÷«˙ È÷«˙ È÷ÈÌ, È÷Ô,______, big gadol, gdolah, gdolim, gdolot* ____ ‚„«ÏÈÌ, ‚„«Ï‰, ‚„«Ï, small katan, ktanah, ktanim, ktanot* ˜Ë«˙ ˜Ë‰,______, ˜ËÔ, hot kham, khamah, khamim, khamot ______ÁÓÈÌ, ÁÓ‰, ÁÌ, cold kar, karah, karim, karot ˜¯«˙ ˜¯ÈÌ, ˜¯,______, soft rakh, rakah, rakim, rakot ¯Î«˙ ¯Î‰,______, ¯Í, hard kasheh, kashah, kashim, kashot** ˜˘«˙ ˜÷ÈÌ, ˜÷‰,____, sweet matok, metukah, metukim, metukot* Ó˙«˜, Ó˙»˜‰, Ó˙»˜ÈÌ,____ Ó˙»˜‰, Ó˙«˜, bitter marh, marah, marim, marot Ó¯«˙ Ó¯ÈÌ, Ó¯,_____, strong khazak, khazakah, khazakim, khazakot Áʘ,______, ÁʘÈÌ, Áʘ«˙ ÁʘÈÌ, Áʘ,______, nice/pretty yafeh, yafah, yafim, yafot** ÈÙ«˙ ÈÙÈÌ, ÈÙ‰,______, tasty ta-im, te-imah, te-imim, te-imot ËÚÈÓÈÌ,___ ËÚÈÓ‰, ËÚÈÌ, fresh tari, triyah, tri-im, triyot* ˯ÈÈ«˙ ˯Èȉ,______, ˯È, 65
1111 * To ease pronunciation, the first syllable of many adjectives is 2 shortened as the various endings are added. 3 ** a ‰ can sometimes be a masculine ending. Without vowels, you 4 need to rely once again on the context to know if the masculine 5 or feminine is meant. 6 7 Exercise 7 8 9 Pair these nouns off with the adjectives underneath: 10 11 ÚÈ˙«‡È˙; 5 ‡¯ı; 4 Ù¯«ÙÒ«¯; 3 Ú‚·È«˙; 2 Ú·ÈÌ; 1 12 ‡Ò˜ÈÓ« 7 Á·¯ÈÌ; 6 13 14 Ë«·ÈÌ ¯Î«˙, ˜¯, ˜Ë‰, ‚„«Ï, ËÚÈÓÈÌ, ÈÙ‰, 15 Exercise 8 16 17 Can you describe the following? 18 19 ·È¯‰ ·Èˆ‰, Ó◊¯„ÈÌ, „‚, ÈÌ, ˆ’ Ò„ÂÂÈ ˜Ù‰, 20 21 22 Adjectives and definite nouns 23 24 If a noun is definite, its qualifying adjective must also be definite 25 and must be prefixed with ha’ ‰ : 26 27 kosher restaurants mis-adot ksherot Î÷¯«˙ ÓÒÚ„«˙ 28 the kosher restaurants ha’mis-adot ha’ksherot 29 ‰Î÷¯Â˙ ‰ÓÒÚ„Â˙ 30 Without the ‰ in front of the adjective, the meaning would change. 31 The phrase would become a complete sentence, a noun sentence, 32 where the verb ‘to be’ is implied (see p. 27): 33 34 the restaurant is kosher ΢¯‰ ‰ÓÒÚ„‰ 35 36 Exercise 9 37 38 Which phrase translates the following? 39 tasty apples ‰ËÚÈÓÈÌ, ‰˙Ù»ÁÈÌ ËÚÈÓÈÌ, ‰˙Ù»ÁÈÌ 40 ËÚÈÓÈÌ ˙Ù»ÁÈÌ 41 4211 a cold night ˜¯ ‰ÏÈω ˜¯, ÏÈω ‰˜¯, ‰ÏÈω 66
the new house Á„÷ ·È˙ ‰Á„÷, ‰·È˙ Á„÷, ‰·È˙ the old buses È÷ÈÌ ‰‡«Ë«·»ÒÈÌ È÷ÈÌ, ‡«Ë«·»ÒÈÌ ‰È÷ÈÌ ‰‡«Ë«·»ÒÈÌ the mushrooms are big ‰‚„«Ï«˙, ‰Ù˯ȫ˙ ‚„«Ï«˙, Ù˯ȫ˙ ‰Ù˯ȫ˙ ‚„«Ï«˙ ‚„«Ï«˙ ‰Ù˯ȫ˙
yesh/eyn È˘/‡ÈÔ
Yesh È÷ and eyn ‡ÈÔ are two useful words meaning ‘there is’ and ‘there isn’t’. For once in Hebrew you don’t need to change anything. These words remain the same whether they are referring to one or many, to masculine or feminine: There are tourists in the restaurant yesh tayarim ba’mis-adah È÷ ˙ÈȯÈÌ ·ÓÒÚ„‰ ˙ÈȯÈÌ È÷ There’s no whisky at home eyn viski ba’báyit ··È˙ ÂÂÈÒ˜È ‡ÈÔ
Exercise 10
Uri is a fussy eater. His mother looks in the fridge to see what she can offer him, but Uri seems to have his own ideas. Pretend you are Uri’s mother: have you got what he wants? Complete the dialogue by using the following words: 67
1111 Ë»‰ ‡˙, ‡«‰·, ¯Í, Ï·‰, ,ȯ˜Â˙, ˜÷‰ Ú«Û, ‡ÈÔ, È˘, 2 3 4 New vocabulary 5 6 bread lékhem (m.) ÏÁÌ 7 cheese gvinah (f.) ‚·È‰ 8 white cheese gvinah levanah Ï·‰ ‚·È‰ 9 10 butter khem-ah (f.) ÁÓ‡‰ 11 olives zeytim (m.pl.) ÊÈ˙ÈÌ 12 omelette khavitah (f.) Á·È˙‰ 13 14 actually b’étsem ·ÚˆÌ 15 16 ··È˙? Ï‡Î«Ï È÷ Ó‰ ‡Ó‡, ‡»¯È: 17 , 2 ‚·È‰ ÏÁÌ, ÏÒÏË, ˯ÈÈÌ 1 È÷ ‡Ó‡: 18 19 Â… Ú‚·È«˙, Ó¯˜ ÊÈ˙ÈÌ, ÁÓ‡‰, 20 ÂÒÙ‚ËÈ? 4 È÷ ‡»ÏÈ Ó¯˜, 3 χ ‡È ‡»¯È: 21 ÒÙ‚ËÈ. 6 ‡·Ï Ú«Û, 5 ‡Ó‡: 22 23 Âˉ? 7 ‡·«˜„« ‚Ì È÷ ‡»¯È: 24 9 È÷ ‡·Ï 8 ‰‡·Â˜„ χ, ‡Ó‡: 25 ˆ’ÈÙÒ? ÒËȘ 01 ‡»¯È: 26 27 ‰ÒËȘ? 11 ¯«ˆ‰ ‡˙‰ ÎÔ, ‡Ó‡: 28 ÂÒÏË…. ·ÈˆÈÌ Ó÷Ï«÷ Á·È˙‰ ¯«ˆ‰ ·ÚˆÌ ‡È χ, ‡»¯È: 29 30 31 Cultural note 32 33 These are the main meals of the day: 34 breakfast arukhat bóker √«˜¯ ‡¯ÂÁ˙ 35 36 lunch arukhat tsohoráyim ˆ‰¯ÈÈÌ ‡¯ÂÁ˙ 37 dinner arukhat érev Ú¯· ‡¯ÂÁ˙ 38 39 As in many Mediterranean countries, lunch in Israel is often the 40 main meal of the day, rather than supper. Schooldays finish around 41 lunch time and smaller shops close for a break. Children often go 4211 home to eat. However, this is changing: offices tend to work right 68
through and many more people take a snack in the middle of the day and eat a cooked meal at supper time. An Israeli breakfast is often a lavish affair, especially in Israeli hotels and guest houses where guests can look forward to a large array of dishes. Many hotels offer not only the assortment of pastry breads and rolls (lakhmaniyot ÏÁÓÈ«˙ ) with jam (ribah ¯È·‰ ) of a Continental European breakfast, but also more savoury dishes: cheeses, pickles (khamutsim ÁÓ»ˆÈÌ ) and salted fish (dag malú- akh (ÓÏ»Á „‚ ), salads and eggs cooked in various ways, soft and hard boiled (¯Î«˙,˜÷«˙ ·ÈˆÈÌ ) and scrambled (mekushkashot Ó˜»˘˜÷«˙ ). Israel is a melting pot, not only of people from many lands, but of the foods they eat. You are therefore likely to come across dishes from many different culinary traditions at any meal of the day.
Exercise 11
Role play
You are in an Israeli restaurant with a friend: have a go at ordering a meal from the menu. In the recording you will find a dialogue between two other patrons of the restaurant. Here are some useful expressions you might want to use:
Can I/we efshar ‡Ù÷¯ have/order? l’kabel/l’hazmin Ϙ·Ï/ωÊÓÈÔ? Do you have? yesh lakhem ÏÎÌ? È÷ I prefer (m./f.) ani ma’adif/ma’adifah ÓÚ„ÈÛ/ÓÚ„ÈÙ‰ ‡È I am on a diet ani b’diéta ·„ȇˉ ‡È I only eat kosher ani okhel/okhélet rak )‡ÂÎÏ˙( ‡ÂÎÏ ‡È food (m./f.) ókhel kasher Î÷¯ ‡»ÎÏ ¯˜ not too much lo yoter miday Ó„È È«˙¯ χ not too greasy la yoter miday shamen ÷ÓÔ Ó„È È«˙¯ χ it’s fattening zeh mashmin Ó÷ÓÈÔ Ê‰ enough, thank you maspik, todah ˙«„‰ ÓÒÙȘ, 69
1111 Menu ˙Ù¯ÈË 2 3 First courses manot rishonot ¯‡˘ÂÂ˙ ÓÂ˙ 4 5 ÁˆÈÏÈÌ ÒÏË 6 ȯ˜Â˙ ÒÏË 7 mayonez ÓÈÂÊ ÒÏË 8 ÓÏÂÁ „‚ 9 ÁÂÓÂÒ 10 ‡·Â˜„ 11 Main courses manot ikariyot ÚȘ¯ÈÂ˙ ÓÂ˙ 12 13 beef *bakar *·˜¯ ÒËÈȘ 14 ·Ù˯ÈÂ˙ ÚÂÛ 15 sauce *rotev;*pikanti *¬È˜ËÈ Ú‚·ÈÈÂ˙ *·¯ÂË· „‚ 16 grilled tuna tunah ba’gril ·‚¯ÈÏ Ë‰ 17 Vegetarian dishes manot tsimkhoniyot ˆÓÁÂÈÂ˙ ÓÂ˙ 18 19 *rizoto Ù˯ÈÂ˙ *¯ÈÊÂË 20 *lasanyah ÂÁˆÈÏÈÌ È¯˜Â˙ ÷Ï *ÏÊȉ 21 broccoli quiche pashtidat *brokoli *·¯Â˜ÂÏÈ ¬˘ËÈ„˙ 22 Desserts manot akhronot ‡Á¯ÂÂ˙ ÓÂ˙ 23 24 mus ÷˜ÂÏ„ ÓÂÒ 25 ice creams: glidot: ‚ÏÈ„«˙: 26 vanilla, strawberry vanil, tutim ˙»˙ÈÌ ÂÂÈÏ, 27 ¬È¯Â˙ ÒÏË 28 cheese cake ugat gvinah ‚·È‰ Ú‚˙ 29 *shtrudl ˙¬ÂÁÈÌ *÷Ë¯Â„Ï 30 choice of *mivkhar ‚·ÈÂ˙ *Ó·Á¯ 31 ˯ÈÈÌ ¬È¯Â˙ 32 Drinks shtiyah ÷˙ȉ 33 34 wines *yeynot Ó·Á¯*ÈÈÂ˙ 35 ·È¯‰ 36 juice *mits ˙ÙÂÁÈÌ *ÓÈı 37 grapefruit(s) *eshkoliyot *‡÷ÎÂÏÈÂ˙ ÓÈı 38 ˙ÙÂÊÈÌ ÓÈı 39 ÓȯÏÈÈÌ ÓÈÌ 40 41 *indicates new words 4211 70
Exercise 12
Reading comprehension: ‘It’s not fair’ Ù¯ χ ʉ
Can you say why?!
Join Maria Gonzales, Miss Brazil, on her visit to Kibbutz Ein-Gev where she meets a kibbutznik at breakfast. Slim (razah ¯Ê‰ ) and gorgeous (khatikhah Á˙ÈΉ ), she sits (yoshévet È«÷·˙ ) in front of her plate piled high with food and starts a conversation with her neighbour, a short fat (shamen ÷ÓÔ ) man who is staring sadly at the single small pot of yogurt in front of him.
New vocabulary
the dining room khadar ha’ókhel (m.) ‰‡«ÎÏ Á„¯ actually dávka „˜‡ mainly b’ikar ·ÚȘ¯ even afílu ‡ÙÈÏ»
ӯȉ ‚«ÊÏÒ, ÓÈÒ ·¯ÊÈÏ, Ó·˜¯˙ ·˜È·»ı ÚÈÔ-‚·. ӯȉ, ·Á»¯‰ ӯȉ, ÚÈÔ-‚·. ·˜È·»ı Ó·˜¯˙ ·¯ÊÈÏ, ÓÈÒ ‚«ÊÏÒ, ӯȉ ¯Ê‰, ÂÁ˙ÈΉ, ‡«ÎÏ˙ ‡¯»Á˙ ·«˜¯ ·Á„¯ ‰‡«ÎÏ. ·Á„¯ ·«˜¯ ‡¯»Á˙ ‡«ÎÏ˙ ÂÁ˙ÈΉ, ¯Ê‰,
ӯȉ ·„ȇˉ ‰ȇ ‡«ÎÏ˙ ¯˜ ÷˙È ·ÈˆÈÌ ˜÷«˙, Ë«ÒË ÚÌ Ë«ÒË ˜÷«˙, ·ÈˆÈÌ ÷˙È ¯˜ ‡«ÎÏ˙ ‰ȇ ·„ȇˉ ӯȉ ÁÓ‡‰ ¯ȷ‰, ÒÏË ÁÒ‰ ‚„«Ï, ‡·«˜„«, ÙÏÙÏÈÌ, ÓÏÙÙ«ÈÌ, ÙÏÙÏÈÌ, ‡·«˜„«, ‚„«Ï, ÁÒ‰ ÒÏË Â¯È·‰, ÁÓ‡‰ ·ˆÏ. ‰È‡ ‚Ì ‡«ÎÏ˙ ˜«¯Ô-ÙÏÈÈ˜Ò ÂÙȯ«˙ ˯ÈÈÌ. ÂÙȯ«˙ ˜«¯Ô-ÙÏÈÈ˜Ò ‡«ÎÏ˙ ‚Ì ‰È‡ ·ˆÏ.
ӯȉ È«÷·˙ ÚÏ È„ È«ÒÈ ‰÷ÓÔ Ó‰˜È·»ı. ‚Ì È«ÒÈ ·„ȇˉ. È«ÒÈ ‚Ì Ó‰˜È·»ı. ‰÷ÓÔ È«ÒÈ È„ ÚÏ È«÷·˙ ӯȉ 71
1111 ·ÈˆÈÌ? ‡«‰· χ ‡˙‰ – 2 Ó˜»÷˜÷«˙. »·ÚȘ¯ ˜÷«˙, ¯Î«˙, ·ÈˆÈÌ: ‡«‰· „˜‡ ‡È ÎÔ, – 3 4 ¯ȷ‰? ÏÁÌ ˜ˆ˙ ¯«ˆ‰ ‡˙‰ ‡»ÏÈ – 5 ÁÓ‡‰. ‡ÙÈÏ» ‚·È‰ ¯È·‰, ÏÁÌ, ¯«ˆ‰ Ó‡„ ‡È ÎÔ, – 6 È«‚»¯Ë? ¯˜ ‡«ÎÏ ‡˙‰ ÏÓ‰ ‡Ê – 7 ·„ȇˉ! ‡È ÎÈ – 8 ·„ȇˉ! ‡È ‚Ì Ó‰? ‡Ê – 9 10 Ù¯! χ ʉ – 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 4211 5 Â˙ÎÈ«˙ Ó÷ÙÁ‰ Family and plans
In this unit you will learn: • how to express possession: shel÷Ï : yesh/eyn l’… Ï… È÷/‡ÈÔ • verb Group 1 (middle root letter or È ) • question words – which? ‡Ï‰? ‡ÈÊ«? ‡Èʉ? • demonstratives ‘these’/’those’ ‰‰Ì/‰‰Ô ‰‡Ï‰ • ‘to be able to’ ÈÎ«Ï • word pairs (singular) ÒÓÈλ˙ • to talk about the family
Dialogue 1
What is Peter doing in Israel? Ӈȉ: ‡Ê Ó‰ ‰˙ÎÈ«˙ ÷ÏÍ ÙÈ˯? Ó‰ ·„È»˜ ‡˙‰ ¯«ˆ‰ ¯«ˆ‰ ‡˙‰ ·„È»˜ Ó‰ ÙÈ˯? ÷ÏÍ ‰˙ÎÈ«˙ Ó‰ ‡Ê Ӈȉ: ÏÚ˘«˙ Ù‰? ÏÚ˘«˙ ÙÈ˯: È÷ ÏÎÌ ‡¯ı Ó‡„ ÓÈ»Á„˙, ‡È ¯«ˆ‰ ϯ‡«˙ ‡ÈÍ ‡ÈÍ Ï¯‡«˙ ¯«ˆ‰ ‡È ÓÈ»Á„˙, Ó‡„ ‡¯ı ÏÎÌ È÷ ÙÈ˯: ‡÷ÈÌ ÁÈÈÌ Ù‰. ÁÈÈÌ ‡÷ÈÌ Ó‡È‰: È÷ ÏÍ ¯˜ Ú˘¯‰ ÈÓÈÌ. ÓÓ‰ ‡˙‰ ¯«ˆ‰ ω˙ÁÈÏ? ¯«ˆ‰ ‡˙‰ ÓÓ‰ ÈÓÈÌ. Ú˘¯‰ ¯˜ ÏÍ È÷ Ӈȉ: ÙÈ˯: ‡È ·ÚˆÌ χ ·Ë»Á! ‡È ¯«ˆ‰ ÏÙ‚«÷ ‡÷ÈÌ Ó‰Úȯ, Ó‰Úȯ, ‡÷ÈÌ ÏÙ‚«÷ ¯«ˆ‰ ‡È ·Ë»Á! χ ·ÚˆÌ ‡È ÙÈ˯: Ó‰˜È·»ı ‡ÙÈÏ» ·¯Á«·. ÂÎÓ»·Ô ‚Ì Ï¯‡«˙ ‡˙¯ÈÌ ‡˙¯ÈÌ Ï¯‡«˙ ‚Ì ÂÎÓ»·Ô ·¯Á«·. ‡ÙÈÏ» Ó‰˜È·»ı ‰ÒË«¯ÈÈÌ, »·ÓÈ»Á„ ‡˙ ȯ»˘ÏÈÌ Â‰Ó˜«Ó«˙ ‰˜„«÷ÈÌ. ‰˜„«÷ÈÌ. ‰Ә«Ó«˙ ȯ»˘ÏÈÌ ‡˙ »·ÓÈ»Á„ ‰ÒË«¯ÈÈÌ, Ó‰ ‡˙ ÓˆÈÚ‰? ‡˙ Ó‰ 73
1111 maya: az mah ha’tokhniyot shelkha, piter? mah b’diyuk atah 2 rotseh la’asot poh? 3 piter: yesh lakhem érets me-od meyukhédet; ani rotseh li’r-ot 4 ekh anashim khayim poh. 5 maya: yesh lekha rak asarah yamim. mi’mah atah rotseh 6 l’hatkhil? 7 piter: ani b’étsem lo batú-akh! ani rotseh li’fgosh anashim 8 me’ha’ir, me’ha’kibuts va’afílu ba’rkhov. v’kamuvan 9 gam li’r-ot atarim histori-im, u’vi’myukhad et yerusha- 10 layim v’ha’mkomot ha’kdoshim. mah at matsi-ah? 11 12 MAYA: So what are your plans, Peter? What exactly do you want 13 to do here? 14 PETER: You have a very special country; I would like to see how 15 people live here. 16 MAYA: You have only ten days. What would you like to start with? 17 PETER: Actually, I’m not sure! I would like to meet people from 18 the city, from the kibbutz and even on the street. Of course, 19 [I would] also [like] to see some historic sites and especially 20 Jerusalem and the holy places. What do you suggest? 21 22 Vocabulary 23 24 plan tokhnit (f.) ˙ÎÈ˙ 25 your shelkha ÷ÏÍ 26 27 you (m.pl.) have yesh lakhem ÏÎÌ È÷ 28 special meyukhad (meyukhédet,f.) ÓÈ»Á„)˙( 29 people anashim(m.pl.) ‡÷ÈÌ 30 live khayim ÁÈÈÌ* 31 32 from what? mi’mah ÓÓ‰? 33 to start, to begin l’hatkhil ω˙ÁÈÏ 34 to meet li’fgosh G1 )Ù-‚-˘( ÏÙ‚«÷ 35 naturally, of course kamuvan ÎÓ»·Ô 36 37 historical site atar (m.) histori ‰ÈÒË«¯È ‡˙¯ 38 place makom (mekomot, m.) Ó˜«Ì 39 holy kadosh ˜„«÷ 40 suggest(s) matsí-a (matsi-ah, f.) ÓˆÈÚ)‰( 41 4211 and especially u’vi’myukhad »·ÓÈ»Á„ 74
* khayim ÁÈÈÌ means both ‘they live,’ from the verb ‘to live’ li’khiyot ÏÁÈ«˙ and the noun ‘life’; you may well have come across the word in the toast ‘to life!’ l’kháyim ! ÏÁÈÈÌ
Language point
Possession 1
1 Possession in Hebrew can be expressed in various ways. One way is to use the preposition ‘of’ shel ÷Ï : Peter’s plans (lit. ‘the plans of Peter’) ha’tokhniyot shel Peter ‰˙ÎÈ«˙ ÷Ï ÙÈ˯ ÷Ï ‰˙ÎÈ«˙ the restaurant’s menu (lit. ‘the menu of the restaurant’) ha’tafrit shel ha’mis-adah ‰ÓÒÚ„‰ ÷Ï ‰˙Ù¯ÈË
2 Possession can also be expressed in English by the adjectives ‘my’, ‘your’, ‘his’, ‘her’, etc. as well as by the pronouns ‘mine’, ‘yours’, ‘his’, ‘hers’, etc. In Hebrew both these forms are con- veyed by ÷Ï with appropriate endings:
In Unit 2, Boris introduced Jan – “my relative karov sheli ˜¯«· ÷ÏÈ ˜¯«· ” – sheli ÷ÏÈ is made up of ÷ÏÈ = È + (‘i’ È÷χ being the ending replacing the pronoun ‡È ).
In this unit, Maya asks Peter “what are your plans?” ha’tokhniyot shelkha ÷ÏÍ ‰˙ÎÈ«˙ shelkha ÷ÏÍ = Í + ÷Ï (kha being the ending replacing the pronoun ).‡˙‰
Here is a list of all the pronoun endings attached to the preposi- tion ÷Ï . You should memorize these endings carefully as they can be attached to many other prepositions, as well as to nouns (another way of expressing possession in Hebrew which we will look at in a later unit). 75
1111 Plural Singular 2 shelánu ÷Ï» ‡Á» sheli ÷ÏÈ ‡È 3 our my 4 shelakhem ÷ÏÎÌ ‡˙Ì shelkha * ÷ÏÍ ‡˙‰ 5 6 your your 7 shelakhen ÷ÏÎÔ ‡˙Ô shelakh * ÷ÏÍ ‡˙ 8 your your 9 shelahem ÷Ï‰Ì ‰Ì shelo ÷Ï« ‰»‡ 10 their his 11 shelahen ÷Ï‰Ô ‰Ô shelah ÷ω ‰È‡ 12 their her 13 14 *Note that these two forms look the same in unpointed Hebrew – 15 again the context will tell you how to pronounce them. 16 17 NB This contracted form, literally ‘of me’, ‘of you’, etc. always 18 follows the noun in Hebrew (although it precedes it in English): 19 my house ha’báyit sheli ÷ÏÈ ‰·È˙ . 20 21 Exercise 1 22 23 Replace the pronouns in brackets with the correct form of ÷Ï . 24 25 Example: 26 ÷ÏÈ ‰Ó◊¯„ ʉ = )‡È( ‰Ó◊¯„ ʉ 27 zeh ha’misrad (ani) = zeh ha’misrad sheli 28 29 ‰Ó÷ÙÁ‰ (with im) ÚÌ ·‡«Ò˯Ïȉ ‚¯ ‡·È )‡È( ‰Á·¯ 30 Ó‡«„ χ‰ )‡È( ‰Á·¯‰ ‡È ÏÈÌ. ˜¯«· )‰Ì( ‰·È˙ )‰»‡(. 31 ‡Á» ·„ˆÓ·¯. ·‡«Ò˯Ïȉ Ï·˜¯ ¯«ˆÈÌ Â÷Ó÷ ÈÌ ‡«‰·ÈÌ 32 ·‡«Ù¯‰ ÂÏ·˜¯ ·ÒÈ„È )‡Á»( ‰Á·¯ÈÌ ‡˙ ϯ‡«˙ ¯«ˆÈÌ 33 ·ÓÏ·«¯Ô. )‰È‡( ‰Ó÷ÙÁ‰ ‡˙ Ï·˜¯ ¯«ˆ‰ Âχ‰ 34 35 My friend Avi lives in Australia with his family. Their house is 36 near the sea. My friend Leah and I are very fond of sea and sun 37 and want to visit Australia in December. We would like to see our 38 friends in Sydney and to go to the opera and Leah wants to visit 39 her family in Melbourne. 40 41 4211 76
Exercise 2
New vocabulary
probably kanir-eh ί‡‰
Talia, Dorit, Ben and Alon share a flat and have been shopping together. Dorit has gone out and Ben is so exhausted he has gone for a nap. Talia and Alon are left to sort out the shopping. Pretend you are Talia – how would you say: “The chicken is Ben’s; the fish is yours; the eggs are ours – Dorit’s and mine; the humous is yours – ”
Alon disagrees: if you were Alon, how would you say to Talia: “No, I don’t like humous; perhaps it’s Dorit’s or Ben’s. And I don’t eat Greek salad; it’s probably theirs too. Dorit likes olives, so perhaps they are also hers?”
Possession 2
To have or not to have yesh l’… Ï… È÷ / eyn l’… Ï… ‡ÈÔ
There is no verb ‘to have’ in Hebrew. Instead, you use the expres- sion ‘there is’ or ‘there isn’t’ with the preposition ‘to’ Ï : Boris has a shop (lit. ‘to Boris there is a shop’) l’boris yesh khanut Á»˙ È÷ Ï·«¯ÈÒ Jerusalem has holy sites (lit. ‘to Jerusalem there are holy sites’) li’rushalayim yesh atarim kdoshim Ïȯ»˘ÏÈÌ È˘ ‡˙¯ÈÌ ˜„«˘ÈÌ ‡˙¯ÈÌ È˘ Ïȯ»˘ÏÈÌ Avital doesn’t have a ticket (lit. ‘to Avital there is no ticket’) l’avital eyn kartis ίËÈÒ ‡ÈÔ Ï‡·ÈËÏ 77
1111 In order to ‘conjugate’ the Hebrew equivalent of the verb ‘to have’ 2 (or ‘to have no[t]’), you add the relevant pronoun endings to the 3 preposition ‘to’ Ï : 4 I have (lit. ‘there is to me’) yesh li ÏÈ È÷ 5 6 (I haven’t eyn li ÏÈ ‡ÈÔ ) 7 you (m., sing.) have yesh lekha ÏÍ È÷ 8 9 you (f., sing.) have yesh lakh ÏÍ È÷ 10 11 Exercise 3 12 13 Now complete the list of pronoun endings for the preposition ‘to’ 14 or ‘for’Ï… , following the pattern of endings given for ÷Ï above. 15 (Compare with the Prepositions chart on pp. 348–9.) 16 17 Note that the word order can be reversed: I have a house li yesh 18 bayit ·È˙ È÷ ÏÈ . This can give a slightly different emphasis: 19 20 He has work but I have plans lo yesh avodah aval li yesh 21 tokhniyot ˙ÎÈ«˙ È÷ ÏÈ ‡·Ï Ú·«„‰ È÷ Ï« 22 23 Exercise 4 24 25 Fill in the gaps with the correct form of Ï . 26 27 New vocabulary 28 29 time zman (m.) ÊÓÔ 30 refrigerator mekarer (m.) Ó˜¯¯ 31 32 Example: 33 . Ï˙‡Ë¯«Ô ίËÈÒÈÌ Ï« È÷ ÎÈ ‰Ú¯· ÊÓÔ ‡ÈÔ ÏÈ«˙Ô 34 Jonathan has no time this evening because he has tickets for the 35 theatre. 36 37 38 ·Úȯ. Ó÷ÙÁ‰ ____ È÷ ‡·Ï ·˜È·»ı ‚¯ÈÌ Â‚„È Á‰ 1 39 khanah v’gadi garim ba’kibuts aval yesh _____ mishpakhah ba’ir. 40 41 ·Ó˜¯¯? ÓȯÏÈÈÌ ÓÈÌ ____ È÷ ◊¯‰, 2 4211 sarah, yesh ____ mayim mineralim ba’mkarer? 78
3 Ó÷‰, È÷ ____ ˙Á˙ ‡«Ë«·»Ò Ó»Ï ‰·È˙? Ó»Ï ‡«Ë«·»Ò ˙Á˙ ____ È÷ Ó÷‰, 3 moshe, yesh _____ takhanat otobus mul ha’bayit?
4 È÷ )‡È( ____ Á·¯ÈÌ Ë«·ÈÌ, ‡·Ï ‡ÈÔ _____ ÊÓÔ Ï‰ÈÙ‚÷. ÊÓÔ _____ ‡ÈÔ ‡·Ï Ë«·ÈÌ, Á·¯ÈÌ ____ )‡È( È÷ 4 yesh ____ khaverim tovim, aval eyn ____ zman l’hipagesh.
Exercise 5
You overhear your teenage daughter talking on the phone about some family friends she will be visiting when she goes to Israel in the holidays. Work out exactly what she might have said, using words from each column, A–C, to agree with the following state- ments:
1 Mr Rabinovitz has bought a house. 2 He and his wife do not work in town. 3 Their English is so bad, I almost wish they would write to us in Hebrew! 4 I am paying them a visit and Mrs R. clearly thinks that I will find the Negev nomads interesting. 5 She and her husband are archaeologists and they write, “We suggest you visit” – guess what?!
Example: Mr Rabinovitz has bought a house yesh lo bayit khadash Á„÷ ·È˙ Ï« È÷
CBA η̷Úȯ ÓÎ˙·ÈÌ Ï« È÷ ÌÎ˙È È» ·‚· ·È˜»¯ Ï» Ϋ˙·ÈÌ ‰Ì È ‰ ·„ ·‡‚ÏÈ˙ Ú·«„‰ Ï‰Ì ‡ÈÔ ·‡˙¯ÈÌ ‰ÈÒË«¯ÈÈÌ ·‡˙¯ÈÌ ·È˙ ÏÍ ÓˆÈÚÈÌ ‡Á» ÷ Á„ ·„»‡ÈÌ ÏÙ‚«÷ ÏÈ ÓˆÈÚ‰ ‰È‡ 79
1111 Dialogue 2 2 3 Peter discovers something important about Maya which helps his 4 plans along: 5 6 ·ˆÙ«Ô. ·˜È·»ı ‚¯‰ ÷ÏÈ ‰Ó÷ÙÁ‰ ÓÊÏ, ÏÍ È÷ Ӈȉ: 7 8 ˜È·»ı? ‡Èʉ ·‡Ó˙? ÙÈ˯: 9 Ï» È÷ ÂËÈÙ»ÒÈ, ‚„«Ï ˜È·»ı ʉ ‰÷Ï«Ì, Ó÷Ó¯ ˜È·»ı Ӈȉ: 10 Ó÷ÙÁ«˙. Ó‡«˙ Î÷Ï«÷ 11 12 ÷ÏÍ. ‰Ó÷ÙÁ‰ ‡˙ ‚Ì ÏÙ‚«÷ ÈÎ«Ï ‡È ÎΉ Óˆ»ÈÈÔ! ÙÈ˯: 13 ‡˙‰ ‡Ê Á·¯»˙È˙, Ó÷ÙÁ‰ ‡Á» ÷ÏÈ. Á·¯ÈÌ Â‚Ì ÎÔ Ó‡È‰: 14 ¯«ˆ‰. ÷‡˙‰ Ó‰ Ï÷‡«Ï ÈÎ«Ï 15 16 Ó‰˜È·»ı. ˙ÁÈÏ ·«‡È ‡Ê Ë«·, ÙÈ˯: 17 18 maya: yesh lekha mazal, ha’mishpakhah sheli gárah b’kibuts 19 ba’tsafon. 20 piter: b’emet? éyzeh kibuts? 21 maya: kibuts mishmar ha’shalom, zeh kibuts gadol v’tipusi; yesh 22 lanu k’shalosh me-ot mishpakhot. 23 piter: metsuyan! kákhah ani yakhol li’fgosh gam et ha’mish- 24 pakhah shelakh. 25 maya: ken, v’gam khaverim sheli. anákhnu mishpakhah 26 khevrutit, az atah yachol li’sh-ol mah she’atah rotseh. 27 piter: tov. az bo-i natkhil me’ha’kibuts. 28 29 MAYA: You’re in luck (lit. ‘you have luck’)! My family lives in a 30 kibbutz in the north. 31 PETER: Really? Which kibbutz? 32 MAYA: Kibbutz Mishmar Ha’Shalom. It’s a big kibbutz and typical; we 33 have around three hundred families. 34 PETER: Great! That way, I’ll also be able to meet your family. 35 MAYA: Yes, and friends of mine too. We’re a friendly family, so you 36 can ask whatever you want. 37 PETER: Good. Come on then, let’s start with (lit. ‘from’) the kibbutz. 38 39 40 41 4211 80
Vocabulary
luck, fortune mazal (m.) ÓÊÏ which/what? eyzeh ‡Èʉ? (in a) kibbutz (b’)kibuts (m.) )·(˜È·»ı (in the) north (ba’)tsafon (m.) )·(ˆÙ«Ô typical tipusi(-t,f.) ËÈÙ»ÒÈ)˙( around, like, as k’… ..* ∆ Î so, this/that way kákhah ÎΉ can, able to yakhol )È-Î-Ï( ÈÎ«Ï to ask li’sh-ol G1 )÷-‡-Ï( Ï˘‡«Ï to meet li’fgosh G1 )Ù-‚-÷( ÏÙ‚«÷** that which mah she’… ÷… Ó‰ friendly khevruti(-t,f.) Á·¯»˙È)˙( come! bo/bo-i (f.) ·«‡/·«‡È let’s start, we will start natkhil ˙ÁÈÏ * The preposition Î is ‘inseparable’ and functions in exactly the same way as Ï…, √…, (see pp. 28 and 41). ** This is the transitive form of ωÈÙ‚÷ ‘to meet’ you learned earlier; in other words, you tend to use ÏÙ‚«˘ rather than ωÈÙ‚˘ when you want to indicate whom or what you are meeting.
Cultural note
Mazal ÓÊÏ , literally means ‘constellation’, ‘planet’ and hence ‘fortune’ or ‘luck’. You may well have heard it in the phrase mazal tov Ë«· ÓÊÏ , expressing congratulations.
Language points
More verbs in Group 1: middle root letter or ÈÂ These verbs drop the middle root letter in the present tense. 81
1111 Root ‚-»-¯ Infinitive To live/dwell la’gur ‚»¯ Ï 2 ‚¯ ‰»‡ ‡˙‰, ‡È, 3 gar Masculine singular (I, you, he) 4 gárah ‚¯‰ ‰È‡ ‡˙, ‡È, Feminine singular (I, you, she) 5 garim ‚¯ÈÌ ‰Ì ‡˙Ì, ‡Á», Masculine plural (we, you, they) 6 ‚¯«˙ ‰Ô ‡˙Ô, ‡Á», 7 garot Feminine plural (we, you, they) 8 9 Other verbs following this pattern are: 10 11 to get up la’kum )˜-Â-Ì( Ϙ»Ì 12 13 to put la’sim )˘-È-Ì( Ï◊ÈÌ 14 15 to come la’vo )·-«-‡( Ï·«‡ 16 )¯-»-ı( ϯ»ı 17 to run la’ruts 18 19 Exercise 6 20 21 Insert the correct form of the verb in the passage below. (The 22 translation will help you with your reading.) 23 New vocabulary 24 25 home(wards) ha’baytah ‰·È˙‰ 26 27 kettle kumkum (m.) ˜»Ó˜»Ì 28 park park (m.) Ù¯˜ 29 30 Example: 31 ··«˜¯ ˜Ì )˜-Â-Ì( ÷ÏÈ ‰÷ÎÔ 32 33 ÷Ï». ‰·È˙ È„ ÚÏ ·Ù¯˜ Â)¯-Â-ı( 6 · ··«˜¯ ÷ÏÈ)˜-Â-Ì( ‰÷ÎÔ 34 ·Ù¯˜. )¯-Â-ı( ÷Ï» ‰÷Ή ‚Ì 35 7. ·- ‰·È˙‰ )·-«-‡( ‰Ì 36 )¯-»-ı( Âχ ·˜»Ó˜»Ì Ϙى ÓÈÌ )◊-È-Ì( 8, · )˜-»-Ì( ‡Á» 37 38 ·Ù¯˜! 39 My neighbour gets up at six and runs in the park next to our house. 40 Our [other] (female) neighbour also runs in the park. They come 41 home at seven. We get up at eight, put water in the kettle for 4211 coffee and don’t run in the park! 82
More question words: which? what?
In Hebrew these questions are asked with the words eyzeh/eyzo (m./f.) ‡ÈÊ«? ‡Èʉ? and eylu (pl.) ‡ÈÏ» see below. Colloquially, ’ ‡Èʉ ‘ is often also used for the plural. What bus do you need? eyzeh otobus atah tsarikh? ˆ¯ÈÍ? ‡˙‰ ‡«Ë«·»Ò ‡Èʉ What music do you like? eyzo musikah at ohévet? ‡«‰·˙? ‡˙ Ó»ÒȘ‰ ‡ÈÊ« Which grapes do you prefer? eylu (eyzeh) anavim atem ma’adifim? Ú·ÈÌ )‡Èʉ( ‡ÈÏ» ‡˙Ì ÓÚ„ÈÙÈÌ? ‡˙Ì As in English, these question words can be preceded by preposi- tions: In which street do you live? b’eyzeh rekhov atah gar? ‚¯? ‡˙‰ ¯Á«· ·‡Èʉ From which country do you (f.) come? me’eyzo érets at bá-ah? ·‡‰? ‡˙ ‡¯ı Ó‡ÈÊ«
Exercise 7
New vocabulary
newspaper iton (m.) ÚÈ˙«Ô
How would you say? 1 What city does she live in? 2 What vegetables do you (m./pl.) eat? 3 What concert are you (f./pl.) going to? 4 What newspaper do you (m./s.) buy? 83
1111 How do you answer? 2 More demonstratives 3 4 5 You might want to answer with 6 ‘this’ ha’zeh/ha’zot 7 ‰Ê‰/‰Ê‡˙ 8 ‘that’ ha’hu/ha’hi ‰‰»‡/‰‰È‡ 9 or in the plural (m./f.) ‘these’ ha’éleh* 10 ‰‡Ï‰* 11 ‘those’ ha’hem/ha’hen ‰‰Ì/‰‰Ô 12 13 *You may sometimes hear the more formal ha’eylu ‰‡ÈÏ» for the 14 masculine plural. 15 16 Examples: 17 I need this/that bus et ha’ótobus ha’zeh/ha’hu 18 ‰Ê‰/‰‰»‡ ‰‡«Ë«·»Ò ‡˙ ˆ¯ÈÍ ‡È 19 20 May I have these/those grapes? et hanavim ha’eylu /ha’hem 21 ‰‡ÈÏ»/‰‰Ì? ‰Ú·ÈÌ ‡˙ Ϙ·Ï ‡Ù÷¯ 22 23 NB The questions are asking you to be specific so you must 24 remember to insert the particle et and ‘the’ ‰‡˙ (see pp. 57–8). 25 26 Exercise 8 27 28 29 Fill in the gaps by using the correct words from the list below: 30 31 ____ ‰ÒÙ¯ ‡˙ ÒÙ¯? _____ 1 32 33 _____ ‰÷ÓÙȉ ‡˙ ˘ÓÙȉ? _____ 2 34 ______‡˙ ˙Ù»ÁÈÌ? ‡ÈÏ» 3 35 ____ ‰Ú‚·È«˙ ‡˙ Ú‚·È«˙? _____ 4 36 37 38 ‰Ê‰ ‰‰Ì; ‡Èʉ; ‡ÈÊ«; ‰Ê‡˙; ‰‰Ô; ‰‡Ï‰; 39 40 41 4211 84
Exercise 9
Read the answers and then complete the questions:
Examples: ·Ú. ÷ ··‡¯ ·‡»È·¯ÒÈˉ Ï«Ó„˙ ‰È‡ She is studying at the university in Be’er Sheva. Ï«Ó„˙? ÷ÏÍ ‰Á·¯‰ ‡»È·¯ÒÈˉ ·‡ÈÊ« ˙ÓÈ, Tamy, which university is your friend studying at?
‡ÈÔ Ï« Á»˙ ‰»‡ Ú«·„ Ú«·„ ‰»‡ Á»˙ Ï« ‡ÈÔ ÏÓÁ¯? ______˙ÎÈ˙ ___ 1 ·ÓÒÚ„‰. ‡È Á«÷·˙ ÏÏÎ˙ ÏÈÌ. ÏÏÎ˙ Á«÷·˙ ‡È ÏÓÁ¯? ______˙ÎÈ˙ ___ 2 È÷ Ï» Ù«¯Ï Ë¯È ÂË»‰. Ë¯È Ù«¯Ï Ï» È÷ ·˙Ù¯ÈË? ______„‚ÈÌ ‡Èʉ 3 ·÷·˙ ÎÏ ‰Ó»Êȇ«ÈÌ ‰Ó»Êȇ«ÈÌ ÎÏ ·÷·˙ ‡Ù÷¯ ______4 ‚¯Ì . (shut sgurim) Ò‚»¯ÈÌ ·÷·˙? ‚Ì Ï·˜¯ ‡È χ ·Ë»Á ‡·Ï ‰Ì ‚¯ÈÌ ‚¯ÈÌ ‰Ì ‡·Ï ·Ë»Á χ ‡È ‚¯ÈÌ? ‰Ì ·‡Èʉ___ 5 ÚÏ È„ ‰ÈÌ. È„ ÚÏ È÷ ÏÈ ÊÓÔ ¯˜ ·÷·˙, ‡È ‡È ·÷·˙, ¯˜ ÊÓÔ ÏÈ È÷ ‰«ÏÎ˙ È«Ì______6 Ú«·„˙ ÎÏ ‰÷·ÂÚ. ÎÏ Ú«·„˙ ‰Ó÷ÙÁ‰? ‡˙ ϯ‡«˙ To ‘be able to’ yakhol ÈΫÏ
Here is the verb ‘can’ or ‘is able to’ – yakhol ÈÎ«Ï – in the present tense. Like the English ‘can’, ÈÎ«Ï has no infinitive.
Root È-Î-Ï yakhol ÈÎ«Ï ‰»‡ ‡˙‰, ‡È, Masculine singular yekholah ÈΫω ‰È‡ ‡˙, ‡È, Feminine singular yekholim ÈΫÏÈÌ ‰Ì ‡˙Ì, ‡Á», Masculine plural yekholot ÈΫϫ˙ ,‰Ô ‡˙Ô ‡Á», Feminine plural
It is followed by the infinitive: ‡È ÈÎ«Ï Ï·«‡ ÓÁ¯; ‡˙Ì ÈΫÏÈÌ Ï‰ÈÙ‚÷ ··«˜¯? ωÈÙ‚÷ ÈΫÏÈÌ ‡˙Ì ÓÁ¯; Ï·«‡ ÈÎ«Ï ‡È I can come tomorrow; are you able to meet in the morning? 85
1111 Exercise 10 2 3 ÈΫÏ? χ ?ÓÈ ÈÎ«Ï ÓÈ 4 5 You are planning a party and the day is approaching; you go down 6 the guest list to see who can and who can’t come. Read the 7 following and write down whether your friends are or are not able 8 to come: 9 10 Example: 11 Ï·«‡ ÈΫω χ Ϙ«ˆ¯Ë ‰«ÏÎ˙ ‡·ÈËÏ 12 Avital is going to a concert can’t come 13 ÊÓÔ È÷ ÂÏӇȉ Ï‚„È 1 14 ·Ú¯· Ú«·„ Ó÷‰ 2 15 16 ·¬¯ÈÊ ÷ω ‰Á·¯‰ Á‰ 3 17 ÏÁÈÙ‰ ÏÒ«Ú ˆ¯ÈÎÈÌ Â„«¯«Ô ËÏȉ 4 18 19 20 Dialogue 3 21 22 More about Maya’s family… 23 24 ˜È·»ı? Á·¯˙ χ η¯ ‡˙ ÏÓ‰ ÙÈ˯: 25 ÂÚ«·„˙ ·÷·˙«Ô ‡È ‰÷‰ ‡·Ï ˜È·»ı, Á·¯˙ Ú„ÈÈÔ ‡È Ӈȉ: 26 ·˙Ï-‡·È·. 27 28 ·˜È·»ı? Ú„ÈÈÔ ‰Ó÷ÙÁ‰ Â÷‡¯ ÙÈ˯: 29 ·‡¯ˆ«˙ ‰ÈÏ„ÈÌ ÷ω ‰·ÚÏ ÚÌ ÷‚¯‰ ‡Á«˙ ÏÈ È÷ χ, Ӈȉ: 30 ‰·¯È˙. 31 32 ◊»‡‰. χ ‰È‡ ‡·Ï ‰·¯È˙, ·‡¯ˆ«˙ ‡Á«˙ È÷ ÏÈ ‚Ì ÙÈ˯: 33 34 piter: lámah at kvar lo khaverat kibuts? 35 maya: ani adáyin khaverat kibuts, aval ha’shanah ani b’shabaton 36 v’ovédet b’tel-aviv. 37 piter: v’she-ar ha’mishpakhah adáyin ba’kibuts? 38 maya: lo, yesh li akhot she’gárah im ha’bá-al shelah v’ha’yladim 39 b’artsot ha’brit. 40 piter: gam li yesh akhot b’artsot ha’brit, aval hi lo nesu-ah. 41 4211 86
PETER: Why are you no longer a kibbutz member? MAYA: I am still a member of the kibbutz, but I’m on sabbatical this year, and I’m working in Tel Aviv. PETER: And is the rest of the family still on the kibbutz? MAYA: No, I have a sister who lives in the United States with her husband and children. PETER: I also have a sister in the States, but she’s not married.
Vocabulary
kibbutz member khaverat (f.) kibuts ˜È·»ı Á·¯˙ sabbatical shabaton (m.) ÷·˙«Ô rest, remainder she-ar (m.) ÷‡¯ sister akhot (akhayot, pl.) )‡ÁÈ«˙( ‡Á«˙ husband bá-al ·ÚÏ children yeladim ÈÏ„ÈÌ United States artsot ha’brit ‰·¯È˙ ‡¯ˆ«˙ married nasuy (nesu-ah, f.) )◊»‡‰( ◊»È
Language points
Word pairs (singular) ÒÓÈλ˙
Two nouns can be paired to form another word or phrase (think of sunglasses, swimsuit…). Word pairs are very common in Hebrew, far more common than in English. You will therefore often need to insert a preposition such as ‘of’, ‘from’, or ‘for’ when translating into English: star (lit.shield) of David magen david „„ ÷Ï Ó‚Ô = „„ Ó‚Ô salad made of aubergines salat khatsilim ÁˆÈÏÈÌ Ó ÒÏË = ÁˆÈÏÈÌ ÒÏË A history book (for [the study of] history) ‰ÈÒË«¯È‰ Ï ÒÙ¯ = ‰ÈÒË«¯È‰ ÒÙ¯ 87
1111 1 Sometimes the first word in the pair is altered. When a word 2 ending in ‘ah’ is the first word of a word pair, the ‰‰ changes 3 to ˙ : 4 5 kibbutz member khaverat kibuts 6 ˜È·»ı ÷Ï Á·¯‰ = ˜È·»ı Á·¯˙ 7 8 railway station takhanat rakévet 9 ¯Î·˙ ÷Ï ˙Á‰ = ¯Î·˙ ˙Á˙ 10 11 the Rozenman family mishpakhat rosenman 12 ¯«ÊÓÔ ÷Ï ‰Ó÷ÙÁ‰ = ¯«ÊÓÔ Ó÷ÙÁ˙ 13 14 Sometimes the vowels of the first word are shortened to ease 15 pronunciation. A common noun which always changes as the 16 first word of a pair is house báyit ·È˙ which becomes 17 18 a coffee house beyt kafe ˜Ù‰ ·È˙ 19 a school (lit. ‘house of books’) beyt sefer ÒÙ¯ ·È˙ 20 21 2 When word pairs are definite only the second word of the pair 22 is preceded by ‘the’ ‰ and the whole phrase is then definite. 23 24 Example: 25 26 a glass of water kos máyim ÓÈÌ Î«Ò 27 BUT 28 29 the glass of water kos ha’máyim ‰ÓÈÌ Î«Ò 30 the school beyt ha’séfer ‰ÒÙ¯ ·È˙ 31 32 the weekend sof ha’shavú-a ‰÷·»Ú Ò«Û 33 34 Exercise 11 35 36 Work out the missing word pairs: 37 38 breakfast (lit. ‘morning meal’) ·«˜¯ ‡¯»Á˙ ·«˜¯ ÷Ï ‡¯»Á‰ 39 pop music Ù«Ù ÷Ï Ó»ÒȘ‰ 40 mushroom risotto Ù˯ȫ˙ ÚÌ ¯ÈÊ«Ë« 41 4211 88
the bus station ‰‡«Ë«·»Ò ÷Ï ˙Á‰ vanilla ice cream ÂÂÈÏ ÚÌ ‚ÏÈ„‰ strawberry jam Ó˙»˙ÈÌ ¯È·‰ the town theatre ‰Úȯ ÷Ï ˙‡Ë¯«Ô cheese cake Ó‚·È‰ Ú»‚‰ a bottle of Cola ˜«Ï‰ ÷Ï ·˜·»˜ housework ·È˙ ÷Ï Ú·«„‰
The family
Israelis are family people. Strike up a conversation in a café, and you’ll soon be meeting the whole family! Here is what family members are called: 89
1111 father ába ‡√‡ 2 mother íma ‡Ó‡ 3 4 parents horim ‰«¯ÈÌ 5 children yeladim ÈÏ„ÈÌ 6 boy/girl yéled/yaldah ÈÏ„‰ / ÈÏ„ 7 8 baby tinok (m.)/tinóket (f.) ˙È«˜)˙( 9 son ben ·Ô 10 daughter bat (banot, pl.) )·«˙( ·˙ 11 12 brother akh ‡Á 13 sister akhot ‡Á«˙ 14 cousin* ben dod (m.) „«„ *·Ô 15 16 bat dódah (f.) „«„‰ ·˙ 17 cousins (bney dodim) „«„ÈÌ ·È 18 uncle dod „«„ 19 20 aunt dódah „«„‰ 21 grandfather sábah Ò·‡ 22 grandmother sávtah Ò·˙‡ 23 24 husband bá-al ·ÚÏ 25 wife ishah (nashim) )÷ÈÌ( ‡È÷‰ 26 father-in-law khoten Á«˙Ô 27 28 mother-in-law khoténet Á«˙˙ 29 brother-in-law gis ‚ÈÒ 30 sister-in-law gisah ‚ÈÒ‰ 31 32 * Notice the word pairs, (lit. ‘son of an uncle’, ‘daughter of an 33 aunt’). ‘The’ cousin would be ‰„«„‰ ·˙ ‰„«„, ·Ô . 34 35 And here is a selection of adjectives that may describe them: 36 37 38 married nasuy (nesu-ah, f.) )◊»‡‰( ◊»È 39 single ravak (-ah, f.) ¯Â˜)‰( 40 divorced garush (grushah, f.) ‚¯»÷)‰( 41 4211 young tsa-ir (tse-irah, f.) ˆÚȯ)‰( 90
‘elderly’ mevugar (mevugéret, f.) Ó·»‚¯)˙( friendly khevruti(-t, f.) Á·¯»˙È)˙( difficult kasheh (kashah, f.) )˜÷‰( ˜÷‰ clever khakham(-ah, f.) ÁÎÌ)‰( stupid tipesh (tipshah, f.) ËÈÙ÷)‰( funny matskhik(-ah, f.) ÓˆÁȘ)‰( serious retsini(-t, f.) ¯ˆÈÈ)˙( interesting me-anyen(-et, f.) ÓÚÈÈÔ)˙( boring mesha-amem(-et, f.) Ó÷ÚÓÌ)˙( tall gavóhah (gvohah, f.) ‚·«‰)‰( short namukh (nemukhah, f.) Ó»Í)‰(
Exercise 12
Think of your own family; how would you describe your – „«„‰, ·Ô, ‰«¯ÈÌ, ‡ÁÈ«˙, ÈÏ„ÈÌ, ‚ÈÒ, ·˙ „«„‰ ? „«„‰ ·˙ ‚ÈÒ, ÈÏ„ÈÌ, ‡ÁÈ«˙, ‰«¯ÈÌ, ·Ô, „«„‰, Example: My aunt is funny ha’dodah sheli matskhikah ‰„«„‰ ÷ÏÈ ÓˆÁȘ‰ ÷ÏÈ ‰„«„‰ Exercise 13
Which of these words have something in common? Rearrange them into three groups: place, person or adjective?
˙Óˆ Ú¯Ó»ÒȘ‡È ˆÚȯ Óψ¯ Á»˙ ¯ˆÈÈ ·Ô ˜È·»ı Ù«Ù»Ï¯È Ù«Ù»Ï¯È ˜È·»ı ·Ô ¯ˆÈÈ · ¯ ·È˙-ÒÙ¯ ¬¯˜ Á·¯ Ó · ÚÈÔ¯Á«· ÓÚÈÈÔ Ò·‡ ÷ÓÔ Exercise 14
We have a problem (be-ayah) ·Úȉ Ï» È÷
Read the latest family gossip and take a look at the seating plan for Table 3 at Mike’s barmitzvah lunch: will it work? 91
1111 ÓÈ? È„ ÚÏ (to sit la’shevet) Ï÷·˙ ¯«ˆ‰ χ ÓÈ 2 3 ˆÈ¬È. ˘Ï«, ‰‚ÈÒ‰ ‡˙ ‡«‰· χ Ó÷‰ „«„ 1 4 5 dod moshe lo ohev et ha’gisah shelo, zipi 6 Ó˘‰. ÷Ï ‰‡È˘‰ ˘¯‰, ÚÌ Ó„·¯˙ χ ˆÈ¬È 2 7 zipi lo medabéret im sarah, ha’isha shel moshe 8 9 ˘Ï‰. ‰‚ÈÒ ÒÓÈ, ‡˙ ‡«‰·˙ Ó‡„ ◊¯‰ 3 10 sarah me-od ohévet et sami, ha’gis shelah 11 ¯Â˜. – Â◊¯‰ Ó÷‰ ÷Ï ‰·Ô È«˙Ô, 4 12 13 yonatan, ha’ben shel moshe v’sarah, ravak 14 ¯Â˜. È„ ÚÏ Ï÷·˙ ¯«ˆ‰ ‚¯»÷‰ ÒÓ„¯ 5 15 smadar grushah v’rotsah la’shévet al yad ravak 16 17 18 „«¯È˙ È«ÒÈ ◊¯‰ 19 dorit yosi sarah 20 21 22 23 ÒÓÈ Ó÷‰ 24 sami moshe 25 26 27 28 ÒÓ„¯ È«˙Ô ˆÈÙÈ 29 smadaryonatan zipi 30 31 32 Do you remember the word ki ƒÈ ‘because’? Tell Mike’s parents 33 what you think by using sentences such as: 34 35 ____ ‰»‡/‰È‡/‰Ì/‰Ô ÎÈ ____ È„ ÚÏ Ï÷·˙ ÈΫÏ)‰( )χ( ____ 36 37 ____ ÎÈ ____ (opposite mul) Ó»Ï Ï˘·˙ ¯«ˆ‰ )χ( ____ 38 39 40 41 4211 6 ·˜È«Ô ˜ÈÈ«˙ Shopping at the mall
In this unit you will learn: • about shops and shopping • word pairs (pl.) • more verbs in Group 1 (roots ending in ,Á Ú ) • generalizing: the impersonal form • numbers: 11–1,000
Dialogue 1
After spending a few days in the hot Israeli summer, Peter realizes he could do with a quick shopping trip for a few essential items before setting out on his tour with Maya.
ÙÈ˯: ‡ÈÙ‰ ‡È ÈÎ«Ï Ï˜«˙ ·‚„È ˜Èı? ‡ÈÔ ÏÈ ·‚„ÈÌ Ó˙‡ÈÓÈÌ Ó˙‡ÈÓÈÌ ·‚„ÈÌ ÏÈ ‡ÈÔ ˜Èı? ·‚„È Ï˜«˙ ÈÎ«Ï ‡È ‡ÈÙ‰ ÙÈ˯: ÏÓÊ‚ ‰‡ÂÂȯ ˘ÏÎÌ ÎÈ ·‡‚Ïȉ χ ÁÌ ÎÓ« Ù‰. ÎÓ« ÁÌ Ï‡ ·‡‚Ïȉ ÎÈ ˘ÏÎÌ ‰‡ÂÂȯ ÏÓÊ‚ Ӈȉ: È÷ ˜È«Ô χ ¯Á«˜ Ó˙Á˙ ‰‡«Ë«·»Ò ˘Ù˙»Á Ó»˜„Ì Ó»˜„Ì ˘Ù˙»Á ‰‡«Ë«·»Ò Ó˙Á˙ ¯Á«˜ χ ˜È«Ô È÷ Ӈȉ: ··«˜¯. Ù«˙ÁÈÌ ÷Ì ·˘Ó«‰. ÷Ì Ù«˙ÁÈÌ ··«˜¯. ÙÈ˯: ‡Èʉ Á»È«˙ È÷ ·˜È«Ô? È÷ Á»È«˙ ‡Èʉ ÙÈ˯: Ӈȉ: È÷ ÷Ì ‰ÎÏ! Á»È«˙ ·‚„ÈÌ Óˆ»ÈÈ«˙, ÚÏÈÈÌ, Ó÷˜ÙÈÈÌ, ÚÏÈÈÌ, Óˆ»ÈÈ«˙, ·‚„ÈÌ Á»È«˙ ‰ÎÏ! ÷Ì È÷ Ӈȉ: )Ó÷˜ÙÈ ¯‡Èȉ ÂÓ÷˜ÙÈ ÷Ó÷( Á»˙ ÒÙ¯ÈÌ, ÷˙È Á»È«˙ ÷˙È ÒÙ¯ÈÌ, Á»˙ ÷Ó÷( ÂÓ÷˜ÙÈ ¯‡Èȉ )Ó÷˜ÙÈ ÒÙ«¯Ë, Á»˙ ‚„«Ï‰ Ï·‚„È ‚·¯ÈÌ, Ó‰ Ú«„ ‡˙‰ ˆ¯ÈÍ? ˆ¯ÈÍ? ‡˙‰ Ú«„ Ó‰ ‚·¯ÈÌ, Ï·‚„È ‚„«Ï‰ Á»˙ ÒÙ«¯Ë, ÙÈ˯: ‡È ˆ¯ÈÍ ‚Ì ˜¯Ì ‰‚‰ ÂΫ·Ú Ó˙‡ÈÌ. ÂΫ·Ú ‰‚‰ ˜¯Ì ‚Ì ˆ¯ÈÍ ‡È ÙÈ˯: Ӈȉ: ‡ÈÔ ·ÚÈ«˙, Ϋ·ÚÈÌ Ó«ˆ‡ÈÌ ·ÎÏ Ó˜«Ì, ·һٯ Ù‡¯Ì* ·һٯ Ó˜«Ì, ·ÎÏ Ó«ˆ‡ÈÌ Î«·ÚÈÌ ·ÚÈ«˙, ‡ÈÔ Ó‡È‰: ӫίÈÌ Ó»ˆ¯È ˜«ÒÓËȘ‰. Ó»ˆ¯È ӫίÈÌ 93
1111 piter: eyfoh ani yakhol li’knot bigdey káyits? eyn li bgadim 2 mat-imim l’mézeg ha’avir shelakhem ki b’angliyah lo 3 kham kmo poh. 4 maya: yesh kaniyon lo rakhok mi’takhanat ha’ótobus she’patú- 5 akh mukdam ba’bóker. potkhim sham b’shmóneh. 6 piter: eyzeh khanuyot yesh ba’kaniyon? 7 maya: yesh sham ha’kol! khanuyot bgadim metsuyanot, na- 8 aláyim, mishkafáyim (mishkafey re-iyah u’mishkafey 9 shémesh), khanut sfarim, shtey khanuyot sport, khanut 10 gdolah l’bigdey gvarim, mah od atah tsarikh? 11 piter: ani tsarikh gam krem haganah v’kóva mat-im. 12 maya: eyn be-ayot, kova-im mots-im b’kol makom, u’ba’super 13 farm* mokhrim mutsarey kosmétikah. 14 15 PETER: Where can I buy some summer clothes? I haven’t any suitable 16 clothes for your weather because it’s not as hot in England as 17 it is here. 18 MAYA: There’s a shopping mall not far from the bus stop which is 19 open early in the morning. They open at eight o’clock (there). 20 PETER: What shops are there (in the mall)? 21 MAYA: There’s everything! Excellent clothes shops, shoes, glasses 22 (optical and sunglasses), bookshops, two sports shops, a large 23 menswear store – what else do you need? 24 PETER: I also need sun (protection) cream and a suitable hat. 25 MAYA: No problem, you find hats everywhere, and they sell cosmetics 26 in the Superpharm*. 27 28 * A chain of pharmacies found in many shopping areas and malls 29 in Israel. 30 31 Vocabulary 32 33 (item of) clothing béged (m.) (bgadim, pl.) ·‚„ 34 summer clothes bigdey ·‚„È 35 káyits (keytsim, pl.) ˜Èı 36 37 suitable mat-im (-ah, f.) Ó˙‡ÈÌ)‰( 38 weather mézeg (m.) avir (m.) ‡ÂÂȯ ÓÊ‚ 39 (lit. ‘temper’ of air) 40 like, as kmo ÎÓ« 41 4211 shopping mall kanyon (m.) ˜È«Ô 94
far rakhok (rekhukah, f.) ¯Á«˜)‰( (that/which is) open (she’) patú-akh (ptukhah, f.) )÷(Ù˙»Á early mukdam Ó»˜„Ì all/every kol ÎÏ all/everything ha’kol ‰ÎÏ shoe na-al (na-aláyim, f.pl.) ÚÏ)ÈÈÌ( glasses mishkafáyim (m.pl.) Ó÷˜ÙÈÈÌ sunglasses mishkafey shémesh (m.) ÷Ó÷ Ó÷˜ÙÈ optical glasses mishkafay re-iyah (m.) ¯‡Èȉ Ó÷˜ÙÈ (lit. glasses for vision) book séfer (sfarim, m.pl.) ÒÙ¯)ÈÌ( man géver (gvarim, pl.) ‚·¯)ÈÌ( more od Ú«„ (sun) protection cream krem (m.) haganah (f.) ‰‚‰ ˜¯Ì hat kóva (m.) Ϋ·Ú problem be-ayah (f.) ·Úȉ they sell mokhrim G1 )Ó-Î-¯( ӫίÈÌ product mutsar (m.) Ó»ˆ¯ cosmetics kosmétikah (f.) ˜«ÒÓËȘ‰
Language points
Word pairs in the plural
1 Word pairs are plural if the first word in a pair is in the plural. (Unlike English, the second word of the pair may be in the singular). a train station takhanat rakévet ¯Î·˙ ˙Á˙ train stations takhanot rakévet ¯Î·˙ ˙Á«˙ an apple cake ugat tapukhim ˙Ù»ÁÈÌ Ú»‚˙ apple cakes ugot tapukhim ˙Ù»ÁÈÌ Ú»‚«˙ 95
1111 2 The first word of a pair may sometimes be pronounced differ- 2 ently, often slightly shortened. Look at the word ‘land’ érets ‡¯ı 3 (pl. aratsot ‡¯ˆ«˙ ); as the first word of a pair in ‘The 4 United States’, it becomes 5 artsot (not aratsot) ha’brit ‰·¯È˙ ‡¯ˆ«˙ 6 7 8 Other examples: 9 present(s) matanah/matanot Ó˙«˙ / Ó˙‰ 10 11 but wedding presents matnot khatunah Á˙»‰ Ó˙«˙ 12 13 14 3 In the main, plural nouns ending with ‘ot’ «˙ – do not change 15 when they are the first word in a pair. (See the examples above.) 16 4 However, plural nouns ending with ‘im’ – become ‘ey’ ÈÈÌ 17 18 Jaffa oranges tapuzim shel yaffo = tapuzey yaffo 19 ÈÙ« ˙Ù»ÊÈ = ÈÙ« ÷Ï ˙Ù»ÊÈÌ 20 bottles of wine bakbukim shel yáyin = bakbukey yáyin 21 ÈÈÔ ÷Ï ·˜·»˜ÈÌ 22 23 Again, some words change more than their endings: 24 25 book(s) séfer/sfarim ÒÙ¯)ÈÌ( 26 children’s books sifrey yeladim ÈÏ„ÈÌ ÒÙ¯È 27 28 clothes beged, bgadim ·‚„)ÈÌ( 29 winter clothes bigdey khóref Á«¯Û ·‚„È 30 31 As with all languages, correct pronunciation will come with practice. 32 The important thing is to be aware of these slight changes so that 33 when you hear a word you know, you don’t panic that its meaning 34 has suddenly changed when it is pronounced slighly differently. 35 36 NB Remember that when the whole word pair is definite, in the 37 plural as in the singular, the second word only is preceded by 38 ‘the’ ‰ : 39 the children’s books sifrey ha’yladim ‰ÈÏ„ÈÌ ÒÙ¯È 40 the winter clothes bigdey ha’hóref ‰Á«¯Û ·‚„È 41 4211 96
Exercise 1
Ease your way with word pairs. Practise forming word pairs in the singular and plural by working out the examples below. You can say them aloud, then write them down checking with the answers section. (We have given you the words you have not yet learnt in brackets.)
New vocabulary
leather or (m.) Ú«¯ sandal sandal (m.) Ò„Ï sport sport (m.) ÒÙ«¯Ë sun shémesh (f.) ÷Ó÷ hospital beyt kholim Á«ÏÈÌ ·È˙ dress simlah (smalot, f.) ◊Óω
Example: broccoli quiche(s) (sing.) (pashtidah) pashtidat broccoli )Ù÷ËÈ„‰( Ù÷ËÈ„˙ ·¯«˜«ÏÈ ·¯«˜«ÏÈ Ù÷ËÈ„˙ )Ù÷ËÈ„‰( (pl.) (pashtidot) pashtidot broccoli )Ù÷ËÈ„«˙( Ù÷ËÈ„«˙ ·¯«˜«ÏÈ Ù÷ËÈ„«˙ )Ù÷ËÈ„«˙(
1 clothes shop(s) )Á»˙( ______)Á»È«˙( ______(plural))Á»È«˙( ______(sing.) )Á»˙( 2 leather sandal(s) )Ò„Ï( ______)Ò„ÏÈÌ( ______)Ò„ÏÈÌ( ______)Ò„Ï( 3 sports’ shoe(s) )ÚÏ( ______)ÚÏÈÈÌ( ______)ÚÏÈÈÌ( ______)ÚÏ( 4 sun hat(s) )Ϋ·Ú( ______)Ϋ·ÚÈÌ( ______)Ϋ·ÚÈÌ( ______)Ϋ·Ú( 5 hospital(s) (lit. ‘house(s) for the sick’ kholim Á«ÏÈÌ ) )·È˙( ______)·˙ÈÌ ( ______( batim )·˙ÈÌ ______)·È˙( 6 evening dress(es) )◊Óω( ______)◊ÓÏ«˙( ______)◊ÓÏ«˙( ______)◊Óω( 97
1111 Word pairs in sentences 2 3 Adjectives and verbs always agree with the first word of a word 4 pair: 5 6 This evening dress does not suit you 7 simlat ha’érev ha’zot lo mat-imah lakh 8 ÏÍ Ó˙‡ÈÓ‰ χ ‰Ê‡˙ ‰Ú¯· ◊ÓÏ˙ 9 10 My cousins are not coming to the wedding 11 bney ha’dodim sheli lo ba-im la’khatunah 12 ÏÁ˙»‰ ·‡ÈÌ Ï‡ ÷ÏÈ ‰„«„ÈÌ ·È 13 14 Exercise 2 15 16 Now go back to Dialogue 1. There are more examples of word 17 pairs. Write them down, separating those in the singular from those 18 in the plural. 19 20 21 More verbs in Group 1: 22 23 roots ending with Á Ú, 24 25 In these verbs the last root letter is sounded with a strong ‘ah’ )Ú( 26 or ‘akh’ )Á( . (See Unit 1, notes on the alphabet, concerning the 27 letter Á at the end of a word.) 28 29 Example: 30 to hear li’shmó-a Ï÷Ó«Ú )÷-Ó-Ú( 31 to forget li’shkó-akh Ï÷ΫÁ )÷-Î-Á( 32 33 34 Root ÷-Ó-Ú Infinitive To hear li’shmó-a Ï÷Ó«Ú 35 shomé-a ÷«ÓÚ ‰»‡ ‡˙‰, ‡È, Masculine singular 36 37 shomá-at ÷«ÓÚ˙ ‰È‡ ‡˙, ‡È, Feminine singular 38 shom-im ÷«ÓÚÈÌ ‰Ì ‡˙Ì, ‡Á», Masculine plural 39 40 shom-ot ÷«ÓÚ«˙ ‰Ô ‡˙Ô, ‡Á», Feminine plural 41 4211 98
Root ÷-Î-Á Infinitive To forget li’shkó-akh «Á ∆ Ï÷Î shokhé-akh ÷«ÎÁ ‰»‡ ‡˙‰, ‡È, Masculine singular shokhákhat ÷«ÎÁ˙ ‰È‡ ‡˙, ‡È, Feminine singular shokhekhim ÷«ÎÁÈÌ ‰Ì ‡˙Ì, ‡Á», Masculine plural shokhekhot ÷«ÎÁ«˙ ‰Ô ‡˙Ô, ‡Á», Feminine plural
Other verbs following this pattern are:
to open li’ftó-akh )Ù-˙-Á( ÏÙ˙«Á to send li’shló-akh )÷-Ï-Á( Ï÷Ï«Á to know la’dá-at )È-„-Ú( Ï„Ú˙ to travel li’nsó-a )-Ò-Ú( ÏÒÂÚ
Exercise 3
Give the four forms of the present tense of the verbs above, following the examples given (check with the answer section for pronunciation). Remember to use the root letters given in brackets, rather than the infinitive, to conjugate the verb.
Generalizing: the impersonal form
To generalize in English, you often use the words ‘you’ – as we are doing now – ‘they’ or ‘one’, or the passive form, such as ‘this is how it is done’. In Hebrew, you use the present tense plural form, ‘this is what we/you/they do’. Summer clothes are not sold in December. bigdey káyits lo mokhrim b’detsember ·‚„È ˜Èı χ ӫίÈÌ ·„ˆÓ·¯. ӫίÈÌ Ï‡ ˜Èı ·‚„È When does the shopping mall open? matay potkhim et ha’kanyon? ‰˜È«Ô? ‡˙ Ù«˙ÁÈÌ Ó˙È
What does one find in that shop? mah mots-im ba’khanut ha’hi? ‰‰È‡? ·Á»˙ Ó«ˆ‡ÈÌ Ó‰ 99
1111 Exercise 4 2 3 The impersonal form is often used when asking for information. 4 Have a go by completing the questions, using the appropriate form 5 of the verbs (root letters given below) and choosing a suitable ques- 6 tion word from the list. 7 8 New vocabulary 9 10 pharmacy beyt mirkákhat (m.) Ó¯˜Á˙ ·È˙ 11 12 how? ekh ‡ÈÍ 13 to close/shut li’sgor G1 )Ò-‚-¯( ÏÒ‚«¯ 14 to find li’mtso G1 )Ó-ˆ-‡( ÏÓˆ«‡ 15 16 picnic piknik (m.) ÙȘȘ 17 18 Question words: 19 ‡ÈÍ ‡ÈÙ‰, Ó‰, Ó˙È, 20 Example: 21 ‰Ê‰? ·Á„¯ ‰Ó»ÒȘ‰ ‡˙ ÷«ÓÚÈÌ )÷-Ó-Ú( ‡ÈÍ 22 How does one hear the music in this room? 23 ekh shom-im et ha’musikah ba’khéder ha’zeh 24 25 ‰È«Ì? ‰·˜ ‡˙ ______)Ò-‚-¯( ______È«„Ú ‡˙‰ 1 26 atah yodé-a ______et ha’bank ha’yom? 27 28 ˘Ó÷? Ó˘˜ÙÈ ______)Ó-Î-¯( ______2 29 ______mishkafey shémesh? 30 31 ӈ‰? Ï·¯ ______)˜--‰( ______3 32 ______l’bar mitsvah? 33 34 Ï·«‡? Ó˙È ______)È-„-Ú( ______4 35 ______matay la’vo ? 36 37 ˜¯«·? Ó¯˜Á˙ ·È˙ ______)Ó-ˆ-‡( ______È«„Ú˙ ‡˙ ‡»ÏÈ 5 38 ulay at yodá-at ______beyt mirkákhat karov? 39 40 ÏÙȘȘ? ϘÁ˙ ______)ˆ-¯-Í( ______6 41 ______la’kákhat la’piknik? 4211 100
Cultural note
Rekhov Ha’shaked is a local shopping street, typical of the kind you are likely to find in a small Israeli town. Some of the shop signs will indicate the type of shop; others will have names unre- lated to what is on offer. Some will use the printed lettering you have been used to reading, but others may include the handwriting script (introduced in Unit 1). Unfamiliar names often include pointing (vowel signs) to help with pronunciation – this is one instance where even Israelis need help!
;butik (m.)√»ËȘ 2 ;musakh (m.) Ó»ÒÍ 1 ;beyt-kafe (m.) ˜Ù‰ ·È˙ 4 ;misparah (f.) ÓÒÙ¯‰ 3 konditóriah (f.) ˜«„ÈË«¯È‰ 5
greengrocer’s khanut yerakot (f.) ȯ˜«˙ ˙ » Á grocer’s makólet (f.) ÓΫÏ˙ butcher’s itliz (m.) ‡ËÏÈÊ pharmacy beyt mirkákhat (f.) Ó¯˜Á˙ ·È˙ stationery shop khanut kley ktivah (f.) Î˙È·‰ ÎÏÈ Á»˙ post office dó-ar (m.) „«‡¯ bank bank (m.) ·˜ petrol station takhanat délek (f.) „Ϙ ˙Á˙ 101
1111 Most of the shops will be familiar but you might need a little help 2 to know what to expect from a makólet ÓΫÏ˙ . One could describe 3 it as mini market, the equivalent of an English corner shop or 4 village shop. It was often the only basic needs shop in the area in 5 times gone by. 6 7 Exercise 5 8 9 Look closely at Rehov Ha’shaked and then read the shop signs 10 below. Can you hang them where they belong? 11 12 13 14 15 16 a d 17 18 19 20 21 22 b 23 e 24 25 26 27 c 28 29 30 31 32 Exercise 6 33 34 Yossi is in a mess, he has made a list of things he needs, jotting 35 the items down as they come to mind. Help him re-organise his 36 list, by grouping the items according to the type of shop in which 37 he is likely to find them. 38 39 Example: ÓÊ»ÓÔ ·˜: 40 41 4211 102
Yossi’s list
money késef (m.) ÎÒÛ cash mezuman (m.) ÓÊ»ÓÔ meat basar (m.) ·◊¯ sausage/salami naknik (m.) ˜È˜ stamp bul (m.) ·»Ï pen et (m.) ÚË pencil iparon (efronot, m./pl.) ÚÙ¯«Ô)ÚÙ¯««˙( bread roll lakhmanyah (f.) ÏÁÓȉ trousers mikhnasáyim (m./ pl.) ÓÎÒÈÈÌ letter paper nyar (m.) mikhtavim ÓÎ˙·ÈÌ Èȯ blouse, shirt khultsah (f.) Á»Ïˆ‰ sock(s) gérev (garbáyim, m./pl.) )‚¯·ÈÈÌ( ‚¯·
Exercise 7
A great idea yofi shel ra-ayon ¯ÚÈ«Ô ÷Ï È«ÙÈ
New vocabulary
first, before kódem ˜«„Ì then, later akhar kakh ÎÍ ‡Á¯ car mekhonit (f.) ÓΫÈ˙ *khalah (f.) Áω* delicatessen ma-adanyah (f.) ÓÚ„Èȉ gift, present matanah (f.) Ó˙‰ hair appointment tor (m.) ba’misparah ·ÓÒÙ¯‰ ˙«¯
* This is a traditional loaf for the Sabbath; two loaves are blessed to remember the double portion of manna God provided for the Israelites in the wilderness after they came out of Egypt, so that they would not have to work on the day of rest. 103
1111 You want to meet a friend for lunch. Friday (yom shishi ÷È÷È È«Ì ) 2 seems a good day, it being a short working day to allow time to 3 get home before the Sabbath which begins at sundown. You ring 4 your friend and suggest lunch, but she has many errands to do. 5 Here is how the telephone conversation starts: 6 7 ÷È÷È? ·È«Ì ˆ‰¯ÈÈÌ Ï‡¯»Á˙ ωÈÙ‚÷ ¯«ˆ‰ ‡˙ Á‰, ÷Ï«Ì – 8 9 ‡È ‡Ê Ó»˜„Ì, Ò«‚¯ÈÌ ÷È÷È ·È«Ì ‡·Ï ¯ÚÈ«Ô! ÷Ï È«ÙÈ Ê‰ ÎÔ, – 10 ˆ¯ÈΉ… ˜«„Ì 11 – shalom khanah, at rotsah l’hipagesh l’arukhat tsohoráyim 12 b’yom shishi? 13 14 – ken, zeh yófi shel ra-ayon! aval b’yom shishi sogrim mukdam, 15 az ani kódem tsrikhah… 16 17 Carry on with your friend’s answer as follows: 18 1 … to get petrol for the car, and khalot and a chicken for 19 supper. 20 21 2 I want to go to the delicatessen to buy cheeses and olives. 22 3 They close the post office at one o’clock, so I also need to 23 buy stamps. 24 25 4 I also need to buy a gift for my son’s friend – maybe a book 26 or a nice pen. 27 5 I have a hair appointment at two. 28 29 6 Can we (lit. ‘is it possible’) to meet for coffee at three? 30 31 32 Dialogue 2 33 34 Peter makes straight for the shoe shop: what is wrong with the shoes? 35 36 37 ‡¯·Ú? ‡¯·ÚÈÌ ·ÓÈ„‰ ·ω, ÚÏÈÈÌ ÏÎÌ È÷ ÙÈ˯: 38 39 ·Ê’? ‡« Á»Ì ÷Á«¯, ÓÚ„ÈÛ? ‡˙‰ ˆ·Ú ‡Èʉ ‰Ó«Î¯˙: 40 Ú«Ï«˙? ‰Ô ÎÓ‰ ·ÚÈÈ. ÁÔ Ó«ˆ‡«˙ ‰Á»Ó«˙ ‰ÚÏÈÈÌ ÙÈ˯: 41 ÷˜ÏÈÌ. ÂÁÓÈ÷‰ Ú◊¯ÈÌ Ó‡˙ÈÈÌ ‰Ó«Î¯˙: 4211 ÙÈ˯: ‰Ô Ș¯«˙; È÷ ‰Á‰? È÷ Ș¯«˙; ‰Ô ÙÈ˯: 104
‰Ó«Î¯˙: χ ‡È ÓˆËÚ¯˙. ‰Ô Ș¯«˙ ÎÈ Ê‰ Ó»˙‚ ÓÙ»¯ÒÌ. ÓÙ»¯ÒÌ. Ó»˙‚ ʉ ÎÈ È˜¯«˙ ‰Ô ÓˆËÚ¯˙. ‡È χ ‰Ó«Î¯˙: The sales assistant fetches a pair and Peter tries them on. ÙÈ˯: ‡«È! È÷ Ï» ·Úȉ. Ï» È÷ ‡«È! ÙÈ˯: ‰Ó«Î¯˙: Ó‰, ‰ÚÏÈÈÌ ˆ¯«˙ ÏÍ? ÏÍ? ˆ¯«˙ ‰ÚÏÈÈÌ Ó‰, ‰Ó«Î¯˙: ÙÈ˯: χ, ‡·Ï ‡È χ ˆ’¯ÏÈ ˆ’ÙÏÈÔ. È÷ ÏÈ ‚Ì ¯‚Ï ◊Ó‡ÏÈ˙ ¯‚Ï ‚Ì ÏÈ È÷ ˆ’ÙÏÈÔ. ˆ’¯ÏÈ Ï‡ ‡È ‡·Ï χ, ÙÈ˯: χ ¯˜ ÈÓÈ˙. ÈÓÈ˙. ¯˜ χ ‰Ó«Î¯˙: ÒÏÈÁ‰! ‡˙‰ ˆ«„˜. ÓÚÈÈÔ ÓÈ «ÚÏ ‡˙ ‰Ê»‚ ‰‡Á¯! ‰Ê»‚ ‡˙ «ÚÏ ÓÈ ÓÚÈÈÔ ˆ«„˜. ‡˙‰ ÒÏÈÁ‰! ‰Ó«Î¯˙: ÙÈ˯: ί‡‰ ÓÈ÷‰» ÚÌ ÷˙È ¯‚ÏÈÈÌ ◊Ó‡ÏÈ«˙* ‡·Ï Ú÷ȯ… ‡·Ï ◊Ó‡ÏÈ«˙* ¯‚ÏÈÈÌ ÷˙È ÚÌ ÓÈ÷‰» ί‡‰ ÙÈ˯: piter: yesh lakhem na-aláyim ka-éleh, ba-midah arba-im v’arba? ha’mokhéret: eyzeh tséva atah ma-adif? shakhor, khum o bej? piter: ha’na-aláyim ha’khumot mots-ot khen b’enay. kámah hen olot? ha’mokhéret: matáyim esrim v’khamishah shkalim. piter: hen yekarot; yesh hanakhah? ha’mokhéret: lo ani mitsta-éret. hen yekarot ki zeh mutag mefursam.
piter: oy! yesh lánu be-ayah. ha’mokhéret: mah, ha’na-aláyim tsarot lekha? piter: lo, aval ani lo Charli Chaplin. yesh li gam régel smalit, lo rak yemanit! ha’mokhéret: slikhah! atah tsodek. me-anyen mi no-el et ha’zug ha’akher! piter: kanir-eh míshehu im shtey ragláyim smaliyot* aval ashir…
PETER: Do you have some shoes like these, in size 44? SALES ASSISTANT: Which colour do you prefer? Black, brown or beige? PETER: I like the brown shoes. How much do they cost? SALES ASSISTANT: 225 shekels. PETER: They’re expensive; is there a discount? SALES ASSISTANT: No, I’m sorry. They’re expensive because it’s a well- known make.
The sales assistant fetches a pair and Peter tries them on. 105
1111 PETER: Oh! we’ve got a problem. 2 SALES ASSISTANT: What, are the shoes [too] tight for you? 3 PETER: No, but I’m not Charlie Chaplin. I have a left foot, 4 not just a right one. 5 SALES ASSISTANT: Sorry! you’re right. [It would be] interesting [to know] 6 who is wearing the other pair! 7 PETER: Evidently someone with two left feet* – but rich… 8 9 * Having two left feet is a way of saying that someone is clumsy 10 in Hebrew as well as in English. Israelis also use ‘two left hands’ 11 in a similar way: 12 He does not know how to open this window: he has ‘two left 13 hands’ 14 15 hu lo yodé-a ekh liftó-akh et ha’khalon ha’zeh: yesh lo shtey 16 yadáyim smaliyot 17 È„ÈÈÌ ÷˙È Ï« È÷ ‰Áϫԉʉ, ‡˙ ÏÙ˙«Á ‡ÈÍ È«„Ú Ï‡ ‰»‡ 18 ◊Ó‡ÏÈ«˙… 19 20 Vocabulary 21 22 23 sales assistant mokher(-et, f.) ӫί)˙( 24 like these ka-éleh (m./f., pl.) ·ω 25 (like this) (kazeh(m.) kazot(f.) )Îʉ,Îʇ˙( 26 27 size midah (f.) ÓÈ„‰ 28 colour tséva (m.) ˆ·Ú 29 black shakhor (shkhorah, f.) ÷Á«¯ 30 31 brown khum (-ah, f.) Á»Ì)‰( 32 beige bej (m./f., s./pl.) ·Ê’ 33 I like (lit.’find mots-ot khen b’enay ·ÚÈÈ* ÁÔ Ó«ˆ‡«˙ 34 charm in my eyes’) 35 36 how much/many? kámah ÎÓ‰?** 37 (they) cost olim G1 )Ú-Ï-‰( Ú«ÏÈÌ 38 expensive yakar (yekarah, f.) Ș¯)‰( 39 40 discount hanakhah (f.) ‰Á‰ 41 make, brand mutag (m.) Ó»˙‚ 4211 famous mefursam(mefursémet, f.) ÓÙ»¯ÒÌ)˙( 106
tight, narrow tsar (tsarah, f.) ˆ¯)‰( foot, leg regel (ragláyim, f., pl.) )¯‚ÏÈÈÌ( ¯‚Ï*** right (adj.) yemani(-t, f.) ÈÓÈ)˙( left (adj.) smol (smalit, f.) ◊Ó‡Ï)È˙( am/is right tsodek G1 )ˆ-„-˜( ˆ«„˜ wear(s) (only for shoes) no-el G1 )-Ú-Ï( «ÚÏ pair zug (m.) Ê»‚ other, different akher(-et, f.) ‡Á¯)˙( rich ashir(-ah, f.) Ú÷ȯ)‰(
* Note that the verb ‘find’ mots-ot G1 )Ó-ˆ-‡( must agree in number and gender with its subject, in this case ‘shoes’; e.g. I like the hat (lit. ‘the hat finds favour in my eyes’) ha’kova motseh khen b’enay ·ÚÈÈ ÁÔ Ó«ˆ‡ ‰Î«·Ú
**often pronounced with stress at the beginning kámah, although the correct form is to stress the last syllable.
*** ¯‚ÏÈÈÌ like ÚÏÈÈÌ are examples of feminine nouns whose plurals resemble the masculine; the accompanying adjectives agree with the feminine gender:
regel smalit ◊Ó‡ÏÈ˙ ,¯‚Ï na-alayim yekarot Ș¯«˙ ÚÏÈÈÌ
Useful expressions
what is the price please? ··˜÷‰? ‰ÓÁȯ Ó‰ mah ha’mekhir b’vakashah? How much does it cost? ګω? ʉ ÎÓ‰ kamah zeh oleh?
Is there a discount? yesh hanakhah? ? ‰Á‰ È÷ We have a special offer ÓÈ»Á„ Ó·ˆÚ Ï» È˘ yesh lanu mivtsa myukhad You get a 10% discount Ú◊¯‰ ‰Á‰ Ó˜·Ï ‡˙‰ atah mekabel hanakhah asarah akhuzim ‡Á»ÊÈÌ 107
1111 It costs 300 shékels with ÷˜Ï Ó‡«˙ ÷Ï«÷ ګω ʉ 2 (lit. ‘after’) a discount ‰Á‰ ‡Á¯È 3 zeh oleh 300 shekel akharey hanakhah 4 5 Is it possible to pay by cheque? ? ·ˆ’˜ Ï˘ÏÌ ‡Ù÷¯ 6 efshar le’shalem b’tshek? 7 We do not accept cheques ˆ’˜ÈÌ Ó˜·ÏÈÌ )χ( ‡Á» 8 9 anakhnu lo mekablim tshekim 10 Do you accept credit cards? ? ‡÷¯‡È ίËÈÒÈ Ó˜·ÏÈÌ ‡˙Ì 11 atem mekablim kartisey ashray? 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Exercise 8 23 24 25 Dialogue with a sales assistant. Practise using: 26 like this/these kazeh, kazot/ka-éleh Îʇ˙/·ω Îʉ 27 28 New vocabulary 29 30 31 coat me-il (m.) ÓÚÈÏ 32 red adom (adumah, f.) ‡„«Ì)‰( 33 look(s) for mekhapes(-et, f.) ÓÁÙ◊)˙( 34 35 36 Questions she-elot ÷‡Ï«˙ : 37 I am looking for a coat like this one but in red. How much 38 is it? 39 40 Do you have a special offer? 41 Do you accept cheques or credit cards? 4211 108
Replies/answers tshuvot ˙÷»·«˙ : We do not have coats like these in red. We do have a special offer: with (lit. ‘after’) a discount, the coat is 360 shekels. We don’t accept credit cards, but we do accept cheques.
Language Point
Numbers 11–1,000,000
The teens
Numbers from 11 to 19 are formed much as they are in English by adding the Hebrew equivalent of ‘teen’ – esreh (f.) Ú◊¯‰ / asar (m.) Ú◊¯ – to the unit number. (Note that the pronunciation of 2, 3, 7 and 9 is slightly shortened.)
Masculine Feminine
akhad-asar ‡Á„-Ú◊¯ 11 akhat-esreh ‡Á˙-Ú◊¯‰
shnem-asar ÷ÈÌ-Ú◊¯ 12 shtem-esreh ÷˙ÈÌ-Ú◊¯‰ shloshah-asar ÷Ï«÷‰-Ú◊¯ 13 shlosh-esreh ÷Ï«÷-Ú◊¯‰ arba-ah-asar ‡¯·Ú‰-Ú◊¯ 14 arba-esreh ‡¯·Ú-Ú◊¯‰ khamishah-asar ÁÓÈ÷‰-Ú◊¯ 15 khamesh-esreh ÁÓ÷-Ú◊¯‰ shishah-asar ÷È÷‰-Ú◊¯ 16 shesh-esreh ÷÷-Ú◊¯‰ shiv-ah-asar ÷·Ú‰-Ú◊¯ 17 shva-esreh ÷·Ú-Ú◊¯‰
shmonah-asar ÷Ó«‰-Ú◊¯ 18 shmoneh-esreh ÷Ó«‰-Ú◊¯‰ tish-ah-asar ˙÷Ú‰-Ú◊¯ 19 tsha-esreh ˙÷Ú-Ú◊¯‰ 109
1111 The tens 2 3 Add ‘im’ but notice the small vowel changes. 4 5 Masculine/Feminine 6 7 10 éser Ú◊¯ 8 9 20 esrim Ú◊¯ÈÌ 10 30 shloshim ÷Ï«÷ÈÌ 11 12 40 arba-im ‡¯·ÚÈÌ 13 14 50 khamishim ÁÓÈ÷ÈÌ 15 60 shishim ÷È÷ÈÌ 16 17 70 shiv-im ÷·ÚÈÌ 18 19 80 shmonim ÷Ó«ÈÌ 20 90 tish-im ˙÷ÚÈÌ 21 22 The units are then added to the tens to form 23 24 55 khamishim v’khamesh ÂÁÓ÷ ÁÓÈ÷ÈÌ 25 78 shiv-im u’shmóneh Â÷Ó«‰ ÷·ÚÈÌ 26 27 NB Remember that the feminine form of the units is used when 28 counting, but when qualifying nouns, they will agree with the 29 noun gender: 30 31 24 buses esrim v’arba-ah otobusim (m.) 32 ‡«Ë«·»ÒÈÌ Â‡¯·Ú‰ Ú◊¯ÈÌ 33 34 24 cars esrim v’arba mekhoniyot (f.) 35 ÓΫȫ˙ ‡¯·Ú Ú◊¯ÈÌ 36 37 38 39 40 41 4211 110
Hundreds
Add ‘hundreds’ me-ot Ó‡«˙ to the unit number, noticing the small vowels changes. Masculine/Feminine 100 me-ah Ó‡‰ 200 matayim Ó‡˙ÈÈÌ 300 shlosh me-ot Ó‡«˙ ÷Ï«÷ 400 arba me-ot Ó‡«˙ ‡¯·Ú 500 khamesh me-ot Ó‡«˙ ÁÓ÷ 600 shesh me-ot Ó‡«˙ ÷÷ 700 shva me-ot Ó‡«˙ ÷·Ú 800 shmoneh me-ot Ó‡«˙ ÷Ó«‰ 900 tsha me-ot Ó‡«˙ ˙÷Ú
Thousands
Add ‘thousands’ alafim ‡ÏÙÈÌ to the unit number, which here becomes the first word in the word pair; e.g. shalosh – shloshet .÷Ï«÷ – ÷Ï«÷˙ – .÷Ï«÷ Masculine/Feminine 1,000 élef ‡ÏÛ 2,000 alpáyim ‡ÏÙÈÈÌ 3,000 shloshet alafim ‡ÏÙÈÌ ÷Ï«÷˙ 4,000 arba-at alafim ‡ÏÙÈÌ ‡¯·Ú˙ 5,000 khameshet alafim ‡ÏÙÈÌ ÁÓ÷˙ 6,000 sheshet alafim ‡ÏÙÈÌ ÷÷˙ 7,000 shiv-at alafim ‡ÏÙÈÌ ÷·Ú˙ 8,000 shmonat alafim ‡ÏÙÈÌ ÷Ó«˙ 9,000 tish-at alafim ‡ÏÙÈÌ ˙÷Ú˙ 10,000 aseret alafim ‡ÏÙÈÌ Ú◊¯˙ 20,000 esrim élef ‡ÏÛ… Ú◊¯ÈÌ 100,000 me-ah élef ‡ÏÛ… Ó‡‰ 1,000,000 milyon ÓÈÏÈ«Ô 111
1111 Exercise 9 2 3 Test your general knowledge and give your answer in Hebrew: 4 1 How many days in February? (27 or 28) 5 6 2 How many months is an African elephant’s pregnancy? 7 (12, 18 or 22) 8 3 How tall is Mount Everest (in metres)? (8,848 or 10,031) 9 10 4 Around what year did the prophet Muhammad have his 11 vision? (in 595 or 610) 12 5 When was Sigmund Freud born? (in 1856, 1879 or 1895) 13 14 6 When did the first man walk on the moon? (in 1965, 1969 or 15 1970) 16 7 How many final letters are there in the Hebrew alphabet? 17 (4, 5 or 6) 18 19 20 Dialogue 3 21 22 23 Exercise 10 24 25 Peter makes his way to the Superpharm. 26 Below we have given you, separately, what the salesman 27 (ha’mokher Áӫί ) says and what Peter says, in no particular 28 order. A quick revision of prepositions and question words learnt 29 so far will help you put them in the correct order to compose 30 Dialogue 3 for yourself in no time. 31 32 New vocabulary 33 34 35 to help la-azor G1 )Ú-Ê-¯( ÏÚÊ«¯ 36 brush mivréshet(f.) Ó·¯÷˙ 37 hair se-ar(f.) ◊Ú¯ 38 39 teeth shináyim(f., pl.) ÷ÈÈÈÌ 40 soap sabon(m.) Ò·«Ô 41 paste mishkhah(f.) Ó÷Á‰ 4211 112
side tsad(f.) ˆ„ shampoo shampo(m.) ÷ÓÙ« small change késef katan ˜ËÔ ÎÒÛ change/surplus ódef(m.) Ú«„Û
The dialogue begins with the sales assistant asking Peter if he can help:
ӫί: …..? ӫί: ÙÈ˯: ….. ÙÈ˯:
ӫί: ‡ÈÊ« Ó·¯÷˙, Ó·¯÷˙ ◊Ú¯ ‡« ◊ÈÈÈÌ? ‡« ◊Ú¯ Ó·¯÷˙ Ó·¯÷˙, ‡ÈÊ« ӫί: ӫί: ÷Ì, ·ˆ„ ◊Ó‡Ï Ó»Ï ‰÷ÓÙ«. Ó‰ Ú«„ ‡˙‰ ˆ¯ÈÍ? ˆ¯ÈÍ? ‡˙‰ Ú«„ Ó‰ ‰÷ÓÙ«. Ó»Ï ◊Ó‡Ï ·ˆ„ ÷Ì, ӫί: ӫί: ‡Ù÷¯ ÏÚÊ«¯ ÏÍ? ÏÍ? ÏÚÊ«¯ ‡Ù÷¯ ӫί: ӫί: Ó·¯÷«˙ ‰◊Ú¯ ÚÏ È„ ‰Ò·«Ô. È„ ÚÏ ‰◊Ú¯ Ó·¯÷«˙ ӫί: ӫί: ÷Ï«÷ÈÌ »÷Ï«÷‰ ÷˜ÏÈÌ, ··˜÷‰. ÷˜ÏÈÌ, »÷Ï«÷‰ ÷Ï«÷ÈÌ Ó«Î¯:
ÙÈ˯: ‡È ˆ¯ÈÍ ‚Ì ‡˙ ʉ Â‚Ì ‡˙ ʉ. ‡ÈÙ‰ Ó·¯÷«˙ ‰◊Ú¯? Ó·¯÷«˙ ‡ÈÙ‰ ʉ. ‡˙ Â‚Ì Ê‰ ‡˙ ‚Ì ˆ¯ÈÍ ‡È ÙÈ˯: ÙÈ˯: ‡ÈÔ ÏÈ ÎÒÛ ˜ËÔ, È÷ ÏÍ Ú«„Û? ÏÍ È÷ ˜ËÔ, ÎÒÛ ÏÈ ‡ÈÔ ÙÈ˯: ÙÈ˯: ʉ ‰ÎÏ, ˙«„‰. ÎÓ‰ ʉ? ÎÓ‰ ˙«„‰. ‰ÎÏ, ʉ ÙÈ˯: ÙÈ˯: ÎÔ ··˜÷‰. ‡È ˆ¯ÈÍ Ó·¯÷˙. ˆ¯ÈÍ ‡È ··˜÷‰. ÎÔ ÙÈ˯: ÙÈ˯: ‡ÈÙ‰ Ó·¯÷«˙ ‰÷ÈÈÈÌ ÂÓ÷Á˙ ‰÷ÈÈÈÌ? ÂÓ÷Á˙ ‰÷ÈÈÈÌ Ó·¯÷«˙ ‡ÈÙ‰ ÙÈ˯: 1111 2 3 7 ÒÈ„»¯ÈÌ 4 5 6 Making 7 8 9 arrangements 10 11 In this unit you will learn: 12 • verbs – Group 2 13 • the direct object pronouns oti, otkha 14 ‡«˙È,‡«˙Í… • the dual ending -ayim 15 ÈÈÌ - • how to express age: ben/bat 16 ·Ô/·˙ • the days of the week and ordinal numbers 17 18 • how to make comparisons: pakhot o yoter È«˙¯ ‡« ÙÁ«˙ 19 • all day/every day kol ha’yom/kol yom È«Ì ‰È«Ì/ÎÏ ÎÏ 20 21 Dialogue 1 22 23 Maya is arranging her visit to Kibbutz Mishmar Ha’Shalom with 24 Peter. Here she is on the phone with her mother. See what you can 25 read and understand, referring to the vocabulary list for new words, 26 but without looking at the translation and transliteration. Can you 27 say where she is phoning from and when she is planning to visit her 28 parents? Will anyone else be there? 29 30 ÷Ï«ÓÍ? Ó‰ Ó‰Ó◊¯„. ӈψÏ˙ ‡È ˘Ï«Ì, ‡Ó‡ Ӈȉ: 31 32 Ó˙È ‡·Ï ÚÒ»˜‰, ÷‡˙ È«„Ú˙ ‡È Ӈȉ. ·Ò„¯ ‰ÎÏ ‡Ó‡: 33 ‡«˙Í? ¯«‡ÈÌ 34 Á«÷·˙ ‡È Ó‰Ó◊¯„; Ó„·¯˙ ÷‡È ‰ÒÈ·‰ ·„È»˜ ʇ˙ Ӈȉ: 35 36 ÂΫ˙· Ó‡‚Ïȉ ‰»‡ Ó‰Ú·«„‰. È„È„ ÚÌ Ï·È˜»¯ Ï·«‡ 37 ·˜È·»ı. ‚Ì Ï·˜¯ ÎÓ»·Ô ¯«ˆ‰ ·‡¯ı; ‰ÁÈÈÌ ÚÏ Ó‡Ó¯ 38 ‰÷·»Ú? Ò«Û Ï˜¯‡˙ Ï·«‡ ÈΫÏÈÌ ‡Á» 39 40 Ï÷·˙? ωÈ÷‡¯ ÈΫÏÈÌ ‡˙Ì ¯·. ·¯ˆ«Ô „‡È, ‡Ó‡: 41 ˙«„‰. χ? ÏÓ‰ ÎÔ, Ӈȉ: 4211 114
‡Ó‡: ‚Ì ÈÚÏ Â¯«ÚÈ ·‡ÈÌ ·÷·˙ ÚÌ ‰ÈÏ„«˙. ‡˙ ʫί˙ ÷Ï„‰ ʫί˙ ‡˙ ‰ÈÏ„«˙. ÚÌ ·÷·˙ ·‡ÈÌ Â¯«ÚÈ ÈÚÏ ‚Ì ‡Ó‡: È÷ È«Ì ‰»Ï„˙ ·Ú«„ È«ÓÈÈÌ? ‰È‡ η¯ ·˙ 8 ,ÓÓ÷ ˜÷‰ ,ÓÓ÷ 8 ·˙ η¯ ‰È‡ È«ÓÈÈÌ? ·Ú«„ ‰»Ï„˙ È«Ì È÷ ω‡ÓÈÔ. Ӈȉ: ÎÔ, ‡˙ ˆ«„˜˙. È÷ ÏÍ ¯ÚÈ«Ô Ó‰ Ϙ«˙ ω Ó˙‰? ω Ϙ«˙ Ó‰ ¯ÚÈ«Ô ÏÍ È÷ ˆ«„˜˙. ‡˙ ÎÔ, Ӈȉ: ‡Ó‡: ÷‡Ï‰ ˜÷‰. È÷ ω ‰ÎÏ ·¯»Í ‰÷Ì! ‡»ÏÈ Ù÷»Ë ˙Î÷ÈË Ù÷»Ë ‡»ÏÈ ‰÷Ì! ·¯»Í ‰ÎÏ Ï‰ È÷ ˜÷‰. ÷‡Ï‰ ‡Ó‡: ˜ËÔ ‡« Ó÷‰» Ï◊Ú¯? È÷ ÏÍ ·ÎÏÏ ÊÓÔ ÏÁÙ◊? ÊÓÔ ·ÎÏÏ ÏÍ È÷ Ï◊Ú¯? Ó÷‰» ‡« ˜ËÔ
maya: íma shalom, ani metsaltsélet meha’misrad. mah shlomekh? íma: ha’kol b’séder maya. ani yoda-at she’at asukah, aval matay ro-im otakh? maya: zot b’diyuk ha’sibah she’ani medabéret me’ha’misrad; ani khoshévet l’avo l’bikur im yadid me’ha’avodah. hu me’angliyah, v’kotev ma-amar al ha’khayim ba’árets; v’rotseh kamuvan le’vaker gam ba’kibuts. anákhnu yekholim l’avo likrat sof ha’shavú-a? íma: vaday, b’ratson rav. atem yekholim l’hisha-er l’shabat? maya: ken, lámah lo? todah. íma: gam yael v’ro-i ba-im b’shabat im ha’yladot. at zokhéret she’l’dánah yesh yom hulédet b’od yomáyim? hi kvar bat shmóneh, mamash kasheh l’ha-amin. maya: ken, at tsodéket. yesh lakh ra-ayon mah li’knot lah matanah? íma: she-elah kashah. yesh lah ha’kol, barukh ha’shem! ulay pashut takhshit katan, o máshehu la’se-ar? yesh lakh bikhlal zman le’khapes?
MAYA: Hi, mum! I’m ringing from the office. How are you? MOTHER: Everything’s fine, Maya. I know you’re busy, but when do we see you? MAYA: That’s exactly why (lit. ‘the reason’) I’m speaking from the office. I’m thinking of coming to visit with a friend from work. He’s from England and is writing an article on life in Israel; and of course he wants to visit the kibbutz too. Can we come towards the end of the week? MOTHER: Of course, with great pleasure. Can you stay for Shabbat? MAYA: Yes, why not? Thanks! MOTHER: Yael and Ro-i are also coming on Shabbat with the girls. You remember that Danah’s birthday is in a couple of days? She’s already eight years old! It’s really hard to believe. 115
1111 MAYA: Yes, you’re right. Do you have an idea of what to buy her 2 as a present? 3 MOTHER: Difficult question. She has everything, thank God! (lit. 4 ‘blessed is the name’)! Maybe simply a little piece of 5 jewelry or something for the hair? [But] do you have time 6 at all to look? 7 8 Vocabulary 9 10 call(s), ring(s) metsaltsélet G2 )ˆ-Ï-ˆ-Ï( ӈψÏ˙ 11 12 busy asuk(-ah, f.) ÚÒ»˜)‰( 13 you (direct obj.) otakh (f., sing.) ‡«˙Í 14 reason sibah (f.) ÒÈ·‰ 15 16 speak(s), is speaking medabéret G2 )„-·-¯( Ó„·¯˙ 17 friend yadid (yedidah, f.) È„È„)‰( 18 article ma-amar (m.) Ó‡Ó¯ 19 20 towards likrat Ϙ¯‡˙ 21 end sof (m.) Ò«Û 22 weekend sof shavú-a ÷·»Ú Ò«Û 23 24 certainly, definitely vaday „‡È 25 with pleasure, willingly b’ratson rav ¯· ·¯ˆ«Ô 26 (lit. ‘with much willingness’) 27 why lámah ÏÓ‰ 28 29 remember(s) zokher G1 )Ê-Î-¯( ʫί 30 birthday yom hulédet ‰»Ï„˙ È«Ì 31 in a couple of days b’od yomáyim È«ÓÈÈÌ ·Ú«„ 32 33 eight years old bat shmóneh 8 ·˙ 34 (lit. ‘daughter of eight’) 35 difficult, hard* kasheh(-ah, f.) ˜÷‰* 36 adverb + adj. 37 to believe l’ha-amin ω‡ÓÈÔ 38 39 question she’elah (f.) ˘‡Ï‰ 40 Thank God (lit. ‘blessed barukh ha’shem ‰÷Ì ·¯»Í 41 is the Name’) 4211 116
simply/simple* pashut (pshutah, f.) Ù÷»Ë)‰(* adverb + adj. jewelry takhshit (m.) ˙Î÷ÈË something máshehu Ó÷‰» generally, at all bikhlal ·ÎÏÏ to look for le’khapes G2 ÏÁÙ÷
*The masculine singular of a fair number of adjectives are also used as adverbs describing ‘the manner in which’: He works hard hu oved kasheh ˜÷‰ Ú«·„ ‰»‡ They simply don’t want to go hem pashut lo rotsim la’lekhet ‰Ì Ù÷»Ë χ ¯«ˆÈÌ ÏÏÎ˙ ¯«ˆÈÌ Ï‡ Ù÷»Ë ‰Ì
Language points
Verb Group 2
Group 2 verbs add the prefixÓ to the root letters in the present tense. Although you won’t see the prefix in the infinitive, you will be able to recognize this verb group’s distinctive sound pattern. Consider the verbs below (a couple of which are already familiar to you):
Root „-·-¯ Infinitive To speak, talk le’daber Ï„·¯ medaber Ó„·¯ ‰»‡ ‡˙‰, ‡È, Masculine singular
medabéret Ó„·¯˙ ‰È‡ ‡˙, ‡È, Feminine singular
medabrim Ó„·¯ÈÌ ‰Ì ‡˙Ì, ‡Á», Masculine plural
medabrot Ó„·¯«˙ ‰Ô ‡˙Ô, ‡Á», Feminine plural 117
1111 Examples: 2 She talks the whole time 3 hi medabéret kol ha’zman ‰ÊÓÔ ÎÏ Ó„·¯˙ ‰È‡ 4 We don’t accept cheques 5 anákhnu lo mekablim chekim ˆ’˜ÈÌ Ó˜·ÏÈÌ Ï‡ ‡Á» 6 7 They do not call on the Sabbath 8 hem lo metsaltselim ba’shabat ·÷·˙ ӈψÏÈÌ Ï‡ ‰Ì 9 10 More verbs in the same group: 11 to search le’khapes )Á-Ù-◊( ÏÁÙ◊ 12 to visit le’vaker )·-˜-¯( Ï·˜¯ 13 14 to pay le’shalem )÷-Ï-Ì( Ï÷ÏÌ 15 to receive/get le’kabel )˜-·-Ï( Ϙ·Ï 16 to tour, travel around le’tayel )Ë-È-Ï( ÏËÈÈÏ 17 18 to arrange le’sader )Ò-„-¯( ÏÒ„¯ 19 to cook le’vashel )·-÷-Ï( Ï·÷Ï 20 to repair le’taken )˙-˜-Ô( Ï˙˜Ô 21 22 Note that some verbs in Group 2 have a root of four letters, two 23 of which are repeated. However the conjugation follows the same 24 pattern. 25 26 27 Root ˆ-Ï-ˆ-Ï Infinitive To ring le’tsaltsel ÏˆÏˆÏ 28 metsaltsel ÓˆÏˆÏ ‰»‡ ‡˙‰, ‡È, Masculine singular 29 30 metsaltsélet ӈψÏ˙ ‰È‡ ‡˙, ‡È, Feminine singular 31 32 33 metsaltselim ӈψÏÈÌ ‰Ì ‡˙Ì, ‡Á», Masculine plural 34 35 metsaltselot ӈψϫ˙ ,‰Ô ‡˙Ô ‡Á», Feminine plural 36 37 38 39 40 41 4211 118
More verbs in this group: to scorn le’zalzel ÏÊÏÊÏ to spoil, damage, ruin le’kalkel Ï˜Ï˜Ï to chatter le’fatpet ÏÙËÙË to scribble, rattle, babble, idle chatter le’kashkesh Ϙ÷˜÷ to confuse, mix up le’valbel Ï·Ï·Ï
These expressive verbs often crop up in idiomatic phrases: Don’t talk nonsense (lit. ‘don’t chatter away in the kettle’) al tekashkesh ba’kumkum ·˜»Ó˜»Ì ˙˜÷˜÷ ‡Ï Don’t mess me about (lit. ‘don’t confuse the mind’) al tevalbel et ha’mó-akh ‰ÓÂÁ ‡˙ ˙·Ï·Ï ‡Ï
Exercise 1
How would you say: She is paying in cash. They (m.) are cooking fresh soup. He cannot repair these shoes. No problem, I’m arranging everything. She is ringing from home. They are ruining their son.
Exercise 2
Play around with the words to make sense of the following sentences. (See our suggestions in the answers section.)
New vocabulary
vehicle, car rékhev (m.) ¯Î·
Example: incorrect ÒËȘÈÌ Ó·÷ÏÈÌ Ù‡¯Ì ·Ò»Ù¯ ba’superfarm mevashlim steykim in the Superpharm they cook steaks 119
1111 incorrect ˜«ÒÓËȘ‰ ӫίÈÌ ·ÓÒÚ„‰ 2 ba’mis-adah mokhrim kosmétikah 3 in the restaurant they sell cosmetics 4 Answer: 5 correct ˜«ÒÓËȘ‰ ӫίÈÌ Ù‡¯Ì ·Ò»Ù¯ 6 7 correct ·ÓÒÚ„‰ Ó·÷ÏÈÌ ÒËȘÈÌ 8 9 b’khanut kley ktivah konim delek „Ϙ ˜«ÈÌ Î˙È·‰ ÎÏÈ ·Á»˙ 10 et ha’se-ar mesadrim ba’musakh ·Ó»ÒÍ ÓÒ„¯ÈÌ ‰◊Ú¯ ‡˙ 11 12 ba’bank mekablim rak anglit ‡‚ÏÈ˙ ¯˜ Ó˜·ÏÈÌ ··˜ 13 ba’misparah medabrim gam mezuman 14 ÓÊ»ÓÔ ‚Ì Ó„·¯ÈÌ ·ÓÒÙ¯‰ 15 16 ha’rékhev metaknim b’vet mirkakhat 17 Ó¯˜Á˙ ··È˙ Ó˙˜ÈÌ ‰¯Î· ‡˙ 18 b’takhanat ha’délek mekhapsim efronot 19 20 ÚÙ¯««˙ ÓÁÙ◊ÈÌ ‰„Ϙ ·˙Á˙ 21 The particle et ‡˙ + pronoun endings 22 23 We have seen (pp. 57–8) that definite direct objects must be 24 preceded by ‡˙ in Hebrew; 25 26 He is opening a bottle of wine hu poté-akh bakbuk yáyin 27 ÈÈÔ ·˜·»˜ Ù«˙Á ‰»‡ 28 He is opening the bottle hu poté-akh et ha’bakbuk 29 ‰·˜·»˜ ‡˙ Ù«˙Á ‰»‡ 30 31 Pronouns replace specific persons or things and are therefore defi- 32 nite by nature. Instead of using two separate words, Hebrew 33 attaches pronoun endings (see pp. 74–5) to the particle ‡˙ : 34 35 ‰Ì)Ô( ‡˙Ì)Ô( ‡Á» ‰È‡ ‰»‡ ‡˙ ‡˙‰ ‡È 36 ‡«˙Ì)Ô( ‡˙ÎÌ)Ô( ‡«˙» ‡«˙‰ ‡«˙« ‡«˙Í ‡«˙Í ‡«˙È 37 otam(n) etkhem(n) otánu otah oto otakh otkha oti 38 them(m./f.) you(m./f.,pl.) us her him you(f.) you(m.) me 39 40 41 4211 120
Examples: They want to meet him at the office hem rotsim li’fgosh oto ba’misrad ‰Ì ¯«ˆÈÌ ÏÙ‚«÷ ‡«˙« ·Ó◊¯„ ‡«˙« ÏÙ‚«÷ ¯«ˆÈÌ ‰Ì She likes the shoes very much but in the end doesn’t buy them hi me-od ohévet et ha’na-aláyim, aval ba’sof lo konah otan ‰È‡ Ó‡„ ‡«‰·˙ ‡˙ ‰ÚÏÈÈÌ ‡·Ï ·Ò«Û χ ˜«‰ ‡«˙Ô ˜«‰ χ ·Ò«Û ‡·Ï ‰ÚÏÈÈÌ ‡˙ ‡«‰·˙ Ó‡„ ‰È‡
Exercise 3
Replace the words in brackets with the correct pronouns (you will find transliteration and translation in the answers section):
Example: ‚„È ¯«‡‰ ‡˙ )‰‡Á«˙ ˘Ï ˙Ó¯( = ‚„È ¯«‡‰ ‡«˙‰ ¯«‡‰ ‚„È = ˙Ó¯( ˘Ï )‰‡Á«˙ ‡˙ ¯«‡‰ ‚„È gadi ro-eh et ha’akhot shel tamar = gadi ro-eh otah Gadi sees Tamar’s sister = Gadi sees her (Note that in Hebrew, as in English, a pronoun can replace a phrase as well as a single word.) 1 „È ˜«‰ )·»ÏÈÌ( ______·„«‡¯. ·„«‡¯. ______)·»ÏÈÌ( ˜«‰ „È 1 2 ‡˙ Ó·Ï·Ï˙ )‡˙ ‡È( ______. ‡È( )‡˙ Ó·Ï·Ï˙ ‡˙ 2 3 ‰‰«¯ÈÌ Ï‡ ¯«ˆÈÌ Ï˜Ï˜Ï )‡˙ ‰·˙ ÷ωÌ( ______. ÷ωÌ( ‰·˙ )‡˙ Ï˜Ï˜Ï ¯«ˆÈÌ Ï‡ ‰‰«¯ÈÌ 3 4 „Ïȉ ‡«‰·˙ Ϙ·Ï )Ó˙«˙( ______. )Ó˙«˙( Ϙ·Ï ‡«‰·˙ „Ïȉ 4 5 Ó˙È ‡Ù÷¯ ϯ‡«˙ )‡˙ ‡˙Ì( ______? ‡˙Ì( )‡˙ ϯ‡«˙ ‡Ù÷¯ Ó˙È 5
The dual ending -áyim ÈÈÌ –
Hebrew has another ending to indicate the plural known as the ‘dual ending’. While it is not always the case (viz. ‘water’ máyim ÓÈÌ ), it can indicate two of something and is appropriately common with nouns implying a pair. In the last unit we came across ‘shoes’ na-aláyim ÚÏÈÈÌ , ‘glasses’ mishkafáyim Ó÷˜ÙÈÈÌ , and ‘trousers’ mikhnasáyim .ÓÎÒÈÈÌ Note that the stress falls on the penultimate rather than on the last syllable.) We also see it with 121
nouns designating parts of the body such as ‘leg, foot’ 1111 regel/ragláyim ¯‚Ï/¯‚ÏÈÈÌ . 2 3 And it can also be used with numbers and some units of time: 4 5 month khódesh Á«„÷ ; months khodashim Á«„÷ÈÌ ; two 6 months khodsháyim Á«„÷ÈÈÌ . 7 8 Exercise 4 9 10 Can you pronounce and work out the meaning of the following? 11 ‡ÏÙÈÈÌ Ó‡˙ÈÈÌ, ÷˙ÈÈÌ, ÷·»ÚÈÈÌ, È«ÓÈÈÌ, ÷Ú˙ÈÈÌ, 12 13 14 How old are you? ben/bat kamah at(ah) 15 16 ‡˙)‰(? ÎÓ‰ ·Ô/·˙ 17 18 If you want to ask someone how old they are in Hebrew, you say: 19 Daughter/son (of) how many [years] are you? 20 21 The answer is: 22 I am son/daughter of ___ [years] 23 ani ben/bat esrim Ú◊¯ÈÌ ·Ô/·˙ ‡È 24 How old is he? ben kamah hu? ‰»‡? ÎÓ‰ ·Ô 25 26 My son is two years old 27 ha’ben sheli hu ben shnatáyim ÷˙ÈÈÌ ·Ô ‰»‡ ÷ÏÈ ‰·Ô 28 Can you say how old you are? (We won’t tell …) 29 30 Age of inanimate objects can be expressed similarly: 31 This table is two hundred years old 32 ha’shulkhan ha’zeh ben matáyim shanah 33 ÷‰ Ó‡˙ÈÈÌ ·Ô ‰Ê‰ ‰÷»ÏÁÔ 34 35 Exercise 5 36 37 You are looking at a family photo with an elderly relative who 38 wants to remember who everyone is and how old they are; tell her: 39 40 This is (lit. ‘These are’) David and Nilly. He is 27 and she is 24. 41 This is their baby. He is 14 months old and is already walking. 4211 122
This is Martin, my father’s brother. He’s already 65, and this is his son Gal, 30 years old and not married! This is my cousin Michal. She’s 19, a student at Tel Aviv University. The small boy on the left-hand side: he’s Martin’s grandson (nékhed ΄ ) from his daughter. He’s 8 years old.
Dialogue 2
Maya is discussing her plans with Rachel, her colleague:
¯ÁÏ: ‡Ê ÏÎÓ‰ ÊÓÔ ‡˙ «ÒÚ˙? «ÒÚ˙? ‡˙ ÊÓÔ ÏÎÓ‰ ‡Ê ¯ÁÏ: Ӈȉ: ‡È ¯«ˆ‰ Ï‚Ó«¯ ‡˙ ‰Ú·«„‰ Ó»˜„Ì ·È«Ì ÷È÷È* ‡« ÷È÷È* ·È«Ì Ó»˜„Ì ‰Ú·«„‰ ‡˙ Ï‚Ó«¯ ¯«ˆ‰ ‡È Ӈȉ: ‡ÙÈÏ» ψ‡˙ ·È«Ì ÁÓÈ÷È ·ÏÈω, Î„È Ï‡ ωÈ˙˜Ú χ Î„È ·ÏÈω, ÁÓÈ÷È ·È«Ì ψ‡˙ ‡ÙÈÏ» ·Ù˜˜ÈÌ. ·È«Ì ÷·˙ ‡È ‡ˆÏ ‰‰«¯ÈÌ ÚÌ ÙÈ˯. ÓÈ«Ì ÙÈ˯. ÚÌ ‰‰«¯ÈÌ ‡ˆÏ ‡È ÷·˙ ·È«Ì ·Ù˜˜ÈÌ. ¯‡÷«Ô ‡Á» ÓËÈÈÏÈÌ ·‚ÏÈÏ; È«Ì ¯‡÷«Ô ·ˆÙ˙, È«Ì ÷È È«Ì ·ˆÙ˙, ¯‡÷«Ô È«Ì ·‚ÏÈÏ; ÓËÈÈÏÈÌ ‡Á» ¯‡÷«Ô Ú„ ¯·ÈÚÈ ·Î¯˙. ¯·ÈÚÈ Ú„ ¯ÁÏ: ʇ˙ ˙ÎÈ˙ Ë«·‰. È«˙¯ Ë«· Ó‡÷¯ ωȫ˙ ÎÏ È«Ì ·Ó˜«Ì È«Ì ÎÏ Ï‰È«˙ Ó‡÷¯ Ë«· È«˙¯ Ë«·‰. ˙ÎÈ˙ ʇ˙ ¯ÁÏ: ‡Á¯, ʉ Ò˙Ì Ó·Ï·Ï Âχ ʫίÈÌ ·Ò«Û „·¯ Ó‰ËÈ»Ï. ‡Ê Ó‰ËÈ»Ï. „·¯ ·Ò«Û ʫίÈÌ Âχ Ó·Ï·Ï Ò˙Ì Ê‰ ‡Á¯, ‡Ì ÎÍ, ‡˙ «ÒÚ˙ ÏÎÏ ‰÷·»Ú . ‰÷·»Ú ÏÎÏ «ÒÚ˙ ‡˙ ÎÍ, ‡Ì Ӈȉ: ‡˙ χ Ó¯ÁÓ˙ ÚÏÈ Î«Ô? ÚÏÈ Ó¯ÁÓ˙ χ ‡˙ Ӈȉ: ¯ÁÏ: ÓÓ÷ χ! ‡Èʉ ÎÈÛ! ‰»‡ Ϋ˙· ‡˙ ‰Ó‡Ó¯ ÂÓ‰ ‡˙ ÂÓ‰ ‰Ó‡Ó¯ ‡˙ Ϋ˙· ‰»‡ ÎÈÛ! ‡Èʉ χ! ÓÓ÷ ¯ÁÏ: Ú«÷‰?
rakhel: az l’kamah zman at nosá-at? maya: ani rotsah li’gmor et ha’avodah mukdam b’yom shishi* o afílu la’tset b’yom khamishi ba’láylah, kdey lo l’hitaka ba’pkakim. b’yom shabat ani etsel ha’horim im piter. mi’yom rishon anákhnu metaylim ba’galil; yom rishon bi’tsfat, yom sheni ad revi-i ba’kinéret. rakhel: zot tokhnit tovah. yoter tov me-asher li’hiyot kol yom b’makom akher, zeh stam mevalbel v’lo zokhrim ba’sof davar me’ha’tiyul. az im kakh, at nosá-at l’kol ha’shavú-a? maya: at lo merakhémet alay, nakhon? rakhel: mamash lo! éyzeh kef! hu kotev et ha’ma-amar v’mah at osah? 123
1111 RACHEL:So, how long are you travelling for? 2 MAYA: I’d like to finish work early on Friday* or even leave Thursday 3 night, not to get stuck in the traffic jams. On Saturday I’m at 4 my parents’ with Peter. On Sunday we’re touring in the 5 Galilee. Sunday in Safed, Monday until Wednesday on the Sea 6 of Galilee. 7 RACHEL:It’s a good plan. Better than being in a different place every 8 day; that’s just confusing and you don’t remember anything of 9 the trip in the end. So if that’s the case, you’ll be going away 10 for the whole week. 11 MAYA: You’ve no sympathy for me, have you (lit. ‘right’)? 12 RACHEL:Absolutely not! What fun! He’s writing the article and what are 13 you doing? 14 15 * For the days of the week, see the language point below. 16 17 Vocabulary 18 19 to finish li’gmor G1 )‚-Ó-¯( Ï‚Ó«¯ 20 21 to go out, leave la’tset G1 )È-ˆ-‡( ψ‡˙ 22 in order to kedey (+ infinitive) Î„È 23 to get stuck l’hitaka ωÈ˙˜Ú 24 25 traffic jam (also plug) pkak (m.) Ù˜˜ 26 at, with, at the home of etzel ‡ˆÏ 27 Galilee galil ‚ÏÈÏ 28 29 more… than yoter… mi (me’asher) È«˙¯…Ó)Ó‡÷¯( 30 to be li’hiyot ωȫ˙ 31 just, merely stam Ò˙Ì 32 33 thing davar (m.) „·¯ 34 tour, trip tiyul (m.) ËÈ»Ï 35 thus, so im kakh ÎÍ ‡Ì 36 37 whole, entire shalem (shlemah, f.) ÷ÏÌ)‰( 38 pity, have sympathy for merakhémet (f.) al G2 ÚÏ Ó¯ÁÓ˙ 39 )¯-Á-Ì( 40 fun kef (m.) ÎÈÛ 41 4211 124
Language points
Days of the week and ordinal numbers
In Dialogue 1 above, Maya refers to yom shishi, yom khamishi, yom shabat – the days of the week. Hebrew uses ordinals to name the days, echoing the order of creation in that first week in Genesis.
Ordinals have both masculine and feminine forms and follow the noun. You’ll notice that, apart from ‘first’, which comes from rosh ¯‡÷ ‘head’, ordinals derive from the cardinals you have already learnt, with some vowel changes. Generally ‘i’ È is added for the masculine and ‘it’ È˙ for the feminine. 1st rishon(-ah,f.) ¯‡÷«Ô)‰( 2nd sheni(shniyah) ÷È)‰( 3rd shlishi(-t) ÷ÏÈ÷È)˙( 4th revi-i(-t) ¯·ÈÚÈ)˙( 5th khamishi(-t) ÁÓÈ÷È)˙( 6th shishi(-t) ÷È÷È)˙( 7th shvi-i(-t) ÷·ÈÚÈ)˙( 8th shmini(-t) ÷ÓÈÈ)˙( 9th tshi-i(-t) ˙÷ÈÚÈ)˙( 10th asiri(-t) Ú◊ȯÈ)˙(
‘Day’ yom È«Ì is masculine in Hebrew, so the days of the week use the masculine form of the ordinals. The last day of the week, the seventh day, Saturday, is a day of rest in the Bible, the Sabbath shabat ÷·˙ . So the first day of the week in Israel, yom rishon È«Ì ¯‡÷«Ô È«Ì , is Sunday.
Israelis also often use the Aleph Bet letters to specify the days of the week, mostly in writing. 125
1111 Sunday yom rishon/ ‡’ ¯‡÷«Ô/È«Ì È«Ì 2 yom aleph 3 Monday yom sheni/ ·’ ÷È/È«Ì È«Ì 4 yom bet 5 6 Tuesday yom shlishi/ ‚’ ÷ÏÈ÷È/È«Ì È«Ì 7 yom gimmel 8 Wednesday yom revi-i/ „’ ¯·ÈÚÈ/È«Ì È«Ì 9 yom dalet 10 Thursday yom khamishi/ ‰’ ÁÓÈ÷È/È«Ì È«Ì 11 yom hey 12 13 Friday yom shishi/ Â’ ÷È÷È/È«Ì È«Ì 14 yom vav 15 Saturday yom shabat/ ÷·˙ È«Ì 16 Sabbath shabat ÷·˙ 17 18 19 Exercise 6 20 21 We say the same thing! 22 23 Match these idiomatic Hebrew phrases with their English 24 equivalent. 25 26 Example: 27 second fiddle kinor sheni ÷È ÎÈ«¯ 28 29 ba’raki-a ha’shvi-i ‰÷·ÈÚÈ ·¯˜ÈÚ 30 31 b’mabat rishon ¯‡÷«Ô ·Ó·Ë 32 khush shishi ÷È÷È Á»÷ 33 hizdamnut shniyah ÷Èȉ ‰Ê„Ó»˙ 34 35 gáyis khamishi ÁÓÈ÷È ‚ÈÒ 36 37 sixth sense; at first sight; a fifth column; 38 in seventh heaven; a second chance 39 40 41 4211 126
Comparing
Equivalence
To liken one thing to another you use k’ Î or kmo Ó« ∆ Î : He’s not as clever as Einstein but (he’s) taller hu lo khakham kmo/k’aynshtayn aval yoter gavóhah ‰»‡ χ ÁÎÌ Î‡È÷ËÈÈÔ/ÎÓ« ‡È÷ËÈÈÔ, ‡·Ï È«˙¯ ‚·«‰ È«˙¯ ‡·Ï ‡È÷ËÈÈÔ, ·È÷ËÈÈÔ/ÎÓ« ÁÎÌ Ï‡ ‰»‡ I am looking for a dress like this and trousers like those ani mekhapéset simlah kazot v’mikhnasáyim ka’éleh ‡È ÓÁÙ÷˙ ◊Óω Îʇ˙, ÂÓÎÒÈÈÌ Î‡Ï‰ ÂÓÎÒÈÈÌ Îʇ˙, ◊Óω ÓÁÙ÷˙ ‡È
NB ‘ka’ here is a contraction of k’ + the definite article ‘ha’ (see p. 80, ƒ = ‰ + ƒ ).
More or less pakhot o yoter È«˙¯ ‡« ÙÁ«˙
To compare people or objects, you insert the adverbs ‘more’ yoter Á˙È«˙¯ or ‘less’ pakhot ÙÁ«˙ before or after the adjective you are qualifying. ‘Than’ is expressed by the preposition mi’ Ó or the full form me’asher Ó‡÷¯ .
Example: The Dead Sea is less hot than the Sea of Galilee yam ha’mélakh yoter kham mi’yam kinéret ÈÌ ‰ÓÏÁ È«˙¯ ÁÌ ÓÈÌ Î¯˙ ÓÈÌ ÁÌ È«˙¯ ‰ÓÏÁ ÈÌ and smaller (lit. ‘less big’) than the Mediterranean u’pakhot gadol me’asher ha’yam ha’tikhon ÂÙÁ«˙ ‚„«Ï Ó‡÷¯ ‰ÈÌ ‰˙ÈÎ«Ô ‰ÈÌ Ó‡÷¯ ‚„«Ï ÂÙÁ«˙ It’s easier to cook for ten than to look for a birthday present for my husband yoter kal le’vashel l’asarah, me’asher le’khapes matanah l’yom ha’hulédet shel ha’bá-al sheli È«˙¯ ˜Ï Ï·÷Ï ÏÚ◊¯‰ Ó‡˘¯ ÏÁÙ◊ Ó˙‰ ÏÈ«Ì ‰‰»Ï„˙ ÷Ï ‰‰»Ï„˙ ÏÈ«Ì Ó˙‰ ÏÁÙ◊ Ó‡˘¯ ÏÚ◊¯‰ Ï·÷Ï ˜Ï È«˙¯ ‰·ÚÏ ÷ÏÈ ‰·ÚÏ
Note that unlike , mi’ Óƒ (from) does not contract before the 127
1111 definite article, but the pronunciation changes from ‘mi’ Ó to 2 me’ha’ Ó‰… : 3 4 Martin is older than his brother 5 martin yoter mevugar me’ha’akh shelo 6 ÷Ï« Ó‰‡Á Ó·»‚¯ È«˙¯ Ó¯ËÈÔ 7 8 9 Too much/too little yoter miday/pakhot miday 10 Ó„È Ó„È/)ÙÁ«˙( )È«˙¯( 11 12 The dress is too big 13 ha’simlah yoter miday gdolah 14 or ha’simlah gdolah miday 15 Ó„È ‚„«Ï‰ ‚„«Ï‰/‰◊Óω Ó„È È«˙¯ ‰◊Óω 16 17 NB Without Ó„È Ó„È/)ÙÁ«˙( )È«˙¯( , ‘too’ miday Ó„È must come 18 after the adjective. 19 20 21 Not enough lo maspik ÓÒÙȘ χ 22 23 24 This soup is not hot enough ha’marak ha’zeh lo maspik kham 25 ÁÌ ÓÒÙȘ χ ‰Ê‰ ‰Ó¯˜ 26 27 Exercise 7 28 29 New vocabulary 30 31 dark keheh (kehah, f.) Ή‰ 32 wide rakhav (rekhavah, f.) ¯Á· 33 34 Rearrange these words to form sentences: 35 36 ‡ÈÔ Ó„È/ ÏÈ/ ÚÒ»˜/ È«˙¯/ ‡È/ ÊÓÔ/ 1 37 Ș¯ÈÌ ‰‚¯·ÈÈÌ/ È«˙¯/ Ó‰ÚÏÈÈÌ/ 2 38 ¯Á·ÈÌ Ï‡/ ‰ÓÎÒÈÈÌ/ ÓÒÙȘ/ 3 39 40 ‡È/·ˆ·Ú Ή‰/ ‡·Ï/ ÙÁ«˙/ Îʇ˙/ ÓÁÙ◊˙/ ◊Óω/ 4 41 ‰‡«Ë«·»Ò Ë«·/ ‡˙/ Ó‡˘¯/ ·¯‚Ï/ ϘÁ˙/ È«˙¯/ ÏÏÎ˙/ 5 4211 128
Kol ÎÏ – each and every, and sometimes the entire thing…
You have come across this important word before. Let’s look closer at how it works. Notice the difference: I work every day ani ovédet kol yom È«Ì ÎÏ Ú«·„˙ ‡È I work the whole day ani ovédet kol ha’yom È«Ì ‰ ÎÏ Ú«·„˙ ‡È We live in the city all year but, thank God, every year we go away for a holiday anákhnu garim kol ha’shanah ba-ir aval, todah la-el, kol shanah anákhnu yotsim l’khufshah ·Úȯ ‡·Ï, ˙«„‰ χÏ, ‡Á» È«ˆ‡ÈÌ ‡Á» χÏ, ˙«„‰ ‡·Ï, ·Úȯ ‰÷‰ ÎÏ ‚¯ÈÌ ‡Á» ÏÁ»Ù÷‰ ÷‰ ÎÏ
ÎÏ does not change with number or gender: The whole family is coming to the kibbutz for the Sabbath kol ha’mishpakhah ba-ah la’kibuts l’shabat ÎÏ ‰Ó÷ÙÁ‰ ·‡‰ Ϙȷ»ı Ï÷·˙ Ϙȷ»ı ·‡‰ ‰Ó÷ÙÁ‰ ÎÏ Not every tourist visits the Galilee lo kol tayar mevaker ba’galil χ ÎÏ ˙Èȯ Ó·˜¯ ·‚ÏÈÏ Ó·˜¯ ˙Èȯ ÎÏ Ï‡
ÎÏ can also take the pronoun endings to express ‘all of me’, ‘all of it’ ‘all of them’ etc. (see the Prepositions chart, p. 348–9). You are very likely to come across the phrase ‘all of us’ kulanu λϻ and particularly ‘all of them’, meaning ‘everyone’ kulam λÏÌ .
Note how the vowel changes from ‘o’ to ‘u’: 129
1111 Everyone thinks that the bus is better than the train. 2 kulam khoshvim she’ha’otobus yoter tov me’ha’rakévet 3 Ó‰¯Î·˙ Ë«· È«˙¯ ÷‰‡«Ë«·»Ò Á«÷·ÈÌ Î»ÏÌ 4 5 Have you taken all this in? kol ha’kavod! ‰Î·«„! ÎÏ 6 7 This common Israeli expression means ‘well done’; literally ‘all 8 respect )η«„( [is due to you]’: 9 10 You have run the Marathon – ‰Î·«„! ÎÏ 11 You have almost completed seven units of a Hebrew course – 12 ‰Î·«„! ÎÏ 13 14 15 Exercise 8 16 Read the dialogue and answer the questions below. 17 18 19 New vocabulary 20 21 customer lakó-akh(-khah, f.) Ϙ«Á‰ 22 wedding khatunah (f.) Á˙»‰ 23 laugh(s) tsokhéket (f.) G1 )ˆ-Á-˜( ˆ«Á˜˙ 24 25 silk méshi (m.) Ó÷È 26 festive khagigi(-t, f.) Á‚È‚È)˙( 27 long arokh (arukah, f.) )Ή( ‡¯«Í 28 29 [it’s] not terrible lo nora «¯‡ χ 30 i.e. never mind 31 ready mukhan(-ah, f.) Ó»ÎÔ)‰( 32 33 ÷ÏÈ ‰·˙ ÷Ï ÏÁ˙»‰ ÓÈ»Á„˙ Ú¯· ◊ÓÏ˙ ÓÁÙ◊˙ ‡È Ϙ«Á‰: 34 35 ÓÈ»Á„«˙! ÷Ï» ‰◊ÓÏ«˙ ÎÏ Ó«Î¯˙: 36 ÓÓ÷È? Ó˙‡ÈÌ Ó÷‰» ÏÍ È÷ )ˆ«Á˜˙(: Ϙ«Á‰ 37 Á‚È‚È˙. Ó‡„ ÓÓ÷È, ÷Á«¯‰ ◊Óω ÏÈ È÷ ӫί˙: 38 39 ‡¯»Î‰. Ó„È È«˙¯ ‰◊Óω ÓˆËÚ¯˙, ‡È Ϙ«Á‰: 40 Ó÷‰» ‚Ì ÏÈ È÷ ‡·Ï ·Ó˜«Ì. Ó˙˜ÈÌ ‡Á» «¯‡, χ ӫί˙: 41 È«˙¯. Ï÷ÏÌ Ó»Î‰ ‡˙ ‡Ì ÷ÏÍ, ·ÓÈ„‰ ‡Á¯ 4211 Ϙ«Á‰: ÎÔ ‰◊Óω ‰Ê‡˙ Ó«ˆ‡˙ ÁÔ ·ÚÈÈ È«˙¯. ·ÚÈÈ ÁÔ Ó«ˆ‡˙ ‰Ê‡˙ ‰◊Óω ÎÔ Ï˜«Á‰: 130
lakokhah: ani mekhapéset simlat érev meyukhédet la’khatunah shel ha’bat sheli. mokhéret: kol ha’smalot shelánu meyukhadot! lakokhah (tsokhéket): yesh lakh máshehu mat-im mi’méshi? mokhéret: yesh li simlah shkhorah mi’méshi, me-od khagigit. lakokhah: ani mitsta-éret, ha’simlah yoter miday arukah. mokhéret: lo nora, anákhnu metaknim ba’makom. aval yesh li gam máshehu akher ba’midah shelakh, im at mukhanah le’shalem yoter. lakokhah: ken, ha’simlah ha’zot motset khen b’enay yoter.
1 Is the customer looking for a dress for a friend’s wedding? 2 Why is the customer laughing? 3 What is the problem with the dress and can anything be done? 4 Does the customer buy it?
Exercise 9
When are you free? ٻȉ? ‡˙ ÂÓ˙È Ù»È ‡˙‰ Ó˙È
Look at Gady’s diary and see what he has on this week. Gilah is on the phone trying to arrange an evening for them to meet. Their conversation is partly constructed below. Answer for Gady using the information in his diary. (See the answers section for our suggestions, with transliteration and translation.)
New vocabulary
feel(s) margish G2 )¯-‚-˘( Ó¯‚È÷ until ad Ú„ meeting pgishah (f.) Ù‚È÷‰ visit bikur (m.) ·È˜»¯ cinema kolnó-a (m.) ˜«Ï«Ú bicycle ofanáyim (m./pl.) ‡ÙÈÈÌ doctor rofe (rofah, f.) ¯«Ù‡)‰( 131
1111 Gady’s diary ha’yoman shel gadi ‚„È ÷Ï ‰È«ÓÔ 2 3 ÁÓÈ÷È È«Ì ¯‡÷«Ô È«Ì 4 5 ÁÈÙ‰ ¯«Ù‡ 00.9 6 ¯Î·˙ 00.8 7 ··˜ Ù‚È÷‰ 03.41 8 9 ¯Î·˙ 03.02 10 ÷È÷È È«Ì ÷È È«Ì 11 12 13 00.02 ÓÒÙ¯‰ 00.31 14 Ú¯· ‡¯»Á˙ „ÂÈ„Ò«Ô- Ó÷ÙÁ˙ „«¯«Ô Á˙»‰/˙ÓÈ 03.91 15 ÷·˙ È«Ì ÷ÏÈ÷È È«Ì 16 17 ‡«ÙÈÈÌ ËÈ»Ï 18 ÏÓ»ÒÍ /ÓΫÈ˙ ¯Î· 00.31 19 ‰«¯ÈÌ ·È˜»¯ 00.41 20 21 )˜«Ï«Ú?( 22 ÒÈ„»¯ÈÌ: ¯·ÈÚÈ È«Ì 23 ‰‡ÙÈÈÌ ‡˙ Ï˙˜Ô 24 25 ÏÁ˙»‰ Ó˙‰ Ϙ«˙ ‚’»„« 03.81 – 03.91 26 27 28 ϯ«Ù‡? ˙«¯ ÏÍ È÷ Ó˙È Ë«·? È«˙¯ Ó¯‚È÷ ‡˙‰ ‚„È. ÷Ï«Ì ‚Èω: 29 . ______È÷ ______È«˙¯ Ó¯‚È÷ ‡È ÎÔ, ‚„È: 30 31 ·Ú¯·? ÁÓÈ÷È ·È«Ì Ù»È ‡˙‰ ‡»ÏÈ ‰÷·»Ú? ÚÒ»˜ ‡˙‰ ‚Èω: 32 . ______‡È ______‡È χ, ‚„È: 33 ¯·ÈÚÈ? È«Ì ÚÌ ÂÓ‰ ‚Èω: 34 35 . ______ÏÈ È÷ ‚„È: 36 Ï÷·˙? ÷ÏÍ ‰˙ÎÈ«˙ ÂÓ‰ ‚Èω: 37 . ______‡·Ï ______ÎÍ Â‡Á¯ ______, «ÒÚ ‡È ‚„È: 38 39 ‰Á„÷ ‰Ò¯Ë ‡‰ ϯ‡«˙ ·ÈÁ„ ÏÍ ·«‡ ‡Ê Óˆ»ÈÔ, ‚Èω: 40 ÁÔ. ·˜«Ï«Ú 41 ! ______÷Ï È«ÙÈ ‚„È: 4211 8 »·ÊÓÔ ·„¯Í On the road and on time
In this unit you will learn: • how to follow instructions and find your way • means of transport and adverbs of direction • how to tell the time • months, seasons and festivals of the year • verbs – Group 3 ‰ÙÚÈÏ • superlatives: hakhi… b’yoter ·È«˙¯ ‰ÎÈ…
Dialogue 1
Peter is at the central bus station (takhanah merkazit Ó¯ÎÊÈ˙ ˙Á‰ ) in Tel Aviv on his way to Kibbutz Mishmar Ha’Shalom. Maya has gone on ahead and they have arranged to meet in Haifa where Peter would have to change buses. Peter now finds that there are other ways to get to the kibbutz, and his predicament seems to be of interest to more than just the ticket officer.
Day ticket for the Tel-Aviv area Train ticket: Tel-Aviv to Be-er-Shéva
Bus tickets from the Dan and Egged co-operatives 133
1111 ··˜÷‰. ÏÁÈÙ‰* ίËÈÒ ˆ¯ÈÍ ‡È ÙÈ˯: 2 ‡˙ ‡« ‰È÷ȯ ‰‡«Ë«·»Ò ‡˙ ¯«ˆ‰? ‡˙‰ ‡«Ë«·»Ò ‡Èʉ ˜»Ù‡È: 3 4 ‰Ó‡ÒÛ? 5 Ó÷Ó¯ Ϙȷ»ı ω‚ÈÚ ˆ¯ÈÍ ·ÚˆÌ ‡È È«„Ú, χ ‡È ÙÈ˯: 6 ÁÈÙ‰. È„ ÚÏ ‰÷Ï«Ì 7 8 „Ú˙È ÏÙÈ ‰„¯Í. ‡˙ ÓÎȯ‰ ‡È ‰˘Ï«Ì! Ó÷Ó¯ ˜È·»ı ÁÈÈÏ˙: 9 «ÒÚ ‰»‡ ÎÈ ÏÁÈÙ‰ ‰È÷ȯ ‰‡«Ë«·»Ò ‡˙ ϘÁ˙ ΄‡È 10 ·ÁÈÙ‰. ‡«Ë«·»Ò ωÁÏÈÛ ˆ¯ÈÎÈÌ ‡Ê, ‡·Ï ‰Ó‰È¯. ·Î·È÷ 11 12 «ÒÚ 13 ÓÚÈ˙ È«˙¯ ‰¯·‰ ‰„¯Í ÓÓ‰¯, χ ‡˙‰ ‡Ì ˙Ï»È, ʉ Ó·»‚¯: 14 ÈÚ˜·*. Êί«Ô „¯Í «ÒÚÈÌ ‡Ì 15 ‰‡«Ë«·»Ò ÷Ú‰; ¯·Ú ÎÏ È«ˆ‡ ÏÁÈÙ‰ ‰È÷ȯ ‰‡«Ë«·»Ò ˜»Ù‡È: 16 ‚Ì ÂÈ÷ „˜«˙, 54 ÎÏ È«ˆ‡ ÈÚ˜· Êί«Ô „¯Í ÷Ú«·¯ 17 18 Ó÷Ó¯ Ϙȷ»ı ˜¯«· ÂÚ«ˆ¯ Á„¯‰* „¯Í ÷«ÒÚ ‡«Ë«·»Ò 19 Ó‰ ‡Ê ÂÁˆÈ. Ú÷¯‰ ‡Á˙ ·÷Ú‰ ¯˜ È«ˆ‡ ‰»‡ ‰÷Ï«Ì. 20 ÓÁÏÈË? ‡˙‰ 21 22 ÏËÏÙÔ… ˆ¯ÈÍ ‡È Ó·»Ï·Ï! Ï‚Ó¯È ‡È ÚÎ÷È ӈËÚ¯! ÙÈ˯: 23 Zikhron Ya-akov = ÈÚ˜· Êί«Ô , Haifa kheyfah = *ÁÈÙ‰ 24 Hadera khederah = Á„¯‰ 25 26 piter: ani tsarikh kartis l’kheyfah b’vakashah. 27 kupay: éyzeh ótobus atah rotseh? et ha’ótobus ha’yashir 28 o et ha’me-asef? 29 piter: ani lo yodé-a. ani b’étsem tsarikh l’hagí-a l’kibuts 30 mishmar ha’shalom al yad kheyfah. 31 khayélet: kibuts mishmar ha’shalom! ani makirah et 32 ha’dérekh. l’fi da-ati keday la’kákhat et ha’ótobus 33 ha’yashir l’kheyfah ki hu nosé-a ba’kvish 34 ha’mahir. aval az, tsrikhim l’hakhlif ótobus 35 b’kheyfah. 36 nosé-a 37 mevugar: zeh taluy. im atah lo memaher, ha’dérekh 38 harbeh yoter me-anyénet im nos-im dérekh 39 zikhron ya-akov. 40 41 4211 134
kupay: ha’ótobus ha’yashir l’kheyfah yotse kol réva sha- ah; ha’ótobus she’over dérekh zikhron ya-akov yotse kol arba-im v’khamesh dakot, v’yesh gam ótobus she’over dérekh khadéra she’otser karov l’kibuts mishmar ha’shalom. hu yotse rak b’sha- ah akhat esreh va’khétsi. az mah atah makhlit? piter: mitsta-er! akhshav ani le’gámrey mevulbal! ani tsarikh le’talfen…
PETER: I need a ticket to Haifa please. TICKET OFFICER: Which bus do you want? The direct bus or the one which stops on the way? PETER: I don’t know. I actually need to get to Kibbutz Mishmar Ha’Shalom near Haifa. GIRL SOLDIER: Kibbutz Mishmar Ha’Shalom! I know the way. In my view, it’s worth taking the express bus to Haifa, because it goes on the fast road. But then you need to change buses in Haifa. AN ELDERLY PASSENGER: It depends. If you’re not in a hurry, the journey is much more interesting if you go via Zikhron Ya-akov. TICKET OFFICER: The direct bus to Haifa leaves every quarter of an hour. The bus which goes via Zikhron Ya-akov leaves every 45 minutes. And there’s another bus which goes via Hadera which stops near Kibbutz Mishmar Ha’Shalom. It leaves only at 11.30. So what’s your decision (lit. ‘what are you deciding’)? PETER: I’m sorry, now I’m completely confused! I need to telephone…
Vocabulary
cashier, ticket officer kupay(-it, f.) ˜»Ù‡È)˙( direct (express) yashir (yeshirah, f.) È÷ȯ)‰( stopping [bus] me-asef Ó‡ÒÛ (lit. ‘collecting’) to arrive, to get to l’hagí-a G3 )-‚-Ú( ω‚ÈÚ soldier khayal (khayélet, f.) ÁÈÈÏ)˙( know(s) makir (makirah, f.) )-Î-¯( ÓÎȯ)‰( (for people and places) 135
1111 way/path/road (noun) dérekh (m. and f.) „¯Í 2 via, through (prep.) 3 in my view l’fi da-ati „Ú˙È ÏÙÈ 4 5 (it’s) worth, worthwhile keday ΄‡È 6 road kvish (m.) ηÈ÷ 7 fast mahir(-ah, f.) Ӊȯ)‰( 8 9 traveller, passenger nosé-a (nosa-at, f.) «ÒÚ)˙( 10 it depends zeh taluy ˙Ï»È Ê‰ 11 to change l’hakhlif G3 )Á-Ï-Û( ωÁÏÈÛ 12 13 if im ‡Ì 14 am/is/are/ in a hurry memaher G2 )Ó-‰-¯( ÓÓ‰¯ 15 quarter (of) réva ¯·Ú 16 an hour sha-ah ÷Ú‰ 17 18 go(es) via, pass(es) over G1 )Ú-·-¯( Ú«·¯ 19 through 20 minute dakah (f.) „˜‰ 21 leave(s), go(es) out yotse G1 )È-ˆ-‡( È«ˆ‡ 22 23 stop(s) otser G1 )Ú-ˆ-¯( Ú«ˆ¯ 24 (and a) half (va’)khétsi )Â(ÁˆÈ 25 decide(s) makhlit G3 )Á-Ï-Ë( ÓÁÏÈË 26 27 utterly/completely l’gamrey Ï‚Ó¯È 28 confused mevulbal (mevulbélet, f.) Ó·»Ï·Ï)˙( 29 to telephone le’talpen G2 )Ë-Ï-Ù-Ô( ÏËÏÙÔ 30 31 32 Exercise 1 33 34 Right nakhon Î«Ô or wrong lo nakhon? Î«Ô Ï‡ 35 36 Read the dialogue again: which of the statements are true and 37 which are false? 38 ‰÷Ï«Ì. Ó÷Ó¯ Ϙȷ»ı È÷ȯ ‡«Ë«·»Ò ‡ÈÔ 1 39 ·ÁÈÙ‰. ‡«Ë«·»Ò ωÁÏÈÛ ‡Ù÷¯ 2 40 41 ÈÚ˜·. Êί«Ô „¯Í ÏÒ«Ú ÓÚÈÈÔ ÷È«˙¯ ‡«Ó¯˙ ‰ÁÈÈÏ˙ 3 4211 136
4 ‰«ÒÚ ‰Ó·»‚¯ Á«÷· ÷‡Ì ÙÈ˯ ÓÓ‰¯, È«˙¯ Ë«· ÏÒ«Ú Ë«· È«˙¯ ÓÓ‰¯, ÙÈ˯ ÷‡Ì Á«÷· ‰Ó·»‚¯ ‰«ÒÚ 4 „¯Í Á„¯‰. „¯Í 5 ‰‡«Ë«·»Ò ÷«ÒÚ „¯Í Êί«Ô ÈÚ˜· È«ˆ‡ ÎÏ ¯·Ú ÷Ú‰. ¯·Ú ÎÏ È«ˆ‡ ÈÚ˜· Êί«Ô „¯Í ÷«ÒÚ ‰‡«Ë«·»Ò 5 6 ‰‡«Ë«·»Ò ÷Ú«ˆ¯ ˜¯«· Ϙȷ»ı, È«ˆ‡ ·‡Á˙ Ú÷¯‰ ÂÁˆÈ. Ú÷¯‰ ·‡Á˙ È«ˆ‡ Ϙȷ»ı, ˜¯«· ÷Ú«ˆ¯ ‰‡«Ë«·»Ò 6 7 ÙÈ˯ χ È«„Ú Ó‰ ωÁÏÈË. Ó‰ È«„Ú Ï‡ ÙÈ˯ 7
Language points
Verb Group 3 hif-il ‰ÙÚÈÏ
You have already learnt two verb groups. Group 1 is known in Hebrew as pa-al ¬ÚÏ , which includes simple action verbs such as ‘to write’ li’khtov ÏÎ˙«· or ‘to work’ la’avod ÏÚ·«„ . Group 2 is known as pi-el ¬ÈÚÏ and these verbs suggest a more intensive or deliberate element in the action. Think of the differ- ence between saying and speaking (le’daber Ï„·¯ ), seeing some- thing and looking for it (le’khapes ÏÁ¬◊ ) and going somewhere and visiting (le’vaker Ï·˜¯ ). Group 3 (hif-il ‰ÙÚÈÏ ) verbs tend to ‘cause things to happen’ and therefore ask quite naturally for a direct object, although the sentence may not give one: ‘I need to change (l’hakhlif ωÁÏÈÛ ) (change what?). Group 3 verbs begin with l’ha in the infinitive, and (like Group 2 ¬ÈÚÏ ) add the prefix Ó to the root letters in the present tense. Another distinctive feature of this group is the addition of a yod È between the second and third root letters. Whether or not you remember these features, you’ll very quickly remember the sound pattern of the conjugation; just read through the tables below.
Root Á-Ï-Û Infinitive To change l’hakhlif ωÁÏÈÛ makhlif ÓÁÏÈÛ ‰»‡ ‡˙‰, ‡È, Masculine singular makhlifah ÓÁÏÈÙ‰ ‰È‡ ‡˙, ‡È, Feminine singular makhlifim ÓÁÏÈÙÈÌ ‰Ì ‡˙Ì, ‡Á», Masculine plural makhlifot ÓÁÏÈÙ«˙ ‰Ô ‡˙Ô, ‡Á», Feminine plural 137
1111 Root -Î-¯* Infinitive To know l’hakir ωÎȯ 2 3 makir ÓÎȯ ‰»‡ ‡˙‰, ‡È, Masculine singular 4 makirah ÓÎȯ‰ ‰È‡ ‡˙, ‡È, Feminine singular 5 makirim ÓÎȯÈÌ ‰Ì ‡˙Ì, ‡Á», Masculine plural 6 7 makirot ÓÎȯ«˙ ‰Ô ‡˙Ô, ‡Á», Feminine plural 8 9 * This is a first-letter- root. Notice how the drops when the 10 verb is conjugated. 11 12 Exercise 2 13 14 Give the four forms of the present tense of the following verbs: 15 16 To suggest l’hatsi-a )È-ˆ-Ú( ωˆÈÚ 17 18 To arrive l’hagi-a )-‚-Ú( ω‚ÈÚ 19 To decide l’hakhlit )Á-Ï-Ë( ωÁÏÈË 20 21 22 23 24 Telling the time mah ha’sha-ah ‰÷Ú‰? Ó‰ 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 ÷˙ÈÈÌ ‰÷Ú‰ ¯·Ú ÁÓ÷ 37 ha’sha-ah shtayim khamesh va’réva 38 39 40 41 4211 138
÷·Ú ÂÚ◊¯ „˜«˙ )÷·Ú ÂÚ◊¯‰( )÷·Ú „˜«˙ ÂÚ◊¯ ÷·Ú ‡¯·Ú ÂÁˆÈ ‡¯·Ú sheva v’eser dakot (sheva v’asarah) arba va’khétsi
˙÷Ú ÙÁ«˙ Ú◊¯ÈÌ ÙÁ«˙ ˙÷Ú )Ú◊¯ÈÌ Ï˙÷Ú( )Ú◊¯ÈÌ ÷Ó«‰ ‡Á¯È „˜«˙ ÷·Ú tésha pakhot esrim „˜«˙( Â÷·Ú )÷Ó«‰ (esrim l’tésha) shéva dakot akharey shmoneh (shmoneh v’sheva dakot)
Remember that the feminine form of numbers is used for counting and telling the time. However you will also often hear the mascu- line forms, asarah Ú◊¯‰ and khamishah ÁÓÈ÷‰ , though not in a digital reading; e.g. ten past two shtayim v’asarah ÂÚ◊¯‰ ÷˙ÈÈÌ . (It is likely that the masculine word ‘moments’ rega-im ¯‚ÚÈÌ was once used and is now implied, rather than the feminine ‘minute’ dakah „˜‰ .) 139
1111 Useful vocabulary summary 2 3 clock, watch sha-on (m.) ÷Ú«Ô 4 5 hour sha-ah (f.) ÷Ú‰ 6 minute dakah (f.) „˜‰ 7 second shniyah (f.) ÷Èȉ 8 9 moment, minute réga (m.) ¯‚Ú 10 in another half an hour be’od khátsi sha-ah ÷Ú‰ ÁˆÈ ·Ú«„ 11 past akharey ‡Á¯È 12 13 to, before lifney ÏÙÈ 14 midnight khatsot Áˆ«˙ 15 midday, noon (shtem esreh ba’-) ·( Ú◊¯‰ )÷˙ÈÌ 16 tsohoráyim ˆ‰¯ÈÈÌ 17 18 afternoon akharey ha’tsohoráyim ‰ˆ‰¯ÈÈÌ ‡Á¯È 19 20 Useful expressions 21 22 what time is it? mah hasha-ah ‰÷Ú‰? Ó‰ 23 how long…? kamah zman… ÊÓÔ…? ÎÓ‰ 24 ¯‚Ú ¯˜ 25 just a moment rak réga 26 one [more] second od shniyah ÷Èȉ Ú«„ 27 one moment réga ekhad ‡Á„ ¯‚Ú 28 Ó‡»Á¯ η¯ 29 it is already late kvar me-ukhar 30 31 Exercise 3 32 33 Can you read each of the following specific times in two different 34 ways? 35 Example: 5.45 = khamesh arba-im v’khamesh / reva l’shesh 36 Ï÷÷ ¯·Ú / ÂÁÓ÷ ‡¯·ÚÈÌ ÁÓ÷ 37 38 4.50 / 5.55 a.m. / 2.35 p.m. / 7.16 p.m. / 6.30 / 1.32 / 11.58 p.m. 39 40 41 4211 140
Exercise 4
How long does it take Yishay to leave the house? ÎÓ‰ ÊÓÔ Ê‰ Ï«˜Á ÏÈ÷ÈÈ Ïˆ‡˙ Ó‰·È˙? ψ‡˙ ÏÈ÷ÈÈ Ï«˜Á ʉ ÊÓÔ ÎÓ‰
a. Read and write down, in Hebrew letters, the time displayed under each picture. b. Answer the questions: 1 How long does Yishay spend in the shower? (from 6.45 to 7.05) 2 How long does it take Yishay to drag himself away from the football game to choose a tie? 3 How long does he spend on perfecting the right hair look? 4 How long in total does his wife have to wait for him? 141
1111 Exercise 5 2 3 Verb practice: give the four forms of the present tense of the verb 4 ‘to go out’ la’tset )È-ˆ-‡( ψ‡˙ . 5 6 Exercise 6 7 8 Here is Uzi’s morning routine. He lives 5 minutes away from the 9 bus stop and a 15-minute bus ride away from the school where he 10 has to be by eight in the morning. What time does he do which of 11 the following? (Give the correct form of the appropriate verb 12 whose roots letters are given below and write out the times.) 13 14 -‚-Ú È-ˆ-‡; Ï-˜-Á; ˜-»-Ì; ‡-Î-Ï; 15 16 Example: 17 )05.7( Ï÷Ó«‰ ·Ú◊¯‰ ‰ÒÙ¯ Ï·È˙ )-‚-Ú( Ó‚ÈÚ Ú»ÊÈ 18 19 20 ______54.6( ).m.a · ______·«˜¯,Ú»ÊÈ ÎÏ 1 21 22 ______01.7( ).m.a · ·˜¯ ‡¯»Á˙ ______‰»‡ 2 23 ______03.7( ).m.a · Ó‰·È˙ ______‰»‡ 3 24 25 ______53.7( ).m.a · ‰‡«Ë«·»Ò ‡˙ ______‰»‡ 4 26 27 Exercise 7 28 29 This morning is different. Uzi has to meet his class at the museum. 30 Find out why he is late by filling in the gaps with the appropriate 31 form of the verbs. 32 33 ‰„¯Í. ‡˙ ______)-Î-¯( χ ‰»‡ 34 35 ÷Ï«. ÏÁ·¯ ______)Ë-Ï-Ù-Ô( ‰»‡ 36 Á»Ïˆ‰. ______)Á-Ï-Û( ˆ¯ÈÍ ‰»‡ 37 38 .(a lift tremp) ˯ÓÙ Ï« ______)È-ˆ-Ú( ÷Ï« ‡Ó‡ 39 Á„÷‰. ·„¯Í ÏÒ«Ú ______)Á-Ï-Ë( ‰Ì 40 41 4211 142
Dialogue 2
Peter has spoken to Maya whom he has now arranged to meet at the bus stop nearest to the kibbutz. He goes back to buy his ticket: ˜»Ù‡È: ‡‰, ʉ ÷»· ‡˙‰? ÷»· ʉ ‡‰, ˜»Ù‡È: ÙÈ˯: ÎÔ, ÚÎ÷È ‡È È«„Ú Ó‰ ‡È ¯«ˆ‰. ‰ÎÈ Ó˙‡ÈÌ ÏÈ Ï˜Á˙ ÏÈ Ó˙‡ÈÌ ‰ÎÈ ¯«ˆ‰. ‡È Ó‰ È«„Ú ‡È ÚÎ÷È ÎÔ, ÙÈ˯: ‡˙ ‰‡«Ë«·»Ò ˘Ï 03.11. ÎÓ‰ ګω ‰Î¯ËÈÒ? ګω ÎÓ‰ 03.11. ˘Ï ‰‡«Ë«·»Ò ‡˙ ˜»Ù‡È: ‡˙‰ ¯«ˆ‰ ίËÈÒ ‰Ï«Í Â÷«· ‡« ίËÈÒ ÏÎÈÂ»Ô ‡Á„? ÏÎÈÂ»Ô Î¯ËÈÒ ‡« Â÷«· ‰Ï«Í ίËÈÒ ¯«ˆ‰ ‡˙‰ ˜»Ù‡È: ÙÈ˯: ¯˜ ÏÎÈÂ»Ô ‡Á„ ··˜÷‰. ‡È ÓÓ÷ÈÍ Ó÷Ì ÏËÈ»Ï. Ó÷Ì ÓÓ÷ÈÍ ‡È ··˜÷‰. ‡Á„ ÏÎÈÂ»Ô ¯˜ ÙÈ˯: ˜»Ù‡È: ÷Ï«÷ÈÌ ÂÁÓÈ÷‰ ÷˜Ï* Â÷·ÚÈÌ ‡‚«¯«˙ ··˜˘‰. ‡‚«¯«˙ Â÷·ÚÈÌ ÷˜Ï* ÂÁÓÈ÷‰ ÷Ï«÷ÈÌ ˜»Ù‡È: ÙÈ˯: ‡ÈÔ ÏÈ ÎÒÛ ˜ËÔ, ¯˜ ÷˯ ÷Ï Ó‡˙ÈÈÌ ÷˜Ï. Ó‡˙ÈÈÌ ÷Ï ÷˯ ¯˜ ˜ËÔ, ÎÒÛ ÏÈ ‡ÈÔ ÙÈ˯: ˜»Ù‡È: ‡ÈÔ „·¯, ‰‰ ‰Ú«„Û ÷ÏÍ. ‰Ú«„Û ‰‰ „·¯, ‡ÈÔ ˜»Ù‡È: ÙÈ˯: Ó‡ÈÔ È«ˆ‡ ‰‡«Ë«·»Ò? È«ˆ‡ Ó‡ÈÔ ÙÈ˯: ˜»Ù‡È: Ó¯ˆÈÛ ÷Ï«÷ ÏÓÚω, ·˜«Ó‰ ‡. ·˜«Ó‰ ÏÓÚω, ÷Ï«÷ Ó¯ˆÈÛ ˜»Ù‡È: ÙÈ˯: ‡È ګω ·Ó„¯‚«˙ ‰‡Ï‰? ·Ó„¯‚«˙ ګω ‡È ÙÈ˯: ˜»Ù‡È: ÎÔ, ‡Á¯ ÎÍ ÓÈ„ ◊Ӈω, È÷¯ Ú„ ‰ÎÒÙ«ÓË, ‡˙‰ Ù«‰ ‡˙‰ ‰ÎÒÙ«ÓË, Ú„ È÷¯ ◊Ӈω, ÓÈ„ ÎÍ Â‡Á¯ ÎÔ, ˜»Ù‡È: ÈÓȉ ÏÙÈ ˜È«Ò˜ ‰ÚÈ˙«ÈÌ Â÷»· ÈÓȉ ‡Á¯È „»ÎÔ ‡Á¯È ÈÓȉ Â÷»· ‰ÚÈ˙«ÈÌ ˜È«Ò˜ ÏÙÈ ÈÓȉ ‰Ù¯ÁÈÌ Â‰¯ˆÈÛ ÷Ì ·ˆ„ ◊Ó‡Ï. ·ˆ„ ÷Ì Â‰¯ˆÈÛ ‰Ù¯ÁÈÌ
kupay: ah, zeh shuv atah? piter: ken, akhshav ani yodé-a mah ani rotseh. hakhi mat-im li la’kákhat et ha’ótobus shel akhat esreh va’khétzi. kamah oleh ha’kartis? kupay: atah rotseh kartis halokh va’shov o kartis l’kivun ekhad? piter: rak l’kivun ekhad b’vakashah. ani mamshikh mi’sham l’tiyul. kupay : shloshim v’khamishah shékel* v’shiv-im agorot b’vakashah. piter: eyn li késef katan, rak shtar shel matáyim shékel. kupay: eyn davar, hineh ha’ódef shelkha. piter: me’áyin yotse ha’ótobus? kupay: mi’ratsif shalosh l’málah, b’komah álef. piter: ani oleh ba’madregot ha’éleh? kupay: ken, v’akhar kakh miyad smólah, yashar ad ha’kaspomat, atah poneh yamínah lifney kiosk ha’itonim, v’shuv yamínah akharey dukhan ha’prakhim v’ha’ratsif sham b’tsad smol. 143
1111 *Units of quantity can remain in the singular with numerals over 10: 2 e.g. 200 m = matayim metrim Ó˯ÈÌ 200 = matayim meter Ó˯ 200 3 4 TICKET OFFICER: Ah! It’s you again. 5 PETER: Yes, now I know what I want. It would suit me best 6 to take the 11.30 bus. How much is the ticket? 7 TICKET OFFICER: Do you want a return or a one-way ticket? 8 PETER: Just one way, please. I’m continuing on a trip 9 from there. 10 TICKET OFFICER: Thiry-five shekels and seventy agorot, please. 11 PETER: I haven’t any (small) change, only a 200 shekel note. 12 TICKET OFFICER: Never mind; here’s your change. 13 PETER: Where does the bus leave from? 14 TICKET OFFICER: From the third bay upstairs, on the first floor (lit. 15 ‘floor A’ ). 16 PETER: Do I go up these stairs? 17 TICKET OFFICER: Yes, then immediately left, straight on until the cash 18 machine; you turn right before the newspaper kiosk, 19 and right again after the flower stall, and the bay is 20 there on the left-hand side. 21 22 Vocabulary 23 24 the most (suitable) hakhi (mat-im) )Ó˙‡ÈÌ( ‰ÎÈ 25 there and back halokh va’shov Â÷«· ‰Ï«Í 26 27 direction kivun (m.) ÎÈÂ»Ô 28 continue(s) mamshikh G3 )Ó-÷-Í( ÓÓ÷ÈÍ 29 from there mi’sham Ó÷Ì 30 agura (= cent, smallest agorah (f.) ‡‚«¯‰ 31 denomination of money) 32 33 bay (for bus); platform ratsif (m.) ¯ˆÈÛ 34 above, upstairs, upwards l’málah ÏÓÚω 35 floor, storey komah (f.) ˜«Ó‰ 36 go(es) up, (cost(s)) oleh G1 )Ú-Ï-‰( ګω 37 38 step (pl. stairs) madregah Ó„¯‚‰ 39 immediately miyad ÓÈ„ 40 to the left smólah ◊Ӈω 41 straight (ahead) yashar È÷¯ 4211 144
cashpoint*, cash machine kaspomat (m.) ÎÒÙ«ÓË* turn(s) poneh G1 )Ù--‰( Ù«‰ to the right yemínah ÈÓȉ kiosk kyosk (m.) ˜È«Ò˜ * A cashpoint is called a kaspomat ÎÒÙ«ÓË from ÎÒÛ késef money
Language points
Superlatives
The best ha’tov b’yoter ·È«˙¯ ‰Ë«· or hakhi tov Ë«· ‰ÎÈ and the worst ha’garú-a b’yoter ·È«˙¯ ‰‚¯»Ú or hakhi garú-a ‚¯»Ú ‰ÎÈ
Superlatives are formed by adding the definite ha’ ‰ in front of the adjective, which is then followed by b’yoter ·È«˙¯ . However, in colloquial Hebrew people often simply insert hakhi ‰ÎÈ before the adjective: He is the youngest in the family hu ha’tsa-ir b’yoter ba’mishpakhah / hu hakhi tsa-ir… ‰»‡ ‰ˆÚȯ ·È«˙¯ ·Ó÷ÙÁ‰ ro ‰»‡ ‰ÎÈ ˆÚȯ… ‰ÎÈ ‰»‡ ro ·Ó÷ÙÁ‰ ·È«˙¯ ‰ˆÚȯ ‰»‡
The use of the personal pronoun to replace ‘is, are’
Since there is no verb ‘to be’, the subject of the sentence is often restated with the relevant pronoun to avoid confusion: This train is the most up to date in the country ha’rakévet ha’zot hi hakhi kadishah (modern) ba’árets – ha’khadishah b’yoter ‰Á„È÷‰ ·È«˙¯ ‰Á„È÷‰ / ·‡¯ı Á„È÷‰ ‰ÎÈ ‰È‡ ‰Ê‡˙ ‰¯Î·˙ 145
1111 These are the most interesting books I have 2 ha’sfarim ha’éleh hem hakhi me-anienim she’yesh li 3 4 ÏÈ ÷È÷ ÓÚÈÈÈÌ ‰ÎÈ ‰Ì ‰‡Ï‰ ‰ÒÙ¯ÈÌ 5 6 You will come across this use of pronouns very often in Hebrew. 7 It does not carry the emphasis the additional pronoun does in 8 English, but simply clarifies the sentence. 9 10 Exercise 8 11 12 A lady on the bus can’t wait to tell you about her family: she is 13 so proud that she can speak only in superlatives. Choose the correct 14 form of the appropriate adjective to discover their talents: 15 16 New vocabulary 17 18 generous nadiv(-ah, f.) „È·)‰( 19 20 grandson nékhed ΄ 21 granddaughter nekhdah ΄‰ 22 23 Ë«· / ÓÚÈÈÔ / „È· / ÈÙ‰ / ÁÎÌ 24 25 26 ·Ú«ÏÌ. ‰ÎÈ______‰»‡ ÷ÏÈ ‰·ÚÏ 1 27 ‰Á«ÏÈÌ. ··È˙ ______‰¯«Ù‡_____ ‰»‡ ÷ÏÈ ‰·Ô 2 28 ·‡¯ı. ·È«˙¯ ‰______‰ÚÈ˙«‡È˙ ‰È‡ ÷ÏÈ ‰·˙ 3 29 30 ‰ÒÙ¯. ··È˙ ______‰»‡ ÷ÏÈ ‰Î„ 4 31 ÓλÏÌ. ‰______‰È‡ ÷ÏÈ ‰Î„‰ 5 32 33 Adverbs of direction 34 35 Hebrew uses the suffix ‘ah’ ‰ (equivalent of the English ‘-wards’) 36 to express direction. (The stress is thrown back from the last 37 syllable to the penultimate one, to distinguish it straightaway from 38 feminine nouns which often end in ‘ah’ ‰ .) 39 left smol ◊Ó‡Ï + ‰ · smólah ◊Ӈω to the left 40 41 the house, home ha’báyit ‰·È˙ + ‰ · ha’báytah ‰·È˙‰ 4211 I’m going home ani holekh ha’báytah ‰·È˙‰ ‰«ÏÍ ‡È 146
Here are some common adverbs of direction: to the left smólah ◊Ӈω to the right yamínah ÈÓȉ
upwards, above l’málah ÏÓÚω downwards, down l’mátah ÏÓˉ
forwards kadímah ˜„ÈÓ‰ backwards akhórah ‡Á«¯‰
Exercise 9
You are starting at 2 – ‰ . Follow the directions and where do you end up? Each box is a step tsa-ad ˆÚ„ (check your answer in the answer section).
‡˙‰ Ó˙ÁÈÏ ·‰’2 ·‰’2 Ó˙ÁÈÏ ‡˙‰ ‡¯·Ú‰ ˆÚ„ÈÌ ‡Á«¯‰, ÷È ˆÚ„ÈÌ ÏÓˉ, ˆÚ„ ˜„ÈÓ‰, ˆÚ„ ˜„ÈÓ‰, ˆÚ„ ÏÓˉ, ˆÚ„ÈÌ ÷È ‡Á«¯‰, ˆÚ„ÈÌ ‡¯·Ú‰ ÏÓÚω, Ú«„ ˆÚ„ ÏÓÚω, ÷Ï«÷‰ ˆÚ„ÈÌ ˜„ÈÓ‰. ‡ÈÙ‰ ‡˙‰? ‡ÈÙ‰ ˜„ÈÓ‰. ˆÚ„ÈÌ ÷Ï«÷‰ ÏÓÚω, ˆÚ„ Ú«„ ÏÓÚω,
‡ · ‚ „ ‰ Â Ê Â ‰ „ ‚ · ‡ 1 1 ÏÓÚω ˜„ÈÓ‰ ‡Á«¯‰ ˜„ÈÓ‰ 2 ÏÓˉ 3 4
Exercise 10
Here is a map (mapah (f.) ÓÙ‰ ) of an area in Tel Aviv and some useful vocabulary. Follow the directions below: where have we led you to? 147
1111 New vocabulary 2 3 4 cross(es) khotseh G1 )Á-ˆ-‰( Á«ˆ‰ 5 junction tsomet (f.) ˆ«Ó˙ 6 zebra crossing ma-avar khatsayah ÁˆÈȉ ÓÚ·¯ 7 8 traffic light(s) ramzor (m.) ¯ÓÊ«¯)ÈÌ( 9 town square, circus kikar (f.) ÎÈί 10 market shuk (m.) ÷»˜ 11 12 13 14 ·¯Á«· ÈÓȉ Ù«‰ ȉ»„‰, ·Ô ·¯Á«· ‡Ï-ÚÏ Ó◊¯„È ÏÈ„ ‡˙ 1 15 ÙÈÒ˜¯ ·ˆ«Ó˙ ‰Î·È÷ ‡˙ Á«ˆ‰ È÷¯, ‰«ÏÎ˙ ‡˙ ·»‚¯÷«·, 16 17 ◊Ó‡Ï. Ï______·ˆ„ Ó‚ÈÚ‰ ‡˙ È÷¯ ÓÓ÷ÈΉ ·»‚¯÷«·, 18 148
2 ‡˙Ì ¯«ˆÈÌ Ï·˜¯ ·÷»˜. ‡˙Ì ·ÓÏ«Ô „Ô Ó»Ï ‰ÈÌ. ‰ÓÏ«Ô ‰ÓÏ«Ô ‰ÈÌ. Ó»Ï „Ô ·ÓÏ«Ô ‡˙Ì ·÷»˜. Ï·˜¯ ¯«ˆÈÌ ‡˙Ì 2 ·¯Á«· ‰È¯˜«Ô ÙÈ˙ Ù¯È÷ÓÔ. ‡˙Ì È«ˆ‡ÈÌ Ó‰ÓÏ«Ô, Ù«ÈÌ Ù«ÈÌ Ó‰ÓÏ«Ô, È«ˆ‡ÈÌ ‡˙Ì Ù¯È÷ÓÔ. ÙÈ˙ ‰È¯˜«Ô ·¯Á«· ÈÓȉ ·Ù¯È÷ÓÔ ÓÓ÷ÈÎÈÌ Ú„ ‰¯ÓÊ«¯ÈÌ ÂÙ«ÈÌ Ï·Ô È‰»„‰. ȉ»„‰. Ï·Ô ÂÙ«ÈÌ ‰¯ÓÊ«¯ÈÌ Ú„ ÓÓ÷ÈÎÈÌ ·Ù¯È÷ÓÔ ÈÓȉ ÓÓ÷ÈÎÈÌ Ú„ ÎÈί ·’ ·«·Ó·¯, Á«ˆÈÌ ‡˙ ‰Î·È÷ ,ÈÓȉ ,ÈÓȉ ‰Î·È÷ ‡˙ Á«ˆÈÌ ·«·Ó·¯, ·’ ÎÈί Ú„ ÓÓ÷ÈÎÈÌ ·‡Ï·È ÂÈ÷¯ Ú„ ÷»˜ ‰______. ‰______÷»˜ Ú„ ÂÈ÷¯ ·‡Ï·È
3 You have now done your shopping. You are tired but your friend still has energy left for a bit of culture. Tell her how to get to the opera on Ha’Yarkon street. Use the vocabulary above to give directions. (Remember, you are starting from where you have arrived at the end of 2 above.)
Dialogue 3
Peter is now seated comfortably in the bus and, as it makes its way out of the bus station, a poster catches his eye. The couple behind him sees it too and he overhears the following conversation. Do they take advantage of the offer in the ad.?
Is it worth it or not? ΄‡È χ ‡« ΄‡È
÷Ï Œ ¬È Õ Ò Ÿ «·Ó·¯ Ó·ˆÚ ÓÈ»Á„ Ó·ˆÚ ËÈÒ«˙ ‡Ï-ÚÏ ÏÁ»”Ï ‡Ï-ÚÏ ËÈÒ«˙ ‰Á‰ %03 %03 ‰Á‰ ÎÏ ‰Á«„÷ ÎÏ ÈÏ„ÈÌ ·ÁˆÈ ÓÁȯ ·ÁˆÈ ÈÏ„ÈÌ ‰ÊÓ«˙ ·˙÷Ï»Ì Óχ ·˙÷Ï»Ì ‰ÊÓ«˙ Ú„ Ò«Û ÒÙËÓ·¯ ÒÙËÓ·¯ Ò«Û Ú„ 149
1111 ÷Ï» ‰÷˙È˙ ‰Á»Ù÷‰ ‡˙ ϘÁ˙ Ï» ΄‡È ÚÎ÷È ‰·ÚÏ: 2 ‡Ó¯È˜‰. ·„¯«Ì 3 χ ‡Á» ‡·Ï ‰Ê„Ó»˙ ·‡Ó˙ ʇ˙ ΄‡È, ʉ ‡»ÏÈ ‰‡È÷‰: 4 5 ·«·Ó·¯. ÏÒ«Ú* ÈΫÏÈÌ 6 ·‡«‚»ÒË Á»Ù÷‰ Ï«˜Á χ ‡È ‡Ì ˙Ï»È: ʉ χ? ÏÓ‰ ‰·ÚÏ: 7 ·«·Ó·¯. ÏÒ«Ú ÈΫÏÈÌ ÎÔ ‡Á» ‡Ê ÷‰ ·ÎÏ ÎÓ« 8 9 ÏÙÈ Á„÷ÈÈÌ ‰ÎÏ ‡˙ Ï÷ÏÌ ˆ¯ÈÍ ‰˙÷Ï»Ì? ÚÌ ÂÓ‰ ‰‡È÷‰: 10 ‰ËÈÒ‰. 11 Ó‰·˜. ‰Ï‡‰ ϘÁ˙ ‡Ù÷¯ ‰·ÚÏ: 12 13 ΄‡È! χ ‡·Ï ‡Ù÷¯ ‰‡È÷‰: 14 15 november speshel: mivtsa meyukhad, tisot el-al l’khul; hanakhah 16 shloshim akhuz, kol ha’khódesh; yeladim b’khatsi mekhir; 17 hazmanot b’tashlum male, ad sof september 18 19 ha’bá-al: akhshav keday lanu la’kákhat et ha’khufshah 20 ha’shnatit shelánu bi’drom amerikah. 21 ha’ishah: ulay zeh keday, zot b’emet hizdamnut aval 22 anákhnu lo yekholim li’nsó-a b’november. 23 ha’bá-al: lámah lo? zeh taluy: im ani lo loké-akh khufshah 24 be’ogust kmo b’kol shanah, az anákhnu ken 25 yekholim li’nsó-a b’november. 26 ha’ishah: v’mah im ha’tashlum? tsarikh le’shalem et ha’kol 27 khodsháyim lifney ha’tisah. 28 ha’bá-al: efshar la’kákhat halva-ah me’ha’bank. 29 ha-ishah: efshar aval lo keday! 30 31 “November special”: a special deal on El-Al flights abroad; 30% 32 discount for the whole month; children go half price; full payment 33 with bookings until end September 34 35 THE HUSBAND: It’s now worth taking our annual holiday in South 36 America. 37 THE WIFE: Maybe it’s worth it, it’s really an opportunity, but we 38 can’t go* in November. 39 THE HUSBAND: Why not? It depends: if I don’t take a holiday in 40 August as [I do] every year, then we can go in 41 November. 4211 150
THE WIFE: And what about (lit. ‘with’) the payment? You have to pay the lot two months before the flight. THE HUSBAND: It’s possible to take a loan from the bank. THE WIFE: It’s possible but it’s not worth it!
* Note that the Hebrew verb ÏÒ«Ú can be translated either as ‘to travel’ or more loosely ‘to go’. In Hebrew, you would use ÏÒ«Ú when talking about going anywhere other than by foot, when you would use the verb ÏÏÎ˙ .
Vocabulary
November november «·Ó·¯ special speshel ÒÙÈ÷Ï flight tisah (f.) ËÈÒ‰ abroad (lit. ‘out khul (khuts χ¯ı(* )Á»ı Á»”Ï of the country’) la’arets) booking hazmanah (f.) ‰ÊÓ‰ payment tashlum (m.) ˙˘Ï»Ì full male(mle-ah, f.) Óχ)‰( September september ÒÙËÓ·¯ holiday khufshah (f.) Á»Ù÷‰ annual shnati(-t, f.) ÷˙È)˙( opportunity hizdamnut (f.) ‰Ê„Ó»˙ loan halva-ah (f.) ‰Ï‡‰
Language point
Means of transport emtsa-ey takhburah ‡ÓˆÚÈ ˙Á·»¯‰ ‡ÓˆÚÈ
Hebrew uses various verbs for different means of transport. So you – 151
1111 fly in an airplane tasim b’matos ·ÓË«Ò ËÒÈÌ 2 drive in a truck nohagim b’masa-it ·Ó◊‡È˙ «‰‚ÈÌ 3 4 ride/drive in a shared nos-im b’sherut ·÷¯»˙ «ÒÚÈÌ 5 taxi (lit. ‘service’) 6 sail in a boat or ship mafligim b’oniyah ·‡«Èȉ ÓÙÏÈ‚ÈÌ 7 8 sail in a sailing boat shatim b’sirah ·Òȯ‰ ÷ËÈÌ 9 ride a bicycle rokhvim al ofanáyim ‡ÙÈÈÌ ÚÏ ¯«Î·ÈÌ 10 11 ride a horse rokhvim al sus Ò»Ò ÚÏ ¯«Î·ÈÌ 12 13 New vocabulary 14 15 airplane matos (m.) ÓË«Ò 16 truck masa-it (f.) Ó◊‡È˙ 17 shared taxi sherut (f.) ÷¯»˙ 18 19 boat, ship oniyah (f.) ‡«Èȉ 20 sailing boat sirah (f.) Òȯ‰ 21 horse sus (m.) Ò»Ò 22 23 24 25 Exercise 11 26 Insert the correct form of transport from the list below: 27 28 29 . ______ÚÏ Ï¯Î· ΄‡È ·¯Á«·«˙, Ù˜˜ÈÌ ˙ÓÈ„ È÷ 1 30 . ______ϘÁ˙ ÓÚ„ÈÙ‰ ‡È Ș¯‰, Ó‡„ ‰Ó«È˙ 2 31 ·Ú«ÏÌ. ·È«˙¯ ‰ÓÙ»¯ÒÓ˙ ‰«ÒÚÈÌ ______‰È‡ ‰-2EQ 3 32 33 ·Î·È÷. ‡¯»Î«˙ ÷Ú«˙ «‰‚ ______‰‚ 4 34 ÏÓ˜«Ì. ÓÓ˜«Ì ______· ÷ËÈÌ ·Âˆȉ 5 35 ··˜¯. Ó»˜„Ì È«ˆ‡ ‡Ó¯È˜‰ Ï„¯«Ì ______‰ 6 36 37 38 Òȯ‰ ‡ÙÈÈÌ, Ó◊‡È˙, ‡ÈÈ˙, ÷¯»˙, ÓË«Ò, 39 40 41 4211 152
Cultural note
Months, seasons and festivals of the year
There are twelve months in the Hebrew calendar, but they are lunar months so every few years an extra month (of adar ‡„¯ ) is added to catch up with the solar year. This is what they are called: tevet Ë·˙ kislev ÎÒÏ kheshvan Á÷ÂÂÔ tishrey ˙÷¯È sivan ÒÈÂÂÔ iyar ‡Èȯ nisan ÈÒÔ adar ‡„¯ shvat ÷·Ë elul ‡Ï»Ï av ‡· tamuz ˙Ó»Ê
Jewish festivals are fixed according to the Hebrew calendar and so vary in the Gregorian calendar which modern Israel uses for day- to-day secular living. This is how the months read in Hebrew script (we start with September since this is generally when the Jewish New Year ‰÷‰ ¯‡÷ begins): ÒÙËÓ·¯, ‡«˜Ë«·¯, «·Ó·¯, „ˆÓ·¯, È»‡¯, Ù·¯»‡¯, È»‡¯, „ˆÓ·¯, «·Ó·¯, ‡«˜Ë«·¯, ÒÙËÓ·¯, Ó¯Ò/Ó¯ı, ‡Ù¯ÈÏ, Ó‡È, È»È, È»ÏÈ, ‡«‚»ÒË È»ÏÈ, È»È, Ó‡È, ‡Ù¯ÈÏ, Ó¯Ò/Ó¯ı, september, oktober, november, detsember, yanu-ar, febru-ar, mars/merts, april, may, yuni, yuli, ogust
The festivals are an integral part of the Jewish year, binding history and legend to nature’s cycle. The most important festival is the Sabbath ÷·˙ , the day of rest which occurs every week. You’ll discover more about it in a later unit, but as you are also likely to come across at least one of the festivals during a trip any time of the year, it is worth knowing something about the major ones and the time of year they occur.
Autumn stav Ò˙ÈÂ
New Year – rosh hashanah ‰÷‰ ¯‡˘ . Starts ten days of repen- tance and contemplation signalled by the blowing of the ram’s horn (shofar ÷«Ù¯ ) in the synagogue (beyt ha’knesset ‰ÎÒ˙ ·È˙ ). Apples are dipped into honey (dvash „·÷ ) and round (agol (agulah, f.) Ú‚«Ï ) loaves are eaten for a sweet, well-rounded year. 153
1111 Day of Atonement yom kippur 2 ÎÈÙ»¯ È«Ì . The tenth day of 3 repentance, a day of fasting from 4 sundown to sundown, spent in 5 prayer. 6 7 Tabernacles sukot .һΫ˙ A few 8 days after ÎÈÙ»¯ ,È«Ì this harvest 9 and pilgrim festival lasts seven 10 days. Booths ( ),һΫ˙ reminders 11 of the makeshift shelters of the 12 Israelites in the wilderness, are decorated with harvest fruit and 13 vegetables, and guests (orkhim ‡«¯ÁÈÌ ) are invited to share a meal 14 in these temporary homes. Plants of four species are bound 15 together (the lulav ϻϷ ) and carried around the synagogue. The 16 festival ends with a day of ‘rejoicing of the law’ simkhat torah 17 ˙«¯‰ ◊ÓÁ˙ when Torah scrolls are danced around synagogues 18 and streets. 19 20 21 Winter khóref Á«¯Û 22 23 Hanukah khanukah Á»Î‰ . A 24 festival of lights, commemo- 25 rating a victory of the Maccabees 26 over the Hellenists. The legend 27 of the miraculous oil, lasting long 28 enough for more oil to be 29 pressed for the ruined Temple’s 30 eternal light, is recalled by 31 lighting candles (nerot ¯«˙ ) 32 each day until the eight- 33 branched candelabrum is fully 34 lit on the eighth day. It is 35 traditional to eat food fried in oil, such as doughnuts and 36 pancakes (levivot Ï·È·«˙ ) made of potatoes (tapukhey adamah 37 ). 38 ‡„Ó‰ ˙Ù»ÁÈ 39 40 41 4211 154
Purim .Ù»¯ÈÌ A day of masquerading in carnival style, when the scroll of Esther (megilat ester ‡Ò˙¯ )Ó‚ÈÏ˙ is read, telling of the near destruction of the Jews of Persia, saved by the intervention of the brave and beautiful Queen Esther under the guidance of her couzin Mordechai, a faithful believer. Children parade the streets wearing fancy dress (takhpóset (f.) ˙Á¬«◊˙ ).
Spring aviv ‡·È·
Passover pésakh ÙÒÁ . Seven-day (pilgrim) festival celebrating freedom from slavery. The order (séder Ò„¯ ) or structure of the feast on the first night (leyl séder ÏÈÏ Ò„¯ ÏÈÏ ) was devised by the early rabbis. The reading of the Haggadah ‰‚„‰ (lit. ‘the telling’) encourages a reliving of the exodus story, of God leading the Hebrews from slavery to eventual nation- hood, through narrative, commentary, ritual and song. The haste in which the Israelites left Egypt is remembered throughout the week by the eating of unleavened bread (matzah Óˆ‰ ).
(early) Summer káyits ˜Èı
Festival of Weeks shavu-ot ÷·»Ú«˙ . A harvest as well as a pilgrim festival when in ancient times the first fruits were taken up to the Temple in Jerusalem. Seven weeks after ÙÒÁ , this is also traditionally the time when the Law (torah ˙«¯‰ ) was given to Moses and the children of Israel on Mount Sinai. In Israel today children wear garlands of fruit and flowers to school where they bring charitable donations of fruits and vegetables. It is traditional to eat dairy produce at this time. 155
1111 The above are all religious holidays. There are also important 2 national holidays whose exact dates are fixed in the Hebrew 3 calendar – the Hebrew alphabet is often used for numerals, par- 4 ticularly in dates: 5 Independence Day yom ha-atsma-ut 6 (sometime in April) ·‡Èȯ* ‰’)5( – ‰ÚˆÓ‡»˙ È«Ì 7 8 Remembrance Day yom ha’zikaron 9 (the day before Independence Day) ·‡Èȯ „‘)4( – ‰ÊÈί«Ô È«Ì 10 Holocaust day yom ha’sho-ah 11 (March /April) 12 ·ÈÒÔ )72( Î”Ê – ‰÷«‡‰ È«Ì 13 (*Note the use of · ‘in’ before the month when giving dates.) 14 15 16 Exercise 12 17 Using the information above, see if you can understand the para- 18 graph below describing, in Hebrew, mainly the culinary customs 19 associated with the various festivals. Some of the words are new, 20 so start by scanning through for the seven different verbs in the 21 passage, in the impersonal form (see p. 98) we have translated here 22 for you (transliteration in the key): 23 24 Verbs: 25 26 They … we … 27 28 1 eat ‡«ÎÏÈÌ 29 2 drink ______30 31 3 sit ______32 4 invite ______33 34 5 light ______35 6 read ______36 37 7 wear ______38 39 You should now have enough information to have a go at trans- 40 lating the sentences. If you get stuck, a quick leaf through the 41 previous units, the cultural note above and some guesswork will 4211 put the pieces together (and if you’re really desperate, there’s always the translation at the back!). 156
·¯‡÷ ‰÷‰ ‡«ÎÏÈÌ ˙Ù»ÁÈÌ ·„·÷ ÂÁÏ«˙ Ú‚»Ï«˙. ÂÁÏ«˙ ·„·÷ ˙Ù»ÁÈÌ ‡«ÎÏÈÌ ‰÷‰ ·¯‡÷ ·È«Ì ÎÈÙ»¯ χ ‡«ÎÏÈÌ Âχ ÷«˙ÈÌ 52 ÷Ú«˙. 52 ÷«˙ÈÌ Âχ ‡«ÎÏÈÌ Ï‡ ÎÈÙ»¯ ·È«Ì ·Ò»Î«˙ È«÷·ÈÌ ·Ò»Î‰, Óχ‰ Ù¯«˙ Âȯ˜«˙, ÂÓÊÓÈÈÌ ‡«¯ÁÈÌ ÂÓÊÓÈÈÌ Âȯ˜«˙, Ù¯«˙ Óχ‰ ·Ò»Î‰, È«÷·ÈÌ ·Ò»Î«˙ ÏһΉ. ·Á»Î‰ Ó„ÏȘÈÌ ¯«˙ ‡«ÎÏÈÌ Ï·È·«˙ ˙Ù»ÁÈ ‡„Ó‰. ˙Ù»ÁÈ Ï·È·«˙ ‡«ÎÏÈÌ ¯«˙ Ó„ÏȘÈÌ ·Á»Î‰ ·Ù»¯ÈÌ ˜«¯‡ÈÌ ·Ó‚ÈÏ˙ ‡Ò˙¯ ÂÏ«·÷ÈÌ ˙ÁÙ«◊«˙. ÂÏ«·÷ÈÌ ‡Ò˙¯ ·Ó‚ÈÏ˙ ˜«¯‡ÈÌ ·Ù»¯ÈÌ ·ÙÒÁ ‡«ÎÏÈÌ ‡¯»Á‰ Á‚È‚È˙ ·ÏÈÏ ‰Ò„¯ Âχ ‡«ÎÏÈÌ ÏÁÌ ÎÏ ÏÁÌ ‡«ÎÏÈÌ Âχ ‰Ò„¯ ·ÏÈÏ Á‚È‚È˙ ‡¯»Á‰ ‡«ÎÏÈÌ ·ÙÒÁ ‰÷·»Ú. ·÷·»Ú«˙ ‡«ÎÏÈÌ Ú»‚«˙ ‚·È‰. Ú»‚«˙ ‡«ÎÏÈÌ ·÷·»Ú«˙ 1111 2 9 ··È˙ ÎÓ« ‡ÈÔ 3 4 5 6 Home Sweet Home 7 8 9 10 11 In this unit you will learn: 12 • something about the kibbutz 13 • to talk about houses and homes 14 • the past tense – Group 1 and Group 2 15 • more prepositions with pronominal endings )ÚÌ/‡È˙È,ÚÏ/ÚÏÈ( 16 • noun patterns and professions 17 18 19 Dialogue 1 20 21 From now on we will be asking you to translate the dialogues for 22 yourself; the comprehensive vocabulary lists should be all you need. 23 24 Peter finally arrives in the kibbutz and is welcomed by Maya’s 25 parents, Shlomo and Dvorah, into their home.What is their accom- 26 modation like and why is Peter surprised? 27 28 ÏÎÌ! È÷ ‚„«Ï‰ ÈÙ‰ „ȯ‰ ‡ÈÊ« ÙÈ˯: 29 ‰˜È·»ı Á·¯È ÏÎÏ È÷ ‰È«Ì ÙÚÌ. ÎÓ« „ȯ‰ χ ʇ˙ ÎÔ, ÷ÏÓ‰: 30 31 Ó˜ÏÁ˙, ‡«¯ÁÈÌ, Á„¯ ÷ȉ, Á„¯ ÚÌ ˜ËÔ ·È˙ ‡« „ȯ‰ 32 ˜Ë‰. ‚ȉ ‡« Ó¯ÙÒ˙ ‡ÙÈÏ» ÓË·Á ÷¯»˙ÈÌ, 33 È÷ ÈÏ„ÈÌ ÚÌ ˆÚȯÈÌ ÏÊ»‚«˙ ‡·Ï ˜ËÈÌ, ÈÏ„ÈÌ ‡ÈÔ Ï» „·«¯‰: 34 ÏÈÏ„ÈÌ. ÷ȉ Á„¯È ‚Ì 35 36 ·ÈÁ„, ‰ÈÏ„ÈÌ ··È˙ ‚¯ÈÌ ‰ÈÏ„ÈÌ ÷·˜È·»ı Á÷·˙È ÙÈ˯: 37 Ó÷»˙Û. ‡«ÎÏ ·Á„¯ ‡«ÎÏÈÌ ÂλÏÌ 38 Âλϻ ‰ÈÏ„ÈÌ ··È˙ ‚¯» ·‡Ó˙ ·˜È·»ı ‚„Ï» Î÷‡Á» ÷ÏÓ‰: 39 40 …. ÷«‰ ‰ÎÏ ‰È«Ì ·ÈÁ„. ‡ÎÏ» 41 4211 158
„·«¯‰: ΫÔ, ‡·Ï Î÷‰ÈÏ„ÈÌ ‚¯ÈÌ Â‡«ÎÏÈÌ ··È˙ ‡Ê È÷ ‚Ì È÷ ‡Ê ··È˙ ‡«ÎÏÈÌ ‚¯ÈÌ Î÷‰ÈÏ„ÈÌ ‡·Ï ΫÔ, „·«¯‰: È«˙¯ Ú·«„‰. ÂÓ‰ ‡È˙Í ÙÈ˯? ‡˙‰ ‚¯ ··È˙ Ó÷»˙Û ··È˙ ‚¯ ‡˙‰ ÙÈ˯? ‡È˙Í ÂÓ‰ Ú·«„‰. È«˙¯ ‡« ··È˙ Ù¯ËÈ? ··È˙ ‡« ÙÈ˯: ‡È ‚¯ ·Úȯ, ·˜«Ë‚’ ˜ËÔ ‡·Ï ÚÌ ‚ȉ „È ‚„«Ï‰. ‰·Ô ‚„«Ï‰. „È ‚ȉ ÚÌ ‡·Ï ˜ËÔ ·˜«Ë‚’ ·Úȯ, ‚¯ ‡È ÙÈ˯: ˘ÏÈ Î·¯ ·Ô ÁÓ÷, ‰»‡ Ó‡„ ‡«‰· Ï◊Á˜ ÚÌ ‰Á·¯ÈÌ ÚÌ Ï◊Á˜ ‡«‰· Ó‡„ ‰»‡ ÁÓ÷, ·Ô η¯ ˘ÏÈ ·Î„»¯ ¯‚Ï ·ÁÂı, ·‚ȉ. ·ÁÂı, ¯‚Ï ·Î„»¯
piter: eyzo dirah yafah v’gedolah yesh lakhem! shlomoh: ken, zot lo dirah kmo pá-am. ha’yom yesh l’kol khavrey ha’kibuts dirah o bayit katan im khadar shenah, khadar orkhim, miklákhat, sherutim, mitbakh ve’afílu mirpéset o ginah ktanah. dvorah: lánu eyn yeladim ktanim, aval l’zugot tse-irim im yeladim yesh gam khadrey shenah li’yladim. piter: khashavti she’ba’kibuts ha’yladim garim b’vet ha’yladim b’yákhad v’kulam okhlim b’khadar ókhel meshutaf. shlomoh: kshe’anákhnu gadálnu ba’kibuts b’emet gárnu b’vet yeladim v’kulánu akhálnu b’yákhad. ha’yom ha’kol shoneh… dvorah: nakhon, aval kshe’ ha’yladim garim v’okhlim ba’báyit, az yesh gam yoter avodah. u’mah itkha piter? atah gar b’báyit meshutaf or b’báyit prati? piter: ani gar ba’ir, b’kótedge katan aval im ginah day gdlolah. ha’ben sheli kvar ben khamesh v’hu me-od ohev le’sakhek im ha’khaverim b’kadur regel ba’khutz ba’ginah.
Vocabulary
once pá-am (adv.) ÙÚÌ time pá-am (pe-amim) (f.) )ÙÚÓÈÌ( ÙÚÌ apartment, flat dirah (f.) „ȯ‰ with im ÚÌ bedroom khadar shenah (m.) ÷ȉ Á„¯ living room, reception khadar orkhim (m.) ‡«¯ÁÈÌ Á„¯ shower, shower room miklákhat (f.) Ó˜ÏÁ˙ toilet(s) sherutim (m., pl.) ÷¯»˙ÈÌ kitchen mitbakh (m.) ÓË·Á 159
1111 terrace, balcony mirpéset (f.) Ó¯ÙÒ˙ 2 garden ginah (f.) ‚ȉ 3 4 I thought khashávti G1 )Á-÷-·( Á÷·˙È 5 together b’yákhad ·ÈÁ„ 6 dining-room khadar okhel (m.) ‡«ÎÏ Á„¯ 7 8 communal meshutaf (meshutefet, f.) Ó÷»˙Û)˙( 9 when kshe’… Î÷… 10 we grew up gadálnu G1 )‚-„-Ï( ‚„Ï» 11 12 with you itkha (im+atah) ‡È˙Í 13 (here: about you) 14 apartment block bayit meshutaf (m.) Ó÷»˙Û ·È˙ 15 (lit. ‘communal house’) 16 private (house) (bayit) prati (m.) Ù¯ËÈ )·È˙( 17 18 small house kotedge (m.) ˜«Ë‚’ 19 quite, enough day „È 20 to play le’sakhek G2 )◊-Á-˜( Ï◊Á˜ 21 22 football kadur regel (m.) ¯‚Ï Î„»¯ 23 24 25 Cultural note 26 27 Kibbutzim are communal settlements found all over Israel. 28 Originally they were the realization of the early pioneers’ dream 29 of creating a society based on equality and cooperation, and suited 30 the political, economic and physical needs of the country at the 31 time. 32 Communal living meant large communal dining halls which 33 doubled up for community activities, and small, often one-room, 34 units for couples. Children lived together with their year group in 35 special children’s houses, as well as sharing schooling and extra- 36 curricular activities as they do today. Over the years, family housing 37 has grown as the communal children’s houses were abandoned, 38 communal dining-rooms have shrunk, although sports halls, audi- 39 toria and guest houses have developed. 40 Kibbutzim were essentially farming co-operatives, but while 41 Israel remains at the forefront of agricultural technology, industry 4211 has now taken over from agriculture in very many places, and 160
several kibbutzim have even opened large factory-outlet shopping centres. Today new kibbutzim are opening as social and economic units in the cities, concerned to maintain the basic ideology of the kibbutz movement in a different environment. Although Israel’s 270 kibbutzim play a significant role in the economy, they comprise only a small percentage of the population. There are also plenty of other country folk living in villages of various kinds (including moshavim Ó«÷·ÈÌ – another type of co- operative). Most Israelis however are townees – even though, in some senses, life in a town in Israel can often still be a rather communal affair.
Language point
The past tense zman avar Ú·¯ ÊÓÔ
Before reading on, first try this exercise: pick out the verbs in the past tense in Dialogue 1 and see if you can work out a pattern.
Now see if our description of the past tense in Hebrew matches your own. The past tense is formed by adding endings or suffixes to the root letters of the verb (highlighted in the table below) corre- sponding to the personal pronouns. These suffixes are the same for all verb groups. Since the subject of the verb is indicated by its ending, pronouns are not necessary, although you will often hear them used.
There is only one tense to express the past in Hebrew, corre- sponding to a number of tenses in English. Gadalti ‚„Ï˙È can mean either ‘I grew up’, ‘I have grown up’, ‘I did grow up’, ‘I was growing up’, or even ‘I had grown up’. Most often the meaning is clear from the context.
Group 1
Notice the characteristic vowel pattern of this group in the past tense (a, a), which is highlighted along with the suffixes common to all groups. 161
1111 Root ‚-„-Ï Infinitive To grow up li’gdol Ï‚„«Ï 2 3 gadálnu ‚„Ï» ‡Á» gadálti ‚„Ï˙È ‡È 4 *gdaltem ‚„Ï˙Ì ‡˙Ì gadálta ‚„Ï˙ ‡˙‰ 5 *gdalten ‚„Ï˙Ô ‡˙Ô gadalt ‚„Ï˙ ‡˙ 6 7 gadlu ‚„Ï» ‰Ì gadal ‚„Ï** ‰»‡ 8 gadlu ‚„Ï» ‰Ô gadlah ‚„ω ‰È‡ 9 10 *You will hear some Israelis pronouncing the first syllable of verbs 11 in this group as gadáltem as opposed to the standard form 12 gdaltem/n (shown in the table above). 13 14 Verbs in G1 whose final root letter is ‰ take the same endings, 15 but their vowel pattern in the past is (a, i): 16 17 the past tense of ‘want’ ¯-ˆ-‰ is 18 ¯ˆ» ¯ˆÈ˙Ì)Ô(, ¯ˆÈ», ¯ˆ˙‰, ¯ˆ‰, ¯ˆÈ˙, ¯ˆÈ˙, ¯ˆÈ˙È, 19 20 ratsiti, ratsita, ratsit, ratsah, ratstah, ratsinu, ratsitem(n), ratsu 21 22 Other verbs in this group (final root letter ‰ ) are Ú◊‰ ˜‰, ¯‡‰, 23 24 Example: 25 I saw you in town yesterday, what were you doing? 26 ra-iti otkha ba-ir etmol, mah asita? 27 28 Ú◊È˙? Ó‰ ‡˙Ó«Ï, ·Úȯ ‡«˙Í ¯‡È˙È 29 30 Verbs in G1 whose middle root letter is or È conjugate as follows 31 in the past tense: 32 The verb ‘to rise’, ‘get up’ la’kum )˜-Â-Ì( Ϙ»Ì 33 34 kamti, kamta, kamt, kam, kamah, kamnu, kamtem(n), kamu 35 ˜Ó» ˜Ó˙Ì)Ô(, ˜Ó», ˜Ó‰, ˜Ì, ˜Ó˙, ˜Ó˙, ˜Ó˙È, 36 37 (Notice that with these verbs the third person singular (he) is the 38 same in the past as in the present. However the context will make 39 it clear which tense is intended.) 40 41 4211 162
Group 2
The prefix Ó (see p. 116) of the present tense is dropped in the past, and the suffixes are added to the root letters. Root ÷-Ï-Ì Infinitive To pay le’shalem Ï÷ÏÌ shilámnu ÷ÈÏÓ» ‡Á» shilámti ˘ÈÏÓ˙È ‡È shilámtem ÷ÈÏÓ˙Ì ‡˙Ì shilámta ˘ÈÏÓ˙ ‡˙‰ *shilámten ˘ÈÏÓ˙Ô ‡˙Ô shilamt ˘ÈÏÓ˙ ‡˙ shilmu ÷ÈÏÓ» ‰Ì)Ô( shilem ÷ÈÏÌ** ‰»‡ shilmah ÷ÈÏÓ‰ ‰È‡
**NB The past tense of third person singular is helpful in telling you to which group a verb belongs. (He) grew (hu) gadal „Ï Ãà ‚ fi )‰»‡( rhymes with pa-al, indicating that the verb belongs to Group 1 pa-al ÙÚÏ . Similarly, hu shilem ÏÌ Õ ÷È œ ‰»‡ rhymes with pi-el and tells you the verb indeed belongs to Group 2 .ÙÈÚÏ
Once you know a few verbs in a group you will develop an ear for more and will begin to guess successfully which verbs belong to which group. Exercise 1
Practise using the past tense. Write the correct form of the past tense in the blank spaces.
Group 1
˙ ˙‰‡‰‡‡Á»‡Ì‡Ô‰Ì/‰Ô ‡˙Ô ‡˙Ì ‡Á» ‰È‡ ‰»‡ ‡˙ ‡˙‰ ‡È Ϋ -- ˙ Î˙·˙Ô Î˙· Î-˙-· ÏÎ˙«· ÷˙È÷·È·ÈÈ· ÷ È÷·» È÷·» È÷·˙ È÷·˙È È-÷-· Ï÷·˙ ‡« -- ‰˙‡‰·˙Ì ‡‰·˙ ‡-‰-· χ‰«· ‡« -- ‡Îω ‡-Î-Ï Ï‡Î«Ï 163
1111 Group 2 2 3 ‰Ì/‰Ô ‡˙Ô ‡˙Ì ‡Á» ‰È‡ ‰»‡ ‡˙ ‡˙‰ ‡È 4 5 ·È˜¯˙Ô ·È˜¯» ·È˜¯ ·È˜¯˙È ·-˜-¯ Ï·˜¯ 6 ˜È·Ï» ˜-·-Ï Ï˜·Ï 7 ˙Ș»*˙Ș˙Ì ˙Ș˙ ˙-˜-Ô Ï˙˜Ô 8 9 ÁÈÙ◊‰ Á-Ù-◊ ÏÁÙ◊ 10 „È·¯» „È·¯» „È·¯˙ „-·-¯ Ï„·¯ 11 * Notice how one of the drops ˙Ș» . 12 13 Exercise 2 14 15 Fill in the the correct form of the verb: you will need to decide 16 from the context whether the present or the past is appropriate. 17 18 New vocabulary 19 20 21 key mafté-akh (maftekhot, m., pl.) ÓÙ˙Á)«˙( 22 wallet arnak (m.) ‡¯˜ 23 last month ba’khódesh she’avar ÷Ú·¯ ·Á«„÷ 24 25 yesterday etmol ‡˙Ó«Ï 26 27 ˜÷‰ )Ú-·-„( ÎÈ ˜Ù‰, Â)˘-˙-‰( ·Ó¯ÙÒ˙ )È-÷-·( ‡È ÚÎ÷È 1 28 ‰È«Ì. ÎÏ 29 30 ‡˙ )Á-Ù-◊( ‰»‡ .‡˙Ó«Ï ‰ÓÙ˙Á«˙ ‡˙ )Á-Ù-◊( ÷»· ‰»‡ 2 31 ÷Ï«. ‰ÓÚÈÏ 32 ÏÈ )-˙-Ô( ÷ÏÈ ‡Ó‡ ·Ó˙‰? ‰‡¯˜ ‡˙ )˜-·-Ï( ‡˙ Ó˙È 3 33 34 ÷Ú·¯. ·Á«„÷ ˘ÏÈ ‰‰»Ï„˙ ÏÈ«Ì ‡«˙« 35 ‚Ì ‰»‡ ‰È«Ì )·-÷-Ï(. ÷Ï« ÷‡Ó‡ Ó‰ ¯˜ )‡-Î-Ï( ‰»‡ ÙÚÌ 4 36 )·-÷-Ï(. ÷‡È Ó‰ ‡˙ )‡-‰-·( 37 38 ÷Ï». ÂÒ·˙‡ Ò·‡ ‡ˆÏ )·-˜-¯( ‡˙Ó«Ï? Ú◊È˙Ì Ó‰ 5 39 40 41 4211 164
Exercise 3
The Cohens are on the move: read the paragraph and say whether the statements below are true or false (Î«Ô Î«Ô/χ ).
New vocabulary
to move la’avor dirah „ȯ‰ ÏÚ·«¯ (apartment, house) cute, sweet khamud(-ah, f.) ÁÓ»„)‰( a teacher moreh (morah, f.) Ó«¯‰ of her (my, your…) own Ó÷ÏÍ…( )Ó÷ÏÈ, Ó÷ω mi’shelah (mi’sheli, mi’shelkha …)
„Ô ÂÈÚÏ Î‰Ô ¯«ˆÈÌ ÏÚ·«¯ „ȯ‰. ‰„ȯ‰ ÷Ï‰Ì ˜Ë‰ Ó„È ˜Ë‰ ÷Ï‰Ì ‰„ȯ‰ „ȯ‰. ÏÚ·«¯ ¯«ˆÈÌ Î‰Ô ÂÈÚÏ „Ô ÏÓ÷ÙÁ‰ ÷ωÌ. È÷ Ï‰Ì ¯˜ ÷È Á„¯È ÷ȉ, Á„¯ ‡«¯ÁÈÌ )ÒÏ«Ô( ‡«¯ÁÈÌ Á„¯ ÷ȉ, Á„¯È ÷È ¯˜ Ï‰Ì È÷ ÷ωÌ. ÏÓ÷ÙÁ‰ »Ó¯ÙÒ˙ ‚„«Ï‰. ÏÊ»‚ ‰ˆÚȯ È÷ ÷Ï«÷‰ ÈÏ„ÈÌ ÁÓ»„ÈÌ. ÷ÏÓ‰ ·Ô ÷ÏÓ‰ ÁÓ»„ÈÌ. ÈÏ„ÈÌ ÷Ï«÷‰ È÷ ‰ˆÚȯ ÏÊ»‚ ‚„«Ï‰. »Ó¯ÙÒ˙ 4, ‡È˙Ó¯ ·Ô 6 Â÷«÷È Î·¯ ·˙ 11 ¯«ˆ‰ Á„¯ Ó÷ω. ÈÚÏ Ú«·„˙ ÈÚÏ Ó÷ω. Á„¯ ¯«ˆ‰ 11 ·˙ η¯ Â÷«÷È 6 ·Ô ‡È˙Ó¯ 4, ··È˙ ÒÙ¯ ÎÓ«¯‰ Â‚Ì ‰È‡ ˆ¯ÈΉ Ùȉ Ó÷ω Î„È ÏÚ·«„ ··È˙. ··È˙. ÏÚ·«„ Î„È Ó÷ω Ùȉ ˆ¯ÈΉ ‰È‡ Â‚Ì ÎÓ«¯‰ ÒÙ¯ ··È˙ ‰Ì ÓÁÙ◊ÈÌ „ȯ‰ ‡Á¯˙, ‡« ‡ÙÈÏ» ·È˙ Ù¯ËÈ ÚÌ ‚ȉ. ‚ȉ. ÚÌ Ù¯ËÈ ·È˙ ‡ÙÈÏ» ‡« ‡Á¯˙, „ȯ‰ ÓÁÙ◊ÈÌ ‰Ì
True or False? χ-Î«Ô ‡« Î«Ô 1 The Cohens are a young couple. 2 They currently have a two-bedroom apartment but it has a large terrace. 3 Yael would like a corner of her own to be able to work at home. 4 Itamar would like a room of his own. 5 They are looking for another apartment or even a house with a garden. 165
1111 Exercise 4 2 3 : ’ ‡ ‘ „ȯ˙ 4 5 ÂÒÂÙ¯Ó¯˜Ë ÒÙ¯ ·È˙ ‰È¯˜«Ô; ¯Á«· Á„¯ÈÌ; ˘Ï«˘‰ „ȯ˙ 6 ˜¯«·ÈÌ 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 : ’ · ‘ „ȯ˙ 25 26 ˆÈ·»¯È˙ ˙Á·»¯‰ ÷˜Ë; ¯Á«· ‰Úȯ; Ó¯ÎÊ Á„¯ÈÌ; ÷Ï«÷‰ „ȯ˙ 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 4211 166
È ‚: ’ ‚ ‘ ·È˙ ·È˙ Ù¯ËÈ; ÷Ï«˘‰ Á„¯ÈÌ ÂÁˆÈ; ÁÈȉ Ù¯ËÈ˙; ‚ȉ Ù¯ËÈ˙; ÁÈȉ ÂÁˆÈ; Á„¯ÈÌ ÷Ï«˘‰ Ù¯ËÈ; ·È˙
New vocabulary
centre merkaz (m.) Ó¯ÎÊ quiet shaket (shketah, f.) ÷˜Ë)‰( transport takhburah (f.) ˙Á·»¯‰ public tsiburi(-t, f.) ˆÈ·»¯È)˙( parking khanayah (f.) ÁÈȉ
Which apartment suits the Cohen family better? ‡ÈÊ« „ȯ‰ Ó˙‡ÈÓ‰ È«˙¯ ÏÓ÷ÙÁ˙ ΉÔ? ÏÓ÷ÙÁ˙ È«˙¯ Ó˙‡ÈÓ‰ „ȯ‰ ‡ÈÊ«
Write at least one sentence about each property on pp. 165–6 and state if in your opinion it is suitable for the Cohen family. Remember how to say ‘in my opinion’ l’fi da-ti „Ú˙È… ÏÙÈ . (See key to exercises for our suggestions.) 167
1111 Example: 2 ˜ËÔ. ‰ÓË·Á ÎÈ Ó˙‡ÈÓ‰ ÙÁ«˙ ‰È¯˜«Ô ·¯Á«· ‰„ȯ‰ „Ú˙È, ÏÙÈ 3 4 l’fi da-ati, ha’dirah bi’rkhov ha’yarkon pakhot matimah ki 5 ha’mitbakh katan 6 In my opinion, the apartment on Ha’Yarkon Street is less 7 suitable because the kitchen is small. 8 9 10 11 Exercise 5 12 13 Here is Yael Cohen, on the phone to her friend Nekhamah, 14 describing what she has seen. Using the vocabulary list below, see 15 if you can read and understand the dialogue (the translation is in 16 the key). 17 Has Yael found her new home? If so what are the advantages 18 of her choice over the others? 19 20 Ó‰ ÏÁÓ‰ ÓÒÙ¯˙ ÈÚÏ ·ËÏÙ«Ô. Ó„·¯«˙ ÁÓ‰ ÷ω ‰Á·¯‰ ÈÚÏ 21 Óˆ‡‰: ‰È‡ 22 23 24 ‰ÈÌ. È„ ÚÏ ‰È¯˜«Ô ·¯Á«· Á„¯ÈÌ ÷Ï«÷‰ „ȯ˙ ¯‡È˙È ÈÚÏ: 25 ÂÈ÷ ˜ËÔ, „È ÷Ì ‰ÓË·Á ‡·Ï ‚„«Ï ÓË·Á ¯ˆÈ˙È ˙ÓÈ„ 26 ‰«Û Ú˜È˙ ‰Ó¯ÙÒ˙ ÷È Óˆ„ ‡Á„. ‡Ó·Ëȉ Á„¯ ¯˜ 27 Ó˜ÒÈÌ. 28 Ó˙‡ÈÓ‰? È«˙¯ ‰È‡ ÷¯‡È˙? ‰÷Èȉ ‰„ȯ‰ ÚÌ ÂÓ‰ ÁÓ‰: 29 Â‚Ì Â‚„«Ï, ÈÙ‰ ÓË·Á ·‰ ÂÈ÷ ‰Úȯ ·Ó¯ÎÊ ‰Ê‡˙ ‰„ȯ‰ ÈÚÏ: 30 31 ˜Ë‰. ÷‰Ó¯ÙÒ˙ ¯˜ Á·Ï ÁÏ«Ô. ÚÌ ‡Ó·Ëȉ Á„¯È ÷È 32 Ë«·‰. ˆÈ·»¯È˙ ˙Á·»¯‰ ÂÎÓ»·Ô ÁÓ‰: 33 Ï·È˙ ÷˜¯«· ·È˙-ÒÙ¯ ÓÚ„ÈÙÈÌ ‡Á» ‡·Ï Î«Ô ÎÔ, ÈÚÏ: 34 ‰ÏÈΉ. ·Ó¯Á˜ 35 ‚ȉ? ÚÌ Ï·È˙ ÏÚ·«¯ Á÷·˙Ì Ï‡ ÁÓ‰: 36 ‰÷˜„. ·¯Á«· ‰„¯ ·È˙ ¯‡È˙È Â·‡Ó˙ ·„È»˜! ʉ» ÈÚÏ: 37 38 ‚Ì È÷ ‡·Ï ‡Á„, ‡Ó·Ëȉ Á„¯ ¯˜ È÷ ÷Ì ‡ÓÌ 39 ‚ȉ Ï·È˙ È÷ ‡·Ï ˜ËÔ, ˜ˆ˙ ‰ÓË·Á Ù¯„ÈÌ. ÷ȯ»˙ÈÌ 40 ςȉ. ‰‡«¯ÁÈÌ ÂÓÁ„¯ Ó‰ÓË·Á Ȉȇ‰ „Ï˙ ÚÌ 41 ÁÈȉ? ÚÌ Ó‰ Óˆ»ÈÈÔ. ÁÓ‰: 4211 168
ÈÚÏ: È÷ ÁÈȉ Ù¯ËÈ˙ ·ÎÈÒ‰. ˙Á˙ ‰‡«Ë«·»Ò χ ¯Á«˜‰, χ ‰‡«Ë«·»Ò ˙Á˙ ·ÎÈÒ‰. Ù¯ËÈ˙ ÁÈȉ È÷ ÈÚÏ: ·È˙ ‰ÒÙ¯ ˜¯«· ‡ÙÈÏ» È÷ ÁˆÈ Á„¯ ˘Ó˙‡ÈÌ ÏÁ„¯ ˘Ó˙‡ÈÌ Á„¯ ÁˆÈ È÷ ‡ÙÈÏ» ˜¯«· ‰ÒÙ¯ ·È˙ Ú·«„‰. ÁÓ‰: », η¯ ÒÈÙ¯˙ Ï„Ô ÷Óˆ‡˙ ·È˙? ÷Óˆ‡˙ Ï„Ô ÒÈÙ¯˙ η¯ », ÁÓ‰:
Vocabulary
tell(s) mesaperet )Ò-Ù-¯( ÓÒÙ¯˙ sea yam (m.) ÈÌ huge anaki(-t, f.) Ú˜È)˙( view, landscape, scenery nof (m.) «Û splendid maksim(-ah, f.) Ó˜ÒÈÌ)‰( in it (lit. ‘in her’) bah (b’+hi ending) ·‰ (walking) distance merkhak (m.) Ó¯Á˜ walking halikhah (f.) ‰ÏÈΉ that’s it zehu ʉ» wonderful nehedar (nehederet, f.) ‰„¯)˙( it’s true that, indeed omnam ‡ÓÌ a separate toilet sherutim nifradim Ù¯„ÈÌ ÷ȯ»˙ÈÌ (lit. ‘separate services’) a little, quite ktsat ˜ˆ˙ door delet (dlatot, f.) „Ï˙ exit yetsi-ah (f.) Ȉȇ‰ entrance knisah (f.) ÎÈÒ‰ workroom, study khadar avodah (m.) Ú·«„‰ Á„¯ well? nu »?
Exercise 6
You want to put your own home on the market: describe it to the agent you are instructing. 169
1111 2 Dialogue 2 3 4 ÷·˙ has come and gone, and Peter and Maya are still on the 5 kibbutz. It’s a work day lunchtime and Peter finds his way to the 6 kibbutz dining-room. Unfortunately, Maya and her family can’t join 7 him, but he is not alone for long: 8 9 Á„÷? Ó˙„· ‡˙‰ ¯ÁÏ: 10 11 ÏÚÈ˙«Ô Ó‡Ó¯ Ϋ˙· ‡È ϷȘ»¯, ¯˜ ·‡˙È ‡È χ, ÙÈ˯: 12 ‡È˙Í? ÂÓ‰ ·‡¯ı. ‰ÁÈÈÌ ÚÏ ‡‚ÏÈ 13 ‰ˆ‰¯ÈÈÌ. ‡Á¯È ·‡»ÏÙÔ Ú·¯È˙ Ï«Ó„˙ ‡È Ó˙„·˙. ‡È ¯ÁÏ: 14 ‰ÈÏ„ÈÌ ·‚Ô ·÷·»Ú ÙÚÓÈÌ ÷Ï«÷ Ú«·„˙; ‡È ··˜¯ÈÌ 15 16 ·Óη҉. ·÷·»Ú ÂÙÚÓÈÈÌ 17 λÏÌ ) ··˜÷‰? ‰ÓÏÁ ‡˙ ÏÈ Ï‰Ú·È¯ ÈΫω ‡˙ ¯ÁÏÈ,* È«ÒÛ: 18 ‰Ë·Á ÎÈ ·‡«ÎÏ, ÓÏÁ ÓÒÙȘ ‡ÈÔ ÙÚÌ ‡Û ( ˆ«Á˜ÈÌ 19 ‰ÓÙÚÏ Ó‰Ï ÷¯˙, È«ÒÛ ‡È ·¯È‡. χ ÷ʉ Á«÷· ÷Ï» 20 ‡«˙Í. ωÎȯ ÚÈÌ ‰Ó˘˜. ÷Ï 21 22 ·˜È·»ı? ‚„Ï˙ ‚Ì ‡˙‰ ÓӇȉ. ÚÏÈÍ ÷ÓÚ˙È Ó‡„, ÚÈÌ ÙÈ˯: 23 ‰ȇ Ú˙, Ó÷˜, ÏÁ·¯˙ ÷»È ‡È ‡·Ï ȯ»÷ÏÓÈ ‡È χ È«ÒÛ: 24 Âʉ Áȉ** ʇ˙ ÚÈ„«, ʉ ·˜È·»ı. ‚„ω Ӈȉ ÎÓ« 25 26 ·Ú«ÏÌ. ʯÈÊ ‰ÎÈ ‰Á÷ÓÏ‡È È‰«÷Ú, 27 ·ÚÈ«˙ ÷È÷ ÙÚÌ ÎÏ ÏÈ ˜«¯‡ÈÌ ‰Ì ˙‚ÊÈÌ. ‡Ï ȇÏω, ȉ«÷Ú: 28 ÓÈ„. ‰·Úȉ ‡˙ Ù«˙¯ ‡È ÎÏÏ Â·„¯Í ‰Á÷ÓÏ ÚÌ 29 30 Ú◊¯ ·Ú«„ Ù‚È÷‰ ÏÈ È÷ ÏÊ»Ê. ˆ¯ÈÍ ‡È ‡·Ï ÓˆËÚ¯ ‡È È«ÒÛ: 31 ‡˙ ÏÙÈ˯ ˜ˆ˙ ω¯‡«˙ ÈΫÏÈÌ ‡˙Ì ÂÁȉ, ÚÈ„« „˜«˙. 32 ‰Ó÷˜? 33 ¯·. ·¯ˆ«Ô ÎÔ ÂÁÈȉ: ÚÈ„« 34 35 ÏÚ◊«˙. ÷¯ˆÈ˙È Ó‰ ·„È»˜ ʉ ÊÓÔ? ÏÎÌ È÷ ·‡Ó˙, ÙÈ˯: 36 37 * Rakheli: affectionate diminutive of rakhel = Rachel 38 ** Pronounced ‘khaya’ but you will see this name spelled Haya or 39 Chaya in English 40 41 4211 170
rakhel: atah mitnadev khadash? piter: lo, ani rak báti l’bikur, ani kotev ma-amar al ha’khayim ba’árets le’iton angli. v’mah itakh? rakhel: ani mitnadévet. ani lomédet ivrit ba’ulpan akharey ha’tsohoráyim. ba’bkarim, ani ovédet: shalosh pe- amim ba’shavú-a b’gan ha’yladim v’pa-amáyim ba’shavú-a ba’mikhbasah. yosef: rakheli, at yekholah l’ha-avir li et ha’mélakh b’vakashah? (kulam tsokhakim) af pá-am eyn maspik melakh ba’ókhel, ki ha’tabakh shelánu khoshev she’zeh lo bari. ani yosef sharet, menahel ha’mif-al shel ha’méshek. na-im l’hakir otkha. piter: na-im me-od. shamáti alékha mi’maya. atah gam gadálta ba’kibuts? yosef: lo, ani yerushálmi aval ani nasuy l’khaverat méshek, anat, v’hi kmo maya gadlah ba’kibuts. zeh ido, zot kháyah v’zeh yehoshu-a, ha’khashmelay hakhi zariz ba’olam. yehoshu-a: y-alah, al tagzim. hem kor-im li kol pá-am she’yesh be-ayot im ha’khashmal u’v’derekh klal ani poter et ha’be-ayah miyad. yosef: ani mitsta-er aval ani tsarikh la’zuz. yesh li pgishah b’od éser dakot. ido v’khayah, atem yekholim l’har-ot ktsat l’piter et ha’méshek? ido v’khayah: ken b’ratson rav. piter: b’emet, yesh lakhem zman? zeh b’diyuk mah she’ratsíti la’asot.
Vocabulary
volunteer mitnadev(-et,f) Ó˙„· what about you (f.)? mah itakh? ‡È˙Í? Ó‰ ulpan (intensive ulpan (m.) ‡»ÏÙÔ Hebrew course) in the mornings ba’bkarim ··˜¯ÈÌ kindergarten, nursery gan yeladim (m.) ‰ÈÏ„ÈÌ ‚Ô laundry mikhbasah (f.) Óη҉ 171
1111 to pass l’ha-avir G3 )Ú-·-¯( ωڷȯ 2 salt melakh (m.) ÓÏÁ 3 4 cook tabakh (m.) Ë·Á 5 (factory) manager menahel(-et, f.) Ó‰Ï)˙( 6 factory mif-al (m.) )‰(ÓÙÚÏ 7 farm = kibbutz méshek (m.) Ó÷˜ 8 9 about you (m.) alékha (al+ atah) ÚÏÈÍ 10 from Jerusalem (adj.) yerushálmi(-t, f.) ȯ»÷ÏÓÈÈ)˙( 11 electricity khashmal Á÷ÓÏ 12 electrician khashmelay(-a-it, f.) Á÷ÓχÈ)˙( 13 14 nimble, agile zariz(-ah, f.) ʯÈÊ)‰( 15 come on y-alah! (Arabic) ȇÏω 16 don’t exaggerate al tagzim ˙‚ÊÈÌ ‡Ï 17 18 usually b’dérekh klal ÎÏÏ ·„¯Í 19 solve(s) poter G1 )Ù-˙-¯( Ù«˙¯ 20 to move la’zuz G1 )Ê-»-Ê( ÏÊ»Ê 21 22 to show l’har-ot G3 )¯-‡-‰( ω¯‡«˙ 23 24 25 Language points 26 27 More prepositions with pronoun endings: 28 ‘with’ and ‘on’ + endings 29 im ÚÌ al ÚÏ 30 31 In Dialogue 1 Shlomo asks Peter, “And what about you?” (lit. 32 ‘what’s with you?’) (itkha) ‡È˙Í? ÂÓ‰ . In Dialogue 2 Peter asks 33 Rachel the same question: (itakh) ‡È˙Í? Ó‰ . The preposition 34 ‘with’ im ÚÌ becomes ‘it-’ ‡È˙ + the pronoun endings when it 35 declines: 36 37 She is travelling with me to Israel hi nosa-at iti l’isra-el 38 ÏÈ◊¯‡Ï ‡È˙È «ÒÚ˙ ‰È‡ 39 40 41 4211 172
Here is the full declension; it follows the pattern of ÷Ï Ï, ‡˙, which you have already learnt: ˙ ˙‰‡‰‡‡Á»‡ÌÔ ‰Ì)Ô( ‡˙Ì)Ô( ‡Á» ‰È‡ ‰»‡ ‡˙ ‡˙‰ ‡È
̇˙ È͇˙ È«‡˙ È ÈÎ)(‡È˙Ì)Ô( ‡È˙ÎÌ)Ô( ‡È˙» ‡È˙‰ ‡È˙« ‡È˙Í ‡È˙Í ‡È˙È ÚÌ itam(n) itkhem(n) itanu itah ito itakh itkha iti with
NB Do not confuse iti ‡È˙È ‘with me’ with oti ‡«˙È ‘me’, the direct object pronoun:
He grew up with him but didn’t remember him. hu gadal ito aval lo zakhar oto ‡«˙« Êί χ ‡·Ï ‡È˙« ‚„Ï ‰»‡
My girlfriend is coming to the wedding with us, can you also take her in your car? ÏÁ˙»‰, ‡˙‰ ÈÎ«Ï Ï˜Á˙ ‚Ì ‡«˙‰ ‚Ì Ï˜Á˙ ÈÎ«Ï ‡˙‰ ÏÁ˙»‰, ‡È˙» ·‡‰ ÷ÏÈ ‰Á·¯‰ ·¯Î· ÷ÏÍ? ·¯Î·
Not all prepositions decline in the same way. In Dialogue 2 we also hear Peter saying “I have heard about you shamati alekha ÓÚ˙È ÚÏÈÍ ÓÚ˙È ›∆ ÷ .” The preposition ‘on’, ‘about’ al ÚÏ takes the following endings: ˙ ˙‰‡‰‡‡Á»‡ÌÔ ‰Ì)Ô( ‡˙Ì)Ô( ‡Á» ‰È‡ ‰»‡ ‡˙ ‡˙‰ ‡È
ÏÚÈÚÈ ÏÍÚÈ Ï‰ÚÈ»ÚÈÌÔ ÚÏȉÌ)Ô( ÚÏÈÎÌ)Ô( ÚÏÈ» ÚÏȉ ÚÏÈ ÚÏÈÍ ÚÏÈÍ ÚÏÈ ÚÏ aleyhem(n) aleykhem(n) aléynu aléhah alav aláyikh alékha alay on/about
The prepositions ‘before’ lifney ÏÙÈ , ‘after’ akharey ‡Á¯È and ‘to’ el ‡Ï follow the same pattern as ÚÏ .
The preposition el means ‘to’ like ‘Ï‡Ï ’. They are often inter- changeable in colloquial Hebrew but there is a distinction: you would often say ‘to go to…’ la’lekhet l’ Ï… ÏÏÎ˙ , but you would always say ‘to come to’ lavo el ‡Ï Ï·«‡ : They came (to us) for a visit hem ba-u elenu l’bikur ϷȘ»¯ ‡ÏÈ» ·‡» ‰Ì
NB Check your spelling: do not confuse el ‡Ï with al ÚÏ ! 173
1111 Other examples: 2 The table is full, all my work is on it (lit. ‘on him’) 3 ha’shulkhan maleh, kol ha’avodah sheli alav 4 ÚÏÈ ÷ÏÈ ‰Ú·«„‰ ÎÏ Óχ, ‰÷»ÏÁÔ 5 6 I wrote (to) them a long article about you 7 katavti elehem ma-amar arokh aláyikh 8 ÚÏÈÍ ‡¯«Í Ó‡Ó¯ ‡ÏÈ‰Ì Î˙·˙È 9 The new offer (hatsa-ah) is very good. Have you heard about 10 it (lit. ‘about her’ aléyhah)? 11 ? ÚÏȉ ÷ÓÚ˙ Ë«·‰. Ó‡„ ‰Á„÷‰ ‰‰ˆÚ‰ 12 13 14 Exercise 7 15 Insert the correct form of the preposition indicated in brackets. 16 17 Example: 18 ÚÏÈÍ Á«÷· ‡È ‰ÊÓÔ. ÎÏ ‡˙( + )ÚÏ Á«÷· ‡È 19 I am thinking about you ani khoshev aláyikh 20 21 ‰ÊÓÔ. ÎÏ ‡˙( + )ÚÏ Á«÷· ‡È 1 22 23 ÏËÈ»Ï. ‡Á»( + )ÚÌ ·‡ÈÌ ‰Ì 2 24 ·¯Á«·. ‡˙Ó«Ï ‰Ô( + )‡˙ ¯‡È» 3 25 26 ‰È‡(. + )ÚÏ ÒÈÙ»¯ Î˙· ‰»‡ 4 27 ‰ÒÙ¯. ‡˙ ‡È( + )ÚÌ Ï˜Á˙È 5 28 ‰Á„÷‰. ·Á»˙ ‰Ì( + )‡˙ ˜È˙È 6 29 30 ‡˙Ì(. + )ÏÙÈ ‰·È˙‰ ·‡» 7 31 32 33 Exercise 8 34 35 Fill in the missing preposition from the list below. If you feel confi- 36 dent, you can cover the list and try on your own without it. 37 38 Example: 39 ‡«˙«. ¯‡È˙È ÎÔ, ÷ÏÈ? ‰ÒÙ¯ ‡˙ ¯‡È˙ 40 Have you seen my book? Yes, I saw it. 41 ra-íta et ha’séfer sheli? ken ra-íti oto 4211 174
1 ¯‡È˙ ‡˙ ‰·˙ ÷ÏÈ? ÎÔ, ¯‡È˙È ______. ¯‡È˙È ÎÔ, ÷ÏÈ? ‰·˙ ‡˙ ¯‡È˙ 1 2 ʉ ‰·Ô ÷ÏÎÌ? ÎÔ ‰»‡ ‰·Ô ______. ‰·Ô ‰»‡ ÎÔ ÷ÏÎÌ? ‰·Ô ʉ 2 3 ˜È˙ ‡˙ ‰È¯˜«˙ ÷·È˜÷˙È? ÎÔ, ˜È˙È ______. ˜È˙È ÎÔ, ÷·È˜÷˙È? ‰È¯˜«˙ ‡˙ ˜È˙ 3 4 ‡˙ Ï«·÷˙ ◊Óω Á„÷‰, ‰È‡ Ó‡„ ÈÙ‰ ______. ÈÙ‰ Ó‡„ ‰È‡ Á„÷‰, ◊Óω Ï«·÷˙ ‡˙ 4 5 ‰Á·¯ÈÌ ◊ÏÎÌ ‚¯» Ù‰ ÏÙÈÎÌ? χ, ‰Ì ·‡» ·‡» ‰Ì χ, ÏÙÈÎÌ? Ù‰ ‚¯» ◊ÏÎÌ ‰Á·¯ÈÌ 5 Ï‚»¯ Ù‰ ______. Ù‰ Ï‚»¯
‡«˙Ì; ÚÏÈÍ; ‡«˙‰; ‡Á¯È»; ÷Ï» ÷Ï» ‡Á¯È»; ‡«˙‰; ÚÏÈÍ; ‡«˙Ì;
Noun Patterns: Professions
We have seen how important the root letters are for Hebrew verbs, and you may well have noticed root letters reappearing in words with related meanings. Here is an opportunity to see how root letters can help you to connect nouns as well as verbs.
The root achieves a wide variety of meanings by being ‘cast’ into various patterns corresponding to types of words. In the dialogue above we came across a number of different occupations, so let’s start there, since professions can readily be grouped by character- istic endings:
profession(s) miksó-a/mikso-ot(m./pl.) Ó˜ˆ«Ú)«˙( occupation isuk (m.) ÚÈÒ»˜
the ay group
journalist itonay(-it, f.) ÚÈ˙«‡È)˙( mechanic mekhonay(-it, f.) ÓΫ‡È)˙( electrician khashmelay(-it, f.) Á÷ÓχÈ)˙( 175
1111 the e/et group 2 3 policeman shoter(-et, f.) ÷«Ë¯)˙( 4 5 labourer po-el(-et, f.) Ù«ÚÏ)˙( 6 goalkeeper/doorman sho-er(-et, f.) ÷«Ú¯)˙( 7 8 9 the an/anit group 10 11 pianist psantran(-it, f.) ÙÒ˙¯Ô)È˙( 12 13 ticket seller kartisan(-it, f.) ίËÈÒÔ)È˙( 14 15 16 the a-a/a-it group 17 18 cook tabakh(-it, f.) Ë·Á)È˙( 19 hairdresser sapar(-it, f.) ÒÙ¯)È˙( 20 21 22 Exercise 9 23 24 Now look closely at the following list of words. Can you pair them 25 up with the list of occupations above? 26 You do not need to understand their meaning to do this or even 27 be sure of how to pronounce them correctly; the important thing 28 is to recognize how they are related. You may have to disregard 29 prefixes or suffixes or even infixes (inserts) to recognize the shared 30 root letters. But once you get into the habit of relating words in 31 this way your vocabulary will expand quickly, and go far beyond 32 the glossary at the back of this book! (But don’t worry: you will 33 find the transliteration and all of the words in the key!) 34 35 Example: 36 Ù«ÚÏ)˙( – Ùڻω 37 38 ίËÈÒ, ,ÙÒ˙¯, ÓΫ‰ ÓÒÙ¯‰, Ùڻω, 39 ◊Ú¯ ,ÚÈ˙«Ô, ÓË·Á Ó÷˯‰, Á÷ÓÏ, 40 41 4211 176
Exercise 10
You have already learnt some nouns relating to these occupations; if you look at the spelling closely you will be able to guess what the following words mean and be able to match them with the translations below. (Check your answers with the transliteration in the key to make sure you pronounce them correctly.)
Example: gardener (ganan) ‚Ô ‚Ô, Ù«ÏÈËȘ‡È, „ÈÈ‚, ËÈÈÒ, ÷ÚÔ, Ò«ÏÔ, ·˜‡È˙, ȯ˜Ô, ·˜‡È˙, Ò«ÏÔ, ÷ÚÔ, ËÈÈÒ, „ÈÈ‚, Ù«ÏÈËȘ‡È, ‚Ô, ◊Á˜Ô, ˜»Ù‡È, Ò«Ù¯˙ Ò«Ù¯˙ ˜»Ù‡È, ◊Á˜Ô,
fisherman, pilot, soloist, banker, watchmaker, politician, gardener, actor/player, writer, greengrocer, cashier
Exercise 11
Can you say what your profession is? Informally you would simply ask: ‘What do you do?’ ma atah oseh? Ú«◊‰? ‡˙‰ Ó‰
But you might wish to use the more formal: ‘What is your occupation?’ bameh atah oved/osek ·Ó‰ ‡˙‰ Ú«·„/Ú«Ò˜? ‡˙‰ ·Ó‰ Or to be more specific: ‘What is your profession/occupation?’ mah ha’miktsó-a shelkha? ÷ÏÍ? ‰Ó˜ˆ«Ú Ó‰
Say what your brother does for a living, or your son, or your mother, or the woman down the road. Do they do any of the above? 1111 2 3 10 Â˙¯·»˙ Ò¬«¯Ë 4 5 6 Sport and 7 8 9 culture 10 11 12 In this unit you will learn: 13 • to talk about hobbies and sports 14 • a little history 15 • the past tense of Group 3 )‰ÙÚÈÏ( verbs 16 • the past tense of ‘to be’: 17 ‘I was’ ‰ÈÈ˙È I had’ ÏÈ ‰È‰ 18 • more prepositions with endings )ÎÓ«( 19 • more about asking questions and using conjunctions 20 • verbs – Group 4 )‰˙ÙÚÏ( , present and past tenses 21 22 23 24 25 Dialogue 1 26 27 You will now find transliterations in the Appendix at the back of 28 the book – should you need them. (Don’t panic, the vocabulary lists 29 continue to provide transliterations of all new words.) 30 31 On his way around the kibbutz, Peter has a chance to ask Ido and 32 Haya a bit about themselves and life on the kibbutz. What work do 33 they do? Are they happy with their life on the kibbutz? 34 Ú«◊ÈÌ? ‡˙Ì Ó‰ ΫÔ? ·˜È·»ı, Á·¯ÈÌ ÷‡˙Ì Ó·ÈÔ ‡È ÙÈ˯: 35 36 ‰Á»Ù÷‰ ‰È˙‰ )ʇ˙ ‰¯Á«˜ ·ÓʯÁ Ó‰ËÈ»Ï Î÷Áʯ˙È ÚÈ„«: 37 ÎÓ« ·Ù¯„Ò ÏÚ·«„ ‰Ó÷Î˙È ·ˆ·‡( ‰÷¯»˙ ‡Á¯È ÷ÏÈ 38 ωȫ˙ ¯ˆÈ˙È ÙÚÌ ‰ÒÙ¯. Ó·È˙ ·Á»Ù÷«˙ Ú◊È˙È ÷˙ÓÈ„ 39 ÓÚ„ÈÛ ‡È ÚÎ÷È ‡·Ï ‡Á„? È«Ì ‡»ÏÈ È«„Ú? ÓÈ ◊Á˜Ô, 40 ÷ÏÈ ‰Á·¯ÈÌ ÷¯· ÏÓ¯«˙ ÷ÏÈ ÏÓ÷ÙÁ‰ ˜¯«· ωȫ˙ 41 4211 ‰˜È·»ı. ‡˙ Ú«Ê·ÈÌ 178
ÙÈ˯: Áȉ, ‚Ì ‡˙ ËÈÈÏ˙ ‡Á¯È ‰ˆ·‡? ‡Á¯È ËÈÈÏ˙ ‡˙ ‚Ì Áȉ, ÙÈ˯: ÁÈȉ: χ, ‰ÏÎ˙È Ï‡»È·¯ÒÈˉ, ÂÚÎ÷È ‡È Ú«·„˙ ·ÓÙÚÏ Ú«·„˙ ‡È ÂÚÎ÷È χ»È·¯ÒÈˉ, ‰ÏÎ˙È Ï‡, ÁÈȉ: ·ÓÚ·„‰. ʉ ÓÚÈÈÔ ‡«˙È, ÎÈ ÏÓ„˙È ÎÈÓȉ. ÎÈÓȉ. ÏÓ„˙È ÎÈ ‡«˙È, ÓÚÈÈÔ Ê‰ ·ÓÚ·„‰. ÙÈ˯: ‡ÈÍ ‡÷ÈÌ ˆÚȯÈÌ ÎÓ«ÎÌ Ó·ÏÈÌ ‡˙ ‰ÊÓÔ ‰Ù»È? ‰Ù»È? ‰ÊÓÔ ‡˙ Ó·ÏÈÌ ÎÓ«ÎÌ ˆÚȯÈÌ ‡÷ÈÌ ‡ÈÍ ÙÈ˯: ÁÈȉ: È÷ Ï» ‰ÎÏ Ù‰: ‡»ÏÌ ÒÙ«¯Ë, ·¯ÈΉ, ˜«Ï«Ú, ·¯ÈΉ, ÒÙ«¯Ë, ‡»ÏÌ Ù‰: ‰ÎÏ Ï» È÷ ÁÈȉ: ˙ÊÓ«¯˙, Ó˜‰Ï‰,ÎÏ ÓÈÈ Á»‚ÈÌ: „¯Ó‰, ˆÈ»¯, ¯È˜»„. ˆÈ»¯, „¯Ó‰, Á»‚ÈÌ: ÓÈÈ Ó˜‰Ï‰,ÎÏ ˙ÊÓ«¯˙, È÷ Ó‰ ÏÚ◊«˙. Ó‰ È÷ ÙÈ˯: ÷ÓÚ ‡È„‡ÏÈ! ÷ÓÚ ÙÈ˯: ÚÈ„«: ÎÔ, ‡»ÏÈ. Î÷‡·‡ ÷ÏÈ ‰‚ÈÚ ÓÚȯ‡˜ ÎÈÏ„, ‰È‰ Ï« ‰È‰ ÎÈÏ„, ÓÚȯ‡˜ ‰‚ÈÚ ÷ÏÈ Î÷‡·‡ ‡»ÏÈ. ÎÔ, ÚÈ„«: ÁÏ«Ì Ï·«˙ Ù‰ ‚Ô Ú„Ô. ‰È«Ì È÷ Ï» ‰ÎÏ, ‡·Ï ‰ÎÏ, Ï» È÷ ‰È«Ì Ú„Ô. ‚Ô Ù‰ Ï·«˙ ÁÏ«Ì ·È˙ÈÈÌ ‡ÈÔ ÷Ï«Ì, È÷ ¯˜ ˙˜Â«˙. ¯˜ È÷ ÷Ï«Ì, ‡ÈÔ ·È˙ÈÈÌ
Vocabulary
understand(s) mevin G3 )·-È-Ô( Ó·ÈÔ I returned, came back khazárti G1 )Á-Ê-¯( Áʯ˙È the Far East ha’misrakh ha’rakhok ‰¯Á«˜ ‰ÓʯÁ army (defence force tsava (m.) )ˆ‰”Ï( ˆ·‡ of Israel) (tsakhal – tsva ha’ganah l’israel) orchard, citrus grove pardes (m.) Ù¯„Ò school beyt séfer (m.) ÒÙ¯ ·È˙ laboratory ma-abadah (f.) ÓÚ·„‰ chemistry khimiyah (f.) ÎÈÓȉ like you kmokhem ÎÓ«ÎÌ (kmo+atem)(m., pl.) to enjoy mevalim G2 )·-Ï-‰( Ó·ÏÈÌ hall ulam (m.) ‡»ÏÌ swimming pool brekhah (f.) ·¯ÈΉ orchestra tizmóret (f.) ˙ÊÓ«¯˙ choir mak-helah (f.) Ó˜‰Ï‰ all kinds of kol miney ÓÈÈ ÎÏ club khug (m.) Á»‚ drama drama (f.) „¯Ó‰ 179
1111 drawing, painting tsiyur (m.) ˆÈ»¯ 2 dance rikud (m.) ¯È˜»„ 3 4 it sounds (lit. ‘it is heard’) nishma ÷ÓÚ 5 ideal ide-áli(-t, f.) ‡È„‡ÏÈ)˙( 6 Iraq irak Úȯ‡˜ 7 8 dream khalom (m.) ÁÏ«Ì 9 to build li’vnot G1 )·--‰( Ï·«˙ 10 Garden of Eden gan-éden ‚Ô-Ú„Ô 11 12 in the meantime benatáyim ·È˙ÈÈÌ 13 hope tikvah (f.) ˙˜Â‰* 14 15 * ‘Hatikvah’ ‰˙˜Â‰ is the name of the Israeli national anthem. 16 It means, literally, ‘the hope’. 17 18 19 Language points 20 21 The past tense of Group 3 ( ‰ÙÚÈÏ ) verbs 22 23 In the past tense, Group 3 verbs drop the prefix Ó of the present 24 tense, but retain the ‰ of the infinitive. (The endings are the usual 25 past tense suffixes common to all verb groups.) The vowel pattern 26 of the third person singular is generally i-i, like the name of the 27 group ‰ÙÚÈÏ . Problem root letters, as we have seen, create varia- 28 tions in vowel patterns; a variation you will frequently come across 29 in the past of tense of this group is e-i. 30 31 32 Root Ó-÷-Í Infinitive To continue l’hamshikh 33 Í Ï‰Ó÷È continuation hemshek ‰Ó÷Í 34 himshákhnu ‰Ó÷λ ‡Á» himshákhti ‰Ó÷Î˙È ‡È 35 36 himshákhtem ‰Ó÷Î˙Ì ‡˙Ì himshákhta ‰Ó÷Î˙ ‡˙‰ 37 himshákhten ‰Ó÷Î˙Ô ‡˙Ô himshakht ‰Ó÷Î˙ ‡˙ 38 himshíkhu himshikh 39 ‰Ó÷Èλ ‰Ì)Ô( ‰Ó÷ÈÍ ‰»‡ 40 himshíkhah ‰Ó÷ÈΉ ‰È‡ 41 4211 180
Root ·-È-Ô Infinitive To understand l’havin ·‰Ï‰·ÈÔ understanding havanah ‰·‰ hevánu ‰·» hevánti ‰·˙È hevántem ‰·˙Ì hevánta ‰·˙ hevánten ‰·˙Ô hevant ‰·˙ hevínu ‰·È» hevin ‰·ÈÔ hevínah ‰·È‰
Exercise 1
Form sentences by combining the verbs in column A with the phrases in column B. (Include the pronoun.)
Example: ‡Á» ‰ÁÏË» ÏÏÎ˙ ‰·È˙‰ ÏÏÎ˙ ‰ÁÏË» ‡Á» anakhnu hekhlátnu la’lékhet ha’báytah We decided to go home AB ‰ÁÏË» ‡˙ ‰Ó‰Ï ‡˙ ‰ÁÏË» ‰ÁÏÈÛ ÏÏÎ˙ ‰·È˙‰ ‰·È˙‰ ÏÏÎ˙ ‰ÁÏÈÛ ‰·È» ·„È»˜ Ó‰ ÷¯ˆÈ˙È Ó‰ ·„È»˜ ‰·È» χ ‰Îȯ‰ ·÷Ú‰ ÷Ï«÷ ·÷Ú‰ ‰Îȯ‰ χ ‰È‚Ú» ‡«Ë«·»Ò ·ÁÈÙ‰ ·ÁÈÙ‰ ‡«Ë«·»Ò ‰È‚Ú» ‰Ú„ÈÙ‰ ‡˙ ‰Ú·«„‰ ÷‰Ì ‰˙ÁÈÏ» ÷‰Ì ‰Ú·«„‰ ‡˙ ‰Ú„ÈÙ‰ ‰Ó÷Èλ ÏÒ«Ú ·ÓΫÈ˙ ÷ω ·ÓΫÈ˙ ÏÒ«Ú ‰Ó÷Èλ
Verbal nouns
In Hebrew verbal nouns are called, descriptively: the name of the action shem ha’pe-ulah ‰Ùڻω ÷Ì These, very broadly, follow patterns according to the group or ‘building’ binyan ·ÈÈÔ from which they originate. Since there are so many exceptions, it is more useful to be able to recognize the patterns than to use them as models to create words (though such creative thinking is always worth a try!). 181
1111 However, as you will see, being able to recognize a pattern will 2 help you link words whose root you have come across in another 3 word. Suddenly your ability to guess meanings and understand 4 correctly will increase at an exponential rate! You will now have 5 the key to the detective work and eventual mastery over this new 6 language. 7 8 In the dialogue above, you have learnt that the word for dancing 9 is ¯È˜»„ . You will therefore be able to guess that ¯˜„Ô in the right 10 context is likely to mean a dancer, especially since we saw in the 11 last unit that other G1 verbs, like ¯-˜-„ , produce nouns describing 12 an occupation, ending with -an. 13 Likewise, knowing the word for driver ‰‚ you can guess – and 14 you’d be right – that nehigah ‰È‚‰ is the noun describing the 15 action, namely driving. 16 17 (We have included the verb in the third person masculine singular 18 past tense in the examples, to help train your ear to relate verb 19 and noun vowel patterns more easily.) 20 21 Here are some common patterns: 22 23 1 Nouns derived from Group 1 pa-al ÙÚÏ verbs often follow the 24 patterns e-i-ah/a-i-ah 25 26 he sat / a sitting, meeting yashav / yeshivah È÷·/È÷È·‰ 27 he thought / thinking khashav / khashivah Á÷·/Á÷È·‰ 28 29 he walked / walking halakh / halikhah ‰ÏÍ/‰ÏÈΉ 30 31 32 2 Nouns derived from Group 2 pi-el ÙÈÚÏ often follow the 33 pattern i-u 34 he drew / a drawing tsiyer / tsiyur ˆÈȯ/ˆÈ»¯ 35 36 he talked / speech, a talk diber / dibur „È·¯/„È·»¯ 37 38 39 40 41 4211 182
3 Nouns derived from Group 3 hif’il ‰ÙÚÈÏ often follow the pattern ha-a-ah he ordered, invited / an order, invitation hizmin / hazmanah ‰ÊÓÈÔ/‰ÊÓ‰ he suggested / a suggestion hitsiya / hatsa-ah ‰ˆÈÚ/‰ˆÚ‰
Exercise 2
The following verbs in Group 2 pi-el ÙÈÚÏ lend themselves to the pattern shown above. Try forming the verbal nouns yourself. (Check your answers in the key.)
˙ȘÔ, ÁÈÙ◊, ·È˜÷, ·È˜¯ ·È˜÷, ÁÈÙ◊, ˙ȘÔ, Exercise 3
In Dialogue 1 you will find verbs that relate to the nouns below. Write them down, together with their root letters, next to the noun they are related to. You may not know to what group the verb belongs, nor be sure how to pronounce it – (the key will help you) but you can guess the root. Your clue? Look for the letters that appear in both the noun and the verb.
Example: do/make, doing/making osim, asiyah Ú◊Èȉ )Ú-◊-‰( Ú«◊ÈÌ
ÏÈÓ»„; Áʯ‰; Ú·«„‰; ·ÈÏ»È Ú·«„‰; Áʯ‰; ÏÈÓ»„;
Exercise 4
Try forming nouns from the following verbs (given in the past, third person singular ‘he’): È„Ú, ‰ÁÏÈË, ·È÷Ï, ‰˙ÁÈÏ, ‰„ÏȘ ‰˙ÁÈÏ, ·È÷Ï, ‰ÁÏÈË, È„Ú, 183
1111 Declension of the preposition ‘like/as’ 2 3 kmo ÎÓ« 4 5 Peter asks ÁÈȉ and ÚÈ„« Ó·ÏÈÌ…? ÎÓ«ÎÌ ‡÷ÈÌ ‡ÈÍ 6 ÎÓ« has its own particular way of declining: 7 8 ÎÓ«‰Ì/ ÎÓ«ÎÌ/ ÎÓ«» ÎÓ«‰ ÎÓ«‰» ÎÓ«Í ÎÓ«Í ÎÓ«È 9 ÎÓ«‰Ô ÎÓ«ÎÔ 10 kmohem(n)kmokhem(n) kamónu kamóha kamóhu kamokh kamókha kamóny 11 like them like you (pl.) like us like her like him like you (f.) like you (m.) like me 12 13 14 Exercise 5 15 16 Below are a list of activities. Sort them out under the following 17 headings: 18 1 music musikah Ó»ÒȘ‰ , 2 sport ÒÙ«¯Ë , 19 20 3 art omanut ‡Ó»˙ 21 22 New vocabulary 23 24 nation, folk am (m.) ÚÌ 25 to sing la’shir G1 )÷-È-¯( Ï÷ȯ 26 27 to swim li’skhot G1 )◊-Á-‰( Ï◊Á«˙ 28 to play (an instrument) le’nagen G2 )-‚-Ô( Ï‚Ô 29 30 31 ·Ó˜‰Ï‰; Ï÷ȯ «ÙÈÌ; ψÈȯ ¯‚Ï; ΄»¯ Ï◊Á˜ 32 33 Ò˜È; ÏÚ◊«˙ ÚÌ; ¯È˜»„È Ï¯˜«„ Ò»ÒÈÌ; ÚÏ Ï¯Î«· 34 35 ·Òȯ‰; Ï÷»Ë ‡ÙÈÈÌ; ÚÏ Ï¯Î«· ·ÈÌ; ‡« ··¯ÈΉ Ï◊Á«˙ 36 ·‚ϯȫ˙ Ï·˜¯ ËÈÒ; Ï◊Á˜ ·ÙÒ˙¯; Ï‚Ô 37 38 39 40 41 4211 184
‘To be’ or ‘not to be’ in the past
As you know, ‘to be’ li’hyot )‰-È-‰( ωȫ˙ is not used in the present tense. But it is used, very often, in the past. It conjugates much like other verbs in Group 1 whose end root letter is ‰ : È˙ È˙ ‰È È È˙ È È˙)(‰È» ‰ÈÈ˙Ì)Ô( ‰ÈÈ» ‰ÈÈ˙‰ ‰È‰ ‰ÈÈ˙ ‰ÈÈ˙ ‰ÈÈ˙È hayu hayítem(n) hayínu haytah hayah hayit hayíta hayíti
Examples: I wasn’t at home yesterday lo hayíti ba’báyit etmol χ ‰ÈÈ˙È ··È˙ ‡˙Ó«Ï ··È˙ ‰ÈÈ˙È Ï‡ I can’t find the tickets; I’m sure they were in my wallet ani lo motseh et ha’kartisim; ani batú-akh she’hem hayu b’arnak sheli ‡È χ Ó«ˆ‡ ‡˙ ‰Î¯ËÈÒÈÌ; ‡È ·Ë»Á ÷‰Ì ‰È» ·‡¯˜ ÷ÏÈ ·‡¯˜ ‰È» ÷‰Ì ·Ë»Á ‡È ‰Î¯ËÈÒÈÌ; ‡˙ Ó«ˆ‡ χ ‡È
I had haya li ÏÈ ‰È‰
The past tense of ‰-È-‰ is used to form the past of the verb ‘to have’. Yesh È÷ and eyn ‡ÈÔ are replaced by the third person of the verb ‘to be’ in the past: I had, you had (not) (lit. ‘there was (not) to me, you,’ etc.) (lo) haya li, lekha… ÏÍ… ÏÈ, ‰È‰ )χ(
The four forms of the third person (he, she, they (m./f.)) are used since the verb has to agree in number and gender with the subject of the Hebrew sentence (not of the English sentence): I had no opportunity (lit. ‘no opportunity was there for me’) lo haytah li hizdamnut ‰Ê„Ó»˙ ÏÈ ‰ÈÈ˙‰ χ They had many friends (lit. ‘many friends were to them’) hayu lahem harbeh khaverim Á·¯ÈÌ ‰¯·‰ Ï‰Ì ‰È» 185
1111 ‰È‰ as an auxiliary 2 3 ‰È‰ is also used as an auxiliary to express the past tense of ‘need’ 4 ˆ¯ÈÍ : 5 6 I needed to speak to her hayiti tsarikh l’daber itah 7 ‡È˙‰ Ï„·¯ ˆ¯ÈÍ ‰ÈÈ˙È 8 They needed quiet hem hayu tsrikhim shéket 9 ÷˜Ë ˆ¯ÈÎÈÌ ‰È» ‰Ì 10 11 (You will also very often hear the alternative Group 4 form of ˆ¯ÈÍ 12 – l’hitstarekh ωˆË¯Í – see the language point below – which only 13 exists in the past and future: ‘I had to’ hitstarakhti ‰ˆË¯Î˙È .) 14 15 Mukhrakh ӻίÁ is another way of expressing obligation and 16 17 works very much like ˆ¯ÈÍ . It has four forms: 18 ӻίÁ«˙ ӻίÁÈÌ, ӻίÁ‰, ӻίÁ, 19 and is followed by the infinitive: 20 He has to leave early hu mukhrakh la’lékhet mukdam 21 Ó»˜„Ì ÏÏÎ˙ ӻίÁ ‰»‡ 22 23 Like ˆ¯ÈÍ , ӻίÁ uses ‰È‰ for the past tense: 24 25 He had to leave early hu haya mukhrakh la’lékhet mukdam 26 Ó»˜„Ì ÏÏÎ˙ ӻίÁ ‰È‰ ‰»‡ 27 Exercise 6 28 29 Put the sentences below into the past tense. 30 Example: 31 ‰˜Èı ·˙ȉ ‰ÈÈ˙È – ‰˜ÈÈı ·˙ȉ ‡È 32 33 ani b’netányiah ha’káyits – hayíti b’netanyah ha’káyits 34 I am in Netanya this summer – I was in Netanya this summer 35 36 ÷Ó÷. Ó÷˜ÙÈ ÏÈ ‡ÈÔ 1 37 38 ‰È«Ì. ÎÏ ··È˙ χ ‰Ì 2 39 ‰Úȯ? ÷Ï ÓÙ‰ ÏÎÌ È÷ 3 40 41 ‰·ÈÓ‰. ·˙‡Ë¯«Ô ◊Á˜Ô ‰»‡ 4 4211 Ó˜«Ì. È«˙¯ ˆ¯ÈÍ ‡È 5 186
Exercise 7
Read and translate the following passage, filling in the gaps with the correct form of the verb ‰È‰ the past tense.
New vocabulary
band lahakah (f.) ω˜‰ I feel like it yesh li khéshek (m.) Á÷˜ ÏÈ È÷ surprise hafta-ah (f.) ‰Ù˙Ú‰ chair kise (m.) (kis-ot, pl.) )«˙( ÎÈÒ‡ performance hofa-ah (f.) ‰«ÙÚ‰ to be happy li’smó-akh G1 )◊-Ó-Á( Ï◊Ó«Á worth shaveh (unchanging) ÷‰ before, previously mi’kódem Ó˜«„Ì
‰ÈÈ˙È ˆ¯ÈÍ ÏÏÎ˙ ÚÌ È˜È, ‰Á·¯‰ ÷ÏÈ, Ϙ«ˆ¯Ë ÷Ï Ï‰˜˙ ω˜˙ ÷Ï Ï˜«ˆ¯Ë ÷ÏÈ, ‰Á·¯‰ ȘÈ, ÚÌ ÏÏÎ˙ ˆ¯ÈÍ ‰ÈÈ˙È ”˙Á˙ ÏÁı”. χ __1___ ·˜«ˆ¯Ë ÷Ï‰Ì Ó˜«„Ì, ‡·Ï È˜È ‡·Ï Ó˜«„Ì, ÷Ï‰Ì ·˜«ˆ¯Ë __1___ χ ÏÁı”. ”˙Á˙ Ó‡„ ‡«‰·˙ ‡˙ ‰Ï‰˜‰ Âη¯ _2____ ‰¯·‰ ÙÚÓÈÌ. ·ÚˆÌ, χ ·ÚˆÌ, ÙÚÓÈÌ. ‰¯·‰ _2____ Âη¯ ‰Ï‰˜‰ ‡˙ ‡«‰·˙ Ó‡„ _3____ ÏÈ ·ÎÏÏ Á÷˜ ÏÏÎ˙. ·Á»ı __4___ Ú¯· ˜¯, ‡·Ï ˜¯, Ú¯· __4___ ·Á»ı ÏÏÎ˙. Á÷˜ ·ÎÏÏ ÏÈ _3______5___ ӻίÁ Ï„Ú˙ ÚÏ Ó‰ λÏÌ Ó„·¯ÈÌ. λÏÌ Ó‰ ÚÏ Ï„Ú˙ ӻίÁ __5___ ‰˜«ˆ¯Ë __6___ „˜‡ Óˆ»ÈÈÔ. λϻ ÷¯» ÈÁ„ ÚÌ ‰Ï‰˜‰ ÚÌ ÈÁ„ ÷¯» λϻ Óˆ»ÈÈÔ. „˜‡ __6___ ‰˜«ˆ¯Ë ¯˜„» ÚÏ ‰ÎÈÒ‡«˙. ‰Î¯ËÈÒÈÌ __7__ Ș¯ÈÌ ‡·Ï ‰‰«ÙÚ‰ ‡·Ï Ș¯ÈÌ __7__ ‰Î¯ËÈÒÈÌ ‰ÎÈÒ‡«˙. ÚÏ Â¯˜„» ___8___ ÷‰ ÎÏ ‡‚«¯‰. ‰È‚Ú» ‰·È˙‰ Ó‡„ Ó‡»Á¯, Â◊ÓÁ» Ó‡»Á¯, Ó‡„ ‰·È˙‰ ‰È‚Ú» ‡‚«¯‰. ÎÏ ÷‰ ___8___ ÷χ __9__ ˆ¯ÈÎÈÌ Ï˜»Ì Ó»˜„Ì ··«˜¯. Ó»˜„Ì Ï˜»Ì ˆ¯ÈÎÈÌ __9__ ÷χ Exercise 8
Which is the odd one out and why? 1 Óˆ»ÈÈÔ, ‡ÙÈÈÌ, ÓÚÈÈÔ, ¯Á«˜ ÓÚÈÈÔ, ‡ÙÈÈÌ, Óˆ»ÈÈÔ, 1 2 ·ÈÏÈ˙Ì, ω˙ÁÈÏ, Ú◊È˙È, ‰‚Ú» Ú◊È˙È, ω˙ÁÈÏ, ·ÈÏÈ˙Ì, 2 3 ˜«ˆ¯Ë, ω˜‰, ÷¯», ˙ÊÓ«¯˙ ÷¯», ω˜‰, ˜«ˆ¯Ë, 3 187
1111 ÓÁ¯ ÷‰, ÏÙÈ ‡˙Ó«Ï, ˘Ï˘«Ì, 4 2 3 ‰ÏÎ˙Ì ‰·˙Ì, ‰·‰, Ó·ÈÔ, 5 4 5 Exercise 9 6 7 Ask the questions to which these are the answers, using the 8 following question words (remember to change the pronouns where 9 appropriate). 10 11 ÏÓ‰? Ó‰? ÎÓ‰? ÓÈ? χÔ? Ó˙È? Ú„ 12 13 Example: 14 I wanted to go to the cinema Ϙ«Ï«Ú ÏÏÎ˙ ¯ˆÈ˙È 15 16 Where did you want to go to? ÏÏÎ˙? ¯ˆÈ˙ Ï‡Ô 17 18 ‡‚«¯«˙. 52 Úω ‰Î¯ËÈÒ 19 ÷Ï«Ì. ¯«ˆÈÌ ‡Á» 20 21 ˜¯ÈÌ. ‰È» ‰ÓÈÌ ÎÈ ·ÈÌ, Ï◊Á«˙ Á÷˜ ÏÈ ‰È‰ χ 22 ‰„Ï˙. ‡˙ Ò‚¯ È«ÒÈ 23 ‰Á„÷. Ï·»ËȘ ‰«ÏΫ˙ ‡Á» 24 25 ‡«‚»ÒË. Ò«Û Ú„ Ù˙»Á‰ ‰·¯ÈΉ 26 27 28 Dialogue 2 29 30 Peter and Maya have started their tour of the Galilee and are now 31 visiting the mountain-top city of Safed (tsfatˆÙ˙ ), famous for its 32 Crusader fortress (mivtsar tsalbaniˆÏ·È Ó·ˆ¯ ), ancient syna- 33 gogues (batey knesset atikimÚ˙ȘÈÌ ÎÒ˙ ·˙È ) nestling in 34 winding narrow streets, and the thriving community of artists 35 (omanim‡ÓÈÌ ) who have found their way to this inspiring place 36 in more recent times. 37 38 They climb the peak to soak in the atmosphere (avirah, f.‡ÂÂȯ‰ ). 39 Whom do they meet and what has brought him to Safed? 40 41 4211 188
Ӈȉ: ‡˙‰ ˙«÷· ˆÙ˙? ˙«÷· ‡˙‰ Ӈȉ: ‡È÷: ÎÔ, ‡È ‡Á„ Ó‰‡ÓÈÌ ÷‚¯ÈÌ Ù‰. Ó‰ ‡˙Ì ‡«Ó¯ÈÌ ÚÏ ‡«Ó¯ÈÌ ‡˙Ì Ó‰ Ù‰. ÷‚¯ÈÌ Ó‰‡ÓÈÌ ‡Á„ ‡È ÎÔ, ‡È÷: ‰«Û? ÓÙ‰ ‡Ù÷¯ ϯ‡«˙ χ ¯˜ ‡˙ ‰¯ Óȯ«Ô*, ‡Ï‡ Óȯ«Ô*, ‰¯ ‡˙ ¯˜ χ ϯ‡«˙ ‡Ù÷¯ ÓÙ‰ ‰«Û? ·È«Ì ·‰È¯, ‚Ì ‡˙ ‰Î¯˙**. ËÈÈÏ˙Ì Î·¯ ·Úȯ? η¯ ËÈÈÏ˙Ì ‰Î¯˙**. ‡˙ ‚Ì ·‰È¯, ·È«Ì ÙÈ˯: χ, Ú«„ χ. ʇ˙ ‰ÙÚÌ ‰¯‡÷«‰ ÷ÏÈ ·ˆÙ˙. Ó‰ ΄‡È Ó‰ ·ˆÙ˙. ÷ÏÈ ‰¯‡÷«‰ ‰ÙÚÌ Ê‡˙ χ. Ú«„ χ, ÙÈ˯: Ï» ϯ‡«˙? Ï» ‰‡È÷: È÷ ‰¯·‰ Ó‰ ϯ‡«˙. ψÙ˙ È÷ ‰ÈÒË«¯È‰ Ú÷ȯ‰. ·Ó‡«˙ Ú÷ȯ‰. ‰ÈÒË«¯È‰ È÷ ψÙ˙ ϯ‡«˙. Ó‰ ‰¯·‰ È÷ ‰‡È÷: ‰ 21 ‰ 31, ·˙˜»Ù˙ ‰ˆÏ·ÈÌ, ˆÙ˙ ‰È˙‰ Ó·ˆ¯ ·ÚÏ Ó·ˆ¯ ‰È˙‰ ˆÙ˙ ‰ˆÏ·ÈÌ, ·˙˜»Ù˙ 31, ‰ 21 ‰ Á÷È·»˙ ‡Ò˯˂È˙. È«˙¯ Ó‡»Á¯, ·˙˜»Ù˙ ‰÷ÏË«Ô ·˙˜»Ù˙ Ó‡»Á¯, È«˙¯ ‡Ò˯˂È˙. Á÷È·»˙ ‰Ë»¯˜È ·Ó‡‰ ‰ 61, ‰˙È÷·» ·ˆÙ˙ ȉ»„ÈÌ ÷·‡» ȉ»„ÈÌ ·ˆÙ˙ ‰˙È÷·» 61, ‰ ·Ó‡‰ ‰Ë»¯˜È ÓÒÙ¯„ ‰ȇ ‰ÙΉ ÏÓ¯ÎÊ ˙¯·»˙È Â¯»ÁÈ ‚„«Ï. Ù‰ ÁÈ» Ù‰ ‚„«Ï. ¯»ÁÈ ˙¯·»˙È ÏÓ¯ÎÊ ‰ÙΉ ‰ȇ ÓÒÙ¯„ ¯·ÈÌ ‚„«ÏÈÌ ÂÈ„»ÚÈÌ. ÷ÓÚ˙Ì ÚÏ ¯·È ȈÁ˜ Ï»¯È‡? Ï»¯È‡? ȈÁ˜ ¯·È ÚÏ ÷ÓÚ˙Ì ÂÈ„»ÚÈÌ. ‚„«ÏÈÌ ¯·ÈÌ Ó‡È‰: ÎÔ, „‡È! ‰˜·ÏÈÒË ‰ÓÙ»¯ÒÌ. ‰ÓÙ»¯ÒÌ. ‰˜·ÏÈÒË Â„‡È! ÎÔ, Ӈȉ: ‰‡È÷: ΫÔ. ΄‡È ÏÎÌ Ï·˜¯ ··È˙ ‰ÎÒ˙ ÚÏ ÷Ì Ï»¯È‡, ÷Ì ÚÏ ‰ÎÒ˙ ··È˙ Ï·˜¯ ÏÎÌ Î„‡È ΫÔ. ‰‡È÷: ÷Óˆ‡ ·‡Á˙ ‰ÒÓˇ«˙ ·Úȯ ‰Ú˙Ș‰. ·Úȯ ‰ÒÓˇ«˙ ·‡Á˙ ÷Óˆ‡ ÙÈ˯: ‡˙‰ Ó˙ÚÈÈÔ ·˜·Ï‰? Ó˙ÚÈÈÔ ‡˙‰ ÙÈ˯: ‰‡È÷: χ ·„È»˜, ‡·Ï Ó‰ ÷‰·È‡ ‡«˙È ÏˆÙ˙ ʉ ·ÎÏ Ê‡˙ ·ÎÏ Ê‰ ψÙ˙ ‡«˙È ÷‰·È‡ Ó‰ ‡·Ï ·„È»˜, χ ‰‡È÷: ‰‡ÂÂȯ‰ ‰ÓÈ»Á„˙ ÂÎÓ»·Ô ‚Ì ‰˜‰Èω ‰‡Ó»˙È˙. ‰˜‰Èω ‚Ì ÂÎÓ»·Ô ‰ÓÈ»Á„˙ ‰‡ÂÂȯ‰
‰¯ Óȯ«Ô* ‰¯ har meron Mount Meron, one of the highest peaks in the district. Shimon Bar Yochai, the second-century founder of the Kabbalah, Judaism’s mystical tradition, is thought to have been buried at its base in Meron. ‰Î¯˙** ha’kineret the Kinneret, the Hebrew name for the Sea of Galilee. 189
1111 Vocabulary 2 3 period, time tkufah (f.) ˙˜»Ù‰ 4 ˆÏ·Ô 5 Crusader tsalban (m.) 6 (lit. ‘owner of’) importance (ba-al) khashivut (f.) Á÷È·»˙ )·ÚÏ( 7 strategic estrategi(-t, f.) ‡Ò˯˂È)˙( 8 ÷ÏË«Ô 9 rule, reign, government shilton (m.) 10 settled (lit. ‘sat themselves’) hityashvu G4 )È-÷-·( ‰˙ÈÈ÷·» 11 a Jew(ess) yehudi(-ah, f.) ȉ»„È)‰( 12 )‰-Ù-Í( ‰ÙΉ 13 she turned into, became hafkhah G1 14 cultural tarbuti(-t, f.) ˙¯·»˙È 15 spiritual rukhani(-t, f.) ¯»ÁÈ 16 )Á-È-‰( ÁÈÈ» 17 (they) lived khayu G1 18 rabbi(s) rav (rabanim, m. pl.) ¯·)ÈÌ( 19 well-known yadu-a (yedu-ah, f.) È„»ÚÈÌ 20 (-im,-ot) 21 ˜·ÏÈÒË 22 Kabbalist kabalist (m.) 23 in the name of al shem ÷Ì ÚÏ 24 is situated (lit. ‘is found’) nimtsa (nimtset, f.) )Óˆ‡˙( Óˆ‡ 25 ÒÓˉ)‡«˙( 26 alley, lane simtah (simta-ot, f.) 27 old, ancient atik(-ah,f.) Ú˙Ș)‰( 28 to be interested in (lit. mit-anien G4 )Ú--È-Ô( Ó˙ÚÈÈÔ 29 ‘to interest oneself in’) 30 ʇ˙ ·ÎÏ 31 nevertheless b’khol zot 32 brought hevi G3 )·-Â-‡( ‰·È‡ 33 community kehilah (f.) ˜‰Èω 34 ‡Ó»˙È)˙( 35 artistic amanuti(-t, f.) 36 37 38 39 40 41 4211 190
Cultural note
Safed is one of Israel’s four Jewish holy cities. In its golden age in the sixteenth century Jewish mystics who had fled Spain (sfarad ÒÙ¯„ ) settled in Safed where they were able to study and spread the teachings of the Zohar, the classical text of the Kabbalah (kabalah ˜·Ï‰ ). It was here too that Joseph Caro also finding refuge from Spain, wrote his famous ‘Spread Table’, the Shulkhan Arukh Ú¯»Í ÷»ÏÁÔ , which codified the Jewish laws and is still an authoritative text for religious Jews around the world today.
Exercise 10
Reread the dialogue and decide which of the three alternatives complete the sentences correctly: 1 Maya and Peter meet: (a) a tourist (b) a rabbi (c) a resident of Safed. 2 Safed was of particular strategic importance during: (a) the Turkish rule (b) the Crusader period (c) in the nineteenth century. 3 Luria was: (a) an artist (b) a Crusader (c) a famous Kabbalist. 4 Can you say what three things give Safed its special atmosphere?
Exercise 11
Find the phrases in Dialogue 2 which mean 1 ‘worth seeing’ 2 ‘in the sixteenth century’ 3 ‘at the time of the Turkish rule’ 4 ‘a cultural and spiritual centre’
Exercise 12
Highlight the adjectives in Dialogue 2 and write them in two columns, separating feminine from masculine. Which of them is the opposite of: ˜ËÈÌ; Ή‰; ‡Á¯«‰; Ó«„¯È˙; χ È„»ÚÈÌ Ï‡ Ó«„¯È˙; ‡Á¯«‰; Ή‰; ˜ËÈÌ; 191
1111 Language point 2 3 4 Verb Group 4 hitpa-el ‰˙ÙÚÏ 5 6 This group expresses a reflexive or reciprocal aspect of the verb’s 7 action. It is easily recognizable by the prefix ‘hit-’ -‰˙ attached to 8 the root letters. 9 10 Let’s take the verb ‘to settle’ l’hityashev )È-÷-·( ω˙ÈÈ÷· . 11 12 The present tense 13 As with Group 3 verbs, to form the present of ‰˙ÙÚÏ verbs, you 14 drop the initial ‰ and replace with Ó : 15 Ó˙ÈÈ÷·«˙ Ó˙ÈÈ÷·ÈÌ, Ó˙ÈÈ÷·˙, Ó˙ÈÈ÷·, 16 mityashev, mityashévet, mityashvim, mityashvot 17 18 The past tense 19 In the past, Group 4 verbs retain the prefix ‘hit’ ‰˙- and add the 20 past tense endings: 21 22 23 hityashávnu‰˙ÈÈ÷·» ‡Á» hityashávti ‰˙ÈÈ÷·˙È ‡È 24 hityashávtem‰˙ÈÈ÷·˙Ì ‡˙Ì hityashávta ‰˙ÈÈ÷·˙ ‡˙‰ 25 hityashávten ‰˙ÈÈ÷·˙Ô ‡˙Ô hityashavt ‰˙ÈÈ÷·˙ ‡˙ 26 27 hityashvu ‰˙ÈÈ÷·» ‰Ì)Ô( hityashev ‰˙ÈÈ÷· ‰»‡ 28 hityashvah ‰˙ÈÈ÷·‰ ‰È‡ 29 30 NB Roots of some action verbs you have already learnt in Groups 31 1 and 2 ( ÙÚÏ and ÙÈÚÏ ), if conjugated in Group 4 form (as ‰˙ÙÚÏ 32 verbs), change their meaning to show a reflexive action. 33 34 Take the Group 1 () ÙÚÏ verb ‘to wear’ li’lbosh )Ï-·-÷( .ÏÏ·«÷ 35 When put into Group 4 ‰˙ÙÚÏ form becomes ‘to dress (oneself)’ 36 l’hitlabesh .ω˙Ï·÷ 37 38 Example: 39 The child is wearing a new coat 40 ha’yeled lovesh me-il khadash Á„÷ ÓÚÈÏ Ï«·÷ ‰ÈÏ„ 41 4211 192
He dressed quickly hu hitlabesh maher Ó‰¯ ‰˙Ï·÷ ‰»‡
The Group 2 ( ):ÙÈÚÏ verb ‘to cook’ le’vashel )·-÷-Ï( Ï·÷Ï becomes ‘to cook itself’ l’hitbashel ω˙·÷Ï :
Example: My grandmother cooks extremely well. When her food is cooking all the neighbours come to taste it. savtah sheli mevashélet nehedar. kshe’ha’ókhel shelah mitbashel, kol ha’shkhenim ba-im li’t-om. Ò·˙‡ ÷ÏÈ Ó·÷Ï˙ ‰„¯. Î÷‰‡«ÎÏ ÷ω Ó˙·÷Ï ÎÏ ‰÷ÎÈÌ ÎÏ Ó˙·÷Ï ÷ω Î÷‰‡«ÎÏ ‰„¯. Ó·÷Ï˙ ÷ÏÈ Ò·˙‡ ·‡ÈÌ ÏËÚ«Ì. ·‡ÈÌ
NB Verbs in Group 4 whose root letters begin with the ‘whistling’ letters otiyot shorkot ÷«¯˜«˙ ‡«˙È«˙ such as ÷ ˆ, Ò, Ê, cause the ˙ to cross over:
to look at, to watch l’histakel b… )Ò-Î-Ï( ωÒ˙ÎÏ to get old l’hizdaken )Ê-˜-Ô(* ωʄ˜Ô to try hard l’hishtadel )÷-„-Ï( ω÷˙„Ï to be sorry l’hitsta-er )ˆ-Ú-¯( *ωˆËÚ¯
* Note how the becomes a „˙ , which is much easier to pronounce with Ê ; and that the ˙ becomes Ë after ˆ ; hence ‰ˆËÚ¯ not ‰ˆ˙Ú¯ .
Practise pronouncing the following examples: ÒÎ˙ ÒÎ˙ ʘ˙ ÷„˙ ‰ˆËÚ¯‰ ‰÷˙„Ï˙Ì ‰Ê„˜˙Ô ‰Ò˙ÎÏ˙Ì ‰Ò˙ÎÏ˙È hitsta-arah hishtadáltem hizdakánten histakáltem histakálti
Exercise 13
Fill in the correct form of the verb, from the root given in brackets. (The translation below will help you choose whether you need the Group 1 ÙÚÏ or Group 4 ‰˙ÙÚÏ form of the verb and which tense you should use.) 193
1111 Example: 2 The radio was playing classical music. The music played 3 throughout the house. ha’radio nigen musikah klasit. 4 ha’musikah hitnagnah b’khol ha’bayit. 5 6 ‰·È˙. ·ÎÏ ‰˙‚‰ ‰Ó»ÒȘ‰ ˜Ï‡ÒÈ˙. Ó»ÒȘ‰ È‚Ô ‰¯„È« 7 8 ·‡Ò˯«Ï«‚ȉ. )Ú--È-Ô( ‰È‡ 1 9 ·ÙÚÌ )¯-‡-‰( Ó˙È ÷ÈÌ. ‰¯·‰ ‡«˙Í )¯-‡-‰( χ 2 10 11 Ê-˜-Ô(! )‡˙ χ ·ÎÏÏ ‰‡Á¯«‰? 12 χ¯ı )Á-Ê-¯( ‰Ì ·Ò«Û ·Á”Ï. ÷ÈÌ ‰¯·‰ )‚-»-¯( ‰Ì 3 13 14 ÷·Ú. ··‡¯ Â)È-÷-·( 15 Ï·˜¯. ·-«-‡( )‡˙‰ Î÷ ··È˙ ‰ÈÈ˙È ÷χ )ˆ-Ú-¯( Ó‡«„ ‡È 4 16 17 Ú·¯È˙. ÏÏÓ«„ )÷-„-Ï( Ó‡«„ ‡È 5 18 19 1 She is interested in astrology. 20 21 2 I haven’t seen you for many years. When did we last see each 22 other? You haven’t aged! 23 3 They lived abroad for many years. In the end they came back 24 to Israel and settled in Be-er-Sheva. 25 26 4 I’m very sorry I wasn’t at home when you came to visit. 27 5 I’m really trying to learn Hebrew. 28 29 30 31 Reading comprehension 32 33 34 Peter’s letter home ‰·È˙‰ ÙÈ˯ ÷Ï ‰ÓÎ˙· 35 36 Here is Peter’s letter to Caroline and Adam describing his trip so 37 far. Apart from the kibbutz and Safed, he has visited the Druze 38 village Daliat-El Karmel and various sites on the coasts of the Sea 39 of Galilee. 40 41 Can you say why the Israelis are worried about the Sea of Galilee, 4211 and where Peter would like to visit with his family next time? 194
˜¯«ÏÈÔ Â‡„Ì ‰È˜¯ÈÌ, ‡„Ì ˜¯«ÏÈÔ
Áʯ˙È ‰Ú¯· ӷȘ»¯ ‰„¯ ÷Ï ‡¯·Ú‰ ÈÓÈÌ ·‚ÏÈÏ. ÒÚ˙È ·‚ÏÈÏ. ÈÓÈÌ ‡¯·Ú‰ ÷Ï ‰„¯ ӷȘ»¯ ‰Ú¯· Áʯ˙È ÏÁÈÙ‰, Úȯ Ó‡„ ÈÙ‰ ÚÏ Á«Û ‰ÈÌ, ÂÓ÷Ì Ï˜È·»ı ÷Ï ‰‰«¯ÈÌ ÷Ï Ï˜È·»ı ÂÓ÷Ì ‰ÈÌ, Á«Û ÚÏ ÈÙ‰ Ó‡„ Úȯ ÏÁÈÙ‰, ÷Ï Ó‡È‰. ‡Á¯È ‰÷·˙, ‰˙ÁÏ» ‡˙ ‰ËÈ»Ï ··È˜»¯ Ó‡«„ ÓÚÈÈÔ Ó‡«„ ··È˜»¯ ‰ËÈ»Ï ‡˙ ‰˙ÁÏ» ‰÷·˙, ‡Á¯È Ӈȉ. ÷Ï ·„¯Í ψÙ˙. „È·¯» ÚÌ ÎÓ‰ ÚÌ „È·¯» ψÙ˙. ·„¯Í ’ ‡Ï-ίÓÏ „ÏÈ˙ ‘ ‰„¯»ÊÈ ·ÎÙ¯ „¯»ÊÈÌ ÷‰Ò·È¯» Ï» ˜ˆ˙ ÚÏ ‰˜‰Èω ‰ÓÈ»Á„˙ ÷ωÌ. ‰Ì ÷ωÌ. ‰ÓÈ»Á„˙ ‰˜‰Èω ÚÏ ˜ˆ˙ Ï» ÷‰Ò·È¯» „¯»ÊÈÌ ‡Ê¯ÁÈÌ È◊¯‡ÏÈÌ ÏÎÏ „·¯ ÂÁÈÈ·ÈÌ ·÷ȯ»˙ ˆ·‡È ÎÓ« λÏÌ. λÏÌ. ÎÓ« ˆ·‡È ·÷ȯ»˙ ÂÁÈÈ·ÈÌ „·¯ ÏÎÏ È◊¯‡ÏÈÌ ‡Ê¯ÁÈÌ
Ó÷Ì ÒÚ» ψÙ˙, Úȯ ‡ÓÈÌ Ó‡„ ˆÈ»¯È˙ ˜È˙È ÷Ì Ó˙«˙ ÷Ì Â˜È˙È ˆÈ»¯È˙ Ó‡„ ‡ÓÈÌ Úȯ ψÙ˙, ÒÚ» Ó÷Ì ÏλÏÎÌ. ‡Á¯ ÎÍ ‰Ó÷λ ÏÁ«Û ‰ˆÙ«È ÷Ï ÈÌ Î¯˙ ·Ș¯» · – · ·Ș¯» ί˙ ÈÌ ÷Ï ‰ˆÙ«È ÏÁ«Û ‰Ó÷λ ÎÍ ‡Á¯ ÏλÏÎÌ. muanrepaC )·Ú·¯È˙ – ÎÙ¯ Á»Ì(. ÷Ì ¯‡È» ‡˙ ‰◊¯È„ÈÌ ÷Ï ‰◊¯È„ÈÌ ‡˙ ¯‡È» ÷Ì Á»Ì(. ÎÙ¯ – )·Ú·¯È˙ muanrepaC ·È˙ ‰ÎÒ˙ ‰·ÈÊËÈ Ó‰Ó‡‰ ‰¯·ÈÚÈ˙, ÷·« ‰ËÈÛ È÷»*. È÷»*. ‰ËÈÛ ÷·« ‰¯·ÈÚÈ˙, Ó‰Ó‡‰ ‰·ÈÊËÈ ‰ÎÒ˙ ·È˙ ‡Á¯ ÎÍ ‰Ó÷λ „¯«Ó‰ ÏÁÓ˙ ‚„¯**, ‰˙¯Áˆ» ·ÓÚÈÈ«˙ ‰˙¯Áˆ» ‚„¯**, ÏÁÓ˙ „¯«Ó‰ ‰Ó÷λ ÎÍ ‡Á¯ ‰ÁÓÈÌ.
‰È◊¯‡ÏÈÌ „«‡‚ÈÌ: ÓÙÏÒ ‰ÓÈÌ ·Î¯˙ È«¯„ ÎÏ ÷‰. ‰·ÚÈȉ ÷‰. ÎÏ È«¯„ ·Î¯˙ ‰ÓÈÌ ÓÙÏÒ „«‡‚ÈÌ: ‰È◊¯‡ÏÈÌ ÎÓ»·Ô, ‰È‡ ÷·È◊¯‡Ï χ È«¯„ ÓÒÙȘ ‚÷Ì. ·„¯Í Áʯ‰ ‰·È˙‰, Áʯ‰ ·„¯Í ‚÷Ì. ÓÒÙȘ È«¯„ χ ÷·È◊¯‡Ï ‰È‡ ÎÓ»·Ô, ·È˜¯˙È ‚Ì ·ˆ¯˙***. Ù‚÷» «ˆ¯ÈÌ ÷˙» Ï» ωÈÎÒ ÏÎÒÈÈ˙ ωÈÎÒ Ï» ÷˙» «ˆ¯ÈÌ Ù‚÷» ·ˆ¯˙***. ‚Ì ·È˜¯˙È ‰·◊«¯‰**** ÏÓ¯«˙ ÷η¯ ‰È‰ Ò‚»¯ ωÙÒ˜˙ ˆ‰¯ÈÈÌ. ωÙÒ˜˙ Ò‚»¯ ‰È‰ ÷η¯ ÏÓ¯«˙ ‰·◊«¯‰****
È÷ Ú«„ ‰¯·‰ Ó‰ ϯ‡«˙. ‡È Ó‡„ Ә‰ ÏÁÊ«¯ È«Ì ‡Á„ È«Ì ÏÁÊ«¯ Ә‰ Ó‡„ ‡È ϯ‡«˙. Ó‰ ‰¯·‰ Ú«„ È÷ ‡È˙ÎÌ ÂÏÚ◊«˙ ËÈ»Ï È«˙¯ ‡¯«Í Â‡Ê Ï·˜¯ ‚Ì ·Ë·¯È‰*****. ‚Ì Ï·˜¯ Â‡Ê ‡¯«Í È«˙¯ ËÈ»Ï ÂÏÚ◊«˙ ‡È˙ÎÌ
„¯È÷˙ ÷Ï«Ì ÏλÏÌ, ÷Ï«Ì „¯È÷˙ ÷Ș«˙, ÙÈ˯ ÷Ș«˙, 195
1111 * yeshu È÷» = Jesus 2 ** khamat gader ‚„¯ ÁÓ˙ on the Kinneret’s southern shores has 3 hot sulphur springs and is close to a crocodile farm 4 *** natséret ˆ¯˙ = Nazareth 5 **** knesiat ha’bsorah = Basilica of the Annunciation 6 ***** tveriyah Ë·¯È‰ = Tiberias 7 8 Vocabulary 9 10 dear yakar(-ah, f.) Ș¯)‰( 11 coast khof (m.) Á«Û 12 13 village kfar (m.) ÎÙ¯ 14 Druze druzi(-t, f.) „¯»ÊÈ)˙( 15 a few, several kamah ÎÓ‰ 16 they explained hisbíru G3 )Ò-·-¯( ‰Ò·È¯» 17 citizen ezrakh(-it, f.) ‡Ê¯Á)È˙( 18 (to be) obliged khayav (khayevet, f.) ÁÈÈ·)˙( 19 20 military tsva-i(-t, f.) ˆ·‡È)˙( 21 picturesque tsiyuri(-t, f.) ˆÈ»¯È)˙( 22 northern tsfoni(-t, f.) ˆÙ«È* 23 ruin, remains sarid (sridim, m. pl.) ◊¯È„ 24 Byzantine bizanti(-t, f.) ·ÈÊËÈ)˙( 25 southwards darómah „¯«Ó‰* 26 27 in which she’bo ÷√« 28 he preached hetif G3 )-Ë-Û( ‰ËÈÛ 29 we washed, bathed hitrakhátsnu G4 )¯-Á-ı( ‰˙¯Áˆ» 30 (water) spring ma-ayan (m.) )ÓÚÈÈ«˙( ÓÚÈÈÔ 31 ma-ayanot (pl.) 32 they worry do-agim G1 )„-‡-‚( „«‡‚ÈÌ 33 water level miflas mayim ÓÈÌ ÓÙÏÒ 34 35 rain (falls, goes down) (yored) geshem (m.) ‚÷Ì )È«¯„( 36 gave, allowed natnu G1 (irr.) )-˙-Ô( ˙» 37 to go in, enter l’hikanes ωÈÎÒ 38 church knesiyah (f.) ÎÒÈȉ 39 even though lamrot she’… ÷… ÏÓ¯«˙ 40 break, interval hafsakah (f.) ‰ÙÒ˜‰ 41 4211 hope(s) mekaveh G2 )˜-Â-‰( Ә‰ 196
greetings, regards drishat shalom ÷Ï«Ì „¯È÷˙ kiss neshikah (f.) ÷Ș‰ * For the points of the compass, see the map below.
Cultural note
There are around 90,000 Israeli Druze who live in a number of villages in the Carmel and in the Galilee. While playing a full part in the life of the country, the Druze maintain their own identity and traditional patriarchal way of life. They speak Arabic but do not consider themselves Arabs; their religion is an eleventh-century offshoot of Islam, but they are not Muslims. One of the basic prin- ciples of their religion is to have respect for all religions as different manifestations of God’s single truth. Their religious courts have legal status and perform marriages and other civil functions for their community. 197
1111 Exercise 14 2 3 Look at the map of northern Israel on p. 196. See if you can follow 4 Peter and Maya’s route from their starting point in the kibbutz. 5 The information is described in Peter’s letter above. 6 7 8 Language point 9 10 Use of conjunctions 11 12 Conjunctions join statements together to make single sentences. 13 Conjunctions such as ‘and’ ,  and ‘but’ ‡·Ï combine two inde- 14 pendent statements, while others such as ‘when’ ·÷¯/Î÷ or 15 ‘because’ ÎÈ introduce dependent statements or clauses, indicating 16 the way in which one thought relates to another: 17 18 He sings solo. Everyone laughs ˆ«Á˜ÈÌ Î»ÏÌ Ò«Ï«. ÷¯ ‰»‡ 19 When he sings solo, everyone laughs 20 ˆ«Á˜ÈÌ Î»ÏÌ Ò«Ï«, ÷¯ ‰»‡ ·÷¯ 21 22 We have already learnt a number of conjunctions, and you will be 23 learning more as you begin to express more complicated ideas. 24 Let’s revise those we have come across so far. 25 26 Exercise 15 27 28 Join the two statements together with the appropriate conjuntion 29 from the list below. (Remember that she’ ÷ ‘that’ always attaches 30 itself to the word it precedes.) 31 32 although lamrot she’… ÷… ÏÓ¯«˙ 33 because mipney she’…/ki ÷…/ÎÈ ÓÙÈ 34 35 Example: 36 37 ÎÒÛ. ‰¯·‰ ω ‡ÈÔ Ó˙‰. ÏÈ ˜˙‰ ‰È‡ 38 ÎÒÛ. ‰¯·‰ ω ‡ÈÔ ÷ ÏÓ¯«˙ Ó˙‰ ÏÈ ˜˙‰ ‰È‡ 39 40 She bought me a present even though she hasn’t much money. 41 4211 198
1 ‡È χ ÈÎ«Ï ÏÒ«Ú ÚÎ÷ÈÂ. ‡ÈÔ ÏÈ „Ϙ. ÏÈ ‡ÈÔ ÚÎ÷ÈÂ. ÏÒ«Ú ÈÎ«Ï Ï‡ ‡È 1 2 ʉ χ ÈÙ‰ Ï·˜÷ Ó˙«˙. ‡«‰·ÈÌ Ï˜·Ï ‡«˙Ô. Ϙ·Ï ‡«‰·ÈÌ Ó˙«˙. Ï·˜÷ ÈÙ‰ χ ʉ 2 3 χ ˜È˙È ‡˙ ‰Á»Ïˆ‰ ·Ò«Û. ‰È‡ χ Óˆ‡‰ ÁÔ ·ÚÈÈ. ÁÔ Óˆ‡‰ χ ‰È‡ ·Ò«Û. ‰Á»Ïˆ‰ ‡˙ ˜È˙È Ï‡ 3 4 ‰ÓÎÒÈÈÌ ‰‡Ï‰ χ ‡˙ È«˙¯ Ó„È Ó»Î‰. Ó„È È«˙¯ ‡˙ χ ‰‡Ï‰ ‰ÓÎÒÈÈÌ 4 Ó˙‡ÈÓÈÌ ÏÍ. Ó˙‡ÈÓÈÌ 5 ‰È‡ χ ÷Ó‰. ‰È‡ ¯«˜„˙ ¯È˜»„È-ÚÌ ¯«˜„˙ ‰È‡ ÷Ó‰. χ ‰È‡ 5 ÙÚÓÈÈÌ ·÷·»Ú. ·÷·»Ú. ÙÚÓÈÈÌ
Use the following conjunctions for numbers 6, 7 and 8:
before lifney she’… ÷… ÏÙÈ after akharey she’… ÷… ‡Á¯È when ka-asher/kshe’… ·÷¯/Î÷…
6 ÙÈ˯ ÂӇȉ ÒÚ» ÏÎÙ¯ Á»Ì. ‰Ì ◊Á» ·Î¯˙. ◊Á» ‰Ì Á»Ì. ÏÎÙ¯ ÒÚ» ÂӇȉ ÙÈ˯ 6 7 ‰Ó÷λ ·ËÈ»Ï. ‰‡«Ë«·»Ò ‰‚ÈÚ. ‰‡«Ë«·»Ò ·ËÈ»Ï. ‰Ó÷λ 7 8 ÚÈ„« ÒÚ ÏËÈ»Ï. ‰»‡ ‚Ó¯ ‡˙ ‰÷¯»˙ ‰ˆ·‡È. ‰÷¯»˙ ‡˙ ‚Ó¯ ‰»‡ ÏËÈ»Ï. ÒÚ ÚÈ„« 8 1111 2 3 11 ‰ÓÏÁ ÏÈÌ ·„¯Í 4 5 6 Driving down to 7 8 9 the Dead Sea 10 11 In this unit you will learn: 12 13 • how things ‘happen’ )˜-¯-‰( 14 • about the future tense zman atid Ú˙È„ ÊÓÔ 15 – how to form it and how to use it 16 • the future of ‘to be’ ‰-È-‰ 17 • something about the weather and driving in Israel 18 19 20 21 22 Dialogue 1 23 24 A few days later Peter and Maya are on the road again, this 25 time to the south, to the Dead Sea (in Hebrew ‘The Salt Sea’ – yam 26 ha’mélakh ‰ÓÏÁ ÈÌ ). 27 What does Peter want to send home and is the trip a smooth one? 28 29 ‚ÈÚ? Ó˙È ÙÈ˯: 30 ‰ˆ‰¯ÈÈÌ. ÏÙÈ ÷‚ÈÚ Á«÷·˙ ‡È ‰˙»Ú‰, ÏÙÈ Ó‡È‰: 31 32 ·ÈÌ ÷˙¯Áı Ú„ ÏÁΫ˙ ÈÎ«Ï Ï‡ ÓÓ÷ ‡È ‰È«Ì, ÁÌ Ó‡„ ÙÈ˯: 33 ‰ÓÏÁ. 34 35 ÚÈÌ Ï‡ ʉ Ï◊Á«˙? ÓÓ÷ ‡Ù÷¯ ‡È ‰ÓÏÁ ÷·ÈÌ ÷ÎÁ˙ Ӈȉ: 36 ÷·ÓÈÌ ‰ÓȯÏÈÌ ,·‚ÏÏ Óʉ Á»ı ÏÚÈÈÈÌ. ÎÒ Î÷ÓÏÁ 37 ÓÏ»Á… ·÷ÓÔ Ï‰˙¯Áı ÎÓ« ˜ˆ˙ ʉ 38 39 ˜«¯‡ ˆÛ Î÷‡È ˙Ó»‰ ¯«ˆ‰ ‡È ÁÂÂȉ. ÷ʇ˙ ·Ë»Á ‡È ÙÈ˯: 40 ··È˙. ÏÈ È‡ÓÈ» χ ‡Á¯˙ ·ÓÈÌ. ÚÈ˙«Ô 41 4211 200
Ӈȉ: ‡È Ó·ËÈÁ‰ ÷‡ˆÏÌ ‡«˙Í ‡«È ‡·«È, ‡«È (after a break). ‡«˙Í ÷‡ˆÏÌ Ó·ËÈÁ‰ ‡È Ӈȉ: È÷ Ï» ·ÚÈȉ! Ï» È÷ ÙÈ˯: Ó‰ ˜¯‰? ÏÓ‰ Úˆ¯˙? ÏÓ‰ ˜¯‰? Ó‰ ÙÈ˯: Ӈȉ: ‡È Á«÷·˙ ÷‚Ì Ï¯Î· È«˙¯ Ó„È ÁÌ. ‡È ÓˆÈÚ‰ ÷χ ÓˆÈÚ‰ ‡È ÁÌ. Ó„È È«˙¯ ϯη ÷‚Ì Á«÷·˙ ‡È Ӈȉ: Ó÷ÈÍ ÏÙÈ ÷·˜÷ Úʯ‰. ‡È ‡ˆË¯Í ÏËÏÙÔ. ÏËÏÙÔ. ‡ˆË¯Í ‡È Úʯ‰. ÷·˜÷ ÏÙÈ Ó÷ÈÍ ÙÈ˯: Ë«· ÷È÷ Ï» ËÏÙ«Ô ÈÈ„. ‡È Ó˙ Ï÷˙«˙, ‡ÈÙ‰ ‰ÓÈÌ ‡ÈÙ‰ Ï÷˙«˙, Ó˙ ‡È ÈÈ„. ËÏÙ«Ô Ï» ÷È÷ Ë«· ÙÈ˯: ÷‰·‡»? (Peter starts looking for the water on the back seat) Ӈȉ: χ ˙‡ÓÈÔ ÙÈ˯, ‚Ì ‰ËÏÙ«Ô Ó˜»Ï˜Ï. ‰ËÏÙ«Ô ‚Ì ÙÈ˯, ˙‡ÓÈÔ Ï‡ Ӈȉ: ÙÈ˯: ‡ÈÔ Ï» ÓÊÏ ‰È«Ì. Ó‰ ‰÷Ú‰? ‡»ÏÈ ·ÎÏ Ê‡˙ Ó÷ÈÍ, ʇ˙ ·ÎÏ ‡»ÏÈ ‰÷Ú‰? Ó‰ ‰È«Ì. ÓÊÏ Ï» ‡ÈÔ ÙÈ˯: ‡Á» ÎÓÚË ÷Ì. ÎÓÚË ‡Á» Vocabulary
traffic tnu-ah (f.) ˙»Ú‰ we will arrive nagiy-a G3 )-‚-Ú( ‚ÈÚ to wait le’khakot G2 )Á-Î-‰( ÏÁΫ˙ enters nikhnas ÎÒ eye(s) ayin (enáyim, f./pl.) ÚÈÔ)ÚÈÈÈÌ( oil shémen (m.) ÷ÓÔ salty, salted malu-akh (melukhah, f.) ÓÏ»Á)‰( experience khavayah (f.) ÁÂÂȉ picture tmunah (f.) ˙Ó»‰ float tsaf G1 )ˆ-»-Û( ˆÛ read(s) kore G1 )˜-¯-‡( ˜«¯‡ otherwise akhéret ‡Á¯˙ they will believe ya-amínu G3 )‡-Ó-Ô( ȇÓÈ» you(m.) will believe ta-amin ˙‡ÓÈÔ promise(s) mavtikhah G3 )·-Ë-Á( Ó·ËÈÁ‰ I will photograph atsalem G2 )ˆ-Ï-Ì( ‡ˆÏÌ happened karah G1 )˜-¯-‰( ˜¯‰ you(f.) stopped atsart G1 )Ú-ˆ-¯( Úˆ¯˙ 201
1111 we will / let’s continue namshikh G3 )Ó-÷-Í( Ó÷ÈÍ 2 we will ask, request nevakesh G2 )·-˜-÷( ·˜÷ 3 4 help ezrah (f.) Úʯ‰ 5 I will have to, need etstarekh G4 ‡ˆË¯Í 6 is dying, dead met(-ah) (irregular) Ó˙)‰( 7 8 we brought hevénu G3 )·-«-‡( ‰·‡» 9 broken mekulkal (mekulkélet, f.) Ó˜»Ï˜Ï)˙( 10 11 12 Language points 13 14 ‘To happen’ ˜-¯-‰ 15 16 This verb is only used in the third person, masculine and feminine: 17 18 (it) happens (zeh) koreh ˜«¯‰ )ʉ( 19 it happened (zeh) karah ˜¯‰ )ʉ( 20 21 it will happen (zeh) yikreh Ș¯‰ )ʉ( 22 23 Note the gender sensitivity: 24 25 This problem happens every morning, it happened last year 26 and it will happen again next year. 27 ha’be-ayah ha’zot koret kol bóker, kartah b’shanah sh’avrah, 28 v’tikreh shuv gam ba’shanah ha’ba-ah. 29 30 ÷»· Â˙˜¯‰ ÷Ú·¯‰ ·÷‰ ˜¯˙‰ ·«˜¯ ÎÏ ˜«¯È˙ ‰Ê‡˙ ‰·Úȉ 31 ‰·‡‰ ·÷‰ ‚Ì 32 33 And agreement with number: 34 These things happen/happened to him 35 ha’dvarim ha’éleh korim/karu lo Ï« ˜«¯ÈÌ/˜¯» ‰‡Ï‰ ‰„·¯ÈÌ 36 37 38 The future tense zman atid 39 Ú˙È„ ÊÓÔ 40 The future tense is formed by adding prefixes and suffixes to the 41 root of the verb. These are common to all verb groups, so, once 4211 202
they become familiar, you will immediately recognize a verb in the future.
Here are the key prefix and suffix letters. Notice how they relate to the personal pronouns (strangely, ‰È‡ in the future always has the same form as ‡˙‰ ). ‡… ‡È ˙… ‡˙‰ ˙…È ‡˙ È… ‰»‡ ˙… ‰È‡ … ‡Á» ˙…» ‡˙Ì)Ô( È…» ‰Ì)Ô(
NB It is not always necessary to use the personal pronouns with the future tense; Israelis sometimes include them and sometimes leave them out. However, you would use ‰È‡ to avoid confusion with ‡˙‰ , and you will hear pronouns used for emphasis or clarity.
Exercise 1
Go back to Dialogue 1 and see if you can identify all the verbs in the future. Then write them down together with the related pronoun. (There are ten instances altogether, two of which appear twice.)
The first is ‚ÈÚ )‡Á»(
A note on translating the future
You may have noticed that the future tense in Hebrew is not always translated with a future tense in English. The two languages use the tenses slightly differently. The question you need to ask in order to determine which tense to use in Hebrew is as follows: is the speaker talking of an action which (a) has been performed, (b) is currently being performed, or (c) will be performed? If the answer is (a) you use the past, (b) the present and (c) the future. 203
1111 Below are some exercises which should help bring this into focus, 2 but first let’s have a closer look at how the various verb groups 3 you have learnt form the future. 4 5 Future of Group 4 hitpa-el ‰˙ÙÚÏ 6 7 (in the text ˆË¯Í ˙¯Áı, ) 8 The ‰ drops and the prefixes and suffixes are added with the same 9 vowel pattern as the present (and infinitive): 10 11 To wash oneself, bathe l’hitrakhets ω˙¯Áı)¯-Á-ı( 12 13 nitrakets˙¯Áı ‡Á» etrakhets ‡˙¯Áı ‡È 14 titrakhatsu˙˙¯Áˆ» ‡˙Ì/Ô titrakhtsi˙˙¯ÁˆÈ ‡˙ titrakhets ˙˙¯Áı ‡˙‰ 15 16 yitrakhatsuÈ˙¯Áˆ» ‰Ì/Ô titrakhets˙˙¯Áı ‰È‡ yitrakhets È˙¯Áı ‰»‡ 17 18 Future of Group 3 hif-il ‰ÈÙÚÈÏ 19 20 (in the text ˙‡ÓÈÔ Ó÷ÈÍ, ‚ÈÚ, ) 21 Drop the Ï‰È of the infinitive (or the Ó of the present tense) and 22 add the future prefixes and suffixes: 23 amshikh‡Ó÷ÈÍ – ωÓ÷ÈÍ ; a-gia‡‚ÈÚ – ω‚ÈÚ ; 24 a-amin ‡‡ÓÈÔ – ω‡ÓÈÔ 25 26 (Once you know how to start in the first person you can continue 27 quite easily.) 28 29 To continue l’hamshikh )Ó-÷-Í( ωÓ÷ÈÍ 30 namshikhÓ÷ÈÍ ‡Á» amshikh ‡Ó÷ÈÍ ‡È 31 32 tamshíkhu˙Ó÷Èλ ‡˙Ì/Ô tamshikhi˙Ó÷ÈÎÈ ‡˙ tamshikh ˙Ó÷ÈÍ ‡˙‰ 33 yamshíkhuÈÓ÷Èλ ‰Ì/Ô tamshikh˙Ó÷ÈÍ ‰È‡ yamshikh ÈÓ÷ÈÍ ‰»‡ 34 35 Future of Group 2 pi-el ÙÈÚÏ 36 37 (in the text ·˜÷ ‡ˆÏÌ, ) 38 As with Group 3, drop the of the infinitive (or the ÓÏ of the 39 present tense) and add the future prefixes and suffixes. 40 41 atsalem ‡ˆÏÌ – ψÏÌ ; avakesh ‡·˜÷ – Ï·˜÷ 4211 204
To request, ask le’vakesh )·-˜-÷( Ï·˜
nevakesh·˜÷ ‡Á» avakesh ‡·˜÷ ‡È tevakshu˙·˜÷» ‡˙Ì/Ô tevakshi˙·˜÷È ‡˙ tevakesh ˙·˜÷ ‡˙‰ yevakshuÈ·˜÷» ‰Ì/Ô tevakesh˙·˜÷ ‰È‡ yevakesh È·˜÷ ‰»‡
NB In colloquial Hebrew, the feminine ‡˙Ô/‰Ô have the same forms as their masculine counterparts; in formal and Biblical Hebrew you will find the following forms for both you and they (fem. pl): aten/hen titrakhétsnah ˙˙¯Áˆ‰ ‡˙Ô/‰Ô aten/hen tag-ánah ˙‚Ú‰ ‡˙Ô/‰Ô aten/hen tevakéshnah ˙·˜÷‰ ‡˙Ô/‰Ô Exercise 2
Complete the table: ˙ ˙‰‡‰‡‡Á»‡ÌÔ‰Ì/‰Ô ‡˙Ì/Ô ‡Á» ‰È‡ ‰»‡ ‡˙ ‡˙‰ ‡È ‰È -- ·‡ÈÈ ˙·È‡» ȷȇ ‡·È‡ ·-«-‡ ω·È‡ ˜Ï˜·Ï˙· Ș·Ï» ˙˜·Ï ˜-·-Ï Ï˜·Ï ˙Ô˙˜Ô˙˜È˙˙˜» ˙˙˜È ˙-˜-Ô Ï˙˜Ô ‰Ï÷Ï·÷‡Ï÷È˙Ï·÷ ‡˙Ï·÷ Ï-·-÷ ω˙Ï·÷ ‰Ë͈¯Í˙ËÍ˙˙ˆË¯Î» ˙ˆË¯Í ˆ-¯-Í Ï‰ˆË¯Í Exercise 3
How would you say the following (use the prompts in brackets to help you):
Example: I hope that he will recognize us ‡«˙»( ÷..)È-Î-¯( Ә‰ )‡È ani mekaveh sh’hu yakir otanu ‡«˙» ÈÎȯ ÷‰»‡ Ә‰ ‡È 1 She hopes that he will wait for her. ÷..Á-Î-‰( Ә‰ )‰È‡ 2 We hope that they will get ÷..)-‚-Ú(( Ó˜ÂÂÈÌ )‡Á» there before us. 3 She will surely not believe you (m./sing.). )‡-Ó-Ô( 4 I will not ask, but they will probably È-ˆ-Ú( )·-˜-÷, offer/suggest help. 205
1111 2 Dialogue 2 3 4 A few kilometres later, in the middle of nowhere, the car comes to 5 a complete standstill. What is wrong with it and how do Peter and 6 Maya solve their problem? 7 8 ÚÎ÷ÈÂ? Ó‰ ‡Ê Ӈȉ: 9 ‡÷Ì. ‡¯‚È÷ Â‡È ÏÍ” ”‡Ó¯˙È ˙‚È„È: ÙÈ˯: 10 11 ·Ó«Ú? ˙Ò˙ÎÏ ‡»ÏÈ ‡÷Ó‰. ‡È ‚Ì ·Ò„¯, ʉ Ӈȉ: 12 13 È„ ÚÏ ˘Ì ˙¯‡È! ‰È, ·ÓΫȫ˙. „·¯ Ó·ÈÔ Ï‡ ‡È ÙÈ˯: 14 ·ÙÏÙ«Ô Ó„·¯ – Ò! ‡Èʉ –  ·„»‡È ¯«Ú‰ Ú«Ó„ ‰Î·◊ÈÌ 15 Ï»? ÈÚÊ«¯ ‰»‡ ‡»ÏÈ ÈÈ„. 16 17 ·«¯Á. ÷‰»‡ ÏÙÈ Ó‰¯ ˙¯»ı ÎÔ, Ӈȉ: 18 19 (Peter runs over to the Bedouin while Maya watches his excited 20 waving of hands from the car. Eventually Peter returns with a 21 friendly looking man – and the mobile phone.) 22 23 Úʯ‰. Ï·˜÷ ÏÓÈ÷‰» ˙ˆÏˆÏÈ ‰‰, ÙÈ˯: 24 ȈÈÚ. ‰»‡ Ó‰ Â÷ÓÚ ·Ó»ÒÍ ÏÓ÷‰ ÷‡˙˜÷¯ Ë«· ‰ÎÈ Ó‡È‰: 25 (Maya explains the situation to Moshe.) 26 27 ‡Ï ˜ÈÈ! ‡« ÏÚ◊«˙. Ó‰ ·„È»˜ Ï» È‚È„ ‰»‡ ˙˜÷È·, Ӈȉ: 28 ˜ˆ˙, È˙˜¯¯ ÷‰¯Î· Ú„ ˙ÁΉ ‰Ó«Ú. ÓÎÒ‰ ‡˙ ˙Ù˙Á 29 ·¯„ȇ˫¯. ÓÈÌ È÷ ‡Ì ˙·„«˜ Â‡Ê 30 31 (After waiting, Peter opens bonnet.) 32 ‰¯„ȇ˫¯? ·„È»˜ ‡ÈÙ‰ ÙÈ˯: 33 ÏÍ. ‡¯‡‰ ‡È ˙ÈÎÛ ·„»‡È: 34 35 ‰ÓÈÎÏ Ê‰ ‰¯„ȇ˫¯, ‡˙ Óˆ‡» Ó÷‰, ‰Ï« ˙«„‰. È«ÙÈ, Ӈȉ: 36 ··˜÷‰ ʉ ‡˙ ˙Óχ ÙÈ˯, ¯È˜! ʉ ΫÔ? ‰ÓÎÒ‰, ÚÌ 37 ÁÌ. ʉ ÎÈ ·Ê‰È¯»˙, ‡·Ï ·ÓÈÌ 38 39 ‰¯„ȇ˫¯ ʉ». ‚„«Ï. ÓÈÌ ·˜·»˜ ÷‰·‡˙È ÓÊÏ ‡Èʉ ÙÈ˯: 40 Á„÷. Ó÷‰» ÂÏÓ„˙È Óχ 41 4211 206
Vocabulary
you (f.) will say, tell tagidi G3 )È-‚-„( ˙‚È„È he will say, tell yagid È‚È„ guilty ashem(-ah, f.) ‡÷Ì)‰( engine mano-a (m.) Ó«Ú (you (f.)) look! tir-i G1 )¯-‡-‰( ˙¯‡È stand(s) omed G1 )Ú-Ó-„( Ú«Ó„ sheep kéves (m.) η◊ a Bedouin shepherd ro-eh bedu-i (m.) ‡È ∆ ·„» ¯«Ú‰ miracle nes (m.) Ò he will help ya-azor G1 )Ú-Ê-¯( ÈÚÊ«¯ you(m./sing.) will run taruts G1 )¯-»-ı( ˙¯»ı run(s) away boré-akh G1 )·-¯-Á( ·«¯Á someone míshehu ÓÈ÷‰» I will get in touch etkasher G4 ‡˙˜÷¯ (you, m./sing.) listen takshiv G3 )˜-÷-·( ˙˜÷È· (don’t) open (you, m./sing.) (al) tiftakh G1 )Ù-˙-Á( ˙Ù˙Á )‡Ï( cover mikhseh (m.) ÓÎÒ‰ (he, it) will cool down yitkarer G4 È˙˜¯¯ (you, m./sing.) will check, tivdok G1 )·-„-˜( ˙·„«˜ examine just a moment, immediately tékhev ˙ÎÛ container, tank meykhal (m.) ÓÈÎÏ empty reyk(-ah, f.) ¯È˜)‰( (you, m./sing.) will fill temale G2 )Ó-Ï-‡( ˙Óχ with care, carefully bi’zhirut ·Ê‰È¯»˙ 207
1111 Language points 2 3 4 Future of Group 1 ÙÚÏ 5 6 Unusually, the future tense of Group 1 is less straightforward than 7 the other groups. While the root additions are regular, the vowel 8 patterns can vary, and we recommend checking the verb glossary 9 at the back of the book when using new verbs. 10 11 In the tables below are common patterns for the future tense of 12 Group 1 ÙÚÏ verbs, the most common being ef-ol ‡ÙÚ«Ï and ef-al 13 ‡ÙÚÏ . 14 15 The ef-ol ‡ÙÚ«Ï pattern 16 17 To check, examine li’vdok )·-„-˜( Ï·„«˜ 18 nivdok·„«˜ ‡Á» evdok ‡·„«˜ ‡È 19 20 tivdeku˙·„˜» ‡˙̩® tivdeki˙·„˜È ‡˙ tivdok ˙·„«˜ ‡˙‰ 21 yivdekuÈ·„˜» ‰Ì©Â® tivdok˙·„«˜ ‰È‡ yivdok È·„«˜ ‰»‡ 22 23 Here are some other verbs we have learnt which follow this pattern. 24 We have given the first person singular (‘I’) since it indicates most 25 clearly which pattern to follow: 26 27 ‡Î˙«· ‡ÊΫ¯, ‡Ù‚«÷, ‡‚Ó«¯, ‡Ò‚«¯, ‡÷Ó«¯, ‡ÁÊ«¯, 28 ekhzor, eshmor, esgor, egmor, efgosh, ezkor, ekhtov 29 I will: return, keep, shut, finish, meet, remember, write 30 31 NB Some verbs in the ef-ol pattern need a ‘helping hand’ to ease 32 pronunciation, which slightly upsets the vowel pattern. (Sometimes, 33 saying the infinitive aloud helps to find the future tense vowel 34 pattern.) Look at the verb ‘to help’ la’azor ÏÚÊ«¯ , also in the ef- 35 ol group: 36 e-ezor ‡ÚÊ«¯ ta-azor ˙ÚÊ«¯ ya-azor ÈÚÊ«¯ 37 38 On the other hand, ‘to do’ la-asot ÏÚ◊«˙ becomes 39 40 e-eseh, ta-aseh, ya-asu ÈÚ◊» ˙Ú◊‰, ‡Ú◊‰, 41 4211 208
The ef-al ‡ÙÚÏ pattern To hear li’shmo-a )÷-Ó-Ú( Ï÷Ó«Ú nishma÷ÓÚ ‡Á» eshma ‡÷ÓÚ ‡È tishme-u˙÷ÓÚ» ‡˙Ì)Ô( tishme-i˙÷ÓÚÈ ‡˙ tishma ˙÷ÓÚ ‡˙‰ yishme-uÈ÷ÓÚ» ‰Ì)Ô( tishma˙÷ÓÚ ‰È‡ yishma È÷ÓÚ ‰»‡
Other verbs in this group you have learnt: ‡‚„Ï, ‡ÏÓ„, ‡ˆ„˜, ‡÷ÓÚ, ‡÷ÎÁ, ‡÷ÏÁ ‡÷ÎÁ, ‡÷ÓÚ, ‡ˆ„˜, ‡ÏÓ„, ‡‚„Ï, egdal, elmad, etsdak, eshma, eshskah, eshlakh I will: grow, learn, be right, hear, forget, send
NB Verbs whose middle root letter is one of the gutturals ‡, ‰, Á, Ú Á, ‰, ‡, also fall into the ef-al rather than the ef-ol group; e.g. to ask li’sh-ol Ï÷‡«Ï .....nish-al÷‡Ï ,‡Á» esh-al ‡÷‡Ï ‡È )÷-‡-Ï(
Deviations
As we are constantly seeing, ‘problem’ root letters often upset vowel patterns. Below are some common deviations, based on the position of the problem letter within the root. Remember that ÙÚÏ is the template for root letters, signifying the first root letter, ÚÙ the second and Ï the third root letter; e.g. ‘to eat’ le’ekhol ϯˆ«˙ )¯-ˆ-‰( Ù”‡ Ï‡Î«Ï )‡-Î-Ï( Ï‡Î«Ï is a Ù”‡ verb, ‘to want’ li’rtsot )¯-ˆ-‰( ϯˆ«˙ is a Ï”‰ verb, etc.
First letter of root ‡ (ohav) ‡«‰· ‡-‰-· Ù”‡ (okhal) ‡«ÎÏ ‡-Î-Ï
First letter of root ‰ È, (etse) ‡ˆ‡ È-ˆ-‡ Ù”È (ered) ‡¯„ È-¯-„ (elekh) ‡ÏÍ ‰-Ï-Í 209
1111 Middle root letter È Â, 2 (akum) ‡˜»Ì ˜-»-Ì Ú”Â 3 (asim) ‡◊ÈÌ ˘-È-Ì 4 5 (avo) ‡·«‡ ·-«-‡ 6 Last letter Á ‰, 7 (er-eh) ‡¯‡‰ ¯-‡-‰ Ï”‰ 8 (ertseh) ‡¯ˆ‰ ¯-ˆ-‰ 9 (eftakh) ‡Ù˙Á Ù-˙-Á 10 11 NB These rules are complicated to remember – but don’t let them 12 stop you speaking! It is good to know them, but you will still be 13 able to use the language and make yourself understood if your 14 vowels are not completely correct… 15 16 17 18 ‘To say’ l’emor χӫ¯ and ‘to tell’ 19 l’hagid ω‚È„ 20 21 ‘To say’ )‡-Ó-¯( χӫ¯ is a Group 1 verb which conjugates as 22 follows in the future: 23 ȇӯ» ˙‡Ó¯», ‡Ó¯, ˙‡Ó¯, ȇӯ, ˙‡Ó¯È, ˙‡Ó¯, ‡«Ó¯, 24 omar, tomar, tomri, yomar, tomar, nomar, tomru, yomru 25 26 However, far more common in colloquial Hebrew is the use of the 27 verb )-‚-„( ω‚È„ to express the future: 28 I will say what I think ani agid mah she’ani khoshev 29 Á«÷· ÷‡È Ó‰ ‡‚È„ ‡È 30 31 ω‚È„ is no longer used in the present or the past in modern 32 Hebrew although you will find it in the Bible. Here is how it is 33 conjugated in the future: 34 È‚È„» ˙‚È„», ‚È„, ˙‚È„, È‚È„, ˙‚È„È, ˙‚È„, ‡‚È„, 35 agid, tagid, tagídi, yagid, tagid, nagid, tagídu, yagídu 36 37 In other words just remember: 38 39 omer, amar, but yagid! È‚È„! ‡Ó¯, ‡«Ó¯, ‰»‡ 40 41 4211 210
Exercise 4
How do you say: 1 They (m.) will hear. 2 He will remember. 3 We will come. 4 You (f./sing.) will say. 5 You (m./pl.) will learn.
The use of the future tense
You have seen many verbs in the future in the last couple of dialogues; let’s now draw the main uses together: 1 The future tense is of course used to talk about the future, when you intend (mitkaven Ó˙ÎÂÔ ), hope (mekaveh Ә‰ ), or when it is possible (yekhol l’hiyot she’… ÷… ωȫ˙ ÈÎ«Ï ) that you might do something: I hope she’ll say something funny ani mekaveh she’hi tagid ma’sh’hu matskhik ÓˆÁȘ Ó÷‰» ˙‚È„ ÷‰È‡ Ә‰ ‡È
However, in Hebrew as in English, you would very naturally often use the present: Tomorrow I’ll get up early makhar akum mukdam ÓÁ¯ ‡˜»Ì Ó»˜„Ì ‡˜»Ì ÓÁ¯ Tomorrow I am getting up early makhar ani kam mukdam ÓÁ¯ ‡È ˜Ì Ó»˜„Ì ˜Ì ‡È ÓÁ¯ 2 The future is also used in conditional statements: im… (az)… )‡Ê(… :‡Ì… If you write, (then) I will send the letter im tikhtov, (az) ani eshlakh et ha’mikhtav ‰ÓÎ˙· ‡˙ ‡÷ÏÁ ‡È )‡Ê( ˙Î˙«· ‡Ì
NB Notice how Hebrew uses the future tense for both parts of the sentence, while English often only uses the future in the second half. 211
1111 3 And to make a request or issue a command. Instead of using 2 the imperative form, colloquial Hebrew very often makes a 3 suggestion or issues a command using the future tense: 4 Turn left at the corner tifni smólah ba’pinah 5 ·Ùȉ ◊Ӈω ˙ÙÈ 6 7 Take the book, I don’t need it tikakh et ha’séfer, ani lo 8 tsarikh oto ‡«˙« ˆ¯ÈÍ Ï‡ ‰ÒÙ¯,‡È ‡˙ ˙˜Á 9 10 NB Note that to make a negative request or command ‘al’ ‡Ï 11 precedes the verb instead of χ : 12 Don’t ask him, he’s very busy al tish-al oto, hu me-od asuk 13 ÚÒ»˜ Ó‡«„ ‡ ∆ ‡«˙«,‰» ˙÷‡Ï ‡Ï 14 15 16 17 Exercise 5 18 Make sentences using phrases from each of the columns: 19 20 Ï◊Á˜ È÷ÓÚ Ï‡ Î÷˙‚Ó«¯* 1 21 22 Ó‚Ô ‰¯„È« ÎÈ ˙ÏÍ ‰»‡ 2 23 24 ‰·‡ ·Á«„÷ ϷȘ»¯ ˙ÏÓ„ ‰Ì 3 25 ÷Ï« ‰‰»Ï„˙ ÏÈ«Ì Ó˙‰ ‡ÊΫ¯ ‡˙ 4 26 27 Ï‰Ì ‡Î˙«· ‡È È·«‡» χ Î÷‡È 5 28 29 ‡ÙÈÈÌ ÚÏ Ï¯Î«· Ï« ˙÷ÏÁÈ Î÷˙‚„Ï* 6 30 * strictly speaking kshe’ Î÷ ‘when’ is used with the past tense: 31 likhshe’ ÏÎ÷… is the correct form of ‘when’ to use when speaking 32 about the future. 33 34 Now read the sentences you have formed, and translate them into 35 English. Change them by replacing the pronouns in the first column 36 with those in the list on p. 212. You will also need to adjust the 37 rest of the sentence. 38 39 40 41 4211 212
Example: 1 Î÷˙‚Ó«¯ ˙ÏÍ Ï◊Á˜ - )‰Ì( Î÷‰Ì È‚Ó¯» ‰Ì ÈÏλ Ï◊Á˜. ÈÏλ ‰Ì È‚Ó¯» Î÷‰Ì )‰Ì( - Ï◊Á˜ ˙ÏÍ Î÷˙‚Ó«¯ 1 kshe’hem yigmeru, hem yelkhu le’sakhek When they (will) finish, they will go off to play.
‰»‡ 5 ‡˙ 6 ‡˙Ì 6 ‡˙ 5 ‰»‡ 4 ‡È 3 ‡Á» 2
Exercise 6
What patience! Eytan and Liyat are going away. Eytan is such a nervous traveller, he feels compelled to check that Liyat has made all the necessary (and possibly unnecessary) arrangements. Rather than getting upset, Liyat promises to get everything done. Insert the correct form of the verbs in brackets to complete the dialogue.
New vocabulary
to feed l’ha-akhil G3 )‡-Î-Ï( ω‡ÎÈÏ cat khatul (m.) Á˙»Ï to leave l’hash-ir G3 )÷-‡-¯( ω÷‡È¯ airport sdeh ha’te-ufah (m.) ‰˙Ú»Ù‰ ◊„‰ to take out l’hotsi G3 )È-ˆ-‡( ω«ˆÈ‡ rubbish ashpah (f.) ‡÷Ù‰
- ‡˙ ӻΉ ÏÒÈÚ‰? ӻΉ ‡˙ - - ÙÁ«˙ ‡« È«˙¯. ‡« ÙÁ«˙ - - ·È˜÷˙ Ó‰÷ÎÈÌ Ï‰‡ÎÈÏ ‡˙ ‰Á˙»Ï? ‡˙ ω‡ÎÈÏ Ó‰÷ÎÈÌ ·È˜÷˙ - - χ, ‡·Ï ‡È )·-˜-÷( ·Ú«„ ¯‚Ú. ·Ú«„ )·-˜-÷( ‡È ‡·Ï χ, - - ‰÷‡¯˙ ‡˙ ÓÒÙ¯ ‰ËÏÙ«Ô ÷Ï ‰ÓÏ«Ô Ï‰«¯ÈÌ? ‰ÓÏ«Ô ÷Ï ‰ËÏÙ«Ô ÓÒÙ¯ ‡˙ ‰÷‡¯˙ - - Ú«„ χ, ‡·Ï ‡È )„-·-¯( ‡È˙Ì È«˙¯ Ó‡»Á¯. È«˙¯ ‡È˙Ì )„-·-¯( ‡È ‡·Ï χ, Ú«„ - - ÷ÏÁ˙ ‡˙ ‰ÓÎ˙· Ï·˜? Ï·˜? ‰ÓÎ˙· ‡˙ ÷ÏÁ˙ - - χ ‡·Ï ‡È )÷-Ï-Á( ‡«˙« ÓÁ¯ ··«˜¯ ·„¯Í Ï◊„‰ ‰˙Ú»Ù‰. Ï◊„‰ ·„¯Í ··«˜¯ ÓÁ¯ ‡«˙« )÷-Ï-Á( ‡È ‡·Ï χ - - ȘÈ˙ ‡˙ ‰Ó˜¯¯? ‡˙ ȘÈ˙ - - χ, ‡·Ï ‡È )-˜-‰( ‡Á¯È ÷)‡-Î-Ï(. ‡Á¯È )-˜-‰( ‡È ‡·Ï χ, - 213
1111 ‰‡÷Ù‰? ‡˙ ‰«ˆ‡˙ - 2 ÷)‡Á»/È-ˆ-‡(. ÏÙÈ ÏÚ◊«˙ )ˆ-¯-Í( ‡˙‰ ʉ ‡˙ χ, - 3 4 5 Exercise 7 6 7 Matters of the heart: an experienced bachelor gives some tips to 8 his less experienced friend. How does he say: 9 1 Ring her at least once a day. 10 11 2 Invite her to popular restaurants. 12 3 Ask her to go out with you. 13 14 4 Bring her flowers. 15 5 Buy her expensive presents. 16 17 6 Tell her she is beautiful and charming. 18 7 Tell her you will always love her. 19 20 Now switch roles, and answer as his friend: 21 22 “I am sure that if I do all this, she will ask me to meet her parents. 23 I only want to go out with her….” 24 25 Exercise 8 26 27 Many a wise word… Can you read these wise words of advice – 28 whether you follow them or not is up to you! 29 30 ˙„Ú Ï‡ - ˙÷‡Ï χ ‡Ì 1 31 32 ˙˜·Ï χ ˙·˜÷ χ ‡Ì 2 33 ˙ÏÓ„ - ˙˜÷È· ‡Ì 3 34 35 ˙‡ÎÏ Ï‡ ˙Ú·«„ χ ‡Ì 4 36 37 Dialogue 3 38 39 Peter and Maya are on their way again and have turned on the 40 radio. What are they listening to, and what does it prompt them to 41 discuss? 4211 214
˜¯ÈÈÔ: ˙ÁÊÈ˙ ÓÊ‚ ‰‡ÂÂȯ ÏÈÓÈÌ ‰˜¯«·ÈÌ: ‰÷¯· ÈÈÓ÷Í ·¯· ÈÈÓ÷Í ‰÷¯· ‰˜¯«·ÈÌ: ÏÈÓÈÌ ‰‡ÂÂȯ ÓÊ‚ ˙ÁÊÈ˙ ˜¯ÈÈÔ: ‡Ê«¯È ‰‡¯ı. Ϙ¯‡˙ Ò«Û ‰÷·»Ú ˆÙ»È‰ ȯȄ‰ ˆÙ»È‰ ‰÷·»Ú Ò«Û Ï˜¯‡˙ ‰‡¯ı. ‡Ê«¯È ·ËÓٯ˻¯«˙. ‰ËÓٯ˻¯«˙ ÏÓÁ¯….. ·‡ÈÊ«¯ ÈÌ ‰ÓÏÁ ÈÌ ·‡ÈÊ«¯ ÏÓÁ¯….. ‰ËÓٯ˻¯«˙ ·ËÓٯ˻¯«˙. 53 ·È«Ì. ·È«Ì. 53 º Ú„ ·ÏÈω ˆÏÒÈ»Ò 32 º ·ÈÔ Ó‡È‰: ÎÓ« ÷Á÷·˙È. ÓÁ¯ ȉÈȉ Ú«„ È«˙¯ ÁÌ. ‰Á«Ì Ù‰ ګω Ù‰ ‰Á«Ì ÁÌ. È«˙¯ Ú«„ ȉÈȉ ÓÁ¯ ÷Á÷·˙È. ÎÓ« Ӈȉ: ÚÏ ‰Úˆ·ÈÌ. χ Ùχ ÷‰È÷¯‡ÏÈÌ «ÒÚÈÌ ÎÓ« Ó÷»‚ÚÈÌ. Ó÷»‚ÚÈÌ. ÎÓ« «ÒÚÈÌ ÷‰È÷¯‡ÏÈÌ Ùχ χ ‰Úˆ·ÈÌ. ÚÏ ÙÈ˯: Ë«· ÷È÷ ÏÍ ÓÈÊ»‚ ‡ÂÂȯ ·‡«Ë«. ‡ÂÂȯ ÓÈÊ»‚ ÏÍ ÷È÷ Ë«· ÙÈ˯: Ӈȉ: ÎÔ, ‰È» Ï» ‰Ó«Ô ˙‡»«˙ „¯ÎÈÌ ‡Ê ‰È«Ì È÷ Á«˜: ÎÏ Á«˜: È÷ ‰È«Ì ‡Ê „¯ÎÈÌ ˙‡»«˙ ‰Ó«Ô Ï» ‰È» ÎÔ, Ӈȉ: ¯Î· ÁÈÈ· ·ÓÈÊ»‚ ‡ÂÂȯ. ·ÓÈÊ»‚ ÁÈÈ· ¯Î· ÙÈ˯: ‰‰‚ÈÌ Ó˙‰‚ÈÌ È«˙¯ ÈÙ‰ ·Á«¯Û? ÈÙ‰ È«˙¯ Ó˙‰‚ÈÌ ‰‰‚ÈÌ ÙÈ˯: Ӈȉ: ‰Ï‡È! ·Á«¯Û ‚Ì ˆ¯ÈÍ ÏÒ«Ú ·Ê‰È¯»˙ ÎÈ È÷ ÒΫ˙ È÷ ÎÈ ·Ê‰È¯»˙ ÏÒ«Ú ˆ¯ÈÍ ‚Ì ·Á«¯Û ‰Ï‡È! Ӈȉ: ‡Á¯«˙. ÏÓ÷Ï Ù‰ ·‚· È÷ ÏÙÚÓÈÌ ÷ËÙ««˙ Î÷È«¯„ÈÌ ÷ËÙ««˙ ÏÙÚÓÈÌ È÷ ·‚· Ù‰ ÏÓ÷Ï ‡Á¯«˙. ‚÷ÓÈÌ Î·„ÈÌ. ‚÷ÓÈÌ ÙÈ˯: ÏÙÁ«˙ χ È«¯„ ÏÎÌ ‚÷Ì ÎÏ ‰ÊÓÔ ÎÓ« ‡ˆÏÈ». ÎÓ« ‰ÊÓÔ ÎÏ ‚÷Ì ÏÎÌ È«¯„ χ ÏÙÁ«˙ ÙÈ˯:
Vocabulary
announcer, broadcaster karayan(-it,f.) ˜¯ÈÈÔ)˙( forecast takhzit (f.) ˙ÁÊÈ˙ hot dry weather sharav (f.) ÷¯· will be continuing yimashekh ÈÈÓ÷Í region eyzor (m.) ‡ÈÊ«¯ expected tsafuy (tsfuyah,f.) ˆÙ»È)‰( descent, drop yeridah (f.) ȯȄ‰ between beyn ·ÈÔ degrees ma-alot ÓÚÏ«˙ º Celsius tselsius ˆÏÒÈ»Ò he/it will be yihiyeh ȉÈȉ heat khom (m.) Á«Ì nerve atsav (atsabim,m.) Úˆ· mad meshuga(-t,f.) Ó÷»‚Ú)˙( air conditioning mizug avir (m.) ‡ÂÂȯ ÓÈÊ»‚ many hamon (adverb) ‰Ó«Ô 215
1111 accident te-unah (f.) ˙‡»‰ 2 road accidents te-unot drakhim „¯ÎÈÌ ˙‡»«˙ 3 law khok (m.) Á«˜ 4 5 behave(s), conduct(s) mitnaheg G4 )-‰-‚( Ó˙‰‚ 6 himself 7 I wish! if only! halevay ‰Ï‡È! 8 for example l’mashal ÏÓ÷Ï 9 10 danger sakanah (f.) ÒΉ 11 flood, downpour shitafon (shitfonot, m.) ÷ÈËÙ«Ô)«‰( 12 heavy kaved (kvedah, f.) η„)‰( 13 14 at least l’fakhot ÏÙÁ«˙ 15 with/at us (in our home, etsléynu ‡ˆÏÈ» 16 country, etc.) (etsel + anákhnu) 17 18 19 Language points 20 21 22 23 The future tense of ‘to be’ )‰-È-‰( ωȫ˙ 24 25 nihyeh‰Èȉ ‡Á» ehyeh ‡‰Èȉ ‡È 26 tihyu˙‰È» ‡˙Ì)Ô( tihyi˙‰ÈÈ ‡˙ tihyeh ˙‰Èȉ ‡˙‰ 27 28 yihyuȉȻ ‰Ì)Ô(* tihyeh˙‰Èȉ ‰È‡ yihyeh ȉÈȉ ‰»‡ 29 30 * The formal form of the future for they (f.) is tihyénah .˙ȉÈȉ 31 Colloquial Hebrew, however, allows the use of the masculine form 32 .ȉȻ 33 34 Just like the past tense of ‘to be’ ωȫ˙ , the future is used to 35 express both the impersonal ‘there will be’ and the possessive ‘will 36 have’: 37 One day there will be peace yom ekhad yihiyeh shalom 38 ÷Ï«Ì È‰Èȉ ‡Á„ È«Ì 39 40 Next month I will have more time ba’khódesh ha’ba yihyeh li 41 yoter zman ÊÓÔ È«˙¯ ÏÈ È‰Èȉ ‰·‡ ·Á«„÷ 4211 216
It is also used as an auxiliary: You’ll have to drive carefully tihiyeh mukhrakh li’nhog bi’zhirut ˙‰Èȉ ӻίÁ ω«‚ ·Ê‰È¯»˙ ω«‚ ӻίÁ ˙‰Èȉ
The weather
The weather is much less of a talking point in Israel than it is in England since it is much more stable. However, the climate over the year is as varied as is the country’s geography; in the winter you could spend a day in the snow on Mount Hermon or even in Jerusalem and then go swimming the next day in Eilat on the Red Sea. Here are a few common expressions and ways of describing the weather.
New vocabulary
cloud(s) anan (m.) ÚÔ cloudy me-unan ÓÚ»Ô È‰Èȉ rainy gashum ‚÷»Ì ȉÈȉ snow shéleg (m.) ÷Ï‚ ȯ„ pleasant weather mézeg avir na-eh ‡‰ ‡ÂÂȯ ÓÊ‚ ȉÈȉ comfortable, high, temperatúrot nokhot, «Á«˙, ‰ËÓٯ˻¯«˙ low temperature(s) gvohot, nemukhot ӻΫ˙ ‚·«‰«˙, light rain géshem kal ˜Ï ‚÷Ì È¯„ heavy rain, downpour géshem shotef ÷«ËÛ ‚÷Ì È¯„ wind rú-akh (f.) ¯»Á a strong, west wind rú-akh khazakah Áʘ‰ ¯»Á ˙‰Èȉ hot dry weather sharav/mézeg ÓÊ‚ ÷¯·/ȉÈȉ avir shravi ÷¯·È ‡Âȯ dry yavesh È·÷ ȉÈȉ 217
1111 heat wave khamsin ÁÓÒÈÔ È‰Èȉ 2 (from the desert) 3 high/low humidity lakhut (f.) ÏÁ»˙ ˙‰Èȉ 4 gvohah/nemukhah ‚·«‰‰/ӻΉ 5 6 sun/will be sunny shémesh b’sh-ot ÷Ó÷ ˙‰Èȉ 7 during the morning ha’bóker ‰·«˜¯ ·÷Ú«˙ 8 9 Exercise 9 10 11 What is the weather forecast for the following places: 12 ·… ÓÁ¯ ‰‡Âȯ? ÓÊ‚ ȉÈȉ Ó‰ 13 14 ˙Ï-‡·È· ÒÈ„È È«¯˜ È» Ë«˜È« Ï«„«Ô 15 sunny, high strong winds heavy rain fair but low cloud with 16 humidity 28ºC mild temperature 23ºC temp, 12ºC rain, 17ºC 17 18 Exercise 10 19 20 Match the activity to the weather 21 Example: 6· 22 23 ‰Ú˙Ș‰ ÈÙ« ÷Ï ·ÒÓˇ«˙ ËÈ»Ï ‡ ÓÚ»Ô 1 24 ‰ÁÈ«˙ ·‚Ô ·È˜»¯ · ÷«ËÛ ‚÷Ì 2 25 ‰Á„÷ ·˜È«Ô ˜ÈÈ«˙ ÏÚ◊«˙ ‚ ‚·«‰‰ ÏÁ»˙ 3 26 (Promenade) ‰ËÈÈÏ˙ ÚÏ ˜Ù‰ ··È˙ È÷È·‰ „ ÷¯·È 4 27 ‡ÂÂȯ ÓÈÊ»‚ ÚÌ ·Ó»Êȇ«Ô ·È˜»¯ ‰ ÷Ï‚ 5 28 29 ·ÈÌ ◊ÁÈȉ  6÷Ó÷ 30 ‰ÈÌ Á«Û ÚÏ ¯Èˆ‰ Ê ‚·«‰«˙ ËÓٯ˻¯«˙ 7 31 ‰’Ï·‰’ Ïȯ»÷ÏÈÌ ÒÈÚ‰ Á ÈÙ‰ ‡ÂÂȯ ÓÊ‚ 8 32 33 Exercise 11 34 35 Now that you’ve finished exercise 10 and checked your answers, 36 join the correct activity and weather together to make complete 37 sentences, using ‘if’ ‡Ì and the future tense (the ‘verbal’ nouns 38 describing the activity will tell you which verbs to use). 39 Example: ·6 40 If it’s sunny (lit. ‘there will be sun’) we will take a trip to the zoo 41 im tihyeh shémesh, netayel b’gan ha’khayot 4211 ‰ÁÈ«˙ ·‚Ô ËÈÈÏ ÷Ó÷ ˙‰Èȉ ‡Ì 6 12 ·Ó¯Ù‡‰ At the doctor’s
In this unit you will learn: • to read signs ‡/χ + infinitive; mutar/asur Ó»˙¯/‡Ò»¯ • the imperative tsivuy ˆÂÂ»È • how to say what’s wrong with you • parts of the body • verbs – Group 5 (nif-al ÙÚÏ ) • more prepositions ·ÚˆÓÈ Ï·„È, ÓÓÈ, ·÷·ÈÏÈ, ÏÈ„È, • an old joke 219
1111 2 Dialogue 1 3 4 The next morning, we find Peter at the doctor’s surgery (clinic – 5 mirpa-ah (f.) Ó¯Ù‡‰ ). Why is the patient next to him so unhappy? 6 What is wrong with Peter? 7 8 ÏÎÏ·ÈÌ! ÎÈÒ‰ ‡ÈÔ ‰÷ÏË? ‡˙ ¯«‡‰ χ ‡˙‰ ‡„«È, ‡Á«˙: 9 ‡Èʉ ˙¯‡È ÓÒÎÔ! ‰ÎÏ·? ÚÌ ‡Ú◊‰ ÷‡È ¯«ˆ‰ ‡˙ Ó‰ Á«Ï‰: 10 11 ωȫ˙ ‡«‰· χ ‰»‡ Ù‰. ‡«˙« ω÷‡È¯ ÏÈ ˙È ˜È. ÎÏ· 12 ··È˙. Ï·„« 13 14 ÏÍ. ÈÚÊ«¯ χ ʉ Ï·˜÷ ˙ÙÒȘ ‡„«È, ÓˆËÚ¯˙ ‡È ‡Á«˙: 15 ‡«˙« ˜÷«¯ ÂÚÎ÷È ÒÈ˯. ·È·È ÏÎÏ· Óˆ‡ ‰·‡‰, ·ÙÚÌ 16 ·Á»ı. ··˜÷‰ 17 18 ·Á»ı. ÁÌ ÏÁÈ«˙? ¯‚÷ ÏÍ ‡ÈÔ Á«Ï‰: 19 Óχ ‚¯ÈÔ? ÙÈ˯ ·ˆÏ! ÷È÷· ÷ÏÍ ÏÎÏ· ˙‚È„ ‡Á«˙: 20 (to Peter) 21 ϯ«Ù‡. ÎÒ ÷‡˙‰ ÏÙÈ ‰Ë«ÙÒ ‡˙ ··˜÷‰ 22 23 Peter goes in to see the doctor. 24 25 ¯‡÷ ·· ÏÈ È÷ Ë«·. Ó¯‚È÷ χ ·‡Ó˙ ‡È „«˜Ë«¯, ÙÈ˯: 26 ·ÁÈω. ÏÈ ÂÈ÷ ‰·ËÔ ÏÈ Î«‡·˙ ·Ú¯·, Ó‡˙Ó«Ï 27 28 Á«÷· ÷‡È ÏÓ¯«˙ ‡«˙Í, ‡·„«˜ ‰ÓÈˉ ÚÏ Úω ·«‡ ¯«Ù‡: 29 ·÷Ó÷ ‰È«Ì ÎÏ ‡˙ ·ÈÏÈ˙ ÏÍ. ˜¯‰ Ó‰ ÏÁ÷ ÷‡Ù÷¯ 30 ‡˙Ó«Ï? 31 32 ‰È‰ ʉ ‡·Ï ‰ÓÏÁ ·ÈÌ ‰˙¯Áˆ˙È ‡ÓÌ Ï‡. „˜‡ ÙÈ˯: 33 Áʘ‰. ÙÁ«˙ Î÷‰÷Ó÷ ‰ˆ‰¯ÈÈÌ ‡Á¯È 34 35 ÓÒÙȘ. ÷˙È˙ ‚Ì ‡Ì ‰È‡ ‰÷‡Ï‰ ÏÁ«Ì ¯‚ÈÏ Ï‡ ‡˙‰ ¯«Ù‡: 36 ‡«˙Ì ◊Ó˙È ‰ÓÈÌ, ‡˙ Ï÷˙«˙ ·Ó˜«Ì ΫÔ, È„Ú˙? ‡ÈÍ ÙÈ˯: 37 38 ‰‡«Ë«… ÷Ï ·¯„ȇ˫¯ 39 40 41 4211 220
Vocabulary
nurse (sister) akhot (f.) ‡Á«˙ patient (noun) kholeh (kholah, f.) Á«Ï‰ ill (adjective) sign shélet (m.) ÷ÏË dog kélev (klavim, m.) ÎÏ· poor thing, wretched misken(-ah, f.) ÓÒÎÔ)‰( clean naki (nekiyah, f.) ˜È)‰( on his own levado (levad + hu) Ï·„« next time ba’pá-am ha’ba-ah ‰·‡‰ ·ÙÚÌ tie! (you, m./sing.) kshor )˜-÷-¯( ˜÷«¯ outside ba’khuts ·Á»ı feeling; emotion régesh (ragashot, m.) ¯‚÷)«˙( shade, shadow(s) tsel (tslalim, m.) )ˆÏÏÈÌ( ˆÏ form tófes (tfasim, m.) Ë«ÙÒ enter nikhnas ÎÒ pain, ache ke-ev (m.) ·· head rosh (m.) ¯‡÷ it hurts me ko-ev li ÏÈ Î«‡· stomach, belly béten (f.) ·ËÔ nausea bekhilah (f.) ·ÁÈω bed mitah (f.) ÓÈˉ to guess l’nakhesh G2 ÙÈÚÏ )-Á-÷( ÏÁ÷ (to be) used (to) ragil (regilah, f.) + l’… +Ï… ¯‚ÈÏ)‰( instead of bimkom ·Ó˜«Ì 221
1111 Cultural note 2 3 You can identify a doctor’s 4 clinic or a hospital by the red 5 Star of David magen david 6 adom ‡„«Ì „„ Ó‚Ô (the 7 equivalent of the Red Cross) 8 which you’ll also see on ambu- 9 lances. A clinic will probably 10 also have a sign saying kupat 11 kholim Á«ÏÈÌ ˜»Ù˙ which is 12 Israel’s version of the British 13 National Health Service. Rather 14 than saying they are going to the 15 clinic or doctor’s surgery, 16 Israelis often simply say they 17 are going to the Á«ÏÈÌ ˜»Ù˙ . 18 19 20 Language points 21 22 23 Sign language 24 25 Modern life seems to demand signs everywhere – asking you to do 26 something or more often than not, not to do something. Requests 27 on signs, and in more formal speech, occasionally use the impera- 28 tive (see below) or future form, but more often use the infinitive 29 of the verb preceded by ‘please’ nah ‡ for positive requests or 30 ‘(there is) No’ eyn ‡ÈÔ for prohibitions. ‡ÈÔ can also simply be 31 followed by a noun: 32 No exit eyn yetsi-ah Ȉȇ‰ ‡ÈÔ 33 34 Don’t walk on the grass eyn li’drokh al ha’déshe 35 ‰„÷‡ ÚÏ Ï„¯«Í ‡ÈÔ 36 Please sit down nah lashévet Ï÷·˙ ‡ 37 38 Mutar Ó»˙¯ and asur ‡Ò»¯ 39 40 If you want to know if something is permitted you would ask, ‘Is 41 it allowed’? Ó»˙¯ or ‘Am I (you, he, etc.) allowed’? 4211 Ï«…( )ÏÍ, ÏÈ Ó»˙¯ [+ the infinitive]. And if the answer is ‘no’, 222
you will receive the reply lo, asur (lekha, lo…) [+ infinitive] χ, ‡Ò»¯ )ÏÍ, Ï«( )ÏÍ, ‡Ò»¯ χ, : no, it’s forbidden (to you, him, etc.), you (he, etc.) is are not allowed…
‡Ò»¯ is also often used on signs: Look for the ‘no smoking’ sign in the drawing of the doctor’s waiting room before Dialogue 1 – ‡Ò»¯ ÏÚ÷Ô ‡Ò»¯ .
Exercise 1
Match the signs with their English equivalents.
a. Stop! b. Don’t lean out of the window c. No litter d. Danger e. No parking
Exercise 2
Can you work out what these notices say?
‡ Ï÷Ó«¯ ÚÏ ‰÷˜Ë ÚÏ Ï÷Ó«¯ ‡ ‡ÈÔ Ï„·¯ ÚÌ ‰‰‚ ·÷Ú˙ ‰ÒÈÚ‰ ·÷Ú˙ ‰‰‚ ÚÌ Ï„·¯ ‡ÈÔ ‡ ωÈÎÒ ÙÈÓ‰ ωÈÎÒ ‡ ÚÓ«„! ÷ÎÁ˙ Ó÷‰» ·˙«Í ‰‡«Ë«·»Ò? ·˙«Í Ó÷‰» ÷ÎÁ˙ ÚÓ«„! 223
1111 The imperative 2 3 The imperative in Hebrew has three forms: you (sing. m.+f.) and 4 you (pl.). It is formed by removing the ˙ prefix of the future tense, 5 but keeping the suffixes. Here are some examples to give you prac- 6 tice. (Notice the usual slight vowel changes to accommodate ease 7 of pronunciation.) 8 9 NB The imperative is not used for negative commands. These are 10 formed with the future tense (see p. 211). 11 12 a. Group 1 ÙÚÏ 13 14 ˙» ˙È ˙Ô )Ï˙˙( -˙-Ô 15 tnu tni ten 16 (you, m.f./pl.) (you, f./sing.) (you, m./sing.) (to give la’tet) 17 18 These verbs follow the same pattern; say them aloud in all three 19 forms: 20 21 (take!) ˜Á… (sit!) ÷·… (go out!) ˆ‡… 22 23 Check your answers: you’ll find all three forms with translitera- 24 tions for these and the following groups in the key to exercises at 25 the back. 26 27 ˜÷¯» ˜÷¯È ˜÷«¯ )Ϙ÷«¯( ˜-÷-¯ 28 kishru kishri kshor (to tie li’kshor) 29 30 Practise more verbs in the same ÙÚÏ group: 31 ÷Ó«¯…. Î˙«·, 32 33 As you can see, once you’ve established the principle it is not 34 difficult: 35 to run 36 ¯»ˆ» ¯»ˆÈ, ¯»ı, )¯-»-ı( ϯ»ı 37 to get up … ….˜»Ì Ϙ»Ì 38 to move Ïʻʅ..ʻʅ 39 40 41 4211 224
b. Group 2 ÙÈÚÏ
to tell, relate le’saper )Ò-Ù-¯( ÏÒÙ¯ saper, sapri, sapru ÒÙ¯» ÒÙ¯È, ÒÙ¯, Your turn: to arrange ÏÒ„¯ ; to hurry ÏÓ‰¯ c. Group 3 ‰ÙÚÈÏ
to save, rescue l’hatsil )-ˆ-Ï( ωˆÈÏ hatsel, hatsíli, hatsilu ‰ˆÈÏ» ‰ˆÈÏÈ, ‰ˆÏ, Your turn: to listen l’hakshiv ω˜˘È·
d. Group 4 ‰˙ÙÚÏ
to wake up l’hit-orer )Ú-»-¯( ω˙Ú«¯¯ hit-orer, hit-oreri, hit-oreru ‰˙Ú«¯¯» ‰˙Ú«¯¯È, ‰˙Ú«¯¯,
To be ashamed, embarrassed is also in this group: l’hitbayesh )·-Â-÷( ω˙·ÈÈ÷
How would you tell her to be ashamed of herself, to get dressed and get out of the room…?
Exercise 3
Go back to Dialogue 2 of the previous unit. Here are the requests made in the future tense, which can be changed to the imperative form. Can you put them in the imperative? Here is the first:
tistakel – histakel ‰Ò˙ÎÏ - ˙Ò˙ÎÏ ˙¯‡È; ˙¯»ı; ˙ˆÏˆÏÈ; ˙˜÷È·; ˙Ù˙Á; ˙ÁΉ; ˙·„«˜ ˙·„«˜ ˙ÁΉ; ˙Ù˙Á; ˙˜÷È·; ˙ˆÏˆÏÈ; ˙¯»ı; ˙¯‡È; 225
1111 Let’s go! 2 3 If you want to include everyone – a very common way of making 4 suggestions in Hebrew – you use the imperative of ·-«-‡ (in the 5 form for the person/people you are addressing) together with the 6 ‘we’ of the future tense: 7 ·«‡» ·«‡È, ·«‡, 8 9 Let’s go to a restaurant: 10 11 (To a girl) ÏÓÒÚ„‰ ÏÍ ·«‡È 12 (To a group of people) ÏÓÒÚ„‰ ÏÍ ·«‡» 13 14 Exercise 4 15 16 How would you say: 17 18 1 Let’s (f./sing.) go to the cinema. 19 2 Let’s (m./sing.) see what’s in the fridge. 20 21 3 Let’s (pl.) have (lit. ‘make’) a party (mesibah ÓÒÈ·‰ ). 22 4 Let’s (f./sing.) order a pizza. 23 24 5 Let’s (pl.) ask that man. 25 6 Let’s (m./sing.) hope that they will listen to us 26 ˜-÷-· ˜-Â-‰, ·«‡» . 27 28 29 ‘It hurts me’ ÏÈ Î«‡· – parts of the body 30 31 To hurt li’kh-ov )Î-‡-·( Ï·«· is only used in the third person 32 (sing. and plural, masc. and fem.), in other words this Group 1 ÙÚÏ 33 verb is used in the impersonal form. To make it personal you add 34 Ï + pronoun endings: 35 36 What hurts you? mah ko-ev lekha? ÏÍ? Ϋ‡· Ó‰ 37 My head hurts me, my left eye hurts me, and my teeth hurt me. 38 ha’rosh ko-ev li, ha’áyin ha’smalit ko-évet li, v’ha’shináyim ko- 39 avot li ÏÈ, Ϋ‡·˙ ‰◊Ó‡ÏÈ˙ ‰ÚÈÔ ÏÈ, Ϋ‡· ‰¯‡÷ 40 ÏÈ. Ϋ‡·«˙ ‰÷ÈÈÈÌ 41 4211 226
Yesterday my back also hurt. I hope it won’t hurt me tomorrow. etmol gam ha’gav ka-av li. ani mekaveh she’hu lo yikhhav li makhar. ÷‰»‡ Ә‰ ‡È ÏÈ. ·· ‰‚· ‚Ì ‡˙Ó«Ï Ï‡ È·· ÏÈ ÓÁ¯. ÏÈ È·· χ You can also use the noun ‘pain’ ke-ev (m.) ·· as the first word of a word pair: I have a tummy ache yesh li ke-ev beten ·ËÔ Î‡· ÏÈ È÷
body guf (m.) ‚»Û head rosh (m.) ¯‡÷ back gav(m.) ‚· hand(s) yad (-áyim) (f.) È„)ÈÈÌ( ‰… ÏÈ Î«‡· finger étsba (m.) ‡ˆ·Ú)«˙( Ϋ‡·˙ leg(s)/foot (feet) regel(-áyim) (f.) ¯‚Ï)ÈÈÌ( Ϋ‡·ÈÌ eye(s) áyin (eynáyim f.) )ÚÈÈÈÌ( ÚÈÔ Î«‡·«˙ nose af (m.) ‡Û ear(s) ozen (oznáyim, f.) )‡ÊÈÈÌ( ‡«ÊÔ Î‡· ÏÈ È÷ throat garon(m.) ‚¯«Ô tooth/teeth shen (shináyim, f.) )÷ÈÈÈÌ( ÷Ô mouth peh (m.) Ù‰ I’m bleeding from… yored li dam mi’… Ó.. „Ì ÏÈ È«¯„ blood dam(m.) „Ì 227
1111 Exercise 5 2 3 Comprehension: what exactly do these patients want? 4 5 New vocabulary 6 7 the main thing, essence ha’ikar (m.) ‰ÚȘ¯ 8 9 urgent dakhuf (dkhufah, f.) „Á»Û)‰( 10 fever khom (m.) Á«Ì 11 [to have] a cold metsunan (metsunénet, f.) Óˆ»Ô)˙( 12 13 cough(s) (verb) mishta-elet G4 ‰˙ÙÚÏ Ó÷˙ÚÏ˙ 14 flu shapa-at (f.) ÷ÙÚ˙ 15 what for bishvil mah Ó‰ ·÷·ÈÏ 16 17 18 19 ϯ«Ù‡. ˙«¯ ˆ¯ÈÍ ‡È – 20 ÷ÈÈÈÌ? ¯«Ù‡ ÚÈÈÈÌ? ¯«Ù‡ ˆ¯ÈÍ? ‡˙‰ ¯«Ù‡ ‡Èʉ – 21 22 ‡Û-‡«ÊÔ-‚¯«Ô? ‡«¯˙«Ù„? ÈÏ„ÈÌ? ¯«Ù‡ 23 Ë«·! ¯«Ù‡ ÷ȉÈȉ ‰ÚȘ¯ Á÷»·! χ – 24 25 26 „Á»Û! ʉ ‡«˙Í, ϯ‡«˙ ӻίÁ‰ ‡È „«˜Ë«¯, – 27 ‰ «· ÏÍ? Ϋ‡· Ó‰ – 28 29 ‡È ‡„«Ì, ÷ÏÈ ‰‚¯«Ô Óˆ»˙, ‡È Á«Ì, ÏÈ ‰¯‡÷,È÷ ÏÈ Î«‡· – 30 ÷ÙÚ˙. ÏÈ È÷ ‰‚»Û, ÎÏ ÏÈ Î«‡· ‰ÊÓÔ. ÎÏ Ó÷˙ÚÏ˙ 31 32 ‡«˙È? ˆ¯ÈΉ ‡˙ Ó‰ ·÷·ÈÏ ÏÍ È÷ Ó‰ È«„Ú˙ ‡˙ ‡Ì ‡Ê – 33 ˙„Ú. ‡˙‰ ÷‚Ì ¯ˆÈ˙È – 34 35 Exercise 6 36 37 Which of the following suggestions is sound advice to give to a 38 patient with the flu? 39 40 41 4211 228
New vocabulary
thermometer madkhom (m.) Ó„Á«Ì to sleep li’shon G1 ÙÚÏ (irr.) ÏÈ÷«Ô tablet kadour (m.) ΄»¯ against néged ‚„
1 ˜Á ‡ÒÙȯÈÔ Î„È Ï‰«¯È„ ‡˙ ‰Á«Ì ‰Á«Ì ‡˙ ω«¯È„ Î„È ‡ÒÙȯÈÔ ˜Á 1 2 ÷· ˜ˆ˙ ·÷Ó÷ ˜ˆ˙ ÷· 2 3 ˙÷˙‰ ‰¯·‰ ÈÈÔ ‰¯·‰ ˙÷˙‰ 3 4 ˙‡ÎÏ ‡˙ ‰Ó„Á«Ì ‡˙ ˙‡ÎÏ 4 5 ‡Ï ˙◊ÈÌ ˜¯Ì ‰‚‰ ˜¯Ì ˙◊ÈÌ ‡Ï 5 6 ˙È÷Ô ˜ˆ˙ È«˙¯ ˜ˆ˙ ˙È÷Ô 6 7 ˙÷˙‰ ‰¯·‰ ÓÈÌ ‡« ˙‰ ‡« ÓÈÌ ‰¯·‰ ˙÷˙‰ 7 8 ˜Á ΄»¯ ‚„ ·· ¯‡÷ ÷÷ ÙÚÓÈÌ ·È«Ì ÙÚÓÈÌ ÷÷ ¯‡÷ ·· ‚„ ΄»¯ ˜Á 8
Exercise 7
You’re in a bad way: you have to call the doctor atah tsarikh li’kro l’rofe ϯ«Ù‡ Ϙ¯‡ ˆ¯ÈÍ ‡˙‰
Tell the doctor that 1 you have eaten something (bad) and you have a stomach ache; 2 you fell on the stairs (G1 -Ù-Ï ) and your right leg hurts; 3 you’ve got an ear ache; 4 you must go to a dentist – it’s urgent; 5 your finger is bleeding. 229
1111 2 Dialogue 2 3 4 Peter is resting in his room after his morning’s outing to the doctor, 5 when there is knock at the door. How is Peter? He was so looking 6 forward to visiting one of the Dead Sea beauty therapy products 7 factories. Does he still want to go? 8 ωÈÎÒ. ‡Ù÷¯ Ӈȉ? ʉ? ÓÈ ÙÈ˯: 9 10 ÚÏ ‡÷· ‡È Ó‰ÓÈˉ. ˙Ê»Ê ‡Ï Ó¯‚È÷? ‡˙‰ ‡ÈÍ ‰È, Ӈȉ: 11 ‡Ó¯? ‰¯«Ù‡ Ó‰ ÏÈ„Í. ‰ÎÈÒ‡ 12 ‡Ê ÓÒÙȘ Ï÷˙«˙ ‡ÊΫ¯ ‚Ì Â‡Ì ‡ÁÈȉ ÷‡È ‡Ó¯ ‰»‡ ÙÈ˯: 13 ÷»·. ÏÈ È˜¯‰ χ ʉ 14 15 ‡Á¯È ÓÒÙȘ. ʉ¯˙È Ï‡ ÚÏÈÍ. Ï÷Ó«¯ ˆ¯ÈΉ ‰ÈÈ˙È Ó‡È‰: 16 ‰È◊¯‡ÏÈ. ϘÈı ¯‚ÈÏ Ï‡ ‡˙‰ ‰ÎÏ 17 Ó˙ÎÂÂÔ Ï‡ ‚Ì ‡È ·Ò„¯. ·‡Ó˙ ‡È ˙„‡‚È, ‡Ï ÙÈ˯: 18 19 Ù‚÷˙È Ï‡ ÷Ú«„ ˙÷ÎÁÈ ‡Ï ‰È«Ì. ÎÏ ·ÓÈˉ ωÈ÷‡¯ 20 ·‡¯·Ú. Ï» ÓÁΉ ‰»‡ Ó‰ÓÙÚÏ ·Ï»Ì Ó¯ ÚÌ 21 ωÈÙ‚÷ ÷È·«‡ ÓÓ» Ï·˜÷ Á»ˆÙ‰ ÷ʇ˙ Á«÷· ‡˙‰ Ӈȉ: 22 ·ÓÏ«Ô? ‡È˙Í 23 24 ÏÏÎ˙ Ë«· È«˙¯ ȉÈȉ ·÷·ÈÏÈ Ó˜¯‰, ·ÎÏ ·‰ÁÏË! ÙÈ˯: 25 ‰ÓÙÚÏ. ‡˙ ϯ‡«˙ ¯«ˆ‰ ‚Ì ‡È ÎÈ ‡ÏÈ 26 Ӊȯ‰! ‰ÁÏÓ‰ ·˜Ï»˙. ÓÂÂ˙¯ χ ÷‡˙‰ ¯«‡‰ ‡È Ӈȉ: 27 28 ÂÁˆÈ. ·÷Ï«÷ ω˙¯‡«˙ ‡Ê ˙«„‰, ÙÈ˯: 29 30 Vocabulary 31 32 33 to enter l’hikanes G5 ÙÚÏ Ï‰ÈÎÒ 34 next to you l’yadkha (l’yad + atah) ÏÈ„Í* 35 I was careful niz-hárti G5 ÙÚÏ )Ê-‰-¯( ʉ¯˙È 36 37 intend(s) mitkaven G4 ‰˙ÙÚÏ )Î-Â-Ô( Ó˙ÎÂÂÔ 38 to stay l’hisha-er G5 ÙÚÏ Ï‰È÷‡¯ 39 I have met nivgáshti G5 ÙÚÏ Ù‚÷˙È 40 41 impertinence, cheek khutspah (f.) Á»ˆÙ‰ 4211 from him miménu (mi’ + hu) ÓÓ»* 230
absolutely, certainly b’hekhlet ·‰ÁÏË in any event b’khol mikreh Ó˜¯‰ ·ÎÏ for me bishvili (bishvil + ani) ·÷·ÈÏÈ* to him elav (el + hu) ‡ÏÈÂ* give(s) up mevater G2 ÙÈÚÏ ÓÂÂ˙¯ easily, with ease b’kalut ·˜Ï»˙ a speedy recovery! hakhlamah mehirah Ӊȯ‰! ‰ÁÏÓ‰
* l’yad ÏÈ„ (next to), mi’…/min Ó…/ÓÔ (from), bishvil ·÷·ÈÏ (for) and el ‡Ï (to) all take pronoun endings. Look in the Prepositions chart at the back of the book for the full declension.
Language points
Verb Group 5 nif-al ÙÚÏ
‘He saw me. I was seen.’ ‘Saw’ is the verb ‘to see’ in an active voice; ‘was seen’ is in the passive. Essentially Group 5 ÙÚÏ verbs are the passive form of Group 1 ÙÚÏ verbs.
Example: to break li’shbor )÷-·-¯( Ï÷·«¯ to be broken l’hishaver )÷-·-¯( ωÈ÷·¯
Notice the characteristic infinitive: l’hi-a-e.
Not all Group 5 have corresponding Group 1 verbs (these may have disappeared over time) but you may find them sharing a root with verbs in other groups.
Example: to leave l’hash-ir G3 ‰ÙÚÈÏ )˘-‡-¯( ω÷‡È¯ to be left, to stay l’hisha-er G5 ÙÚÏ )˘-‡-¯( ωÈ÷‡¯ I left the dog at home ··È˙ ‰ÎÏ· ‡˙ ‰÷‡¯˙È 231
1111 He always stays at home to guard the house 2 ‰·È˙ ÚÏ Ï÷Ó«¯ ÷‡¯ ˙ÓÈ„ ‰»‡ 3 4 Sometimes you can detect a reflexive aspect to the ÙÚÏ form: 5 Á»Î‰ ·ÓÒÈ·˙ ‡«˙« Ù‚÷˙È )ÙÚÏ(: Ù-‚-÷ ÏÙ‚«÷ 6 I met him at the Hanukah party 7 8 ÷ÈÌ Ú◊¯ ÏÙÈ Á»Î‰ ·ÓÒÈ·˙ Ù‚÷» )ÙÚÏ(: Ù-‚-÷ ωÈÙ‚÷ 9 We were met / we met [each other] at the Hanukah party ten 10 years ago 11 12 Many common ÙÚÏ verbs have simple active meanings when 13 translated into English. Here is a conjugation model for this group: 14 15 Root Î--Ò Infinitive To enter l’hikanes ωÈÎÒ entrance 16 knisah ÎÈÒ‰ 17 18 The present tense 19 nikhnas, nikhneset, nikhnasim, nikhnasot 20 ÎÒ«˙ ÎÒÈÌ, ÎÒ˙, ÎÒ, 21 22 The past tense 23 nikhnásnuÎÒ» ‡Á» nikhnásti ÎÒ˙È ‡È 24 nikhnastem(n)ÎÒ˙Ì ‡˙Ì/Ô nikhnastÎÒ˙ ‡˙ nikhnásta ÎÒ˙ ‡˙‰ 25 26 nikhnesuÎÒ» ‰Ì/Ô nikhnesah ÎÒ‰ ‰È‡ nikhnas ÎÒ ‰»‡ 27 28 NB The present and past tenses both add the prefix . 29 30 The future tense 31 nikanesÎÒ* ‡Á» ekanes ‡ÎÒ ‡È 32 tikansu˙ÎÒ» ‡˙Ì/Ô tikansi˙ÎÒÈ ‡˙ tikanes ˙ÈÎÒ ‡˙‰ 33 34 yikansuÈÎÒ» ‰Ì/Ô tikanes˙ÎÒ ‰È‡ yikanes ÈÈÎÒ ‰»‡ 35 36 *NB The future drops the prefix of the present and the past, 37 and uses the future tense prefixes and suffixes common to all verb 38 groups. The here denotes ‘we’. The context will tell you whether 39 ÎÒ is nikanes ‘we will enter’, or nikhnas – either ‘he enters’ or 40 ‘he entered’. 41 4211 232
Exercise 8
Practise forming the ÙÚÏ pattern with the verbs in brackets (use the model above to help you). The verbs will already be familiar to you in other forms or groups (binyanim ·ÈÈÈÌ ). Note that the first two are in the past tense, the last three in the future. 1 Ó‰, ÎÏ ‰ÈÈÔ ‰‡„«Ì )÷-‡-¯(? ‰‡„«Ì ‰ÈÈÔ ÎÏ Ó‰, 1 ÎÔ, ‡·Ï ÎÏ ‰ÈÈÔ ‰Ï·Ô )÷-˙-‰( ‰Ï·Ô ‰ÈÈÔ ÎÏ ‡·Ï ÎÔ, ‰÷˙Èȉ ‰˜Ï‰ )‚-Ó-¯(. ‰˜Ï‰ ‰÷˙Èȉ 2 Ó‰ )‡-Ó-¯( ·Ù‚È÷‰? )‡-Ó-¯( Ó‰ 2 ‡È χ È«„Ú; χ )÷-‡-¯( Ú„ ‰Ò«Û. Ú„ )÷-‡-¯( χ È«„Ú; χ ‡È 3 ‡Ï ˙„‡‚; ‰ÎÏ )Ò-Ï-Á( ÏÍ. )Ò-Ï-Á( ‰ÎÏ ˙„‡‚; ‡Ï 3 4 Ó˙È ‰Ò¯Ë )‚-Ó-¯(? ‰Ò¯Ë Ó˙È 4 Î÷‰‡«¯«˙ )„-Ï-˜(! Î÷‰‡«¯«˙ 5 ÎÏ ‰‰ˆÚ«˙ )·-„-˜( Â‡Ê È˙Ô ÏÍ ˙÷»·‰. ÏÍ È˙Ô Â‡Ê )·-„-˜( ‰‰ˆÚ«˙ ÎÏ 5
Exercise 9
Shlomit and Hanan, both old movie buffs, have picked out a senti- mental Western from their archives for the evening’s entertain- ment. This is the scene they both fall for most. Cover the translation and read the story through to see if you can understand the gist of it with the help of the new vocabulary. Then put the verbs in the correct form (you can always refer to the verb glossary at the back of the book if you need some extra help). When you’ve finished you can check that you’ve have been reading correctly with the transliteration in the key.
New vocabulary
thirsty tsame(-ah, f.) ˆÓ‡ white lavan (levanah, f.) Ï·Ô)‰( nevertheless b’khol zot ʇ˙ ·ÎÏ to approach, go near l’hitkarev G4 ‰˙ÙÚÏ )˜-¯-·( ω˙˜¯· grateful asir(-at, f.) todah ˙«„‰ ‡Òȯ)˙( he nodded heni-a G3 ‰ÈÙÚÏ )-»-Ú( ‰ÈÚ 233
1111 2 be frightened l’hibahel G5 ÙÚÏ ·-‰-Ï Ï‰È·‰Ï 3 spill, be poured out l’hishafekh G5 ÙÚÏ ÷-Ù-Í Ï‰È÷ÙÍ 4 5 Î--Ò( – )ÙÚÏ ‰Ò»Ò ·ÚÏ ·Áˆ¯ ÏÚı ˜-÷-¯( – )ÙÚÏ ‰Ï·Ô ‰Ò»Ò 6 7 ‰˜¯«·. Ï·È˙ 8 χ ·÷Ó÷ Ú-Ó-„( – )ÙÚÏ ÷.. Â‰Ò»Ò ÁÌ È«Ì ‰-È-‰( – )ÙÚÏ Ê‰ 9 ‰È‰( – )ÙÚÏ ÷‰Ò»Ò È-„-Ú( – )ÙÚÏ ‰ÈÏ„‰ ÓÈÌ. ˜-·-Ï( – )ÙÈÚÏ 10 11 ÚÏÈÂ. ¯-Á-Ì( – )ÙÈÚÏ ‰È‡ ˆÓ‡. 12 ‰ȇ Ò»Ò ÚÏ ¯-Î-·( – )ÙÚÏ Ï‡ ÙÚÌ ‡Û ÷‰È‡ ÏÓ¯«˙ 13 Á-Ï-Ë( ·ÎÏ Ê‡˙ ÏÚÊ«¯ Ï«. ÏÚÊ«¯ ʇ˙ ·ÎÏ Á-Ï-Ë( – )‰ÙÚÈÏ ‰È‡ ÓÓ», Ù-Á-„( – )ÙÚÏ 14 15 ÏÒ»Ò ·-«-‡( – Â)‰ÙÚÈÏ Ó„È È«˙¯ ω˙˜¯· χ Ê-‰-¯( – )ÙÚÏ ‰È‡ 16 ‡˙ ‰ÈÚ ‰˜Ë‰, ÏÈÏ„‰ ˙«„‰ ‡Òȯ ‰È‰ ‰Ò»Ò ·Ê‰È¯»˙. ÓÈÌ 17 ÷-Ù-Í(. – )ÙÚÏ ‰ÓÈÌ ÂÎÏ ·-‰-Ï( – )ÙÚÏ ‰ÈÏ„‰ ·◊ÓÁ‰. ‰¯‡÷ 18 19 20 The white horse was tied to the tree in the courtyard and the 21 horse’s owner went into the house nearby. It was a hot day and 22 the horse standing (lit. ‘which stood’) in the sun had not been given 23 (lit. ‘received’) any water. The girl knew that the horse was thirsty. 24 She took pity on him. Even though she had never ridden a horse 25 and she was afraid of him, she nevertheless decided to help him. 26 She took care not to get too close, and carefully brought the horse 27 some water. The horse was grateful to the little girl, and nodded 28 his head in joy. The girl was frightened and all the water was spilt. 29 30 31 Expressing regret ˆ¯ÈΉ ‰ÈÈ˙È 32 33 In the dialogue above, Maya tells Peter she should have looked 34 after (lit. ‘guarded’) him: ” ÚÏÈÍ Ï÷Ó«¯ ˆ¯ÈΉ ‰ÈÈ˙È “ . You have 35 already learnt (p. 185) that hayiti tsrikhah ˆ¯ÈΉ ‰ÈÈ˙È is the past 36 tense of ˆ¯ÈΉ ‘I needed/had to’. Here we see that it can also 37 mean ‘I should have’. The context will make clear which is meant. 38 Example: 39 40 They should have known that they would not come back on 41 time hem hayu tsrikhim la’da-at she’hem lo yakhzeru ba’zman 4211 ·ÊÓÔ ÈÁʯ» χ ÷‰Ì Ï„Ú˙ ˆ¯ÈÎÈÌ ‰È» ‰Ì 234
Exercise 10
Which of the following sentences correspond to the Hebrew versions below?
1 Between you and me you are talking nonsense. 2 Don’t speak for him, he can speak for himself. 3 It’s no good for man to be on his own (Hebrew expression). 4 We never have anything good enough here for you. 5 One never mentions Middle Eastern politics at their place. 6 Whoever sits next to the plate, eats. So it’s worth your sitting next to it. 7 I don’t care if the money comes from him, from her, or from you - as long as you bring it tomorrow.
‡ ‡ˆÏÌ Ï‡ ÓÊÎȯÈÌ ‡˙ ‰Ù«ÏÈËȘ‰ ÷Ï ‰ÓʯÁ ‰˙ÈΫÔ. ‰ÓʯÁ ÷Ï ‰Ù«ÏÈËȘ‰ ‡˙ ÓÊÎȯÈÌ Ï‡ ‡ˆÏÌ ‡ · χ Ë«· ωȫ˙ ‰‡„Ì Ï·„«. ‰‡„Ì Ï‰È«˙ Ë«· χ · ‚ ·ÈÈ Â·ÈÍ - ‡˙‰ Ó„·¯ ÷˻ȫ˙. Ó„·¯ ‡˙‰ - ·ÈÍ ·ÈÈ ‚ „ ÓÈ ÷È«÷· ÏÈ„ ‰ˆÏÁ˙ ‡«ÎÏ. ‡Ê ΄‡È ÷˙÷· ÏÈ„‰. ÏÈ„‰. ÷˙÷· ΄‡È ‡Ê ‡«ÎÏ. ‰ˆÏÁ˙ ÏÈ„ ÷È«÷· ÓÈ „ ‰ ‡Ï ˙„·¯ ·Ó˜«Ó« - ‰«‡ È«„Ú Ï„·¯ ·ÚˆÓ«. Ï„·¯ È«„Ú ‰«‡ - ·Ó˜«Ó« ˙„·¯ ‡Ï ‰  χ ‡ÎÙ˙ ÏÈ ‡Ì ‡˙Ì Ó·È‡ÈÌ ‡˙ ‰ÎÒÛ ÓÓ», ÓÓ‰, ÓÓ», ‰ÎÒÛ ‡˙ ӷȇÈÌ ‡˙Ì ‡Ì ÏÈ ‡ÎÙ˙ χ  ‰ÚȘ¯ ÷˙·È‡» ‡˙ ʉ ÓÁ¯. ʉ ‡˙ ÷˙·È‡» ‰ÚȘ¯ – ÓÎÌ ‡« Ê ‡Û ÙÚÌ ‡ÈÔ ‡ˆÏ» Ó÷‰» ÓÒÙȘ Ë«· ·÷·ÈÏÎÌ. Ë«· ÓÒÙȘ Ó÷‰» ‡ˆÏ» ‡ÈÔ ÙÚÌ ‡Û Ê
Dialogue 3
The conversation continues. Maya tries to cheer Peter up with a joke. Can you tell it in English, without looking at the translation in the key and keeping as closely to the Hebrew as possible? 235
1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 ¯Ú·? χ ‡˙‰ ÂÁˆÈ? ·÷Ï«÷ ¯˜ ÏÓ‰ Ӈȉ: 15 16 ˆÓ‡. ¯˜ ‡È ‰È«Ì. ˙ȇ·«Ô ÏÈ ‡ÈÔ ÙÈ˯: 17 Ó÷ÙÁ‰ ˙ȇ·«Ô. ÏÍ ÈÚ◊‰ ʉ ‡»ÏÈ ·„ÈÁ‰, ÏÍ ‡ÒÙ¯ ‡È Ӈȉ: 18 Ó¯˜. ˆÏÁ˙ χÈ÷‰ Ó‚È÷ ‰Óψ¯ ·ÓÒÚ„‰. È«÷·˙ 19 20 ÏÓψ¯. ˜«¯‡ ‰»‡ ‰·ÚÏ ‡Ï ÓÒ˙ÎÏ˙ ‰‡È÷‰ 21 Ó‰Ó¯˜. ÷˙ËÚÌ Ó·˜÷˙ ‡÷˙È ‰·ÚÏ: 22 23 Ù˙‡«Ì? Ó‰ Óψ¯: 24 25 Â˙¯‡‰. ˙ËÚÌ ‰·ÚÏ: 26 χ Ó„È, ÓÏ»Á ‰»‡ ‰Ó¯˜? ÚÌ ·Ò„¯ χ Ó‰ Óψ¯: 27 ÁÌ? ÓÒÙȘ 28 29 ÷˙ËÚÌ. Ó·˜÷˙ ‰È‡ ·Ò„¯, χ Ó‰ Á÷»· χ ‰·ÚÏ: 30 31 Ó‰? ‡« ·Ó¯˜ Ê·»· È÷ ÓÓÈ? ¯«ˆ‰ ‡˙‰ Ó‰ Óψ¯: 32 ·ÚˆÓÍ. Â˙¯‡‰ ˙ËÚÌ ÷‡Ï«˙, ˙÷‡Ï ‡Ï : ‰·ÚÏ 33 34 χ Ó‰ ÏÈ ˙‚È„ ÷χ ÏÓ‰ ‡„«È; Ó˜»·Ï χ ʉ ‡·Ï Óψ¯: 35 ‰Ó¯˜? ÚÌ ·Ò„¯ 36 37 η¯. ˙ËÚÌ Ó÷‰? ʉ Ó‰ ‰·ÚÏ: 38 ‰ÎÛ? ‡ÈÙ‰ ˜ÈÈ. ‡« Ó˙Ú˜÷˙… ‰‚·¯˙ ‡Ì Ë«·, Óψ¯: 39 40 ‰‰!… ‡‰, ÈÁ„: ‰‡È÷‰ ‰·ÚÏ 41 4211 236
Vocabulary
cutlery sakum (m.) Òλ"Ì (sakin, kaf u’mazleg) ÂÓÊÏ‚( ÎÛ, )ÒÎÈÔ, hungry ra-ev (re-evah, f.) )‰( ¯Ú· appetite te-avon (m.) ˙ȇ·«Ô joke bdikhah (f.) ·„ÈÁ‰ serve(s) magish ‰ÙÚÈÏ )-‚-÷( Ó‚È÷ taste! (you, m.) tit-am ÙÚÏ )Ë-Ú-Ì( ˙ËÚÌ what do you mean? mah pit-om? Ù˙‡«Ì? Ó‰ (lit. ‘what suddenly?’) fly zvuv (m.) Ê·»· for yourself b’atsmekha ·ÚˆÓÍ* acceptable, mekubal Ó˜»·Ï)˙( well received (mekubélet, f.) what difference does mah zeh meshaneh? Ó÷‰? ʉ Ó‰ it make? (lit. ‘what does it change?’) insist(s) mit-akéshet ‰˙ÙÚÏ )Ú-˜-÷( Ó˙Ú˜÷˙ spoon kaf (f.) ÎÛ
*See Prepositions chart on page 348 for full declension.
Exercise 11
What do you say when? Circle the appropriate phrases for the following situations.
New vocabulary
to success! b’hatslakhah ·‰ˆÏÁ‰! renew yourself! titkhadesh ‰˙ÙÚÏ )Á-„-÷( ˙˙Á„÷ it doesn’t bother me lo ekhpat li ÏÈ ‡ÎÙ˙ χ 237
1111 1 When you meet someone you know in the street: 2 ‰·‡ ·¯»Í ÏÍ? ˜«¯‡ÈÌ ‡ÈÍ ÷ÓÚ? Ó‰ η¯; ÏÍ 3 2 When a friend has a birthday: 4 ‰Ê„˜˙ ÓˆËÚ¯; ‡È Óχ‰; ‰ÁÏÓ‰ Ë«·; ÓÊÏ 5 6 3 When someone sneezes: 7 Ï·¯È‡»˙ ϯ«Ù‡? ÷‡˜¯‡ ¯«ˆ‰ ‡˙‰ Óˆ»Ô? ‡˙‰ ·‰ˆÏÁ‰; 8 4 When your friend is wearing something new: 9 Úω? ʉ ÎÓ‰ ◊ÓÁ; Á‚ ˙˙Á„÷)È(; ÏÍ; Ó˙‡ÈÌ Ï‡ ʉ 10 11 5 When someone tells you bad news: 12 Ë«· ȉÈȉ Ó÷‰; ʉ Ó‰ Ï÷Ó«Ú; ÓˆËÚ¯ ‡È ˙„‡‚; ‡Ï 13 6 When a friend has just passed their driving test: 14 15 ‰Î·«„ ÎÏ ÏÈ; ‡ÎÙ˙ χ Ù˙‡«Ì? Ó‰ 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 4211 13 ‰˜«„÷ Úȯ ȯ»÷ÏÈÌ Jerusalem the holy city
In this unit you will learn: • many things: harbeh ‰¯·‰ hamon ‰Ó«Ô • how to form adjectives from verbs • colours, moods and emotions • expressing how you feel (adjective + Ï ) • how to form adverbs (noun + · ) • the question marker ha-im ‰‡Ì • something about Jerusalem • Biblical verses
Dialogue 1
Peter has been wandering around an old bookshop in Jerusalem and on his way out has a short conversation with the bookshop owner. What aspects of the city do they talk about? What in par- ticular has caught Peter’s eye? 239
1111 ÓÁ¯? ‡ÁÊ«¯ ‡»ÏÈ Î·„. ÒÙ¯ ʉ ÙÈ˯: 2 3 Ò‚»¯ ‡ˆÏÈ „˙È, ȉ»„È ‡È Ù˙‡«Ì! Ó‰ ‡„«È, χ ‰Á»˙: ·ÚÏ 4 ΫÔ? ÓÙ‰, χ ‡˙‰ ·÷·˙. 5 6 Ó‡‚Ïȉ. ‡È ΫÔ. ÙÈ˯: 7 ΫÔ? ¯‡÷«Ô, ·È«Ì Ú«·„ÈÌ Ï‡ ‡ˆÏÎÌ ‰Á»˙: ·ÚÏ 8 9 ¯«· ‰È«Ì ‡·Ï ÎΉ. ‰È‰ ʉ ÙÚÌ Ó˜«Ì. ·ÎÏ Ï‡ ÙÈ˯: 10 ‡Ù÷¯ ˜·»Ú Ó»Á‰ È«Ì ÚÏ ÷«Ó¯ÈÌ Ï‡ ‰‡÷ÈÌ 11 ‰ÊÓÔ. ÎÏ Ù˙»Á«˙ Á»È«˙ ÏÓˆ«‡ 12 13 È«Ì ÚÏ ÷«Ó¯ÈÌ ‰Ó»ÒÏÓÈÌ ‡Á¯˙. ‰»‚ ‡ˆÏ» ‰Á»˙: ·ÚÏ 14 Ó·˜¯ÈÌ ÎÓ»·Ô, ‰«ˆ¯ÈÌ, Ó»Á‰. ÎÈ«Ì ‰÷È÷È 15 16 ‰¯·‰ ˙Óˆ‡ χ ·÷·˙ ¯‡÷«Ô. ·È«Ì ·ÎÒÈȉ 17 Úȯ ʇ˙ Ó‡ÓÈÈÌ. ‰¯·‰ ‚¯ÈÌ Ù‰ Ù˙»ÁÈÌ. Ó˜«Ó«˙ 18 ÎÓ« ‰Ó««˙‡ÈÒËÈ«˙, ‰„˙«˙ ÏÎÏ ÏÙÁ«˙ ˜„«÷‰ 19 20 ‰‡ÒχÌ. ‰ˆ¯»˙ ‰È‰„»˙, 21 ·¯Á«·«˙; ÷«ÈÌ „˙ ‡÷È ÷¯«‡ÈÌ Ï· ◊Ó˙È ·‡Ó˙ ÙÈ˯: 22 23 ÂÏ·Ô. ·÷Á«¯ Ï·»÷ÈÌ Î»ÏÌ 24 ‡·Ï ·ˆÈÚ»˙. Ó˙Ï·÷ÈÌ ÎÏÏ ·„¯Í „˙ ‡÷È ÎÔ, ‰Á»˙: ·ÚÏ 25 26 ÂÏ·Ô? ·÷Á«¯ ȯ»÷ÏÈÌ ÚÏ ÏÁ÷«· ‡Ù÷¯ „Ú˙Í ÏÙÈ 27 Ó˙ÎÂÂÔ? ‡˙‰ ÏÓ‰ ÙÈ˯: 28 29 ·ÚÏÈ ÷‡÷ÈÌ Ó¯‡‰ ȯ»÷ÏÈÌ ÷Ï ‰‰ÈÒË«¯È‰ Ù÷»Ë ‰Á»˙: ·ÚÏ 30 ·‡«¯ ωÌ, ‰˜„«÷‰ ‰Úȯ ‡˙ ¯«‡ÈÌ ÷««˙ ‡Ó»«˙ 31 ÷«‰. 32 33 ÷Ï ·÷ȯ ÎÓ« ʉ· ÷Ï ÎÚȯ ȯ»÷ÏÈÌ ‡˙ ¯«‡‰ ‡È ÙÈ˯: 34 Â÷Ï Á«÷˙ Â÷Ï Ê‰· ÷Ï ”ȯ»÷ÏÈÌ ÷Ó¯: ÚÓÈ 35 36 ‡«¯….” 37 38 39 40 41 4211 240
Vocabulary
owner of bá-al(-at, f.) ·ÚÏ)˙( religious dati(-ah, f.) „˙È)‰( closed sagur (sgurah, f.) Ò‚»¯)‰( it is customary nahug ‰»‚ a custom minhag (m.) Ó‰‚ most, the majority rov (m.) ¯· rest menukhah (f.) Ó»Á‰ fixed kavú-a (kvu-ah, f.) ˜·»Ú)‰( Muslim muslemi(-t, f.) Ó»ÒÏÓÈ)˙( many, lots of harbeh ‰¯·‰ believers ma-aminim Ó‡ÓÈÈÌ religion dat (f.) „˙ Judaism yahadut (f.) ȉ„»˙ Christianity natsrut (f.) ˆ¯»˙ Islam islam (m.) ‡ÈÒÏ‡Ì to notice, to pay la’sim lev Ï· Ï◊ÈÌ attention (I noticed) (samti lev) Ï·( )◊Ó˙È heart lev (levavot, m./pl.) )Ï··«˙( Ï· the clergy anshey dat „˙ ‡÷È dressed labush / levushim (m./pl.) Ï·»÷)ÈÌ( modestly (b’)tsni-ut (f.) ˆÈÚ»˙ )·( (lit. ‘with modesty’) to what ? l’mah? ÏÓ‰? belief emunah (f.) ‡Ó»‰ different shoneh(-ah, f.) ÷«‰ holy kadosh (kedoshah, f.) ˜„«÷)‰( light or ‡«¯ gold zahav (m.) (also adj.-ah,f.) ʉ· song / poem shir (m.) ÷ȯ copper nekhóshet (f.) Á«÷˙ 241
1111 Language points 2 3 4 ‘Many’ harbeh ‰¯·‰ and hamon ‰Ó«Ô 5 6 These words remain unchanged whatever the gender of the plural 7 noun they precede: 8 In many places smoking is forbidden 9 b’harbeh mekomot asur la’ashen ÏÚ÷Ô ‡Ò»¯ Ó˜«Ó«˙ ·‰¯·‰ 10 11 Don’t hurry, we still have plenty of time 12 al temaher, yesh lanu od hamon zman 13 ÊÓÔ ‰Ó«Ô Ú«„ Ï» È÷ ˙Ó‰¯, ‡Ï 14 15 16 Forming adjectives from verbs 17 18 Many Hebrew adjectives are formed from verbs to express a 19 passive state, in a similar way to past participles in English (e.g. 20 to dress, he was dressed). 21 For ÙÚÏ verbs, you insert ‘u’ » between the second and third 22 root letters. The vowel pattern is a/u: 23 he occupied tafas – (it is) occupied tafus ˙Ù»Ò )ʉ( - ˙ÙÒ ‰»‡ 24 25 he forbade asar – (it is) forbidden asur ‡Ò»¯ )ʉ( - ‡Ò¯ ‰»‡ 26 27 Adjustments occur when the last letter of the root is a ‘problem’ 28 letter: 29 30 Verbs whose root ends in ‰ such as kanah – kanuy ˜»È - ˜‰ 31 32 Verbs whose root ends in Ú such as yada – yadu-a È„»Ú - È„Ú 33 Verbs whose root ends in Á such as patakh – patu-akh 34 Ù˙»Á - Ù˙Á 35 36 ÙÈÚÏ and ‰ÙÚÈÏ verbs use the present tense prefix Ó in front of 37 the root letters whose vowel pattern becomes u/a: 38 39 :ÙÈÚÏ sought, asked for mevukash (mevukéshet, f.) 40 Ó·»˜÷)˙( - ·È˜÷ 41 spoiled, broken (for machines) mekulkal(-kélet, f.) 4211 Ó˜»Ï˜Ï)˙( - ˜Ï˜Ï 242
‰È ÎÂÔ :‰ÙÚÈÏ to prepare l’hakhin )Î-Â-Ô( ωÎÈÔ prepared, ready mukhan(-ah, f.) Ó»ÎÔ)‰(
NB Just like other adjectives, they agree in number and gender with whatever they are qualifying.
Exercise 1
Go back to Dialogue 1. What words are used for: a fixed/set day of rest? dressed in black and white? it is customary?
Exercise 2
Complete the following sentences by inserting adjectives formed from the verbs underlined. (Remember that they have to agree with the noun they are qualifying.)
Example: Ò‚¯˙È ‡˙ ‰„Ï˙. Î÷‰„Ï˙ Ò‚»¯‰ χ ÷«ÓÚÈÌ. χ Ò‚»¯‰ Î÷‰„Ï˙ ‰„Ï˙. ‡˙ Ò‚¯˙È sagárti et ha’délet. kshe’ha’délet sgurah, lo shom-im. I shut the door. When the door is closed, one can’t hear.
New vocabulary
almost kima-t ÎÓÚË
ÏÎÌ ÎÒ‡«˙. ‰ÎÒ‡«˙ ‰‡Ï‰ ______. ‰‡Ï‰ ‰ÎÒ‡«˙ ÎÒ‡«˙. ÏÎÌ ÷Ó¯˙È 1 ·÷·˙. ‚Ì ·Á‚ÈÌ Ï‡ ______‡ˆÏÌ. ______χ ·Á‚ÈÌ ‚Ì ·÷·˙. Ù«˙ÁÈÌ Ï‡ ‰Ì 2 ·‚„ÈÌ ·‰È¯ÈÌ. ‰È‡ ÎÓÚË ˙ÓÈ„ ______·Ï·Ô. ______˙ÓÈ„ ÎÓÚË ‰È‡ ·‰È¯ÈÌ. ·‚„ÈÌ Ï«·÷˙ ‰È‡ 3 ÷È÷ ÷È»È ·Ù‚È÷‰? ÎÔ, ʉ ______Ï». ______ʉ ÎÔ, ·Ù‚È÷‰? ÷È»È ÷È÷ È«„ÚÈÌ ‡˙Ì 4 243
1111 Exercise 3 2 3 a. In previous units you have learnt several words that have all 4 come from the root -‰-‚ . Can you remember what they are? 5 There is also one in the dialogue above. Which is it? You can 6 add the word for ‘custom’ to your list – minhag (m.) Ó‰‚ . 7 8 b. When you next say ‘Amen!’ will you remember the root, the 9 Hebrew words for ‘believer’ and ‘belief’? What are they? 10 11 Exercise 4 12 13 These guests won’t be asked to stay again! What went wrong? 14 Read the note they left their hosts, filling in the gaps with the 15 appropriate adjectives formed from the verb roots in brackets. 16 17 New vocabulary 18 19 light, lamp menorah (f.) Ó«¯‰ 20 21 glass zkhukhit (f.) ÊλÎÈ˙ 22 to look after le’tapel + b’… ÙÈÚÏ ·… ÏËÙÏ 23 24 25 ÓÈ÷‰» Óˆ‡» ˜Ë‰. ˙‡»‰ Ï» ‰È˙‰ ÓˆËÚ¯ÈÌ, ‡Á» 26 )Î-˙-·( ‰ËÏÙ«Ô ÓÒÙ¯ ‰)÷-·-¯(. ‰Ó«¯‰ ‡˙ Ï˙˜Ô )Î-Â-Ô( ÷ 27 28 Ï» ‰È‰ χ ‡Ê ÏÏÎ˙. )Î-Â-Ô( ‰ÈÈ» Î÷η¯ ˜¯‰ ʉ ‰Ó˜¯¯. ÚÏ 29 ÷‡˙Ì ÏÙÈ ÏËÏÙÔ )Á-÷-·( ÷ʉ ‡Ó¯ ‰‡È÷ ·Ê‰. ÏËÙÏ ÊÓÔ 30 ˙«„‰ ÷»·, ÓÊλÎÈ˙. )Ú-◊-‰( ‰È˙‰ ÷‰Ó«¯‰ Á·Ï ·‡Ó˙ ·‡ÈÌ. 31 32 ·˜¯«·… ω˙¯‡«˙ ¯·‰, 33 34 Exercise 5 35 How would you say the following? 36 (Remember: you can always use the glossary to help you with 37 vocabulary you may have forgotten.) 38 39 1 I called you all day but you were engaged. ‡ÏÈÍ… ˆÏˆÏ˙È 40 2 He never has time. He is always busy. ‡ÈÔ… ÙÚÌ ‡Û 41 4211 244
3 It is known that the temperature in Eilat is higher than in Tel Aviv. ʉ… 4 The video is not out of order; χ… ‰ÂÈ„‡« I will show you how to turn it on (light it „-Ï-˜ ). 5 She is so confused, she will not remember to tell him to fill up with petrol. ÎÍ… ÎÏ ‰È‡
Colours tseva-im ˆ·ÚÈÌ
red adom / adumah ‡„«Ì/‡„»Ó‰ green yarok / yerukah ȯ«˜/ȯ»˜‰ orange katom / ktumah Î˙«Ì/Î˙»Ó‰ pink varod / vrudah ¯«„/¯»„‰ lilac segol / sgulah Ò‚«Ï/Ò‚»Ï‰ blue kakhol / k-khulah ÎÁ«Ï/ÎÁ»Ï‰ yellow tsahov /tsehubah ˆ‰«·/ˆ‰»√‰ white lavan / levanah Ï·Ô/Ï·‰ black shakhor / shkhorah ÷Á«¯/÷Á«¯‰ brown khum / khumah Á»Ì/Á»Ó‰
Exercise 6 245
1111 Look at the pictures of the flags on page 244 and answer the 2 following questions. Answer in full sentences. 3 4 Example: 5 ‰»‡… ‰ÈÙÈ ·„‚Ï ‰÷Ó÷ ˆ·Ú 6 tséva ha’shémesh ba’dégel ha’yapáni hu… 7 8 ‰ÈÙÈ? ·„‚Ï ‰÷Ó÷ ˆ·Ú ·‡Èʉ 1 9 10 „ÂÈ„… Ó‚Ô ‰È◊¯‡ÏÈ? ·„‚Ï „ÂÈ„ ÏÓ‚Ô È÷ ˆ·Ú ‡Èʉ 2 11 ‰‡ÈËϘÈ? ·„‚Ï Ó◊Ó‡Ï ‰¯‡÷«Ô (stripe pas) ‰ÙÒ ˆ·Ú Ó‰ 3 12 13 ‰‡Ó¯È˜‡È? ·„‚Ï (stars kokhavim) ‰Î«Î·ÈÌ ˆ·Ú Ó‰ 4 14 5 Ó‰ Ò„¯ ‰ˆ·ÚÈÌ ÷Ï ‰ÙÒÈÌ ·„‚Ï ‰·Ï‚È? ·„‚Ï ‰ÙÒÈÌ ÷Ï ‰ˆ·ÚÈÌ (order séder) Ò„¯ Ó‰ 5 15 16 17 Exercise 7 18 19 Colours are traditionally associated with emotions; how we feel is 20 often reflected in the colour of our clothes and is picked out in 21 aspects of our surroundings. With this in mind, can you insert the 22 appropriate colour in the following sentences? 23 24 New vocabulary 25 26 27 jealousy, envy kin-ah (f.) ˜‡‰ 28 sorrow tsá-ar (m.) ˆÚ¯ 29 sadness étsev (m.) Úˆ· 30 31 sad atsuv(-ah, f.) Úˆ»·)‰( 32 happiness simkhah (f.) ◊ÓÁ‰ 33 mood matsav rú-akh (m.) ¯»Á Óˆ· 34 35 bad ra (ra-ah, f.) ¯Ú)‰( 36 to blush l’hasmik ‰ÙÚÈÏ )Ò-Ó-˜( ωÒÓȘ 37 38 ÷ÏÈ. ‰Á„÷ ‰‡«Ë« ‡˙ ¯‡‰ Î÷‰»‡ Ó˜‡‰ _____ ‰È‰ ‰»‡ 1 39 40 ÷ÏÍ ‰ÙÈÌ ‰‰, ÓÒÓȘ‰. Î÷‡˙ ÁÓ„‰ Ó‡„ ‡˙ 2 41 _____! ÷»· 4211 246
3 _____ ʉ ‰ˆ·Ú ÷Ï ‰÷Ó÷ Â‚Ì Ë«· ÏÁ„¯È ÈÏ„ÈÌ, ʉ ˆ·Ú ʉ ÈÏ„ÈÌ, ÏÁ„¯È Ë«· Â‚Ì ‰÷Ó÷ ÷Ï ‰ˆ·Ú ʉ _____ 3 ÷Ï ◊ÓÁ‰. ÷Ï 4 ÚÏ ‡Èʉ ˆ·Ú Á«÷·ÈÌ ‰‡‚ÏÈÌ Î÷‰Ì ‡«Ó¯ÈÌ: È÷ ÏÈ Óˆ· ÏÈ È÷ ‡«Ó¯ÈÌ: Î÷‰Ì ‰‡‚ÏÈÌ Á«÷·ÈÌ ˆ·Ú ‡Èʉ ÚÏ 4 ¯»Á ¯Ú? ______¯Ú? ¯»Á 5 ‡È ‡«‰·˙ ˆ·Ú _____ ÏÓ¯«˙ ÷ʉ ‚Ì ‰ˆ·Ú ÷Ï „Ì. „Ì. ÷Ï ‰ˆ·Ú ‚Ì ÷ʉ ÏÓ¯«˙ _____ ˆ·Ú ‡«‰·˙ ‡È 5 6 ‰È«Ì χ ÎÏ ‰ÎÏ«˙ Ï«·÷«˙ _____ ·Á˙»‰.  _____ ʉ χ ʉ _____  ·Á˙»‰. _____ Ï«·÷«˙ ‰ÎÏ«˙ ÎÏ Ï‡ ‰È«Ì 6 ¯˜ ˆ·Ú ÷Ï ˆÚ¯. ÷Ï ˆ·Ú ¯˜
Adverbs
As we have noted before, the masculine singular of a fair number of adjectives is also used as an adverb, describing ‘the manner in which’: He works hard hu oved kasheh ˜÷‰ Ú«·„ ‰»‡ They simply don’t want to go hem pashut lo rotsim la’lékhet ‰Ì Ù÷»Ë χ ¯«ˆÈÌ ÏÏÎ˙ ¯«ˆÈÌ Ï‡ Ù÷»Ë ‰Ì
When the emphasis is on the way an action is carried out more than on the person carrying it out, the adverb can be preceded by the words ‘in the manner of’: b’ofen (m.) ·‡«ÙÔ or b’tsurah (f.) ·ˆ»¯‰ He is a very good teacher because he explains clearly / in a clear way hu moreh me-od tov, ki hu masbir ha’kol b’ófen bahir/b’tsurah behirah ‰»‡ Ó«¯‰ Ó‡„ Ë«·, ÎÈ ‰»‡ Óҷȯ ·‡«ÙÔ ·‰È¯ / ·ˆ»¯‰ ·‰È¯‰ ·ˆ»¯‰ / ·‰È¯ ·‡«ÙÔ Óҷȯ ‰»‡ ÎÈ Ë«·, Ó‡„ Ó«¯‰ ‰»‡
Another way to form adverbs is to add the preposition ‘in/with’ · + the relevant noun: He explains simply (lit. ‘with simplicity’) b’pashtut ‰»‡ Óҷȯ ·Ù÷Ë»˙ Óҷȯ ‰»‡ 247
1111 Exercise 8 2 3 Match the Hebrew to the English equivalent in the following exer- 4 cise. You will find that you have come across all these words in 5 some form already, whether as a verb, noun or adjective; here they 6 are adverbs but with a little imagination you will easily recognize 7 the root letters. (Check with the transliteration in the key for the 8 correct pronunciation.) 9 in jest ·˜«÷È 10 seriously ·‰ÁÏËÈ»˙ 11 ·ˆÈÚ»˙ 12 happily 13 sadly ·◊ÓÁ‰ 14 easily ·‡ÈËÈ»˙ 15 with difficulty / hardly ·Ê‰È¯»˙ 16 ·˜Ï»˙ 17 carefully 18 decisively ·¯ˆÈ»˙ 19 fast ·Ó‰È¯»˙ 20 slowly ·ˆÁ«˜ 21 with interest ·ÚÈÈÔ 22 23 in/with modesty ·Úˆ· 24 25 26 Exercise 9 27 28 Only one of the sentences in this exercise makes sense as it stands. 29 Which one is it? The others seem to be using inappropriate adverbs. 30 Can you redistribute the adverbs to make sense of the sentences? 31 32 New vocabulary 33 34 album albom (m.) ‡Ï√«Ì 35 built up banuy (bnuyah, f.) ·»È)‰( 36 37 situation matsav (m.) Óˆ· 38 girl bakhurah (f.) ·Á»¯‰ 39 40 41 4211 248
1 ‡Ï ˙÷˙‰ ‡˙ ‰˙‰ ‰ÁÌ ·‡ÈËÈ»˙. ‰ÁÌ ‰˙‰ ‡˙ ˙÷˙‰ ‡Ï 1 2 ‰Ì ‰Ò˙ÎÏ» ·ÚÈÈÔ ¯· ·˙Ó»«˙ ÷·‡Ï·«Ì. ·˙Ó»«˙ ¯· ·ÚÈÈÔ ‰Ò˙ÎÏ» ‰Ì 2 3 ΄‡È ÷˙‰‚ ·Ó‰È¯»˙, ʉ ‡ÈÊ«¯ ·»È ÂÈ÷ Ù‰ ‰¯·‰ ÈÏ„ÈÌ. ‰¯·‰ Ù‰ ÂÈ÷ ·»È ‡ÈÊ«¯ ʉ ·Ó‰È¯»˙, ÷˙‰‚ ΄‡È 3 4 ·˜Ï»˙ Áʯ˙È ÓÁ»”Ï ÂÓÈ„ ‰ÈÈ˙È ˆ¯ÈÍ ÏÒ«Ú ÷»·. ÏÒ«Ú ˆ¯ÈÍ ‰ÈÈ˙È ÂÓÈ„ ÓÁ»”Ï Áʯ˙È ·˜Ï»˙ 4 5 ‰È‡ ‡Ó¯‰ ·◊ÓÁ‰ ÷È÷ ω ·ÚÈ«˙ ·¯È‡»˙. ·ÚÈ«˙ ω ÷È÷ ·◊ÓÁ‰ ‡Ó¯‰ ‰È‡ 5 6 ‡È Ó„·¯ ·ˆÁ«˜, ‰Óˆ· ÓÒ»ÎÔ. ‰Óˆ· ·ˆÁ«˜, Ó„·¯ ‡È 6 7 ‰È‡ ·Á»¯‰ Ó‡„ ‡ÈËÏÈ‚ËÈ˙. ‰È‡ Ú«◊‰ ‰ÎÏ ·˜«÷È. ‰ÎÏ Ú«◊‰ ‰È‡ ‡ÈËÏÈ‚ËÈ˙. Ó‡„ ·Á»¯‰ ‰È‡ 7
Dialogue 2
A little while later, Peter and Maya are having lunch in the centre of town, when who should turn up? ‡ÈÏ˙: Ӈȉ? ‡ÈÊ« ‰Ù˙Ú‰! Ó‰ ‡˙ Ú«◊‰ Ù‰? Ù‰? Ú«◊‰ ‡˙ Ó‰ ‰Ù˙Ú‰! ‡ÈÊ« Ӈȉ? ‡ÈÏ˙: Ӈȉ: ‡ÈÈÏ˙! ‡Èʉ È«ÙÈ! ÓÊÓÔ Ï‡ ¯‡È˙È ‡«˙Í! ‡˙ ¯‡È˙ ‡˙ ‡«˙Í! ¯‡È˙È Ï‡ ÓÊÓÔ È«ÙÈ! ‡Èʉ ‡ÈÈÏ˙! Ӈȉ: ‰„¯! ÙÈ˯, ʇ˙ ‡ÈÈÏ˙, Á·¯‰ Ë«·‰ ÷ÏÈ Ë«·‰ Á·¯‰ ‡ÈÈÏ˙, ʇ˙ ÙÈ˯, ‰„¯! Ó‰‡»È·¯ÒÈˉ. ÙÈ˯ ‚Ì ÚÈ˙«‡È, ‡Á» ÚÈ˙«‡È, ‚Ì ÙÈ˯ (To Ayélet) Ó‰‡»È·¯ÒÈˉ. ÓÒ˙«··ÈÌ ·‡¯ı Â‡È Ó˜Â‰ ÷‰»‡ Ó˙¯÷Ì ÏË«·‰. ÏË«·‰. Ó˙¯÷Ì ÷‰»‡ Ә‰ Â‡È ·‡¯ı ÓÒ˙«··ÈÌ ‡ÈÈÏ˙: ÚÈÌ Ó‡„. Ó‰ ˙Î˙«· ÚÏÈ», ÙÈ˯? ÚÏÈ», ˙Î˙«· Ó‰ Ó‡„. ÚÈÌ ‡ÈÈÏ˙: ÙÈ˯: ‡˙ ‰‡Ó˙ ÎÓ»·Ô! ‰‡Ó˙ ‡˙ ÙÈ˯: ‡ÈÈÏ˙: ·ÏÈ ÒÙ˜! Ӈȉ, ‰‡Ì ‡˙ Ú«„ Ú«·„˙ ·’Óگȷ’*? Ú«·„˙ Ú«„ ‡˙ ‰‡Ì Ӈȉ, ÒÙ˜! ·ÏÈ ‡ÈÈÏ˙: Ӈȉ: χ, ‰ÁÏÙ˙È Ú·«„‰, ‡È ·’˜«Ï È◊¯‡Ï’*. ÂÓ‰ ‡È˙Í? ÂÓ‰ È◊¯‡Ï’*. ·’˜«Ï ‡È Ú·«„‰, ‰ÁÏÙ˙È Ï‡, Ӈȉ: ‡˙ ·ËÁ ·„¯Í ωȫ˙ ¯‡÷ ‰ÓÓ÷ω ‰ÎÈ ˆÚȯ‰ ·ÓʯÁ ˆÚȯ‰ ‰ÎÈ ‰ÓÓ÷ω ¯‡÷ ωȫ˙ ·„¯Í ·ËÁ ‡˙ ‰˙ÈΫÔ. ‡ÈÈÏ˙: ˙˙ÙχÈ, ‡»ÏÈ ˙˙‡ÎÊ·È, ‡·Ï η¯ ÷·¯ ÏÈ ÷·¯ η¯ ‡·Ï ˙˙‡ÎÊ·È, ‡»ÏÈ ˙˙ÙχÈ, ‡ÈÈÏ˙: Ó‰Ù«ÏÈËȘ‰. ‡È ÙÒÈΫϫ‚È˙ ·ÓÁϘ˙ ‰ÈÏ„ÈÌ ·ÓÁϘ˙ ÙÒÈΫϫ‚È˙ ‡È Ó‰Ù«ÏÈËȘ‰. ·‰„Ò‰*. Ӈȉ: ‡È χ Ó‡»ÎÊ·˙, ‡È „˜‡ ÓÚ¯ÈΉ ‡«˙Í, ‚Ì ÎΉ ‡˙ ÎΉ ‚Ì ‡«˙Í, ÓÚ¯ÈΉ „˜‡ ‡È Ó‡»ÎÊ·˙, χ ‡È Ӈȉ: ÈΫω ωˆÈÏ ‡˙ ‰Ú«ÏÌ. ‰Ú«ÏÌ. ‡˙ ωˆÈÏ ÈΫω 249
1111 ÷ÏÍ? ‰‡È„‡ÏÈÌ ÚÌ Ó‰ Ó‰Ú·«„‰? Ó¯»ˆ‰ ‡˙ ‡˙, ‡ÈÈÏ˙: 2 Ï‚Ó¯È? ‰˜È·»ı ‡˙ ÚÊ·˙ 3 4 ‡«Ó¯ ÓÈ Â·ÎÏÏ ˜È·»ı, Á·¯˙ Ú„ÈÈÔ ‡È χ, Ӈȉ: 5 ‡È„‡ÏÈÌ? ‡ÈÔ ÷ÏÚÈ˙«‡ÈÌ 6 7 ‚Ì ÷‡’ ÓÒÎÈÌ ‡È ‡·Ï Ó˙Ú¯·, ÷‡È ÒÏÈÁ‰ ÙÈ˯: 8 ‡˙ Ï÷«˙ ÈΫÏÈÌ ‰Ì ‚Ì Â·’ ‡È„‡ÏÈÌ È÷ ÏÚÈ˙«‡ÈÌ 9 10 ‰Ú«ÏÌ. 11 * ma-ariv ’Óگȷ’ : Ma-ariv one of Israel’s evening papers 12 kol yisrael È◊¯‡Ï’ ’˜«Ï : The Voice of Israel, a prime radio station 13 hadásah ‰„Ò‰ : Hadassah – major Jerusalem hospital on two sites: 14 15 On Har Hatsofim (Mount Scopus) ‰ˆ«ÙÈÌ ‰¯ and Eyn Kérem 16 Î¯Ì ÚÈÔ . 17 18 Vocabulary 19 20 look(s) (lit. ‘is seen’, f.) nir-et ÙÚÏ )¯-‡-‰( ¯‡È˙ 21 wandering around mistovevim ‰˙ÙÚÏ )Ò-·-·( ÓÒ˙«··ÈÌ 22 23 is impressed mitrashem ‰˙ÙÚÏ )¯-÷-Ì( Ó˙¯÷Ì 24 for the better l’tovah ÏË«·‰ 25 doubt safek (m.) ÒÙ˜ 26 27 are you? ha-im ‰‡Ì 28 (question marker) 29 prime minister rosh memshalah ÓÓ÷ω ¯‡÷ 30 the Middle East ha’mizrakh ha’tikhon ‰˙ÈÎ«Ô ‰ÓʯÁ 31 32 I’m fed up nishbar li ÏÈ ÷·¯ 33 department makhlakah / ÓÁϘ‰ 34 department of makhléket (f.) )ÓÁϘ˙( 35 will be disappointed tit-akhzev ‰˙ÙÚÏ Î-Ê-· ˙˙‡ÎÊ· 36 disappointed me-ukhzav (-zévet, f.) Ó‡»ÎÊ·)˙( 37 38 appreciate(s) ma-arikh ‰ÙÚÈÏ )Ú-¯-Í( ÓÚ¯ÈÍ 39 satisfied, pleased (with) merutseh(-ah, f.) mi’… )Ó…( Ó¯»ˆ‰ 40 agree maskim ‰ÙÚÈÏ )Ò-Î-Ì( ÓÒÎÈÌ 41 4211 to change l’shanot ÙÈÚÏ )÷--‰( Ï÷«˙ 250
Exercise 10
Find the words to complete the sentences so that they reflect the dialogue above. (The list below will help you).
Example: 1 ‡ÈÈÏ˙ Á«÷·˙ ÷Ӈȉ ¯‡È˙ ‰„¯ ¯‡È˙ ÷Ӈȉ Á«÷·˙ ‡ÈÈÏ˙ 1 ayélet khoshévet she’maya nir-et nehedar Ayelet thinks that Maya looks wonderful 1 ‡ÈÈÏ˙ Á«÷·˙ ÷Ӈȉ ¯‡È˙ ______. ______. ¯‡È˙ ÷Ӈȉ Á«÷·˙ ‡ÈÈÏ˙ 1 2 Ӈȉ Ә‰ ÷ÙÈ˯ ______ÏË«·‰ Ó‰·È˜»¯ ·‡¯ı. Ó‰·È˜»¯ ÏË«·‰ ______÷ÙÈ˯ Ә‰ Ӈȉ 2 3 ÙÈ˯ ______ÏÎ˙«· ‡˙ ‰‡Ó˙. ‡˙ ÏÎ˙«· ______ÙÈ˯ 3 4 Ӈȉ ______Ú·«„‰. ‰È‡ Ú«·„˙ ·’˜«Ï È◊¯‡Ï’. ·’˜«Ï Ú«·„˙ ‰È‡ Ú·«„‰. ______Ӈȉ 4 5 ‡ÈÈÏ˙ ÓÚ„ÈÙ‰ ωȫ˙ ÙÒÈΫϫ‚È˙ ______÷÷·¯ ω ÷÷·¯ ______ÙÒÈΫϫ‚È˙ ωȫ˙ ÓÚ„ÈÙ‰ ‡ÈÈÏ˙ 5 Ó‰Ù«ÏÈËȘ‰. 6 Ӈȉ ______‡«˙‰. ‰È‡ Á«÷·˙ ÷‚Ì ÎÍ ‡Ù÷¯ ______‡Ù÷¯ ÎÍ ÷‚Ì Á«÷·˙ ‰È‡ ‡«˙‰. ______Ӈȉ 6 ‡˙ ‰Ú«ÏÌ. ‡˙ 7 Ӈȉ ______÷ÏÚÈ˙«‡ÈÌ È÷ ‡È„‡ÏÈÌ. È÷ ÷ÏÚÈ˙«‡ÈÌ ______Ӈȉ 7
Ó·ËÈÁ; ‰ÁÏÈÙ‰; ÓÙÈ; ‰„¯; ÓÒÎÈÓ‰ ÷ ÓÚ¯ÈΉ; ÷ ÓÒÎÈÓ‰ ‰„¯; ÓÙÈ; ‰ÁÏÈÙ‰; Ó·ËÈÁ; ωˆÈÏ/Ï÷«˙; Á«÷·È˙; Ó˙¯÷Ì Á«÷·È˙; ωˆÈÏ/Ï÷«˙;
Language points
The question marker ha’im ‰‡Ì
We have already seen that questions are most often indicated by tone of voice, but they can also be indicated by ha’im ‰‡Ì placed at the beginning of the question. ‰‡Ì is not translated into English: Do you like chocolate? (ha’im) at ohévet shókolad ‡˙ ‡«‰·˙ ˘«˜«Ï„? = ‰‡Ì ‡˙ ‡«‰·˙ ˘«˜«Ï„? ‡«‰·˙ ‡˙ ‰‡Ì = ˘«˜«Ï„? ‡«‰·˙ ‡˙ 251
1111 Exercise 11 2 3 If you had the opportunity to interview Maya and Ayelet, what 4 questions might you ask? Here are some suggestions – use ‰‡Ì 5 to ask them: 6 1 Have you already met the Prime Minister? 7 8 2 Are you working in the ear, nose and throat department? 9 3 Are you happy (satisfied) with life in Jerusalem? 10 11 4 Are you disappointed with the kibbutz? 12 13 14 Expressing how you feel 15 A very common way of describing the way you feel, or what you 16 are experiencing is to use an adjective or passive verb +Ï and 17 pronoun endings. 18 19 Examples: 20 21 I am fed up nim-as li ÏÈ Ó‡Ò ; nishbar li ÏÈ ÷·¯ 22 Are you cold? kar lekha/lakh? ÏÍ? ˜¯ 23 24 I am missing… khaser li ÏÈ ÁÒ¯ 25 It’s difficult for him / He’s finding it difficult kashe lo Ï« ˜÷‰ 26 27 Exercise 12: 28 29 Using phrases from each of the columns, make as many sentences 30 as you can. (Various combinations are possible. See our sugges- 31 tions in the key.) 32 33 Example: 34 35 I’m never wanting for guests af pá-am lo khaserim li orkhim 36 ‡«¯ÁÈÌ ÏÈ ÁÒ¯ÈÌ Ï‡ ÙÚÌ ‡Û 37 Note how ÁÒ¯ÈÌ agrees with the subject of the Hebrew sentence. 38 39 NB 40 The double negative is used with ‘never’ af pá-am ÙÚÌ ‡Û . 41 4211 252
I’ve never heard music like that ÷ÓÚ˙È Ó»ÒȘ‰ Îʇ˙ Ó»ÒȘ‰ ÷ÓÚ˙È Ï‡ ÙÚÌ ‡Û
Ï·˜¯ ‡ˆÏÌ ·ÏÈ ‰ÊÓ‰ ‰ÊÓ‰ ·ÏÈ ‡ˆÏÌ Ï·˜¯ ÚÈÌ Ï‡ ·ÏÈ ¯Î· Ó÷Ï« ¯Î· ·ÏÈ ÏÈ «Á (not) Ï÷·˙ ··È˙ Ï÷·˙ ÏÎÌ Ë«· χ Ú«„ Ï‚»¯ ·˙Ï-‡·È· Ï‚»¯ Ï‰Ì ÷·¯ (not yet) Ó‰¯Ú÷ Ï» Ó‡Ò Ï‡ η¯ Ó‰˜Èı ‰È◊¯‡ÏÈ Ó‰˜Èı ‰Ê‰ ϯ«Ù‡ ˜¯ χ (no longer) Ó‰Á«ÏÈÌ ÷Ï« Ó‰Á«ÏÈÌ ÏÍ ˜¯ χ ÙÚÌ ‡Û ·ÏÈ ÓÚÈÏ? ·ÏÈ ÷ÏÈ Ï‡Ó‡ ˜˘‰ (never)
Exercise 13
What do these verbs have in common? (Pay attention to verb groups and tenses.) 1 ÁÈÙ◊˙È, ËÈÈÏ˙È, ·È˜¯˙Ì, ˆÈÏÓ‰ ·È˜¯˙Ì, ËÈÈÏ˙È, ÁÈÙ◊˙È, 1 2 ˙˜»ÓÈ, ‡¯»ı, ˙◊ÈÓ», È·«‡» ˙◊ÈÓ», ‡¯»ı, ˙˜»ÓÈ, 2 3 ˙˙Ï·÷», ˙˙ÙχÈ, ˙˙¯÷Ì, È˙‡ÎÊ· ˙˙¯÷Ì, ˙˙ÙχÈ, ˙˙Ï·÷», 3 4 ‰Ò·¯˙È, ÓÁÏÈËÈÌ, ‰ÒÎÓ», ‚ÈÚ ‰ÒÎÓ», ÓÁÏÈËÈÌ, ‰Ò·¯˙È, 4
Reading comprehension
You are in Jerusalem and want some information about various historic sights. The English-language leaflets seem to have run out. Go on, pick up a Hebrew version; you may well be able to get a feel for the general meaning and understand a few facts, even if you don’t understand every word.
Read the descriptions first to see what you can understand. Then look at the questions below: they might prompt you to recognize more words. 253
1111 New vocabulary 2 3 tower migdal (m.) Ó‚„Ï 4 ÓÏÍ)Ή( 5 king (queen) mélekh (malkah) 6 national le-umi(-t, f.) χ»ÓÈ)˙( 7 state, country medinah (f.) ӄȉ 8 )˜-¯-·( ω˜¯È· 9 to sacrifice l’hakriv ‰ÙÚÈÏ 10 the Temple beyt ha’mikdash ‰Ó˜„÷ ·È˙ 11 wall kir (m.) ˜È¯ 12 13 Holocaust sho-ah (f.) ÷«‡‰ 14 research mekhkar (m.) ÓÁ˜¯ 15 documentation ti-ud (m.) ˙ÈÚ»„ 16 17 avenue sderah (f.) ◊„¯‰ 18 mosque misgad (m.) ÓÒ‚„ 19 last akharon(-ah, f.) ‡Á¯«Ô)‰( 20 21 cross tslav (m.) ˆÏ· 22 inside b’tokh ·˙«Í 23 grave kéver (m.) ˜·¯ 24 25 26 ȯ»÷ÏÈÌ 27 28 ȯ»÷ÏÈÌ ‡˙ Ú◊‰ ‰ÓÏÍ „ÂÈ„ ÷‰ 0003 ÏÙÈ „ÂÈ„: Ó‚„Ï ‡. 29 Ó»Êȇ«Ô ‰»‡ ‰Ó‚„Ï ‰È«Ì, È◊¯‡Ï. ÚÌ ÷Ï Â„˙È Ï‡»ÓÈ ÏÓ¯ÎÊ 30 ‰÷ÏË«Ô ˙˜»Ù«˙ „¯Í ȯ»÷ÏÈÌ ÷Ï ‰‰ÈÒË«¯È‰ ‡˙ ÷Óҷȯ 31 32 ‰÷««˙. 33 Á·¯È 021 È÷ ·È◊¯‡Ï È◊¯‡Ï. Ó„È˙ ÷Ï ÓË Œ Ï Ã ¬¯ à ‰ ‰ÎÒ˙: ·. 34 „¯»ÊÈÌ. Ú¯·ÈÌ, ȉ»„ÈÌ, ÎÒ˙, 35 36 ‰¯ - ·È◊¯‡Ï ÷˜¯‡ ‰Ó«¯È‰ ‰¯ ÚÏ Óˆ‡ ‰ÓÚ¯·È: ‰Î«˙Ï ‚. 37 ‡˙ ω˜¯È· ÚÓ„ ‡·¯‰Ì ÷÷Ì Ó‡ÓÈÈÌ ‰È‰»„ÈÌ ‰·È˙. 38 39 ‰ÓÏÍ ‰¯‡˘«Ô, ‰Ó˜„÷ ·È˙ ‡˙ ÷ÏÓ‰ ‰ÓÏÍ ·‰ ˘Ì ȈÁ˜. 40 ‰Î«˙Ï ¯˜ ‰È«Ì ÷‡¯ Óʉ ‰÷È, ‰Ó˜„÷ ·È˙ ‡˙ ‰«¯„»Ò 41 ‰ÓÚ¯·È. )‰˜È¯( 4211 254
„. È„ Â÷Ì: ‰Ó»Êȇ«Ô ÏÊί ‰÷«‡‰. ·Ó˜«Ì Óˆ‡ ‚Ì ‰‡¯ÎÈ«Ô ‚Ì Óˆ‡ ·Ó˜«Ì ‰÷«‡‰. ÏÊί ‰Ó»Êȇ«Ô Â÷Ì: È„ „. ÏÓÁ˜¯ Â˙ÈÚ»„. Â‚Ì ◊„¯˙ ‰ÚˆÈÌ ÏÊί ÁÒÈ„È ‡»Ó«˙ ‰Ú«ÏÌ. ‡»Ó«˙ ÁÒÈ„È ÏÊί ‰ÚˆÈÌ ◊„¯˙ Â‚Ì Â˙ÈÚ»„. ÏÓÁ˜¯ (Isaiah 56:5) ”Â,5. ÓÈ÷Úȉ ·‡ ‰÷Ì ‰. ÓÒ‚„ ÎÈÙ˙ ‰ÒÏÚ: ʉ ‰ÓÒ‚„ ÚÌ ÎÈÙ˙ ‰Ê‰· ‰ÓÙ»¯ÒÓ˙ ‰Ê‰· ÎÈÙ˙ ÚÌ ‰ÓÒ‚„ ʉ ‰ÒÏÚ: ÎÈÙ˙ ÓÒ‚„ ‰. ÷¯«‡ÈÌ ˙ÓÈ„ ·˙Ó»«˙ ÷Ï È¯»÷ÏÈÌ. Ó˜«Ì ˜„«÷ ÏÓ»ÒÏÓÈÌ, ˜„«÷ Ó˜«Ì ȯ»÷ÏÈÌ. ÷Ï ·˙Ó»«˙ ˙ÓÈ„ ÷¯«‡ÈÌ ‚Ì ‰»‡ Óˆ‡ ÚÏ ‰¯ ‰·È˙. ‰ÓÒ‚„ ‰Á÷»· ‰÷È ˜¯‡ ÓÒ‚„ ˜¯‡ ‰÷È ‰Á÷»· ‰ÓÒ‚„ ‰·È˙. ‰¯ ÚÏ Óˆ‡ ‰»‡ ‚Ì ‡Ï-‡˜ˆ‰. ‡Ï-‡˜ˆ‰. Â. ÂÂȉ „«Ï«¯«Ê‰ - ‰„¯Í ‰‡Á¯«‰ ÷·‰ È÷» ‰ÏÍ ÚÌ ‰ˆÏ·. ÚÌ ‰ÏÍ È÷» ÷·‰ ‰‡Á¯«‰ ‰„¯Í - „«Ï«¯«Ê‰ ÂÂȉ Â. ·„¯Í ‰»‡ Úˆ¯ ÓÒÙ¯ ÙÚÓÈÌ. ÓÒÙ¯ Úˆ¯ ‰»‡ ·„¯Í ËÈÔ ·˙˜»Ù‰ ËÈÔ œ Ë Ã Ò Ÿ ˜« ‰˜ÈÒ¯ ·‰ ‡«˙‰ ‰˜„«÷: ‰˜·¯ ÎÒÈÈ˙ Ê. ‰·ÈÊËÈ˙. ‰«ˆ¯ÈÌ Ó‡ÓÈÈÌ ÷‰»‡ ·‰ ‡˙ ‰ÎÒÈȉ ·Ó˜«Ì ‰ÎÒÈȉ ‡˙ ·‰ ÷‰»‡ Ó‡ÓÈÈÌ ‰«ˆ¯ÈÌ ‰·ÈÊËÈ˙. ·« È÷» ˆÏ·. ˆÏ·. È÷» ·«
Exercise 14
Answer the questions: 1 Where can you learn about the history of Jerusalem? 2 What is the name of the Israeli parliament? How many members does it have? 3 Where did King Solomon build the First Temple? 4 What other famous sites, holy to the Muslims, are on the same mount? 5 What is the Wailing Wall called in Hebrew and why? 6 What is the Holocaust Museum in Jerusalem called? 7 Which paragraph refers to Jesus’ last journey? 8 What is the Hebrew name for the Church of the Holy Sepulchre? 9 On what spot do Christians believe the Church of the Holy Sepulchre was built? 255
1111 Exercise 15 2 3 Jerusalem goes from hand to hand - ÏÈ„ ÓÈ„ Ú·¯‰ ȯ»÷ÏÈÌ 4 This time chart will give you an idea of Jerusalem’s history. Read 5 the Hebrew (transliteration in key) and fill in the missing words 6 in the English. 7 Note how the dates begin in BCE, ‘before the counting’ lifney 8 ha’sfirah ‰ÒÙȯ‰ ÏÙÈ and end CE, ‘after the counting’ akharey 9 ha’sfirah ‰ÒÙȯ‰ ‡Á¯È (or la’sfirah ÏÒÙȯ‰ ). 10 11 BCE ‰ÒÙȯ‰ ÏÙÈ 12 Kingdom of David; Jerusalem 1010 – 970 - „„ ÓÏλ˙ 13 ______of Judah ȉ»„‰ ·È¯˙ ȯ»÷ÏÈÌ 14 ______of Solomon 970 – 930 ÷ÏÓ‰ ÓÏλ˙ 15 The ______is built 965 ·‰ ‰¯‡÷«Ô ‰Ó˜„÷ ·È˙ 16 Nebuchadnezzar, king of 586 ··Ï ÓÏÍ ·»Î„ˆ¯ 17 ______conquers Judah, ȉ»„‰ ‡˙ Ϋ·÷ 18 Destruction of the ‰¯‡÷«Ô ‰Ó˜„÷ ·È˙ Á»¯·Ô 19 First Temple 20 Babylonian exile 586–539 ··Ï ‚Ï»˙ 21 Return to ______: Second 538 ˆÈ«Ô: ÷È·˙ 22 Temple period. ÷È ·È˙ ˙˜»Ù˙ 23 ______period: Judah 63 ‰«ÙÎ˙ :ȉ»„‰ ‰¯«Ó‡È˙ ‰˙˜»Ù‰ 24 becomes a Roman ______¯«ÓÈ˙. ÏÙ¯«·ÈˆÈ‰ 25 26 CE ÏÒÙȯ‰ 27 Destruction of the ______70 ‰÷È ‰Ó˜„÷ ·È˙ Á»¯·Ô 28 Temple by ______ËÈË»Ò È„È ÚÏ 29 ______period 326–614 - ‰·ÈÊËÈ˙ ‰˙˜»Ù‰ 30 Emperor ______˜«ÒËËÈÔ ‰˜ÈÒ¯ 31 ______rule 10th–11th cent. ‰ˆÏ·È ‰÷ÏË«Ô 32 33 Mameluk ______c.12th–15th cent. ‰ÓÓÏ»˜È ‰÷ÏË«Ô 34 ______Empire c.15th cent. ‰Ú«˙«ÓÈ˙ ‰‡Óٯȉ 35 ______rule 1917–1948 ‰·¯ÈËÈ ‰÷ÏË«Ô 36 Mandate from 1922 2291 Ó ‰·¯ÈËÈ ‰Ó„Ë 37 Jerusalem divided ____ 1948–1967 ·ÈÔ ÓÁ»Ï˜˙ ȯ»÷ÏÈÌ 38 Israel and Jordan Âȯ„Ô È◊¯‡Ï 39 ȯ»÷ÏÈÌ Ó‡»Á„˙ ˙Á˙ ÷ÏË«Ô ÷ÏË«Ô ˙Á˙ Ó‡»Á„˙ ȯ»÷ÏÈÌ 40 ______united under 1967 Israeli rule È◊¯‡ÏÈ 41 4211 256
Exercise 16
Biblical verses
Modern and biblical Hebrew are very closely connected. Here are a few quotes from the Hebrew Bible. Can you recognize them, even though most of the vocabulary may be unfamiliar? Try picking out some key words or word roots to help you match the verses with the translations below. (Some of the new words will be in the glossary, should you wish to look more closely at the Hebrew.)
We have added vowel signs, since this is the form which you are likely to find in a Bible, although it is worth noting that the actual Torah scrolls are handwritten in unpointed Hebrew. The Bible in Hebrew is the tanakh ˙”Í – an acronym for Torah (law) torah «¯‰ ˙ , prophets nevi-im ·È‡ÈÌ , and writings/scriptures ktuvim ˙»·ÈÌ Î .
(This exercise will also give you an opportunity to see if you still remember the vowel signs. We have given a transliteration in the answers section since there are a few cases where biblical and modern Hebrew differ in the pronunciation of vowels.)
¯ı. ¯ı. Œ ‡ fi ‰ fi ‡˙ Õ Â Ÿ ÈÌ œ Ó Ã ÷ fi ‰ à ‡˙ Õ ‰ÈÌ œ . ‡Ï Œ ¯‡ fi √ fi ÷È˙ œ ¯‡ Õ √ Ÿ 1 (Genesis 1:1 b’reyshit ‡/1 √¯‡÷È˙ Ÿ )
Ó‰. Ó‰. fi Á fi Ï Ÿ Ó œ Ú«„ Ó„» Ÿ Ï Ÿ È œ Âχ Ÿ ¯· Œ Á Œ ‚«È ‡Ï Œ ‚«È ◊‡ fi È œ ‡ . 2…Ï (Isaiah 2:4 yishayah ·/4 )È÷Úȉ
ˆÈ«Ô. ˆÈ«Ô. œ ‡˙ Œ ¯» Õ Î Ÿ Ê fi √ Ÿ ÎÈ» œ √ fi ‚Ì- à ·» Ÿ ÷ Ã È fi ˘Ì fi ·Ï Œ √ fi ‰¯«˙ ⁄ à ÚÏ Ã 3 (Psalm 137:1 tehilim ˜ÏÊ/1 )˙‰ÏÈÌ
◊‰ Œ Ú fi È Õ ÷ Œ ‰»‡ ◊‰ fi Ú ⁄ à ÷ Œ Ó‰- à » ȉ Œ ‰ Ÿ È œ ÷ Œ ‰»‡ ȉ fi ‰ fi Ó‰-÷ à 4 . Ó÷. Œ ÷ Œ ‰ à Á˙ à ˙ à „÷ fi Á fi Ï- ƒ ‡ÈÔ Õ Â Ÿ (Ecclesiastes 1:9 kohélet ‡/9 )˜‰Ï˙
‡». Œ ˆ fi Ó Ÿ ˙ œ ÓÈÌ œ È fi ‰ à ·· ƒÈ œ ÈÌ œ Ó Ã ‰ Ã È Õ ¬ Ÿ ÚÏ- Ã Í fi Ó Ÿ ÏÁ à ÏÁ à ÷ à 5 (Ecclesiastes 11:1 kohélet ȇ/1 )˜‰Ï˙ 257
1111 2 a. That which hath been is that which shall be, / And that which 3 hath been done is that which shall be done; / And there is 4 nothing new under the sun. 5 6 b. Nation shall not lift up sword against nation, / Neither shall 7 they learn war any more. 8 c. In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth. 9 10 d. By the rivers of Babylon, / There we sat down, yea, we wept, / 11 When we remembered Zion. 12 e. Cast thy bread upon the waters, / For thou shalt find it after 13 many days. 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 4211 14 Â˙˜˘«¯˙ ÚÈ˙«»˙ Media and communications
In this unit you will learn: • not to panic on hearing automated telephone answering services • to scan for information in newspaper articles • when no one’s there: ‡ÈÔ + pronoun endings • possession (3): nouns with pronoun endings • to look back over the course
Dialogue 1
Peter is trying to call El-Al Airlines to find out details about their early check-in facility. Does Peter leave a message?
His first attempt produces the automated message:
”‰ÓÒÙ¯ ÷ÁÈÈ‚˙ ‡È« ÓÁ»·¯. ‡ ‰˙˜÷¯ ÏÓ«„ÈÚÈÔ 441” ÏÓ«„ÈÚÈÔ ‰˙˜÷¯ ‡ ÓÁ»·¯. ‡È« ÷ÁÈÈ‚˙ ”‰ÓÒÙ¯ ha’mispar she’khiyágta eyno mekhubar, na hitkasher l’modi-in 144 “The number you have dialled is not connected. Please call infor- mation (modi-in) on 144” On his second attempt, this is what he hears:
”ËÚ»˙ ·ÓÒÙ¯. ‡Èʉ ÓÒÙ¯ ÁÈÈ‚˙?… χ, ‡˙‰ ˆ¯ÈÍ ÏÁÈÈ‚ ˜«„Ì ÏÁÈÈ‚ ˆ¯ÈÍ ‡˙‰ χ, ÁÈÈ‚˙?… ÓÒÙ¯ ‡Èʉ ·ÓÒÙ¯. ”ËÚ»˙ ‡˙ ‰˜È„«Ó˙ Ï˙Ï-‡·È·: 30” Ï˙Ï-‡·È·: ‰˜È„«Ó˙ ‡˙ ta-ut bamispar. eyzeh mispar khiyágta?… lo, atah tsarikh l’khayeg kódem et ha’kidómet l’tel-aviv: 03 “Wrong number. What number did you dial?… No, you first have to dial the area code for Tel Aviv: 03” Peter finally gets through but he is not at all sure he has reached the right office. Why? 259
1111 1 ‰˜÷ ·ÚÈ˙«Ô ÏÓ«„Ú‰ ·˜÷¯ ÓˆÏˆÏ ‡˙‰ ‡Ì 2 2 ‰˜÷ ‰ËÏÙ«Ô „¯Í Á÷·«Ô Ï˙÷Ï»Ì 3 4 3 ‰˜÷ Ó‰·È˙ ·¯Á‰ ‡÷˙Í ‡Ì 5 ‡«˙«. ÏÓˆ‡ ˜«„Ì ˆ¯ÈÍ ‡˙‰ ‰·«Ò, ÚÌ Ï„·¯ ¯«ˆ‰ ‡˙‰ ‡Ì 6 ‰Ó÷˯‰ È„È ÚÏ Ó·»˜÷ ‰»‡ 7 8 4 ‰˜÷ ω‚È„ Ó‰ ÏÍ ‡ÈÔ ‡Ì 9 5 ‰˜÷ ‰«„Ú‰ ω÷‡È¯ ¯«ˆ‰ ʇ˙ ·ÎÏ ‡˙‰ ‡Ì 10 ·„Ï˙. ‰˜÷ ωÈÎ·Ì ¯«ˆ‰ ‡˙‰ ‡Ì ‡« 11 12 Vocabulary 13 14 dial khayeg ÙÈÚÏ )Á-È-‚( ÁÈÈ‚ 15 16 (he) is not (present) eyno (eyn + hu) ‰»‡( + )‡ÈÔ ‡È« 17 connected mekhubar(-et, f.) ÓÁ»·¯)˙( 18 information modi-in (m.) Ó«„ÈÚÈÔ 19 20 mistake ta-ut (f.) ËÚ»˙ 21 prefix / area code kidómet (f.) ˜È„«Ó˙ 22 in connection with b’késher 23 ·˜÷¯ 24 written announcement moda-ah (f.) Ó«„Ú‰ 25 key in (press) hakesh ÙÈÚÏ ‰˜÷ 26 invoice, bill, account kheshbon (m.) 27 Á÷·«Ô 28 your wife ishtekha ‡˙‰( + )‡÷‰ ‡÷˙Í 29 by (lit. ‘by the hands of’) al yedey È„È ÚÏ 30 31 32 Language points 33 34 35 ‡ÈÔ + pronoun endings 36 37 A common way to negate an action, or say that someone or some- 38 thing is not there, is to use eyn ‡ÈÔ with pronoun endings: 39 I don’t know ani lo yodé-a = eynéni yodé-a 40 È«„Ú ‡ÈÈ = È«„Ú Ï‡ ‡È 41 4211 They are not at home eynam ba’báyit ··È˙ ‡ÈÌ 260
Sometimes the pronoun is included: He is not at home hu eyno ba’báyit ··È˙ ‡È« ‰»‡
Here is the full declension:
È È͇ È«‡ È ÈÎ)(‡ÈÌ)Ô( ‡ÈÎÌ)Ô( ‡È» ‡È‰ ‡È« ‡ÈÍ ‡ÈÍ ‡ÈÈ eynam(n) eynkhem(n) eynénu eynah eyno eynekh eynkha eyneni
Exercise 1
Practise using ‡ÈÔ with pronoun endings. Fill in the gaps and trans- late the following sentences: 1 )‡˙‰( _____ ÓÈÏÈ«¯, ‡Ê ‡Ï ˙·Ê·Ê ‡˙ ‰ÎÒÛ. ‡˙ ˙·Ê·Ê ‡Ï ‡Ê ÓÈÏÈ«¯, _____ )‡˙‰( 1 2 ‡˙ _____ ◊Á˜È˙ Ë«·‰. Ë«·‰. ◊Á˜È˙ _____ ‡˙ 2 3 ‰Ì _____ Ó·ÈÈÌ Ó‰ ÷‡˙‰ ‡«Ó¯. ÷‡˙‰ Ó‰ Ó·ÈÈÌ _____ ‰Ì 3 4 ÙÈ˯ _____ ·Ó◊¯„ ‰÷·»Ú: ‰»‡ ÒÚ ÏÁ»"Ï. ÒÚ ‰»‡ ‰÷·»Ú: ·Ó◊¯„ _____ ÙÈ˯ 4 5 )‡È( _____ È«„Ú˙ ÓÈ Î˙· ‡˙ ‰Ó‡Ó¯, ‡·Ï ‡È ÎÔ È«„Ú˙ ÎÔ ‡È ‡·Ï ‰Ó‡Ó¯, ‡˙ Î˙· ÓÈ È«„Ú˙ _____ )‡È( 5 ÷‰»‡ Ó÷ÚÓÌ. ÷‰»‡
Nouns with pronoun endings
Nouns can also take pronoun endings to express possession: His son (ha’ben shelo = bno) ·« = ÷Ï« ‰·Ô Your wife (ha’ishah shelkha = ishtekha) ‡÷˙Í = ÷ÏÍ *‰‡È÷‰
*NB Just like the first word in a word pair (see p. 87), feminine nouns ending in ‘ah’ ‰ , replace with ˙‰ before adding the endings: e.g. his bride kalato ÎÏ˙« .
Colloquial Hebrew tends to use this abbreviated form in the main for members of the family and in some common expressions, but you may also hear Israelis using it quite often with a wider vocabulary, and it is common in written Hebrew. (It is constantly used in the Bible and partially explains the terseness of the language and why Hebrew appears briefer than an English translation.) 261
1111 Adding these endings often entails vowel changes, mostly to 2 shorten the sound – an effect we have noted before with nouns, 3 adjectives and verbs: 4 big (m.) gadol ‚„«Ï ; (f.) gdolah ‚„«Ï‰ 5 6 son ben ·Ô ; your (m.) son binkha ·Í 7 8 Don’t worry – you’ll still be understood. Just listen for these 9 changes and you’ll soon pick them up. 10 11 NB Accompanying adjectives must always be preceded with ‰ just 12 as they are with other definite nouns: 13 my little brother akhi ha’katan ‰˜ËÔ ‡ÁÈ = ÷ÏÈ ‰˜ËÔ ‰‡Á 14 This form is also used in common expressions a couple of which 15 you have already come across: 16 ‘in my opinion’ lefi da-ati „Ú˙È ÏÙÈ , and 17 18 ‘like’ = ‘find favour in my eyes’ motseh khen b’eynay 19 ·ÚÈÈ ÁÔ Ó«ˆ‡ 20 21 Here are a few more: 22 from/for my part (lit. ‘my side’) mi’tsidi ÓˆÈ„È 23 ÏˆÚ¯È 24 to my regret l’tsa-ari 25 to my joy l’simkhati Ï◊ÓÁ˙È 26 27 There are different endings for singular nouns and for plural nouns: 28 29 eyes knowlege, opinion 30 eynáyimÚÈÈÈÌ da-at „Ú˙ 31 eynay ÚÈÈ da-ati „Ú˙È 32 eynékha ÚÈÈÍ da-atkha „Ú˙Í 33 eynáyikh ÚÈÈÍ da-atekh „Ú˙Í 34 35 eynav ÚÈÈ da-ato „Ú˙« 36 eynéhah ÚÈȉ da-atah „Ú˙‰ 37 eynéynu ÚÈÈ» da-aténu „Ú˙» 38 eynekhem(n) ÚÈÈÎÌ)Ô( da-atkhem(n) „Ú˙ÎÌ)Ô( 39 40 eynehem(n) ÚÈȉÌ)Ô( da-atam(n) „Ú˙Ì)Ô( 41 4211 262
Exercise 2
How big is this wedding going to be? Rewrite the following using the abbreviated form of the posses- sives in brackets.
New vocabulary
bride kalah (f.) Îω happy me-ushar (-shéret, f.) Ó‡»÷¯)˙(
— ÓÈ Ó‚ÈÚ ÏÁ˙»‰? ÏÁ˙»‰? Ó‚ÈÚ ÓÈ — — ÎÏ ‰Ó÷ÙÁ‰ ÷ÏÈ Ó‡«Ò˯Ïȉ! ÷ÏÈ ‰Ó÷ÙÁ‰ ÎÏ — — )‰‡Á ÷ÏÈ( Â)‰‡È÷‰ ÷Ï«(, )‰·Ô ÷Ï«( Â)‰Îω ÷Ï«(, )‰„«„‰ ÷Ï«(, Â)‰Îω ÷Ï«( )‰·Ô ÷Ï«(, Â)‰‡È÷‰ ÷ÏÈ( )‰‡Á — ÷ÏÈ( ‰)·ÚÏ( ‰÷È )÷ω(, )‰‡Á«˙ ÷ω( ÓÓÏ·«¯Ô, ÂÎÏ ÓÓÏ·«¯Ô, ÷ω( )‰‡Á«˙ )÷ω(, ‰÷È Â‰)·ÚÏ( ÷ÏÈ( )‰Ó÷ÙÁ‰ ÷Ï»( ÓÈ» È«¯˜. ÓÈ» ÷Ï»( )‰Ó÷ÙÁ‰ — ÂÓ‰ˆ„ ‰÷È? ‚Ì Ï‰Ì È÷ Ó÷ÙÁ‰ ‚„«Ï‰ ·Á»”Ï? ‚„«Ï‰ Ó÷ÙÁ‰ È÷ Ï‰Ì ‚Ì ‰÷È? ÂÓ‰ˆ„ — — ÎÔ, Â‰Ì ‚Ì ‰ÊÓÈ» ‡˙ ÎÏ )‰Á·¯ÈÌ ÷ωÌ( ÏÚ·«„‰. ÏÚ·«„‰. ÷ωÌ( )‰Á·¯ÈÌ ÎÏ ‡˙ ‰ÊÓÈ» ‚Ì Â‰Ì ÎÔ, — — ‡Ê ÷ȉȉ ·ÓÊÏ Ë«·, ‰ÚȘ¯ ÷)‰ÈÏ„ÈÌ ÷ÏÎÌ( ȉȻ ÷ÏÎÌ( ÷)‰ÈÏ„ÈÌ Â‰ÚȘ¯ Ë«·, ·ÓÊÏ ÷ȉȉ ‡Ê — Ó‡»÷¯ÈÌ.
Dialogue 2
Peter is now calling Information modi-inÓ«„ÈÚÈÔ on 144 to obtain the correct number for El-Al services. Take Peter’s role in this dialogue and help him get the information he needs – remember, he would like to send his luggage a day before the flight. 263
1111 New vocabulary 2 3 operator merkaziyah (f.) Ó¯ÎÊÈȉ 4 5 El-Al services sherutey el-al ‡Ï-ÚÏ ÷ȯ»˙È 6 take-off time mo-ed hamra-ah (f.) ‰Ó¯‡‰ Ó«Ú„ 7 landing time mo-ed nekhitah (f.) ÁÈ˙‰ Ó«Ú„ 8 9 luggage mit-an (m.) ÓËÚÔ 10 pre-flight services sherut trom tisah ËÈÒ‰ ˯«Ì ÷ȯ»˙ 11 12 13 ÏÍ? ÏÚÊ«¯ ‡Ù÷¯ ·Ó‰ – ÷Ï«Ì Ó«„ÈÚÈÔ Ó¯ÎÊÈȉ: 14 15 I need the telephone number of El-Al Services, please. ÙÈ˯ 16 ÁÈ˙‰? ‡« ‰Ó¯‡‰ Ó«Ú„ ˆ¯ÈÍ ‡˙‰ Ó¯ÎÊÈȉ: 17 No, I want to send my luggage before the flight. ÙÈ˯: 18 19 ‰ÓÒÙ¯ ËÈÒ‰. ˯«Ì Ï÷ȯ»˙ ÏˆÏˆÏ ˆ¯ÈÍ ‡˙‰ Ó¯ÎÊÈȉ: 20 .03 655 4321 21 Thank you very much. Goodbye. ÙÈ˯: 22 23 Peter finally gets the right number, but has to wait when he hears: 24 ˙Ù»Ò«˙, ‰ÚÓ„«˙ ÎÏ - ˘Ï«Ì ‡Ï-ÚÏ ÷ȯ»˙ - 25 (positions amadot) 26 (you will be answered te-aneh ) Â˙Ú‰ (wait hamten) ‰Ó˙Ô ‡ 27 ˙«„‰. (in turn lefi ha’tor ) - ‰˙«¯ ÏÙÈ 28 29 (At last, he’s through.) 30 31 ω·È‡ ˆ¯ÈÍ ‡È Ï‡Ô ÓÁ¯, ‰ÓËÚÔ ‡˙ Ï÷Ï«Á ¯«ˆ‰ ‡È ÙÈ˯: 32 ‡«˙«? 33 ÷ÏÍ? ‰ËÈÒ‰ Ó˙È Ù˜È„‰: 34 35 ··«˜¯. Ó»˜„Ì Ó‡„ ÓÁ¯˙ÈÈÌ, ÙÈ˯: 36 È«˙¯ Ú„ ÏÈ÷«Ô ˙»ÎÏ ˜«„Ì, È«Ì ˆ’˜-‡ÈÔ ˙Ú◊‰ ‡Ì Óˆ»ÈÈÔ Ù˜È„‰: 37 ··«˜¯. Ó‡»Á¯ 38 39 ‰¯ÚÈ«Ô. ʉ ÙÈ˯: 40 ‰÷Ú«˙…. ·ÈÔ Ù˙»Á 52 ·Ô-ȉ»„‰ ¯Á«· ‰È‡ ‰Î˙«·˙ ٘Ȅ‰: 41 4211 264
Peter arrives at the early check-in and there is a long queue; rather than getting excited – Israeli-style – he picks up the newspaper supplement someone has left behind on a nearby chair. This is what he reads:
Exercise 3
Reading passages
Here are some items from a weekly newspaper for learners of Hebrew entitled ‘A Gate for the Beginner’ (sha-ar la’matkhil).
1 A close shave: ‡Á„ (wheel galgal) ‚Ï‚Ï ÚÏ Á˙ ˜Ï ÓË«Ò a. What went wrong with the aircraft? b. When and where did the event happen? c. Why did the pilot go on flying for three hours? 265
1111 2 Puppaccino Bar ˜Ù‰ Î«Ò ÚÏ (a bark nevikhah) ·ÈÁ‰ 2 3 a. What phrase is used for 4 ‘man’s best friend’? 5 b. What is the word for ‘recently’? 6 7 c. What is the word for 8 ‘customers’? 9 d. Where can one find a 10 Puppaccino bar? 11 12 e. What is a Puppaccino made of? 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 3/4 ګω ‰Á÷ÓÏ ÓÁȯ / È«¯„ ‰„«Ï¯ 28 Good news and bad news – which is which and why? 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 4211 266
Exercise 4
Read the following interview and complete the English version. When you’ve checked that it is correct, read it again a few times and retell it in Hebrew, this time using only the English version to prompt you. ‰˜·»ˆ‰ ‰È◊¯‡ÏÈ˙ ‰¯‡÷«‰ ÷ÒÈÈÓ‰ ‡˙ ‰‡˜«-ˆ’Ï‚’ ·È» ‰‡˜«-ˆ’Ï‚’ ‡˙ ÷ÒÈÈÓ‰ ‰¯‡÷«‰ ‰È◊¯‡ÏÈ˙ ‰˜·»ˆ‰ ÊÈÏ„: ”‰È‰ Ó‡„ ˜÷‰. ‰˙‡ÈÌ ‰È» ·Ï˙È ‡Ù÷¯ÈÈÌ. ˆÚ„» ·¯‚Ï ˆÚ„» ‡Ù÷¯ÈÈÌ. ·Ï˙È ‰È» ‰˙‡ÈÌ ˜÷‰. Ó‡„ ”‰È‰ ·‰¯ÈÌ ˙Ï»ÏÈÌ ·ÓÈ»Á„, ·˜«¯ ‡È«Ì, ÚÌ ÓÚË Ó‡„ ÷ȉ, ÎÓÚË ÷ȉ, Ó‡„ ÓÚË ÚÌ ‡È«Ì, ·˜«¯ ·ÓÈ»Á„, ˙Ï»ÏÈÌ ·‰¯ÈÌ ·ÏÈ ÓÊ«Ô. ‰˙ÁÏ» ÚÌ ‰Ó«Ô ˙˜Â«˙ ‡·Ï ‚Ó¯» ˜ˆ˙ ÏÙÈ ‰Ó˜«Ì ÏÙÈ ˜ˆ˙ ‚Ó¯» ‡·Ï ˙˜Â«˙ ‰Ó«Ô ÚÌ ‰˙ÁÏ» ÓÊ«Ô. ·ÏÈ ‰‡Á¯«Ô. ʉ χ ‰È‰ Ó◊Á˜ ÈÏ„ÈÌ ‡·Ï ÁÂÂȉ ÷‡Û ÙÚÌ Ï‡ ÙÚÌ ÷‡Û ÁÂÂȉ ‡·Ï ÈÏ„ÈÌ Ó◊Á˜ ‰È‰ χ ʉ ‰‡Á¯«Ô. ÷ÎÁ.” ÷ÎÁ.”
The ___ Israeli team to complete the Eco challenge in New Zealand [describe their trip]: “It was very ______. Conditions were impossible. We marched on ______in particularly steep ______, in extreme ______with very little ______, _____ without food. We ______with high ______but we ______a little before the last ______. It was no child’s play but ______that we will ______.”
Exercise 5
Peter loves films and scans the entertainments pages to see what is on that evening. Is he missing anything or is it just as well he is expected at his farewell party? Can you say what films are showing? (The Hebrew and English titles are similar.)
·˜«Ï«Ú ‰÷·»Ú ·˜«Ï«Ú 2.30; 4.30; 6.30; 8.30 ·: Ú¯· ÎÏ ‡Ï·È: ˜«Ï«Ú
‡È÷‰ ÈÙ‰ ÈÙ‰ ‡È÷‰ ÓÏÍ ‰‡¯È«˙ ‰‡¯È«˙ ÓÏÍ ¯ˆÁ ·‡«¯ÈÈË ‡˜ÒÙ¯Ò ·‡«¯ÈÈË ¯ˆÁ ‰‡¯È ¬«Ë¯ ‰‡¯È ÁÏ«Ì ÏÈÏ-˜Èı )÷˜ÒÙȯ( ÏÈÏ-˜Èı ÁÏ«Ì 267
1111 Reading comprehension 2 3 4 Important people Á÷»·ÈÌ ‡÷ÈÌ 5 This is an unusual item for such a heading. Read on to see why. 6 7 The Pope is visiting Israel: he arrives at Ben Gurion Airport and 8 immediately tells the driver sent to take him to Jerusalem, that he 9 is in a hurry and must get there in 15 minutes. Read through the 10 new vocabulary list before you start on the dialogue. Once you’ve 11 read it, can you tell again it to a friend, in English? In Hebrew? 12 13 14 Vocabulary 15 16 the Pope ha’apifyor ‰‡¬ÈÙÈ«¯ 17 Your Holiness kvodo η«„« 18 (lit. ‘his’/your) Honour 19 impossible bilti efshari ‡Ù÷¯È ·Ï˙È 20 21 licence rishayon (rishyonot m. pl.) ¯÷È«Ô 22 choice brerah (f.) ·¯¯‰ 23 to arrest la’átsor ÙÚÏ )Ú-ˆ-¯( ÏÚˆ«¯ 24 25 what do you ma zot oméret? ‡«Ó¯˙? ʇ˙ Ó‰ 26 (lit. ‘does that’) mean? 27 fine, penalty knas (m.) ˜Ò 28 government minister sar ◊¯ 29 30 chief of staff (army) ramatkal (rosh ha’mateh ¯ÓËΔÏ* 31 ha’klali) ‰ÎÏÏÈ ‰Óˉ ¯‡÷ 32 president nasi ◊ȇ)‰( 33 talk(s) nonsense medaber shtuyot ÷˻ȫ˙ Ó„·¯ 34 35 36 ÏÙÁ«˙ Ï«˜Á˙ ‰ÒÈÚ‰ ‡Ù÷¯È. ·Ï˙È Ê‰ η«„«, ‡·Ï ‰‚: 37 ‡«˙È ˙Úˆ«¯ ‰Ó÷˯‰ Ó„È Ó‰¯ ‡ÒÚ ‡Ì ÷Ú‰. ÁˆÈ 38 ‰¯È÷È«Ô. ‡˙ ÏÈ ÂȘÁ» 39 40 ‡˙ ÏÈ ˙Ô ·¯¯‰, ‡ÈÔ Ó‰¯. ω‚ÈÚ Ó»Î¯Á ‡È ‰‡ÙÈÙÈ«¯: 41 ·ÚˆÓÈ. ‡‰‚ ‡È ··˜÷‰, ‰ÓÙ˙Á«˙ 4211 ‰‚: ‡ÈÍ ÷‡˙‰ ¯«ˆ‰. ÷‡˙‰ ‡ÈÍ ‰‚: 268
The Pope sits at the wheel, steps on the accelerator and drives at 150 km an hour. It’s not long before a policeman stops him. The policeman takes a look at the driver and calls his boss. ÷«Ë¯ ‡: È÷ ÏÈ Ù‰ ‰‚ ÷Ú·¯ ÚÏ ‰Ó‰È¯»˙ ‰Ó»˙¯˙. ‰»‡ ÒÚ ‰»‡ ‰Ó»˙¯˙. ‰Ó‰È¯»˙ ÚÏ ÷Ú·¯ ‰‚ Ù‰ ÏÈ È÷ ‡: ÷«Ë¯ ˜ÈÏ«Ó˯ Ï÷Ú‰, Ó‰ ÏÚ◊«˙? Ó‰ Ï÷Ú‰, ˜ÈÏ«Ó˯ 051 ÷«Ë¯ ·: Ó‰ ʇ˙ ‡«Ó¯˙? Ó‰ ÷ˆ¯ÈÍ ÏÚ◊«˙: Ï˙˙ Ï« ˜Ò, Ï« Ï˙˙ ÏÚ◊«˙: ÷ˆ¯ÈÍ Ó‰ ‡«Ó¯˙? ʇ˙ Ó‰ ·: ÷«Ë¯ Ï·„«˜ ‡Ì ‰»‡ ÷˙‰, ÏÚˆ«¯ ‡«˙«. ˙ϻȅ ‡«˙«. ÏÚˆ«¯ ÷˙‰, ‰»‡ ‡Ì Ï·„«˜ ÷«Ë¯ ‡: ʉ χ ÎÏ ÎÍ Ù÷»Ë, ‰»‡ ‡È÷ Ó‡„ Á÷»·. Ó‡„ ‡È÷ ‰»‡ Ù÷»Ë, ÎÍ ÎÏ Ï‡ ʉ ‡: ÷«Ë¯ ÷«Ë¯ ·: ÎÓ‰ Á÷»·? Ó‰, ‰»‡ ◊¯ ·ÓÓ÷ω? ◊¯ ‰»‡ Ó‰, Á÷»·? ÎÓ‰ ·: ÷«Ë¯ ÷«Ë¯ ‡: χ, È«˙¯ Á÷»·. È«˙¯ χ, ‡: ÷«Ë¯ ÷«Ë¯ ·: Ó‰, ‰»‡ ‰¯ÓËΔÏ, ‰◊ȇ? ‰¯ÓËΔÏ, ‰»‡ Ó‰, ·: ÷«Ë¯ ÷«Ë¯ ‡: χ, Ú«„ È«˙¯ Á÷»·. È«˙¯ Ú«„ χ, ‡: ÷«Ë¯ ÷«Ë¯ ·: Ó‰ ‡˙‰ Ó„·¯ ÷˻ȫ˙, ÓÈ È«˙¯ Á÷»· Ó‰◊ȇ? ¯‡÷ Ó‰◊ȇ? Á÷»· È«˙¯ ÓÈ ÷˻ȫ˙, Ó„·¯ ‡˙‰ Ó‰ ·: ÷«Ë¯ ‰ÓÓ÷ω? ÷«Ë¯ ‡: χ, ‰¯·‰ È«˙¯ Á÷»·. È«˙¯ ‰¯·‰ χ, ‡: ÷«Ë¯ ÷«Ë¯ ·: » η¯, ‡Ê ÓÈ Ê‰? ÓÈ ‡Ê η¯, » ·: ÷«Ë¯ ÷«Ë¯ ‡: ‡È χ È«„Ú, ‡·Ï ‰‡ÙÈÙÈ«¯ ‰»‡ ‰‰‚ ÷Ï«. ‰‰‚ ‰»‡ ‰‡ÙÈÙÈ«¯ ‡·Ï È«„Ú, χ ‡È ‡: ÷«Ë¯
Exercise 6
Peter’s farewell party. Can you identify his guests? You will have met them at least once on your way through the book. (To remember where, check in the key to the exercises.)
ӯȉ ‚«ÊÏÒ: χ ‰Î¯˙È ‡«˙Í! ‡«˙Í! ‰Î¯˙È Ï‡ ‚«ÊÏÒ: ӯȉ È«ÒÈ: ‰„ȇˉ ‰ˆÏÈÁ‰ ÏÈ ,ΫÔ? ÏÈ ‰ˆÏÈÁ‰ ‰„ȇˉ È«ÒÈ: 269
1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 ‰‡«ÎÏ! ÚÌ ·ÚÈ«˙ Ú«◊‰ ‡˙‰ ÏÈ ¯˜ ‡»¯È: ÷Ï ‡ÈÓ‡ 18 ‰˙ȇ·«Ô. ÏÈ Ú·¯ ÚÎ÷È ‡»¯È: 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 ٻȉ… ÷Ú‰ ÏÈ È÷ ·Ú¯· ·÷·˙ ‰·‡, ·÷·»Ú Ï‚Èω: ‚„È 4211 270
÷ÏÓ‰ „·«¯‰: ‰È«Ì ‰ÁÈÈÌ Ï‡ ÎÓ« ÙÚÌ, ‰ÎÏ Ó‡„ Ș¯ … Ș¯ Ó‡„ ‰ÎÏ ÙÚÌ, ÎÓ« χ ‰ÁÈÈÌ ‰È«Ì „·«¯‰: ÷ÏÓ‰ ‰Ê»‚ Ó‰‡«Ë«·»Ò: χ ˙ÓÈ„, ¯‡È» Ó«„Ú‰ ÚÏ Ó·ˆÚ ÓÈ»Á„ Ó·ˆÚ ÚÏ Ó«„Ú‰ ¯‡È» ˙ÓÈ„, χ Ó‰‡«Ë«·»Ò: ‰Ê»‚ ·Ò˙È ‡Á» «ÒÚÈÌ Ï„¯«Ì ‡Ó¯È˜‰ … ‡Ó¯È˜‰ Ï„¯«Ì «ÒÚÈÌ ‡Á» ·Ò˙ÈÂ
ÁÓ‰ ÏÈÚÏ: η¯ Ú·¯˙ „ȯ‰? Ú·¯˙ η¯ ÏÈÚÏ: ÁÓ‰ ‰ÏÏ»-ȉ! ÏÙÈ˯: Ӈȉ ÙÈ˯ ÏӇȉ: ‡˙ ¯«ˆ‰ Ϙ¯«‡ ¯«ˆ‰ ‡˙ ÏӇȉ: ÙÈ˯ ‡˙ ÎÏ Ê‰ ÚÎ÷ÈÂ? ʉ ÎÏ ‡˙ 271
1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 ‰˙ÁÏ˙È! ¯˜ Ù˙‡«Ì? Ó‰ ‰˜»¯Ò? ‡˙ ‚Ó¯˙È 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 4211 Key to exercises
Unit 1
Exercise 2 d = , ts = , v = ·ˆ„
Exercise 3
Bran Flakes
Exercise 4
1: d: „»Ì „Û, „Ï˙, „„, r: ¯‚Ï ¯·, ¯«È, ¯ı, 2: kh: ÁÂΉ Á¯Ì, Ó◊Á˜, ÓÁ‰, t: Ó˙‰ ˙¯„, ˙«¯‰, ˙Ó»‰, 3: ts: ÓˆÙ‰ ˆÈÙ¯, Óˆ„‰, ˆÏ, ayin: Ú¯· ÓÚ‰, ÚÏ, ¯‚Ú, 4: kh: ÓÁ„Ï ÏÁÌ, ÁÈÈË, ÓÁÏ, ÁÏ·, h: ‰ÈÂÌ ‰ÈÏ„, ωÌ, 5: v or b: ·»Ï Ï·‰, ·¯Ê, kh or k: Î˙¯ ÓÎ˙÷, ΄»¯, ÓÎÈȯ, ί«Ê,
Exercise 5 n = 3; z = 6; s = 9; ts = 10; b = 1; final kh = 5; sh = 4; d = 7; final n = 2; r = 8 273
1111 Exercise 6 2 3 k = 3,11 t = 2,4 s = 8,12 v = 1,6 kh = 7,9 4 silent = 5,10 5 6 Exercise 7 7 8 1 3, 6, 8, 9 9 2 8, 9, 10 10 11 Exercise 8 12 13 1 1, 3, 7, 10, 11 14 15 Exercise 9 16 17 mi, ki, li, shir, ir, pil, sir, din, kir 18 19 Exercise 10 20 21 lo, po, tov, tom, nof, zol, sod, khol, tor 22 23 Exercise 11 24 sus, tut, hu, bul, mul, gur, shum, kum, dud 25 26 27 Exercise14 28 1d spaghetti spageti; 2e coffee kafeh; 3c hamburger hamburger; 29 4b popcorn pop-korn; 5a pizza pitsah 30 31 32 Exercise 15 33 You must be mad to learn Hebrew, but if you can read this (dis) 34 you are doing very well (vel). 35 36 Exercise 16 37 38 1b (shókolad); 2e (dip dip mini creker); 3a (diet koka kolah); 39 4d (te limon); 5c (krem fresh) 40 41 4211 274
Exercise 17
1 2
Unit 2
Exercise 1 ‡˙‰ Ó¯ ‚¯ÈÔ?, ‡È ÙÈ˯ ‚¯ÈÔ, ‡˙‰ ÓÏ«„«Ô?, ‡È χ ÓÏ«„«Ô, χ ‡È ÓÏ«„«Ô?, ‡˙‰ ‚¯ÈÔ, ÙÈ˯ ‡È ‚¯ÈÔ?, Ó¯ ‡˙‰ ‡È Ó‡«˜ÒÙ«¯„, ‡˙‰ Ù¯«ÙÒ«¯? ‡È ÚÈ˙«‡È ‡È Ù¯«ÙÒ«¯? ‡˙‰ Ó‡«˜ÒÙ«¯„, ‡È
Exercise 2 ‰‚ Ó«È˙: ÒÏÈÁ‰, ‡˙‰ Ó¯ ‚¯ÈÔ? Ó¯ ‡˙‰ ÒÏÈÁ‰, Ó«È˙: ‰‚ Ó¯ ΉÔ: χ, ‡È Ó¯ ΉÔ. Ó¯ ‡È χ, ΉÔ: Ó¯ ‰‚ Ó«È˙: ˘Ï«Ì, ·¯»Í ‰·‡ ÏÈ◊¯‡Ï! Ú΢È ÏÓÏ«Ô ˘¯˙«Ô ÏÓÏ«Ô Ú΢È ÏÈ◊¯‡Ï! ‰·‡ ·¯»Í ˘Ï«Ì, Ó«È˙: ‰‚ ·˙Ï-‡·È·, ÎÔ? ·˙Ï-‡·È·, Ó¯ ΉÔ: ÎÔ ··˜÷‰. ÎÔ Î‰Ô: Ó¯ ‰‰‚: ‡˙‰ ÓÏ«„«Ô? ‡˙‰ ‰‰‚: Ó¯ ΉÔ: χ, ‡È χ ÓÏ«„«Ô, ‡È ÓÈ»-È«¯˜. ‡È ÓÏ«„«Ô, χ ‡È χ, ΉÔ: Ó¯ ‰‰‚: ‡‰! È»-È«¯˜ - ‡˙‰ ÚÈ˙«‡È? ‡˙‰ - È»-È«¯˜ ‡‰! ‰‰‚: Ó¯ ΉÔ: χ, ‡È Ù¯«ÙÒ«¯. ‡È χ, ΉÔ: Ó¯
nehag monit: slikhah, atah mar grin? mar kohen: lo, ani mar kohen. nehag monit: shalom, barukh ha’ba l’isra-el! akhshav l’malon sheraton b’tel aviv, ken? mar kohen: ken b’vakashah. ha’nehag: atah mi’london? mar kohen: lo, ani lo mi’london, ani mi’nyu-york. ha’nehag: ah! nyu-york – atah itonay? mar kohen: lo, ani profesor. 275
1111 Exercise 4 2 3 l’malon hilton, mi’ramat gan, l’eilat, mi’pétakh tíkvah, 4 b’manchester, l’birmingham, b’venetsuelah 5 ·Óˆ’Ò˯, ÓÙ˙Á-˙˜Â‰, χÈÏ˙, Ó¯Ó˙-‚Ô, ‰ÈÏË«Ô, ÏÓÏ«Ô 6 ·Âˆ»‡Ï‰ ϷȯÓÈ‚‰Ì, 7 8 Exercise 5 9 10 1 khanah (Hannah) me’argentinah? lo, khanah (Hannah) lo 11 me’argentinah 12 2 manuelah me’ostraliyah? lo, manuelah lo me’ostraliah 13 3 shilah mi’brazil? lo, shilah lo mi’brazil 14 4 sashah me’amerikah? lo, sashah lo me’amerikah 15 5 charli chaplin mi’rúsiah? lo, charli chaplin lo mi’rúsiah 16 6 pedro mi’meksiko? lo, pedro lo mi’meksiko 17 18 Exercise 6 19 20 1 ha’malon, ha’profésor, ha’itonay, ha’monit 21 ‰Ó«È˙ ‰ÚÈ˙«‡È, ‰Ù¯«ÙÒ«¯, ‰ÓÏ«Ô, 22 2 ha’malon v’ha’lobi, ha’pitsa v’ha’kafeh, ha’itonáy v’ha’profesor 23 ‰ٯ«ÙÒ«¯ ‰ÚÈ˙«‡È ‰˜Ù‰, ‰ÙȈ‰ ‰ϫ·È, ‰ÓÏ«Ô 24 25 26 Exercise 7 27 28 ÓÏÈ·¯¬»Ï ‰Ì χ, Ó·¯ÈÒË«Ï? ‰·ÈËÏÒ 1 29 Ó‡ÈËÏȉ ‰»‡ χ, Ó¯»Òȉ? Ó»Ò«ÏÈÈ 2 30 ÓÒ˯ËÙ«¯„ ‰»‡ χ, Ó‚ÏÊ‚«? ˘˜ÒÙȯ 3 31 Ó‰«„» ‰È‡ χ, Ó‡‚Ïȉ? ‚„È ‡È„ȯ‰ 4 32 Ó…‡‚Ïȉ ‡È χ, Óˆ»‡Ï‰? ‡˙‰ 5 33 34 Exercise 8 35 36 37 1 eyfoh ha’big ben? ha’big ben b’london ·Ï«„«Ô ·Ô ‰·È‚ 38 2 eyfoh ha’akropolis? ha’akropolis ·‡˙»‰ ‰‡˜¯Ù«ÏÈÒ 39 b’atunah 40 41 3 eyfoh noterdam noterdam b’pariz ·Ù¯ÈÊ «Ë¯„Ì 4211 (Notre Dame) 276
1111 4 eyfoh ha’kremlin? ha’kremlin b’rusyah ·¯»Òȉ ‰˜¯ÓÏÈÔ 2 5 eyfoh ha’koloseum ha’koloseum b’roma ·¯«Ó‡ ‰˜«Ï«Òȇ»Ì 3 4 6 eyfoh ha’pentagon? ha’pentagon b’vashington 5 ·ÂÂ˘È‚Ë«Ô ‰ÙË‚«Ô 6 7 8 Exercise 9 9 10 1/‰ The hamburger is from McDonald’s 11 2/ ‡ The lobby is in the hotel 12 13 3/· The tourist is from America 14 4/„ The university is in Oxford 15 16 5/ Coffee is from Columbia 17 6/‚ The Eskimo lives in an igloo 18 19 20 21 Exercise 10 22 ÙȈ‰ 23 24 25 Exercise 11 26 27 monit (f.) Ó«È˙ 28 khaverah (f.) Á·¯‰ 29 érev (m.) Ú¯· 30 31 pitseríyah (f.) ÙȈ¯Èȉ 32 malon (m.) ÓÏ«Ô 33 teatron (m.) ˙ȇ˯«Ô 34 35 ótobus (m.) ‡«Ë«√»Ò 36 kafitéryah (f.) ˜Ù˯ȉ 37 belgiyah (f.) ·Ï‚Èȉ 38 39 muzeon (m.) ӻʇ«Ô 40 amsterdam (f.) ‡ÓÒ˯„Ì 41 4211 277
1111 Exercise 12 2 3 ¯Î·˙, ʇ˙ ·È˙, ʉ ‡Ï·È, ¯Á«· ʉ ¯Á«·, ʉ ËÏÙ«Ô, ʉ 4 Úȯ ʇ˙ ‡«Ë«·»Ò, ʉ Á„¯, ʉ Á»˙, ʇ˙ Ó◊¯„, ʉ 5 6 Exercise 13 7 8 eyfoh ha’télefon, b’vakashah? ··˜÷‰? ‰ËÏÙ«Ô ‡ÈÙ‰ 1 9 10 eyfoh ha’misrad? ‰Ó◊¯„ ‡ÈÙ‰ 2 11 ha’misrad bi’rkhov dizengof, ΫÔ? „ÈÊ‚«Û, ·¯Á«· ‰Ó◊¯„ 3 12 nakhon? 13 zeh ha’ótobus li’rkhov dizengof? „ÈÊ‚«Û? ϯÁ«· ‰‡«Ë«·»Ò ʉ 4 14 15 shalom, l’hitra-ot! ω˙¯‡«˙! ÷Ï«Ì, 5 16 17 Exercise 14 18 19 Eyal: shalom, ani eyal barenboim, na-im me-od. 20 Daniel: daniel berkovich, na-im me-od. me’áyin atah eyal? 21 Eyal : ani me’argentinah. 22 Daniel : atah mevaker mishpakhah o tayar? 23 Eyal : lo, ani lo mevaker mishpakhah, v’gam lo b’diyuk 24 tayar. Ani musikay v’ani poh l’kontsert. v’mah atah 25 oseh? 26 Daniel : ani sportay ba’olimpyádah. ani gam gar poh ba’áretz. 27 28 EYAL : Shalom, I’m Eyal Barenboim; pleased to meet you. 29 DANIEL : Daniel Berkovitch, pleased to meet you. Where are you 30 from Eyal? 31 EYAL : I’m from Argentina. 32 DANIEL : Are you visiting family or (are you) a tourist? 33 EYAL : I’m not visiting family, and (I’m ) also not exactly a 34 tourist. I’m a musician, and I’m here for a concert. 35 And what do you do? 36 DANIEL: I’m a sportsman in the Olympics. I also live here 37 in Israel. 38 39 40 41 4211 278
Unit 3
Exercise 1
1 lo, ani lo ba’misrad ha’bóker. No, I’m not in the office this morning. 2 Are you in the office today? atah ba’misrad ha’yom? ‡˙‰ ·Ó◊¯„ ‰È«Ì? ·Ó◊¯„ ‡˙‰ lo, ani lo ba’ir kol ha’yom. No, I’m not in town all day. 3 Are you in the office this week? atah ba’misrad ha’shavú-a? ‡˙‰ ·Ó◊¯„ ‰÷·»Ú? ·Ó◊¯„ ‡˙‰ lo, ani b’kurs ha’shavú-a. No, I’m on a course this week. 4 Are you in the office this month? atah ba’misrad ha’khódesh? ‡˙‰ ·Ó◊¯„ ‰Á«„÷? ·Ó◊¯„ ‡˙‰ lo, ani b’kurs kol ha’khódesh v’akhar kakh b’tenerif. No, I’m on a course all month and afterwards in Tenerife. 5 Are you in the office this year? atah ba’misrad ha’shanah? ‡˙‰ ·Ó◊¯„ ‰÷‰? ·Ó◊¯„ ‡˙‰ ha’shanah? lo batú-akh … This year? (I’m) not sure …
Exercise 2
efshar li’r-ot séret ha’érev ‰Ú¯·? Ò¯Ë Ï¯‡«˙ ‡Ù÷¯ efshar le’vaker ba’kibuts b’isra-el ·È◊¯‡Ï? ·˜È√»ı Ï·˜¯ ‡Ù÷¯ efshar li’khtov faks ba’khéder ·ÓÏ«Ô? √Á„¯ Ù˜Ò ÏÎ˙«· ‡Ù÷¯ ba’malon efshar la’lekhet la’supermarket ÏÒ»¬¯Ó¯˜Ë? ÏÏÎ˙ ‡Ù÷¯ efshar la’khshov b’shéket ··˜÷‰? ·÷˜Ë ÏÁ÷· ‡Ù÷¯ b’vakashah 279
1111 Exercise 3 2 3 khoshev Á«˘· ‰»‡ ‡˙‰, ‡È, Masculine singular 4 Á«˘·˙ ‰È‡ ‡˙, ‡È, 5 khoshévet Feminine singular 6 khoshvim Á«˘·ÈÌ ‰Ì ‡˙Ì, ‡Á», Masculine plural 7 khoshvot Á«˘·«˙ ‰Ô ‡˙Ô, ‡Á», Feminine plural 8 9 Exercise 4 10 11 Ú«·„ÈÌ ‰Ì - Ú«·„ ‰»‡ 12 Ú«·„«˙ ‰Ô - Ú«·„˙ ‰È‡ 13 14 Ú«·„ÈÌ ‡Á» - Ú«·„ ‡È 15 Ï«Ó„ÈÌ ‡˙Ì - Ï«Ó„ ‡˙‰ 16 Ï«Ó„«˙ ‡˙Ô - Ï«Ó„˙ ‡˙ 17 18 Exercise 5 19 20 Talia is thinking on the train ·¯Î·˙ Á«÷·˙ ËÏȉ 1 21 talia khoshévet ba’rakévet 22 23 Sarah and Hannah learn Hebrew Ú·¯È˙ Ï«Ó„«˙ ÂÁ‰ ◊¯‰ 2 24 sara v’khanah lomdot ivrit 25 Victor works in a shop ·Á»˙ Ú«·„ ÂȘ˫¯ 3 26 victor oved b’khanut 27 Sally is writing a cheque in the bank ··˜ ˆ'˜ Ϋ˙·˙ Ò‡ÏÈ 4 28 sali kotévet tchek ba’bank 29 30 Exercise 6 31 32 33 1 éfes efes tésha shéva shtáyim – shalosh – árba shtáyim 34 khamesh – shéva árba tésha shesh 35 2 éfes éfes árba árba – shtáyim éfes shéva – shalosh shesh 36 khamesh – shmóneh akhat shesh efes 37 38 3 éfes shtáyim – shalosh éfes shéva – tésha khamesh shmóneh 39 akhat 40 41 4211 280
Exercise 7
ÁÓ÷ = 3 + 2 Ú◊¯ = 4 + 6 ˙÷Ú = 1 + 8 ÁÓ÷ = 0 + 5
Exercise 8 1 ‰Ì Ϋ˙·ÈÌ 2 ‰È‡ Á«÷·˙ 3 ‡Á» χ ˜«ÈÌ Ï‡ ‡Á» 3 Á«÷·˙ ‰È‡ 2 Ϋ˙·ÈÌ ‰Ì 1 4 ‡˙Ì ¯«‡ÈÌ 5 ‡˙‰ Á«÷· 6 ‰Ô ¯«ˆ«˙ ‰Ô 6 Á«÷· ‡˙‰ 5 ¯«‡ÈÌ ‡˙Ì 4 (rotsah) ¯«ˆ‰ χ ‡˙ 8 ˜««˙ ‡˙Ô 7 (ro-eh) ¯«‡‰ χ ‰»‡ 9
Exercise 9
1 We would like to buy a ··˜÷‰. ÓÁ÷· Ϙ«˙ ¯«ˆÈÌ ‡Á» — computer, please. Would you like a computer for ‡« Ï·È˙ ÓÁ÷· ¯«ˆÈÌ ‡˙Ì — the house or for the office? ÏÓ◊¯„? For the house, please. ··È˙. Ú«·„ÈÌ ‡Á» ··˜÷‰. Ï·È˙ — We work at home.
2 What are you doing? ? (osah) Ú«◊‰ ‡˙ Ó‰ — I’m writing a letter to ÷ÏÈ. ÏÁ·¯‰ ÓÎ˙· Ϋ˙·˙ ‡È — my (girl)friend. And what are you doing? ? (oseh) Ú«◊‰ ‡˙‰ ÂÓ‰ — I’m talking on the phone and ÂÁ«÷· ·ËÏÙ«Ô Ó„·¯ ‡È — thinking of what to do this evening. ‰Ú¯·. ÏÚ◊«˙ Ó‰ 281
1111 Exercise 10 2 3 1 True. 4 5 2 True. 6 3 False. They are planning to meet at the museum. 7 8 4 False. She has not bought them yet and needs to go to town to 9 do so. 10 5 True. 11 12 6 False. Hannah’s mother suggests coming at 7 p.m., but Hannah 13 is going to a friend and will not be back home before 9 p.m. 14 15 16 Unit 4 17 18 19 Exercise 1 20 21 ·˜Ù˯ȉ, Ò„ÂÂÈı’ Ϙ«ˆ¯Ë, ‰Î¯ËÈÒ ‡˙ ÙȈ‰, ˜«‰ ¯ÁÏ 22 ·‡ÈË¯Ë ‰ËÏÙ«Ô ‡˙ ‚»¯È«Ô, ·Ô ·¯Á«· ‰·È˙ ‡˙ 23 24 Exercise 2 25 26 khanah shotah teh im khalav ÁÏ·. ÚÌ ˙‰ ÷«˙‰ Á‰ 1 27 28 daliah ohévet et ha’meltsar ‰Óψ¯. ‡˙ ‡«‰·˙ „Ïȉ 2 29 piter ro-eh et tamar ba’mis-adah ·ÓÒÚ„‰. ˙Ó¯ ‡˙ ¯«‡‰ ÙÈ˯ 3 30 ben okhel khumus b’pitah ·ÙÈ˙‰. Á»Ó»Ò ‡«ÎÏ ·Ô 4 31 32 piter v’maya rotsim yáyin ÈÈÔ. ¯«ˆÈÌ ÂӇȉ ¬È˯ 5 33 tamar v’sarah lo ohavot ‰ÓÒÚ„‰. ‡˙ ‡«‰·«˙ χ Â◊¯‰ ˙Ó¯ 6 34 et ha’mis-adah 35 miriam lo shotah yáyin o kafe ˜Ù‰. ‡Â ÈÈÔ ÷«˙‰ χ Ó¯ÈÌ 7 36 37 sarah v’maya ro-ot et ‰Óψ¯ ‡˙ ¯«‡«˙ ÂӇȉ ◊¯‰ 8 38 ha’meltsar al yad ha’ótobus ‰‡ÂË·ÂÒ. È„ ÚÏ 39 40 41 4211 282
Translation 1 Hannah is drinking tea with milk. 2 Dalia likes/loves the waiter. 3 Peter sees Tamar in the restaurant. 4 Ben is eating homous in a pitta. 5 Peter and Maya want wine. 6 Tamar and Sarah don’t like the restaurant. 7 Miriam does not drink wine or coffee. 8 Sarah and Maya see the waiter next to/near the bus.
Exercise 3
Ù÷ËÈ„«˙ Ù÷ËÈ„‰ ÁˆÈÏÈÌ ÁˆÈÏ Óψ¯ÈÌ Óψ¯ ˙Ù¯ÈËÈÌ ˙Ù¯ÈË ÓÒÚ„«˙ ÓÒÚ„‰ ÓÎ˙·ÈÌ ÓÎ˙· ίËÈÒÈÌ Î¯ËÈÒ ‡«Ë«·»ÒÈÌ ‡«Ë«·»Ò ˙Á«˙ ˙Á‰ ˜È·»ˆÈÌ ˜È·»ı ÓÒÙ¯ÈÌ ÓÒÙ¯ Á»È«˙ Á»˙ Exercise 4
ȯ˜«˙ khásot (f.) ÁÒ«˙ betsalim (m.) ·ˆÏÈÌ agvaniyot (f.) Ú‚·È«˙ limonim (m.) ÏÈÓ«ÈÌ melafefonim (m.) ÓÏÙÙ«ÈÌ pilpelim (m.) ÙÏÙÏÈÌ gzarim (m.) ‚ʯÈÌ 283
1111 Ùȯ«˙ 2 tapuzim (m.) ˙Ù»ÊÈÌ anavim (m.) Ú·ÈÌ agasim (m.) ‡‚ÒÈÌ 3 4 banánot (f.) ·«˙ tapukhim (m.) ˙Ù»ÁÈÌ 5 kilográm(im) (m.) ˜ÈÏ«‚¯ÓÈÌ ˜ÈÏ«‚¯Ì 6 7 8 Exercise 5 9 10 arba-ah, pilpelim ÙÏÙÏÈÌ ‡¯·Ú‰ khása akhat ‡Á˙ ÁÒ‰ 11 khamishah melafefonim ÓÏÙÙ«ÈÌ ÁÓÈ÷‰ 12 13 shney kilogram anavim Ú·ÈÌ ˜ÈÏ«‚¯Ì ˘È 14 kilo tapuzim ˙Ù»ÊÈÌ ˜ÈÏ«‚¯Ì* 15 shmonah limonim ÏÈÓ«ÈÌ ÷Ó«‰ 16 éser beytsim ·ÈˆÈÌ Ú◊¯ shesh agvaniyot Ú‚·È«˙ ÷˘ 17 tish-ah agasim ‡‚ÒÈÌ ˙÷Ú‰ shney bezalim ·ˆÏÈÌ ÷È 18 shtey banánot ·«˙ ÷˙È shiv-ah gzarim ‚ʯÈÌ ÷·Ú‰ 19 20 *You will often hear ‘kilo’ instead of ‘kilogram’ ˙Ù»ÊÈÌ ˜ÈÏ« 21 22 Exercise 6 23 24 ˜÷‰; ¯ÎÈÌ; ˜¯‰; ÁÓ«˙; ˜ËÈÌ; ‚„«Ï«˙; È÷‰; Á„÷ÈÌ; 25 26 ˯ÈÈÌ ËÚÈÓ«˙; ÈÙ‰; Áʘ‰; Ó¯‰; Ó˙»˜«˙; 27 28 Exercise 7 29 30 ‚„«Ï; Ù¯«ÙÒ«¯ 3 ¯Î«˙; Ú‚·ÈÈ«˙ 2 ËÚÈÓÈÌ; Ú·ÈÌ 1 31 Ë«·ÈÌ; Á·¯ÈÌ 6 ÈÙ‰; ÚÈ˙«‡È˙ 5 ˜Ë‰; ‡¯ı 4 32 ˜¯ ‡Ò˜ÈÓ« 7 33 34 Exercise 8 35 36 Our suggestions: 37 38 Á„÷ÈÌ; Ó◊¯„ÈÌ ËÚÈÌ; „‚ ˜ËÈÌ; ÈÌ ’ Ò„ÂÂȈ Áʘ; ˜Ù‰ 39 ˜¯‰ ·È¯‰ ˜÷‰; ·Èˆ‰ 40 41 4211 284
Exercise 9
˙Ù»ÁÈÌ ËÚÈÓÈÌ; ÏÈω ˜¯; ‰·È˙ ‰Á„÷; ‰‡«Ë«·»ÒÈÌ ‰È÷ÈÌ; ‰‡«Ë«·»ÒÈÌ ‰Á„÷; ‰·È˙ ˜¯; ÏÈω ËÚÈÓÈÌ; ˙Ù»ÁÈÌ ‰Ù˯ȫ˙ ‚„«Ï«˙ ‰Ù˯ȫ˙ Exercise 10
1 ȯ˜«˙; 2 Ï·‰; 3 ‡«‰·; 4 Ú«Û; 5 ‡ÈÔ; 6 È÷; 7 ¯Í; 8 ¯Í; 7 È÷; 6 ‡ÈÔ; 5 Ú«Û; 4 ‡«‰·; 3 Ï·‰; 2 ȯ˜«˙; 1 ˜÷‰; 9 Ë»‰; 01 È÷; 11 ‡˙ 11 È÷; 01 Ë»‰; 9 ˜÷‰;
Exercise 12
Transliteration
mariyah gonzales, mis brazil, mevakéret b’kibuts eyn-gev. mariyah, bakhurah razah, v’khatikhah, okhélet arukhat bóker b’khadar ha’ókhel. mariyah b’diyetah v’hi okhélet rak shtey beytsim kashot, tost im khem-ah v’ribah, salat gadol mi’khásah, avokado, pilpelim, melafefonim, v’batsal. hi gam okhélet korn-fleyks v’perot tri-im. mariyah yoshévet al yad yosi ha’shamen me’ha’kibuts. gam yosi b’diyétah. – atah lo ohev beytsim? – ken, ani davkah ohev beytsim: rakot, kashot, u’b’ikar mekushkashot. – ulay atah rotseh ketsat lékhem v’ribah? – ken, ani me-od rotseh lékhem, ribah, gvinah v’afilu khem-ah. – az lamah atah okhel rak yogurt? – ki ani b’diyétah! – az mah? gam ani b’diyétah! – zeh lo fer.
Translation
Maria Gonzales, Miss Brazil, is visiting Kibbutz Ein-Gev. Maria, a slim girl, gorgeous, is eating breakfast in the dining room. Maria is on a diet and is only eating two hard-boiled eggs, toast with butter and jam, a big lettuce salad, avocado, peppers, cucum- bers and onion. She is also eating cornflakes and fresh fruit. 285
1111 Maria is sitting next to fat Yossi from the kibbutz. He is also 2 on a diet: 3 – Don’t you like eggs? 4 – Yes, I actually like eggs: soft- and hard-boiled, and mainly 5 scrambled. 6 – Would you perhaps like a little bread and jam? 7 – Yes, I would very much like bread, jam, cheese and even 8 butter. 9 – So why are you only eating yogurt? 10 – Because I’m on a diet. 11 – So what? I’m also on a diet! 12 – That’s not fair! 13 14 15 Unit 5 16 17 18 Exercise 1 19 20 ÷ÏÈ; ‰Á·¯‰ ÷ωÌ; ‰·È˙ ÷Ï«; ‰Ó÷ÙÁ‰ ÷ÏÈ; ‰Á·¯ 21 ÷ω ‰Ó÷ÙÁ‰ ÷Ï»; ‰Á·¯ÈÌ 22 23 Exercise 2 24 25 Â÷ÏÈ; „«¯È˙ ÷Ï – ÷Ï» ‰·ÈˆÈÌ ÷ÏÍ; ‰„‚ ·Ô; ÷Ï ‰Ú«Û ËÏȉ: 26 - ÷ÏÍ ‰Á»Ó»Ò 27 talyah: ha’of shel ben; ha dag shelkha; ha’beytsim shelánu – shel 28 dorit v’sheli; ha’khúmus shelkha - 29 30 Â‡È ·Ô. ‡« „«¯È˙ ÷Ï Ê‰ ‡»ÏÈ Á»Ó»Ò, ‡«‰· χ ‡È χ, ‡Ï«Ô: 31 ÊÈ˙ÈÌ, ‡«‰·˙ „«¯È˙ ÷ωÌ. ί‡‰ ‚Ì Ê‰ ÈÂÂÈ, ÒÏË ‡«ÎÏ Ï‡ 32 ÷ω? ‰Ì ‚Ì ‡ÂÏÈ ‡Ê 33 34 alon: lo, ani lo ohev khúmus, ulay zeh shel dorit o ben. v’ani lo 35 okhel salat yevani, zeh gam kanir-eh shelahem. dorit ohévet zeytim, 36 az ulay gam hem shelah? 37 38 Exercise 4 39 40 lanu Ï» and li ÏÈ 4 lekha ÏÍ 3 lakh ÏÍ 2 lahem Ï‰Ì 1 41 4211 286
Exercise 5
yesh lo báyit khadash. Á„÷. ·È˙ Ï« È÷ 1 eyn lahem avodah ba’ir. ·Úȯ. Ú·«„‰ Ï‰Ì ‡ÈÔ 2 hem kotvim lánu b’anglit. ·‡‚ÏÈ˙. ÓÎ˙·ÈÌ Ï» Ϋ˙·ÈÌ ‰Ì 3 hi matsi-ah li li’fgosh bedu-im ·„»‡ÈÌ ÏÙ‚«÷ ÏÈ ÓˆÈÚ‰ ‰È‡ 4 ba’negev. ·‚·. anákhnu matsi-im lekha/lakh ·È˜»¯ ÏÍ ÓˆÈÚÈÌ ‡Á» 5 bikur b’atarim historiyim. ‰ÈÒË«¯ÈÈÌ. ·‡˙¯ÈÌ
Exercise 6
¯ı ·Ù¯˜ ÚÏ È„ ‰·È˙ ÷Ï». ‚Ì ÷Ï». ‰·È˙ È„ ÚÏ ·Ù¯˜ ¯ı 6 – · ··«˜¯ ˜Ì ÷ÏÈ ‰÷ÎÔ 7. ·- ‰·È˙‰ ·‡ÈÌ ‰Ì ·Ù¯˜. ¯ˆ‰ ÷Ï» ‰÷Ή ◊ÓÈÌ ÓÈÌ ·˜»Ó˜»Ì Ϙى Âχ ¯ˆÈÌ ·Ù¯˜! ¯ˆÈÌ Âχ Ϙى ·˜»Ó˜»Ì ÓÈÌ ◊ÓÈÌ 8 – · ˜ÓÈÌ ‡Á»
ha’shakhen sheli kam ba’bóker b’shesh v’rats ba’park al yad ha’báyit shelánu. gam ha’shkhenah shelánu rátsah ba’park. hem ba-im ha’báytah b’shéva. anákhnu kamim b’shmóneh, samim máyim ba’kumkum l’kafe, v’lo ratsim ba’park!
Exercise 7
b’eyzo ir hi gárah ‚¯‰? ‰È‡ Úȯ ·‡ÈÊ« elu/eyzeh yerakot atem okhlim ‡«ÎÏÈÌ? ‡˙Ì È¯˜«˙ ‡ÈÏ»/‡Èʉ l’eyzeh kontsert aten holkhot ‰«ÏΫ˙? ‡˙Ô ˜«ˆ¯Ë χÈʉ eyzeh iton atah koneh ˜«‰? ‡˙‰ ÚÈ˙«Ô ‡Èʉ
Exercise 8 . ‰Ê‰ ‰ÒÙ¯ ‡˙ ÒÙ¯? ‡Èʉ . ‰Ê‡˙ ‰˘ÓÙȉ ‡˙ ˘ÓÙȉ? ‡ÈÊ« . ‰‰Ì ‰˙Ù»ÁÈÌ ‡˙ ˙Ù»ÁÈÌ? /‡Èʉ ‡ÈÏ» . ‰‰Ô ‰Ú‚·È«˙ ‡˙ Ú‚·È«˙? /‡Èʉ ‡ÈÏ»
Exercise 9
(shelakh / shelkha) ÷ÏÍ? χ·‡ È÷ Á»˙ ‡ÈÊ« 287
1111 ÏÓÁ¯? (lakh) ÏÍ È÷ ˙ÎÈ˙ ‡ÈÊ« 2 ·˙Ù¯ÈË? ÏÎÌ È÷ „‚ÈÌ ‡Èʉ 3 4 ·÷·˙? ‚Ì Ï·˜¯ ‡Ù÷¯ ӻʇ«Ô)ÈÌ( ·‡Èʉ 5 ‚¯ÈÌ? ‰Ì ¯Á«· ·‡Èʉ 6 ‰Ó÷ÙÁ‰? ‡˙ ϯ‡«˙ ‰«ÏÎ˙ ‡˙ È«Ì ·‡Èʉ 7 8 Exercise 10 9 10 Ï·«‡ ÈΫÏÈÌ ÎÔ 1 11 Ï·«‡ ÈÎ«Ï Ï‡ 2 12 13 Ï·«‡ ÈΫϫ˙ χ 3 14 Ï·«‡ ÈΫÏÈÌ Ï‡ 4 15 16 Exercise 11 17 18 ‡«Ë«·»Ò ˙Á˙ Ù˯ȫ˙; ¯ÈÊ«Ë« Ù«Ù; Ó»ÒȘ˙ 19 ‰Úȯ ˙‡Ë¯«Ô ˙»˙ÈÌ; ¯È·˙ ÂÂÈÏ; ‚ÏÈ„˙ 20 ·È˙ Ú·«„˙ ˜«Ï‰; ·˜·»˜ ‚·È‰; Ú»‚˙ 21 22 Exercise 13 23 24 adjectives ¯ˆÈÈ ÓÚÈÈÔ ÷ÓÔ ˆÚȯ Ù«Ù»Ï¯È 25 (male) people Ó»ÒȘ‡È ·Ô Á·¯ Óψ¯ Ò·‡ 26 27 places ·È˙-ÒÙ¯ ˜È·»ı ¬¯˜ ¯Á«· Á»˙ 28 29 Exercise 14 30 31 Some suggested answers 32 33 ‡˙ ‡«‰· χ ‰»‡ ÎÈ ˆÈ¬È È„ ÚÏ Ï÷·˙ ¯«ˆ‰ χ Ó÷‰ 1 34 ÷Ï«. ‰‚ÈÒ‰ 35 Moshe doesn’t want to sit next to Zippi because he doesn’t 36 like his sister-in-law. 37 38 Ó„·¯«˙. χ ‰Ô ÎÈ ◊¯‰ Ó»Ï Ï÷·˙ ÈΫω χ ˆÈ¬È 2 39 Zippi can’t sit opposite Sarah because they are not speaking. 40 41 4211 288
3 ÒÓ„¯ ¯«ˆ‰ Ï÷·˙ ÚÏ È„ È«˙Ô ÎÈ ‰»‡ ¯Â˜ ÂÓ»Ï „«¯È˙ ÎÈ ÎÈ „«¯È˙ ÂÓ»Ï ¯Â˜ ‰»‡ ÎÈ È«˙Ô È„ ÚÏ Ï÷·˙ ¯«ˆ‰ ÒÓ„¯ 3 ‰È‡ Á·¯‰ Ë«·‰ ÷ω. Ë«·‰ Á·¯‰ ‰È‡ Smadar wants to sit next to Jonathan because he’s single and facing Dorit because she’s a good friend of hers.
4 „«¯È˙ χ ¯«ˆ‰ Ï÷·˙ ÚÏ È„ È«ÒÈ ÎÈ ‰»‡ Ó÷ÚÓÌ Â‰È‡ ‚Ì ‚Ì Â‰È‡ Ó÷ÚÓÌ ‰»‡ ÎÈ È«ÒÈ È„ ÚÏ Ï÷·˙ ¯«ˆ‰ χ „«¯È˙ 4 χ ‡«‰·˙ ‡˙ ÒÓÈ. ‡˙ ‡«‰·˙ χ Dorit doesn’t want to sit next to Yossi because he’s boring and she also doesn’t like Sammy.
Unit 6
Exercise 1 khanut bgadim / khanuyot bgadim Á»È«˙ )Á»È«˙( ·‚„ÈÌ, Á»˙ ·‚„ÈÌ sandal or / sandaley or Ú«¯ Ò„ÏÈ )Ò„ÏÈÌ( Ú«¯, Ò„Ï na-al sport / na-aley sport ÒÙ«¯Ë ÚÏÈ )ÚÏÈÈÌ( ÒÙ«¯Ë, ÚÏ kóva shémesh / kova-ey shémesh ÷Ó÷ Ϋ·ÚÈ )ηÚÈÌ( ÷Ó÷, Ϋ·Ú beyt kholim / batey kholim Á«ÏÈÌ ·˙È )·˙ÈÌ( Á«ÏÈÌ, ·È˙ simlat érev / smalot érev Ú¯· ◊ÓÏ«˙ )◊ÓÏ«˙( Ú¯·, ◊ÓÏ˙
Exercise 2
Plural Singular ÓÊ‚ ‡ÂÂȯ ·‚„È ˜Èı ·‚„È ‡ÂÂȯ ÓÊ‚ ˙Á˙ ‰‡«Ë«·»Ò Á»È«˙ ·‚„ÈÌ, )ÚÏÈÈÌ, Ó÷˜ÙÈÈÌ( )ÚÏÈÈÌ, ·‚„ÈÌ, Á»È«˙ ‰‡«Ë«·»Ò ˙Á˙ Á»˙ ÒÙ¯ÈÌ Ó÷˜ÙÈ ¯‡Èȉ Ó÷˜ÙÈ ÒÙ¯ÈÌ Á»˙ ˜¯Ì ‰‚‰ Ó÷˜ÙÈ ÷Ó÷ Ó÷˜ÙÈ ‰‚‰ ˜¯Ì Á»È«˙ ÒÙ«¯Ë Á»È«˙ ·‚„È ‚·¯ÈÌ ·‚„È Ó»ˆ¯È ˜«ÒÓËȘ‰ Ó»ˆ¯È 289
1111 Exercise 3 2 3 Ù«˙Á«˙ , Ù«˙ÁÈÌ , Ù«˙Á˙ , Ù«˙Á 4 poté-akh, potákhat, potkhim, potkhot 5 ÷«ÏÁ«˙ , ÷«ÏÁÈÌ , ÷«ÏÁ˙ , ÷«ÏÁ 6 sholé-akh, sholákhat, sholkhim, sholkhot 7 8 È«„Ú«˙ , È«„ÚÈÌ , È«„Ú˙ , È«„Ú 9 yodé-a, yodá-at, yod-im, yod-ot 10 «ÒÚ«˙ , «ÒÚÈÌ , «ÒÚ˙ , «ÒÚ 11 nosé-a, nosá-at, nos-im, nos-ot 12 13 Exercise 4 14 15 ‰È«Ì? ‰·˜ ‡˙ Ò«‚¯ÈÌ Ó˙È È«„Ú ‡˙‰ 1 16 Do you know when the bank closes (do they close the bank)? 17 ÷Ó÷? Ó÷˜ÙÈ Ó«Î¯ÈÌ ‡ÈÙ‰ 2 18 19 Do you know where they sell sunglasses? 20 ӈ‰? Ï·¯ ˜«ÈÌ Ó‰ 3 21 What does one buy for a bar mitzvah? 22 Ï·«‡? Ó˙È È«„ÚÈÌ ‡ÈÍ 4 23 When do you know when to come? 24 25 ˜¯«·? Ó¯˜Á˙ ·È˙ Ó«ˆ‡ÈÌ ‡ÈÙ‰ È«„Ú˙ ‡˙ ‡»ÏÈ 5 26 Do you know where one can find a pharmacy nearby? 27 ÏÙȘȘ? ϘÁ˙ ˆ¯ÈÎÈÌ Ó‰ 6 28 What do(es) we/one need to take to the picnic? 29 30 Exercise 5 31 32 Ó˜«Ì* fià √ à ¯ÈÌ œ ’ ˆ Œ ¬ à *˙Ș»Ô Ó«Ë«¯Ò Ó»ÒÍ b1 33 ·Ó˜«Ì* ¯ÈÌ ’ Ùˆ *˙Ș»Ô Ó«Ë«¯Ò Ó»ÒÍ 34 musakh mótors *tikun pantsherim ba’makom* 35 36 (‘Motors’ Garage *tyres repaired on the spot*) 37 38 ‰ÓÈÏÈ»Ì ·»ËȘ ÏÈ»Ì Œ ‰ÓÈ Ã √»ËȘ d2 39 (The Millennium Boutique) 40 41 (hairdresser’s Sergio) – – 4211 « ’ Ò¯‚È ÓÒÙ¯‰ È« ’ Ò¯‚ ÓÒ¬¯‰ a3 290
(coffee shop ˜Ù‰ )·È˙ – Ó«˜‰ ˜Ù‰ ˜‰ fi ˜Ù‰-Ó« c4
¯È«˙* ¯È«˙* œ Ë Ÿ ¬È˙«˙ *Ú»‚«˙ ‰Ë«· à ÚÌ fiÃ Ë Ã ‰ e5 ‰ËÚÌ ‰Ë«· Ú‚«˙ ÂÙÈ˙«˙ ˯ÈÈ«˙ ˯ÈÈ«˙ ÂÙÈ˙«˙ Ú‚«˙ ‰Ë«· ‰ËÚÌ (The ‘Good Taste’ *fresh cakes and pitta bread*) ha’tá-am ha’tov *ugot v’pítot triyot*
Exercise 6 ‡ËÏÈÊ: ·◊¯, ˜È˜ ·◊¯, ‡ËÏÈÊ: «¯ ·»Ï „«‡¯: Á»˙ ÎÏÈ Î˙È·‰: ÚË ÂÚÙ¯««˙, Èȯ ÓÎ˙·ÈÌ Èȯ ÂÚÙ¯««˙, ÚË Î˙È·‰: ÎÏÈ Á»˙ ÓΫÏ˙: ÏÁÓȉ, ˜È˜ ÏÁÓȉ, ÓΫÏ˙: ·»ËȘ: ÓÎÒÈÈÌ, Á»Ïˆ‰, ‚¯·ÈÈÌ Á»Ïˆ‰, ÓÎÒÈÈÌ, ·»ËȘ: Exercise 7 1 Ϙ«˙ „Ϙ ÏÓΫÈ˙, ÁÏ«˙ ÂÚ«Û Ï‡¯»Á˙ Ú¯·. χ¯»Á˙ ÂÚ«Û ÁÏ«˙ ÏÓΫÈ˙, „Ϙ Ϙ«˙ 1 li’knot délek la’mkhonit, khalot, v’of l’arukhat érev. 2 ‡È ¯«ˆ‰ ÏÏÎ˙ ÏÓÚ„Èȉ Ϙ«˙ ‚·È«˙ ÂÊÈ˙ÈÌ. ‚·È«˙ Ϙ«˙ ÏÓÚ„Èȉ ÏÏÎ˙ ¯«ˆ‰ ‡È 2 ani rotsah la’lékhet la’ma-adaniyah li’knot gvinot v’zeytim. 3 Ò«‚¯ÈÌ ‡˙ ‰„«‡¯ ·‡Á˙, ‡Ê ‡È ˆ¯ÈΉ ‚Ì Ï˜«˙ ·»ÏÈÌ. Ϙ«˙ ‚Ì ˆ¯ÈΉ ‡È ‡Ê ·‡Á˙, ‰„«‡¯ ‡˙ Ò«‚¯ÈÌ 3 sogrim et ha’dó-ar b’akhat, az ani tsrikhah gam li’knot bulim. 4 ‡È ‚Ì ˆ¯ÈΉ Ϙ«˙ Ó˙‰ ÏÁ·¯ ÷Ï ‰·Ô ÷ÏÈ. ‡»ÏÈ ÒÙ¯ ‡»ÏÈ ÷ÏÈ. ‰·Ô ÷Ï ÏÁ·¯ Ó˙‰ Ϙ«˙ ˆ¯ÈΉ ‚Ì ‡È 4 ‡« ÚË ÈÙ‰. ÚË ‡« ani gam tsrikhah li’knot matanah la’khaver shel ha’ben sheli. ulay séfer o et yafeh. 5 ÂÈ÷ ÏÈ ˙«¯ ·ÓÒÙ¯‰ ·÷˙ÈÈÌ. ·ÓÒÙ¯‰ ˙«¯ ÏÈ ÂÈ÷ 5 v’yesh li tor ba’misparah bi’shtáyim. 6 ‡»ÏÈ ‡Ù÷¯ ωÈÙ‚÷ Ϙى ·÷Ï«÷? Ϙى ωÈÙ‚÷ ‡Ù÷¯ ‡»ÏÈ 6 ulay efshar l’hipagesh l’kafeh b’shalosh?
Exercise 8 ÷‡Ï«˙: ÷‡Ï«˙: ‡È ¯«ˆ‰ ÓÚÈÏ Îʉ, ‡·Ï ·‡„«Ì, ÎÓ‰ ‰»‡ ګω? ‰»‡ ÎÓ‰ ·‡„«Ì, ‡·Ï Îʉ, ÓÚÈÏ ¯«ˆ‰ ‡È È÷ ÏÎÌ Ó·ˆÚ ÓÈ»Á„? Ó·ˆÚ ÏÎÌ È÷ ˜ÈÌ ‡Â ίËÈÒÈ ‡÷¯‡È? ίËÈÒÈ ‡Â ˜ÈÌ œ ’ ˆ Ó˜·ÏÈÌ ‡˙Ì 4 5 6 7 291 8 9 10 ˙÷»·«˙: 11 ·‡„«Ì. ·ω ÓÚÈÏÈÌ Ï» ‡ÈÔ 12 ÷˜Ï. 063 ګω ‰ÓÚÈÏ ‰Á‰, ‡Á¯È ÓÈ»Á„. Ó·ˆÚ Ï» È÷ 13 ˜ÈÌ. ’ ˆ Ó˜·ÏÈÌ ‡Á» ‡·Ï ‡÷¯‡È, ίËÈÒÈ Ó˜·ÏÈÌ Ï‡ ‡Á» 14 15 Exercise 9 16 17 28/29 days (m.) ÈÓÈÌ Â˙◊Ú‰ Ú◊¯ÈÌ ‡« »÷Ó«‰ Ú◊¯ÈÌ 1 18 esrim u’shmonah o esrim v’tish-ah yamim 19 Á«„÷ÈÌ »÷ÈÈÌ Ú◊¯ÈÌ 2 20 22 months (m.) esrim u’shnayim khodashim 21 22 ‡¯·ÚÈÌ Ó‡«˙ ÷Ó«‰ ‡ÏÙÈÌ ÷Ó«˙ 3 23 8,848 metres (m.) Ó˯ÈÌ »÷Ó«‰ 24 shmonet alafim shmoneh me-ot arba-im u’shmonah metrim 25 shesh me-ot v’éser ÂÚ◊¯ Ó‡«˙ ÷÷ 4 26 610 (use the feminine – you are counting) 27 1856 Â÷÷ ÁÓÈ÷ÈÌ Ó‡«˙ ÷Ó«‰ ‡ÏÛ 5 28 29 élef shmoneh me-ot khamishim v’shesh 30 1969 Â˙÷Ú ÷È÷ÈÌ Ó‡«˙ ˙÷Ú ‡ÏÛ 6 31 élef tsha me-ot shishim v’tesha 32 5 khamesh (letters otiyot )‡«˙È«˙ ÁÓ÷ 7 33 34 Exercise 10 35 36 ÏÍ? ÏÚÊ«¯ ‡Ù÷¯ ӫί: 37 38 Ó·¯÷˙. ˆ¯ÈÍ ‡È ··˜÷‰. ÎÔ ÙÈ˯: 39 ÷ÈÈÈÌ? ‡« ◊Ú¯ Ó·¯÷˙ Ó·¯÷˙, ‡ÈÊ« ӫί: 40 ‰◊Ú¯? Ó·¯÷«˙ ‡ÈÙ‰ ʉ. ‡˙ Â‚Ì Ê‰ ‡˙ ‚Ì ˆ¯ÈÍ ‡È ÙÈ˯: 41 4211 ‰Ò·«Ô. È„ ÚÏ ‰◊Ú¯ Ó·¯÷«˙ ӫί: ÙÈ˯: ‡ÈÙ‰ Ó·¯÷«˙ ‰÷ÈÈÈÌ ÂÓ÷Á˙ ‰÷ÈÈÈÌ? ÂÓ÷Á˙ ‰÷ÈÈÈÌ Ó·¯÷«˙ ‡ÈÙ‰ ÙÈ˯: ӫί: ÷Ì, ·ˆ„ ˘Ó‡Ï Ó»Ï ‰÷ÓÙ«. Ó‰ Ú«„ ‡˙‰ ˆ¯ÈÍ? ˆ¯ÈÍ? ‡˙‰ Ú«„ Ó‰ ‰÷ÓÙ«. Ó»Ï ˘Ó‡Ï ·ˆ„ ÷Ì, ӫί: ÙÈ˯: ʉ ‰ÎÏ, ˙«„‰. ÎÓ‰ ʉ? ÎÓ‰ ˙«„‰. ‰ÎÏ, ʉ ÙÈ˯: ӫί: ÷Ï«÷ÈÌ »÷Ï«÷‰ ÷˜ÏÈÌ, ··˜÷‰. ÷˜ÏÈÌ, »÷Ï«÷‰ ÷Ï«÷ÈÌ Ó«Î¯: ÙÈ˯: ‡ÈÔ ÏÈ ÎÒÛ ˜ËÔ, È÷ ÏÍ Ú«„Û? ÏÍ È÷ ˜ËÔ, ÎÒÛ ÏÈ ‡ÈÔ ÙÈ˯: 292
mokher: efshar la-azor lekha? piter: ken, b’vakashah. ani tsarikh mivréshet. mokher: eyzo mivréshet, mivréshet se-ar o shinayim? piter: ani tsarikh gam et zeh v’gam et zeh. eyfoh mivréshet ha’se-ar? mokher: mivréshet ha’se-ar al yad ha’sabon. piter: v’eyfoh mivréshet ha’shinayim v’mishkhat ha’shinayim? mokher: sham b’tsad smol mul ha’shampo. mah od atah tsarikh? piter: zeh ha’kol, todah. kamah zeh? mokher: shloshim v’shloshah shkalim, b’vakashah. piter: eyn li késef katan, yesh lekha ódef?
SALESMAN: Can I help you? PETER: Yes, please. I need a brush. SALESMAN: What kind of (lit. ‘which’) brush, a hairbrush or a toothbrush? PETER: I need both (lit. ‘this and also that’). Where is the hairbrush? SALESMAN: The hairbrush is next to the soap. PETER: And where is the toothbrush and the toothpaste? SALESMAN: There, on the left-hand side opposite the shampoo. What else do you need? PETER: That’s all, thank you. How much is it? SALESMAN: 33 shekels, please. PETER: I haven’t any small change. Do you have change?
Unit 7
Exercise 1 ‰È‡ Ó÷ÏÓ˙ ·ÓÊ»ÓÔ; ‰Ì Ó·÷ÏÈÌ Ó¯˜ ˯È; ‰»‡ χ ÈÎ«Ï Ï˙˜Ô ÈÎ«Ï Ï‡ ‰»‡ ˯È; Ó¯˜ Ó·÷ÏÈÌ ‰Ì ·ÓÊ»ÓÔ; Ó÷ÏÓ˙ ‰È‡ ‡˙ ‰ÚÏÈÈÌ ‰‡Ï‰; ‡ÈÔ ·ÚÈ«˙, ‡È ÓÒ„¯ ‡˙ ‰ÎÏ; ‰È‡ ӈψÏ˙ ‰È‡ ‰ÎÏ; ‡˙ ÓÒ„¯ ‡È ·ÚÈ«˙, ‡ÈÔ ‰‡Ï‰; ‰ÚÏÈÈÌ ‡˙ Ó‰·È˙; ‰Ì ӘϘÏÈÌ ‡˙ ‰·Ô ÷Ï‰Ì ‰·Ô ‡˙ ӘϘÏÈÌ ‰Ì Ó‰·È˙;
Exercise 2 ·Á»˙ ÎÏÈ Î˙È·‰ ÓÁÙ◊ÈÌ ÚÙ¯««˙ ÓÁÙ◊ÈÌ Î˙È·‰ ÎÏÈ ·Á»˙ b’khanut kley ktivah mekhapsim efronot You look for pencils in a stationery shop 293
1111 ·ÓÒÙ¯‰ ÓÒ„¯ÈÌ ‰◊Ú¯ ‡˙ 2 et ha’se-ar mesadrim ba’misparah 3 You have your hair done at the hairdresser 4 5 ÓÊ»ÓÔ Ó˜·ÏÈÌ ··˜ ba’bank mekablim mezuman 6 You get change in the bank 7 8 ‡‚ÏÈ˙ ‚Ì Ó„·¯ÈÌ ·ÓÒÙ¯‰ 9 ba’misparah medabrim gam anglit 10 At the hairdresser’s they also speak English 11 12 ·Ó»ÒÍ Ó˙˜ÈÌ ‰¯Î· ‡˙ et ha’rékhev metaknim ba’musakh 13 You repair the car in the garage 14 15 „Ϙ ˜«ÈÌ ‰„Ϙ ·˙Á˙ 16 b’takhanat ha’délek konim délek 17 You buy petrol at the petrol station 18 19 Exercise 3 20 21 Danny buys them at the post office ·„«‡¯ ‡«˙Ì ˜«‰ „È 1 22 dani koneh otam ba’dó-ar 23 24 You (f.) are confusing me ‡«˙È Ó·Ï·Ï˙ ‡˙ 2 25 at mevalbelet oti 26 The parents don’t want to ruin her 27 ‡«˙‰ Ï˜Ï˜Ï ¯«ˆÈÌ Ï‡ ‰‰«¯ÈÌ 3 28 ha’horim lo rotsim le’kalkel otah 29 30 Dalia likes to receive them (f.,pl.) ‡«˙Ô Ï˜·Ï ‡«‰·˙ „Ïȉ 4 31 daliya ohévet le’kabel otan 32 33 When can we see you (m.,pl.)? ‡˙ÎÌ? ϯ‡«˙ ‡Ù÷¯ Ó˙È 5 34 matay efshar li’r-ot etkhem? 35 36 Exercise 4 37 38 she-atáyim (two hours); yomáyim (two days); 39 shvu-áyim (two weeks); shnatáyim (two years); 40 matáyim (200); alpáyim (2000) 41 4211 294
Exercise 5 ‡Ï‰ „„ ÂÈÏÈ. ‰»‡ ·Ô Ú◊¯ÈÌ Â÷·Ú ‰ȇ ·˙ Ú◊¯ÈÌ Â‡¯·Ú. ‡¯·Ú. Ú◊¯ÈÌ ·˙ ‰ȇ Â÷·Ú Ú◊¯ÈÌ ·Ô ‰»‡ ÂÈÏÈ. „„ ‡Ï‰ ʉ ‰˙È«˜ ÷ωÌ. ‰»‡ ·Ô ‡¯·Ú‰ Ú◊¯ Á«„÷ÈÌ Âη¯ ‰«ÏÍ. ‰«ÏÍ. Âη¯ Á«„÷ÈÌ Ú◊¯ ‡¯·Ú‰ ·Ô ‰»‡ ÷ωÌ. ‰˙È«˜ ʉ ʉ Ó¯ËÈÔ, ‡Á ÷Ï ‡·‡ ÷ÏÈ. ‰»‡ η¯ ·Ô ÷È÷ÈÌ ÂÁÓ÷, Âʉ ‰·Ô Âʉ ÂÁÓ÷, ÷È÷ÈÌ ·Ô η¯ ‰»‡ ÷ÏÈ. ‡·‡ ÷Ï ‡Á Ó¯ËÈÔ, ʉ Âχ ÷»È! Âχ 03 ·Ô ‚Ï, ˘Ï« ʇ˙ ·˙ ‰„«„‰ ÷ÏÈ ÓÈÎÏ, ‰È‡ ·˙ ˙÷Ú Ú◊¯‰, ÒË»„ËÈ˙ Ú◊¯‰, ˙÷Ú ·˙ ‰È‡ ÓÈÎÏ, ÷ÏÈ ‰„«„‰ ·˙ ʇ˙ ·‡»È·¯ÒÈË˙ ˙Ï ‡·È·. ˙Ï ·‡»È·¯ÒÈË˙ ‰ÈÏ„ ‰˜ËÔ ·ˆ„ ˘Ó‡Ï, ‰»‡ ‰Î„ ÷Ï Ó¯ËÈÔ Ó‰·˙ ÷Ï«, ‰»‡ ‰»‡ ÷Ï«, Ó‰·˙ Ó¯ËÈÔ ÷Ï ‰Î„ ‰»‡ ˘Ó‡Ï, ·ˆ„ ‰˜ËÔ ‰ÈÏ„ ·Ô ÷Ó«‰. ·Ô
Exercise 6
in seventh heaven ‰÷·ÈÚÈ ·¯˜ÈÚ at first sight ¯‡÷«Ô ·Ó·Ë sixth sense ÷È÷È Á»÷ a second chance ÷Èȉ ‰Ê„Ó»˙ a fifth column ÁÓÈ÷È ‚ÈÒ
Exercise 7 1 ‡ÈÔ ÏÈ ÊÓÔ, ‡È È«˙¯ Ó„È ÚÒ»˜ /‡ÈÔ ÏÈ È«˙¯ Ó„È ÊÓÔ, ÊÓÔ, Ó„È È«˙¯ ÏÈ /‡ÈÔ ÚÒ»˜ Ó„È È«˙¯ ‡È ÊÓÔ, ÏÈ ‡ÈÔ 1 ‡È ÚÒ»˜ ‡È I’ve no time; I’m too busy/ I haven’t too much time, I’m busy. 2 ‰‚¯·ÈÈÌ È«˙¯ Ș¯ÈÌ Ó‰ÚÏÈÈÌ. Ș¯ÈÌ È«˙¯ ‰‚¯·ÈÈÌ 2 The socks are more expensive than the shoes. 3 ‰ÓÎÒÈÈÌ Ï‡ ÓÒÙȘ ¯Á·ÈÌ. ÓÒÙȘ χ ‰ÓÎÒÈÈÌ 3 The trousers aren’t wide enough. 4 ‡È ÓÁÙ◊˙ ◊Óω Îʇ˙ ‡·Ï ·ˆ·Ú ÙÁ«˙ Ή‰. ÙÁ«˙ ·ˆ·Ú ‡·Ï Îʇ˙ ◊Óω ÓÁÙ◊˙ ‡È 4 I’m looking for a dress like this but in a lighter (lit. ‘less dark’) colour. 5 È«˙¯ Ë«· ÏÏÎ˙ ·¯‚Ï Ó‡˘¯ ϘÁ˙ ‡˙ ‰‡«Ë«·»Ò. ‡˙ ϘÁ˙ Ó‡˘¯ ·¯‚Ï ÏÏÎ˙ Ë«· È«˙¯ 5 It’s better to go on foot than to take the bus.
Exercise 8
1 No. She is looking for a dress for her daughter’s wedding. 2 Because the sales assistant joked that all their dresses were special. 295
1111 3 The dress is too long, but they do alterations on the premises. 2 4 No, she prefers the other more expensive dress the sales- 3 woman shows her. 4 5 Exercise 9 6 7 ˙«¯ ÏÍ È÷ Ó˙È Ë«·? È«˙¯ Ó¯‚È÷ ‡˙‰ ‚„È. ÷Ï«Ì ‚Èω: 8 ϯ«Ù‡? 9 ¯‡÷«Ô ·È«Ì ˙«¯ ÏÈ È÷ ˙«„‰. Ë«· È«˙¯ Ó¯‚È÷ ‡È ÎÔ, ‚„È: 10 ··«˜¯. 11 12 ·Ú¯·? ÁÓÈ÷È ·È«Ì Ù»È ‡˙‰ ‡»ÏÈ ‡« ‰÷·»Ú ÚÒ»˜ ‡˙‰ ‚Èω: 13 ·Ú¯·. 03.8 Ú„ ‰È«Ì, ÎÏ ·ÁÈÙ‰ ‡È ÓˆËÚ¯. ‡È χ, ‚„È: 14 ¯·ÈÚÈ? È«Ì ÚÌ ÂÓ‰ ‚Èω: 15 16 ÂÁˆÈ. ·÷÷ »„« ’ ‚ ÏÈ È÷ ‚„È: 17 Ï÷·˙? ÷ÏÍ ‰˙ÎÈ«˙ ÂÓ‰ ‚Èω: 18 ω«¯ÈÌ ‰«ÏÍ ÎÍ Â‡Á¯ ··«˜¯, ‡ÙÈÈÌ ÏËÈ»Ï «ÒÚ ‡È ‚„È: 19 ·Ú¯·. Ù»È ‡È ‡·Ï ˆ‰¯ÈÈÌ. χ¯»Á˙ 20 21 ‰Á„÷ ‰Ò¯Ë ‡˙ ϯ‡«˙ ·ÈÁ„ ÏÍ ·«‡ ‡Ê Óˆ»ÈÔ, ‚Èω: 22 ÁÔ. ·˜«Ï«Ú 23 ¯ÚÈ«Ô! ÷Ï È«ÙÈ ‚„È: 24 25 gilah: shalom gadi. atah margish yoter tov? matay yesh lekha 26 tor la’rofe? 27 gadi: ken, ani margish yoter tov, todah. yesh li tor b’yom 28 rishon ba’bóker. 29 gilah: atah asuk ha’shavú-a o ulay atah panuy b’yom khamishi 30 ba’érev? 31 gadi: lo ani mitsta-er. ani b’kheyfah kol ha’yom, ad shmóneh 32 va’khétsi ba’érev. 33 gilah: v’mah im yom revi-i? 34 gadi: yesh li judo b’shesh va’khétsi. 35 gilah: v’mah ha’tokhniyot shelkha l’shabat? 36 gadi: ani nosé-a l’tiyul ofanáyim ba’bóker, v’akhar kakh 37 holekh la’horim l’arukhat tsohoráyim. aval ani panuy 38 ba’érev. 39 gilah: metsuyan, az bo nelekh b’yákhad li’r-ot et ha’séret 40 ha’khadash b’kolnó-a khen. 41 gadi: yófi shel ra-ayon! 4211 296
GILAH: Hello Gady, are you feeling better? When is your doctor’s appointment? GADY: Yes, I’m feeling better, thank you. I’ve an appointment on Sunday in the morning. GILAH: Are you busy this week, or are you perhaps free on Thursday evening? GADY: No, I’m sorry. I’m in Haifa the whole day until 8.30 in the evening. GILAH: And what about Wednesday? GADY: I’ve got judo at 6.30. GILAH: And what are your plans for shabat (Saturday)? GADY: I’m going on a bike ride in the morning, and afterwards to my parents for lunch. But I’m free in the evening. GILAH: Excellent, so let’s go to see the new film at the Khen cinema together. GADY: Great idea!
Unit 8
Exercise 1 1 Î«Ô 2 Î«Ô 3 χ Î«Ô 4 χ Î«Ô 5 χ Î«Ô 6 Î«Ô 7 Î«Ô 7 Î«Ô 6 Î«Ô Ï‡ 5 Î«Ô Ï‡ 4 Î«Ô Ï‡ 3 Î«Ô 2 Î«Ô 1
Exercise 2
ÓˆÈÚ, ÓˆÈÚ‰, ÓˆÈÚÈÌ, ÓˆÈÚ«˙ ÓˆÈÚÈÌ, ÓˆÈÚ‰, ÓˆÈÚ, matsí-a / matsi-ah / matsi-im / matsi-ot Ó‚ÈÚ, Ó‚ÈÚ‰, Ó‚ÈÚÈÌ, Ó‚ÈÚ«˙ Ó‚ÈÚÈÌ, Ó‚ÈÚ‰, Ó‚ÈÚ, magí-a / magi-ah / magi-im / magi-ot ÓÁÏÈË, ÓÁÏÈˉ, ÓÁÏÈËÈÌ, ÓÁÏÈË«˙ ÓÁÏÈË«˙ ÓÁÏÈËÈÌ, ÓÁÏÈˉ, ÓÁÏÈË, makhlit / makhlitah / makhlitim / makhlitot
Exercise 3 ‡¯·Ú ÂÁÓÈ÷ÈÌ / Ú◊¯‰ ÏÁÓ÷ ÏÁÓ÷ Ú◊¯‰ / ÂÁÓÈ÷ÈÌ ‡¯·Ú 05.4 ÁÓ÷ ÁÓÈ÷ÈÌ ÂÁÓ÷ / ÁÓÈ÷‰ Ï÷÷ ··˜¯ ··˜¯ Ï÷÷ ÁÓÈ÷‰ / ÂÁÓ÷ ÁÓÈ÷ÈÌ ÁÓ÷ 55.5 ÷˙ÈÈÌ ÷Ï«÷ÈÌ ÂÁÓ÷ /Ú◊¯ÈÌ ÂÁÓ÷ „˜«˙ Ï÷Ï«÷ „˜«˙ ÂÁÓ÷ /Ú◊¯ÈÌ ÂÁÓ÷ ÷Ï«÷ÈÌ ÷˙ÈÈÌ 53.2 ‡Á¯È ‰ˆ‰¯ÈÈÌ ‡Á¯È 297
1111 ÷·Ú ‡Á¯È „˜«˙ Ú◊¯‰ ÷÷ / „˜«˙ Ú◊¯‰ Â÷÷ ÷·Ú 61.7 2 ·Ú¯· 3 4 »÷Ï«÷ÈÌ ÷÷ / ÂÁˆÈ ÷÷ 03.6 5 ‡Á¯È „˜«˙ »÷˙ÈÈÌ ÷Ï«÷ÈÌ / »÷˙ÈÈÌ ÷Ï«÷ÈÌ ‡Á˙ 23.1 6 ‡Á˙ 7 8 »÷Ó«‰ ÁÓÈ÷ÈÌ Ú◊¯‰ ‡Á˙ / Áˆ«˙ ÏÙÈ „˜«˙ ÷˙È 85.11 9 ·ÏÈω 10 Exercise 4a 11 Ï÷·Ú ¯·Ú / ÂÁÓ÷ ‡¯·ÚÈÌ ÷÷ 12 shesh arbaim v’khamesh 13 14 ÂÁÓÈ÷‰ ÷·Ú 15 shéva v’khamisha 16 )„˜«˙( »÷˙ÈÈÌ Ú◊¯ÈÌ ÷·Ú 17 shéva esrim u’shtáyim (dakot) 18 Ú◊¯‰ ÙÁ«˙ ÷Ó«‰ / Ï÷Ó«‰ /Ú◊¯‰ ÂÁÓÈ÷ÈÌ ÷·Ú 19 shéva v’khamishim / asarah l’shmóneh / shmóneh pakhot asarah 20 21 22 Exercise 4b 23 24 „˜«˙; Ú◊¯ 3 „˜«˙; Ú◊¯‰ ÷·Ú 2 „˜«˙; Ú◊¯ÈÌ 1 25 ¯·Ú( )÷Ú‰ „˜«˙ Ú◊¯‰ ÂÁÓ÷ ÷Ú‰ 4 26 27 Exercise 5 28 29 yotse / yotset / yots-im / yots-ot È«ˆ‡«˙ È«ˆ‡ÈÌ, È«ˆ‡˙, È«ˆ‡, 30 31 Exercise 6 32 33 ÂÚ◊¯‰; ·÷·Ú 2…‡«ÎÏ Ï÷·Ú; ·¯·Ú 1…˜Ì 34 ÂÁˆÈ; ·÷·Ú Ó‰·È˙ 3…È«ˆ‡ 35 36 ÂÁÓ÷ ◊Ï«◊ÈÌ ·÷·Ú ‡«Ë«·»Ò 4…Ï«˜Á 37 38 Exercise 7 39 40 he doesn’t know the way makir ÓÎȯ 1 41 he telephones a friend of his metalfen ÓËÏÙÔ 2 4211 298
he has to change his shirt l’hakhlif ωÁÏÈÛ 3 his mother suggests [giving] him a lift matsi-ah ÓˆÈÚ‰ 4 they decide to drive a new way makhlitim ÓÁÏÈËÈÌ 5
Exercise 8
‰·ÚÏ ÷ÏÈ ‰»‡ ‰ÎÈ „È· ·Ú«ÏÌ. „È· ‰ÎÈ ‰»‡ ÷ÏÈ ‰·ÚÏ My husband is the most generous [man] in the world. ‰·Ô ÷ÏÈ ‰»‡ ‰¯«Ù‡ ‰ÎÈ Ë«· ··È˙ ‰Á«ÏÈÌ. ··È˙ Ë«· ‰ÎÈ ‰¯«Ù‡ ‰»‡ ÷ÏÈ ‰·Ô My son is the best doctor in the hospital. ‰·˙ ÷ÏÈ ‰È‡ ‰ÚÈ˙«‡È˙ ‰ÎÈ ÓÚÈÈ˙ ·‡¯ı. ÓÚÈÈ˙ ‰ÎÈ ‰ÚÈ˙«‡È˙ ‰È‡ ÷ÏÈ ‰·˙ My daughter is the most interesting journalist in the country. ‰Î„ ÷ÏÈ ‰»‡ ‰ÎÈ ÁÎÌ ··È˙ ‰ÒÙ¯. ··È˙ ÁÎÌ ‰ÎÈ ‰»‡ ÷ÏÈ ‰Î„ My grandson is the cleverest in the school. .(mi’kulam) ÓλÏÌ ‰ÈÙ‰ ‰È‡ ÷ÏÈ ‰Î„‰ My granddaughter is the prettiest of all.
Exercise 9
Four steps backwards, two steps down, one step forwards, one step up, one more step upwards, three steps forward – and you’re back where you started! ·‚„ÂÊ „‰Â ‚ ‡·
1 2 3 4
Exercise 10
1. Dizengoff Centre – dizengof senter Ò˯ „ÈÊ‚«Û 1 2. Carmel market shuk ha’karmel ‰Î¯ÓÏ ÷»˜ 2 Ó÷»˜ ‰Î¯ÓÏ ‡˙ Ù«‰ ÈÓȉ ϯÁ«· „ȇÏ, ÓÓ÷ÈΉ È÷¯ Ú„ È÷¯ ÓÓ÷ÈΉ „ȇÏ, ϯÁ«· ÈÓȉ Ù«‰ ‡˙ ‰Î¯ÓÏ Ó÷»˜ ϯÁ«· ‰È¯˜«Ô ·¯Á«· ‰È¯˜«Ô Ù«‰ ÷»· ÈÓȉ. È÷¯ Ú„ ϯÁ«· Ú„ È÷¯ ÈÓȉ. ÷»· Ù«‰ ‰È¯˜«Ô ·¯Á«· ‰È¯˜«Ô ϯÁ«· ‡Ï·È, ‡˙ Á«ˆ‰ ‡˙ ¯Á«· ‡Ï·È, ÂÓ‚„Ï ‰‡«Ù¯‰ ·ˆ„ ◊Ó‡Ï ·ˆ„ ‰‡«Ù¯‰ ÂÓ‚„Ï ‡Ï·È, ¯Á«· ‡˙ Á«ˆ‰ ‡˙ ‡Ï·È, ·¯Á«· ‰È¯˜«Ô. ·¯Á«· 299
1111 mishuk hakarmel at ponah yáminah li’rkhov dani-el, mamshikhah 2 yashar ad li’rkhov ha’yarkon u’bi’rkhov ha’yarkon ponah shuv 3 yáminah. yashar ad li’rkhov álenbi, at khotsah et rekhov álenbi, 4 v’migdal ha’ópera b’tsad smol bi’rkhov ha’yarkon. 5 6 Exercise 11 7 8 , (in Venice) Òȯ‰ 5 Ó◊‡È˙, 4 ‡ÈÈ˙, 3 ÷¯»˙, 2 ‡ÙÈÈÌ, 1 9 ÓË«Ò 6 10 11 Exercise 12 12 13 2 drink shotim G1 )÷-˙-‰( ÷«˙ÈÌ 14 15 3 sit yoshvim G1 )È-÷-·( È«÷·ÈÌ 16 4 invite mazminim G3 )Ê-Ó-Ô( ÓÊÓÈÈÌ 17 18 5 light madlikim G3 )„-Ï-˜( Ó„ÏȘÈÌ 19 6 read kor-im G1 )˜-¯-‡( ˜«¯‡ÈÌ 20 21 7 wear lovshim G1 )Ï-·-÷( Ï«·÷ÈÌ 22 23 Translation of sentences 24 On New Year you eat apples in honey and round bread loaves 25 (khalot). 26 27 On the Day of Atonement you don’t eat and don’t drink for 25 28 hours. 29 On the Feast of Tabernacles, you sit in the sukah, full of fruit 30 and vegetables, and invite guests in (lit. ‘to the sukah’). 31 32 On Hanukah you light candles and eat potato pancakes. 33 On Purim you read the scroll of Esther and wear fancy dress 34 (lit. ‘costumes’). 35 36 On Passover you eat a festive meal on Seder night and don’t eat 37 bread the whole week. 38 On Shavuot you eat cheese cake. 39 40 41 4211 300
Unit 9
Exercise in language point on past tense: Á÷·˙È, ‚„Ï», ‚¯», ‡ÎÏ» ‡ÎÏ» ‚¯», ‚„Ï», Á÷·˙È, Exercise 1 Î˙·˙È, Î˙·˙, Î˙·˙, Î˙·‰, Î˙·», Î˙·˙Ì, Î˙·» Î˙·˙Ì, Î˙·», Î˙·‰, Î˙·˙, Î˙·˙, Î˙·˙È, È÷·˙, È÷·, È÷·‰, È÷·˙Ì )Ô( È÷·˙Ì È÷·‰, È÷·, È÷·˙, ‡‰·˙È ,‡‰·˙, ‡‰·, ‡‰·‰ , ‡‰·», ‡‰·˙Ô, ‡‰·»* ‡‰·»* ‡‰·˙Ô, ‡‰·», , (ahavah) ‡‰·‰ ‡‰·, ,‡‰·˙, ‡‰·˙È ‡ÎÏ˙È, ‡ÎÏ˙, ‡ÎÏ˙, ‡ÎÏ, ‡ÎÏ», ‡ÎÏ˙Ì*)Ô( , ‡ÎÏ» , akhaltem ‡ÎÏ˙Ì*)Ô( ‡ÎÏ», ‡ÎÏ, ‡ÎÏ˙, ‡ÎÏ˙, ‡ÎÏ˙È, (akhálti, akhálta, akhalt, akhal, akhálnu, akhaltem, akhalten, akhlu) *notice the vowel change to ease pronunciation
·È˜¯˙, ·È˜¯˙, ·È˜¯‰, ·È˜¯˙Ì, ·È˜¯» ·È˜¯˙Ì, ·È˜¯‰, ·È˜¯˙, ·È˜¯˙, ˜È·Ï˙È, ˜È·Ï˙, ˜È·Ï˙, ˜È·Ï, ˜È·Ï‰, ˜È·Ï», ˜È·Ï˙Ì)Ô( ˜È·Ï», ˜È·Ï‰, ˜È·Ï, ˜È·Ï˙, ˜È·Ï˙, ˜È·Ï˙È, ˙Ș˙È, ˙Ș˙, ˙ȘÔ, ˙Ș‰, ˙Ș˙Ô, ˙Ș» ˙Ș˙Ô, ˙Ș‰, ˙ȘÔ, ˙Ș˙, ˙Ș˙È, ÁÈÙ◊˙È, ÁÈÙ◊˙, ÁÈÙ◊˙, ÁÈÙ◊, ÁÈÙ◊», ÁÈÙ◊˙Ì)Ô(, ÁÈÙ◊» ÁÈÙ◊˙Ì)Ô(, ÁÈÙ◊», ÁÈÙ◊, ÁÈÙ◊˙, ÁÈÙ◊˙, ÁÈÙ◊˙È, „È·¯˙È, „È·¯˙, „È·¯, „È·¯‰, „È·¯˙Ì)Ô( „È·¯‰, „È·¯, „È·¯˙, „È·¯˙È, (dibárti, dibárta, diber, dibrah, dibartem, dibarten, dibru)
Exercise 2
1 È«÷·, ÷«˙‰, Ú·„˙È 2 ÓÁÙ◊, ÁÈÙ◊ 3 ˜È·Ï˙, ˙‰ ˜È·Ï˙, 3 ÁÈÙ◊ ÓÁÙ◊, 2 Ú·„˙È ÷«˙‰, È«÷·, 1 4 ‡ÎÏ, ·È÷ω, ‡«‰·, Ó·÷Ï˙ 5 ·˜¯». 5 Ó·÷Ï˙ ‡«‰·, ·È÷ω, ‡ÎÏ, 4
1 I am now sitting on the balcony, drinking coffee, because I’ve worked hard all day. 2 He is looking for the keys again. Yesterday he was looking for his coat. 3 – When did you get the wallet as a present? – My mother gave it to me for my birthday last month. 4 Once he only ate what his mother cooked for him. Today he also likes what I cook. 5 What did you do yesterday? We visited our grandfather and grandmother. 301
1111 Exercise 3 2 3 1 true; 2 true; 3 true; 4 false; 5 true 4 5 Exercise 4 6 7 ‡Ó·Ëȉ Á„¯ ¯˜ È÷ ÎÈ Ó˙‡ÈÓ‰ ÙÁ«˙ ‰È¯˜«Ô ·¯Á«· ‰„ȯ‰ 8 ˜¯«·ÈÌ. ‰ÒÂÙ¯Ó¯˜Ë ‰ÒÙ¯ ·È˙ ‡·Ï ˜ËÔ. ‰ÓË·Á ‡Á„ 9 The apartment on Ha’Yarkon Street is less suitable because there’s 10 only one bathroom and the kitchen is small. But the school and 11 the supermarket are close. 12 13 Á„¯È ÷È ‚„«Ï, ÓË·Á È÷ ÎÈ Ó˙‡ÈÓ‰ È«˙¯ ‰Úȯ ·Ó¯ÎÊ ‰„ȯ‰ 14 Ë«·‰. ˆÈ·»¯È˙ Â˙Á·»¯‰ ‡Ó·Ëȉ 15 The apartment in the centre of town is more suitable because 16 there’s a big kitchen, two bathrooms and good public transport. 17 18 Â÷¯»˙ÈÌ ‡Á„ ‡Ó·Ëȉ Á„¯ ¯˜ È÷ Ó˙‡ÈÌ. ‰ÎÈ „Ú˙È ÏÙÈ ‰·È˙ 19 ‚ȉ. ÁÈȉ Ú·«„‰, Á„¯ È÷ ‡·Ï ˜ËÔ. ‰ÓË·Á 20 The house, in my opinion, is most suitable. There’s only one bath- 21 room and a toilet, and the kitchen is small. But there’s a 22 study/workroom, parking and a garden. 23 24 Exercise 5 25 26 Yael prefers the house over the other two flats because it has a 27 garden and an extra half-room suitable for a study. It also has 28 private parking and the school is close by. 29 30 Exercise 6 31 32 Yael and her friend Nekhamah are speaking on the telephone.Yael is 33 telling Nekhamah what she has found: 34 35 YAEL: I’ve seen a three room apartment on Ha’Yarkon Street 36 beside the sea. I’ve always wanted a large kitchen but the 37 kitchen there is quite small, and there’s only one bath- 38 room. On the other hand, the balcony is huge and the 39 view is terrific. 40 NEKHAMAH: And what about the second apartment you saw? Is it 41 more suitable? 4211 302
YAEL: That apartment is in the centre of town, and it has (lit. ‘there is in it’) a nice big kitchen, and two bathrooms with a window as well. It’s just a shame that the balcony is small. NEKHAMAH: And the public transport is good of course. YAEL: Yes, it’s true but we prefer a school which is near (to) the house, within walking distance. NEKHAMAH: Weren’t you thinking of moving to a house with a garden? YAEL: That’s it! Exactly! And in fact I saw a wonderful house on Ha’Shaked Street. It’s true there’s only one bathroom (there), but there’s also a separate toilet. The kitchen is a little small, but the house has a garden with a door going out from the kitchen and from the living room. NEKHAMAH: Excellent! What about (lit. ‘what’s with’) parking? YAEL: There’s private parking at the entrance. The bus stop is not far, the school is near and there’s even a box room (lit ‘half a room’), suitable for a study. NEKHAMAH: Well? Have you already told Dan that you’ve found a house?
Exercise 7 1 ÚÏÈÍ; 2 ‡È˙»; 3 ‡«˙Ô; 4 ÚÏȉ; 5 ‡È˙È; 6 ‡«˙Ì; 7 ÏÙÈÎÌ 7 ‡«˙Ì; 6 ‡È˙È; 5 ÚÏȉ; 4 ‡«˙Ô; 3 ‡È˙»; 2 ÚÏÈÍ; 1
Exercise 8 1 ‡«˙‰; 2 ÷Ï»; 3 ‡«˙Ì; 4 ÚÏÈÍ; 5 ‡Á¯È» ‡Á¯È» 5 ÚÏÈÍ; 4 ‡«˙Ì; 3 ÷Ï»; 2 ‡«˙‰; 1
Exercise 9 ÓÒÙ¯‰-ÒÙ¯; ÓΫ‰-ÓΫ‡È; ÙÒ˙¯-ÙÒ˙¯Ô; ίËÈÒ-ίËÈÒÔ; ÙÒ˙¯-ÙÒ˙¯Ô; ÓΫ‰-ÓΫ‡È; ÓÒÙ¯‰-ÒÙ¯; Á÷ÓÏ-Á÷ÓχÈ; Ó÷˯‰-÷«Ë¯; ÓË·Á-Ë·Á; ÚÈ˙«Ô-ÚÈ˙«‡È; ÚÈ˙«Ô-ÚÈ˙«‡È; ÓË·Á-Ë·Á; Ó÷˯‰-÷«Ë¯; Á÷ÓÏ-Á÷ÓχÈ; ÷Ú¯-÷«Ú¯
police mishtarah (f.) Ó÷˯‰ newspaper iton (m.) ÚÈ˙«Ô action pe-ulah (f.) Ùڻω machine mekhonah (f.) ÓΫ‰ gate shá-ar (m.) ÷Ú¯ electricity khashmal (m.) Á÷ÓÏ kitchen mitbakh (m.) ÓË·Á piano psanter (m.) ÙÒ˙¯ hairdressers’ misparah (f.) ÓÒÙ¯‰ ticket kartis (m.) ίËÈÒ 303
1111 Exercise 10 2 3 gardener ganan ;‚Ô politician politikay ;Ù«ÏÈËȘ‡È 4 5 fisherman dayag ;„ÈÈ‚ pilot tayas ;ËÈÈÒ 6 watchmaker she-an ;÷ÚÔ soloist solan ;Ò«ÏÔ 7 banker bankayit (f.) ;·˜‡È˙ greengrocer yarkan ;ȯ˜Ô 8 9 actor/player sakhkan ;◊Á˜Ô cashier kupay ;˜»Ù‡È 10 writer soferet (f.) Ò«Ù¯˙ 11 12 13 Unit 10 14 15 16 Exercise 1 17 18 He changed buses in Haifa. ·ÁÈÙ‰. ‡«Ë«·»Ò ‰ÁÏÈÛ ‰»‡ 1 19 They understood exactly what ÷¯ˆÈ˙È Ó‰ ·„È»˜ ‰·È» ‰Ì 2 20 I wanted. 21 22 She didn’t know the manager. ‰Ó‰Ï. ‡˙ ‰Îȯ‰ χ ‰È‡ 3 23 We arrived at three o’clock. ÷Ï«÷. ·÷Ú‰ ‰È‚Ú» ‡Á» 4 24 She preferred to travel ÷ω. ·ÓΫÈ˙ ÏÒ«Ú ‰Ú„ÈÙ‰ ‰È‡ 5 25 in her car. 26 27 They continued the ‰˙ÁÈÏ». ÷‰Ì ‰Ú·«„‰ ‡˙ ‰Ó÷Èλ ‰Ì 6 28 work they had started. 29 30 Exercise 2 31 32 repaired / a repair tiken/tikun ˙Ș»Ô ˙ȘÔ, 33 searched / a search khipes/khipus ÁÈÙ»◊ ÁÈÙ◊, 34 requested / a request bikesh/bikush ·È˜»÷ ·È˜÷, 35 visited / a visit biker/bikur ·È˜»¯ ·È˜¯, 36 37 Exercise 3 38 39 study limud ÏÈÓ»„ )Ï-Ó-„( ÏÓ„˙È 40 return khazarah Áʯ‰ )Á-Ê-¯( Áʯ˙È 41 work, labour avodah Ú·«„‰ )Ú-·-„( Ú·„˙È 4211 entertainment biluy ·ÈÏ»È )·-Ï-‰( Ó·ÏÈÌ 304
Exercise 4
knew / knowledge yada / yedi-ah È„ÈÚ‰ È„Ú decided / decision hekhlit / hakhlatah ‰ÁÏˉ ‰ÁÏÈË cooked / cooking bishel / bishul ·È÷»Ï ·È÷Ï started / a start hitkhil / hatkhalah ‰˙Áω ‰˙ÁÈÏ kindled, lit / (‘lighting’) hidlik / hadlakah ‰„Ϙ‰ ‰„ÏȘ
Exercise 5 »È‰Ò«Ë‡Ó»˙ ÒÙ«¯Ë Ó»ÒȘ‰ Ï÷ȯ ·Ó˜‰Ï‰ Ï◊Á˜ ΄»¯ ¯‚Ï ÏˆÈȯ «ÙÈÌ ÏˆÈȯ ¯‚Ï Î„»¯ Ï◊Á˜ ·Ó˜‰Ï‰ Ï÷ȯ l’tsayer nofim l’sakhek kadur regel la’shir b’mak-helah to draw, paint to play football to sing in a choir landscapes
Ï‚Ô ·ÙÒ˙¯ ϯΫ· ÚÏ Ò»ÒÈÌ Ï·˜¯ ·‚ϯȫ˙ Ï·˜¯ Ò»ÒÈÌ ÚÏ Ï¯Î«· ·ÙÒ˙¯ Ï‚Ô l’vaker b’galeriot li’rkov al susim l’nagen ba’psanter to visit galleries to ride horses to play the piano
ϯ˜«„ ¯È˜»„È ÚÌ Ï¯Î«· ÚÏ ‡ÙÈÈÌ ÚÏ Ï¯Î«· ÚÌ ¯È˜»„È Ï¯˜«„ li’rkov al ofenayim li’rkod rikudey am to ride a bicycle to go folkdancing
Ï÷»Ë ·Òȯ‰ Ï÷»Ë la’shut b’sirah to sail a boat
ÏÚ◊«˙ Ò˜È ÏÚ◊«˙ la’asot ski to ski
Ï◊Á˜ ËÈÒ Ï◊Á˜ l’sakhek tenis to play tennis 305
1111 ·ÈÌ ··¯ÈΉ Ï◊Á«˙ 2 li’skhot ba’brekhah 3 uva’yam 4 to swim in the swimming 5 6 pool or the sea 7 8 Exercise 6 9 10 ÷Ó÷ Ó÷˜ÙÈ ÏÈ ‰È» χ 1 11 I didn’t have any sunglasses lo hayu li mishkafey shémesh 12 ‰È«Ì ÎÏ ··È˙ ‰È» χ ‰Ì 2 13 They weren’t at home all day hem lo hayu ba’báyit kol ha’yom 14 ‰Úȯ? ÷Ï ÓÙ‰ ÏÎÌ ‰È˙‰ 3 15 Did you have a map of the town? 16 haytah lakhem mapah shel ha’ir? 17 18 ‰·ÈÓ‰ ·˙‡Ë¯«Ô ◊Á˜Ô ‰È‰ ‰»‡ 4 19 He was an actor at the Habimah theatre 20 hu hayah sakhkan b’teatron ha’bimah 21 Ó˜«Ì È«˙¯ ˆ¯ÈÍ ‰ÈÈ˙È ‡È 5 22 I needed more space ani hayíti tsarikh yoter makom 23 24 Exercise 7 25 26 ‰ÈÈ˙È, 5 ‰È‰, 4 ‰È‰, 3 ‰ÈÈ˙‰, 2 ‰ÈÈ˙È, 1 27 ‰ÈÈ» 9 ‰ÈÈ˙‰, 8 ‰È», 7 ‰È‰, 6 28 29 I had to go with Nikki, my girlfriend, to a concert of the Under 30 Pressure band. I hadn’t been to a concert of theirs before, but 31 Nikki very much likes the band and has already been many times. 32 As a matter of fact, I didn’t at all feel like going. It was a cold 33 evening outside, but I had to know what everyone was talking 34 about. The concert was actually excellent. We all sang together 35 with the band and danced on the chairs/seats. The tickets were 36 expensive but the show was worth every penny. We got home very 37 late and were happy that we didn’t have to go to work early in 38 the morning. 39 40 41 4211 306
Exercise 8
1 The only noun – the others are adjectives ‡ÙÈÈÌ 2 The only infinitive – the others are verbs in the ω˙ÁÈÏ past tense 3 The only verb ÷¯» 4 The only word relating to the future ÓÁ¯ 5 The only word not of the same root ‰ÏÎ˙Ì Exercise 9 ÎÓ‰ Úω ‰Î¯ËÈÒ? Ó‰ ‡˙Ì ¯«ˆÈÌ? ‡˙Ì Ó‰ ‰Î¯ËÈÒ? Úω ÎÓ‰ ÏÓ‰ χ ‰È‰ ÏÍ Á÷˜ Ï◊Á«˙ ·ÈÌ? ÓÈ Ò‚¯ ‡˙ ‰„Ï˙? ‰„Ï˙? ‡˙ Ò‚¯ ÓÈ ·ÈÌ? Ï◊Á«˙ Á÷˜ ÏÍ ‰È‰ χ ÏÓ‰ Ï‡Ô ‡˙Ô ‰«ÏΫ˙? Ú„ Ó˙È ‰·¯ÈΉ Ù˙»Á‰? ‰·¯ÈΉ Ó˙È Ú„ ‰«ÏΫ˙? ‡˙Ô Ï‡Ô
Exercise 10
1c, 2b, 3c, 4. Its history; its artists’ colony; its inspiring views
Exercise 11
k’day li’r-ot ϯ‡«˙ ΄‡È 1 ba’me-ah ha’shesh esreh Ú◊¯‰ ‰÷÷ ·Ó‡‰ 2 bi’tkufat ha’shilton ha’turki ‰Ë»¯˜È ‰÷ÏË«Ô ·˙˜»Ù˙ 3 merkaz tarbuti v’rukhani ¯»ÁÈ ˙¯·»˙È Ó¯ÎÊ 4
Exercise 12
Masculine ·‰È¯, Ë»¯˜È, ˙¯·»˙È, ¯»ÁÈ, ‚„«Ï)ÈÌ(, È„»ÚÈÌ, ÓÙ»¯ÒÌ È„»ÚÈÌ, ‚„«Ï)ÈÌ(, ¯»ÁÈ, ˙¯·»˙È, Ë»¯˜È, ·‰È¯, Feminine ¯‡÷«‰, Ú÷ȯ‰, ‡Ò˯˂È˙, Ú˙Ș‰, ÓÈ»Á„˙, ‡Ó»˙È˙ ÓÈ»Á„˙, Ú˙Ș‰, ‡Ò˯˂È˙, Ú÷ȯ‰, ¯‡÷«‰, Opposites ˜ËÈÌ/‚„«ÏÈÌ; Ή‰/·‰È¯; ‡Á¯«‰/¯‡÷«‰; Ó«„¯È˙/Ú˙Ș‰; Ó«„¯È˙/Ú˙Ș‰; ‡Á¯«‰/¯‡÷«‰; Ή‰/·‰È¯; ˜ËÈÌ/‚„«ÏÈÌ; χ È„»ÚÈÌ/È„»ÚÈÌ Ï‡ 307
1111 Exercise 13 2 3 mit-aniyénet Ó˙ÚÈ˙ 1 4 hizdakant ‰Ê„˜˙ ,hitra-énu ‰˙¯‡» ,ra-íti ¯‡È˙È 2 5 6 hityashvu ‰˙ÈÈ÷·» ,khazru Áʯ» ,gáru ‚¯» 3 7 báta ,·‡˙ ,mitsta-er ÓˆËÚ¯ 4 8 Ó÷˙„Ï)˙( 5 9 mishtadél(-et) 10 11 Exercise 15 12 …because I have no petrol 13 „Ϙ ÏÈ ‡ÈÔ …ÎÈ 1 14 …even though one likes to ‡«˙Ô Ï˜·Ï ÷‡«‰·ÈÌ …ÏÓ¯«˙ 2 15 receive them 16 …because I didn’t like it ·ÚÈÈ ÁÔ Óˆ‡‰ χ ÷‰È‡ …ÓÙÈ 3 17 …because you’re too short 18 ӻΉ Ó„È È«˙¯ ‡˙ …ÎÈ 4 19 …because she goes ¯È˜»„È-ÚÌ ¯«˜„˙ ÷‰È‡ …ÓÙÈ 5 20 folk dancing 21 …before they swam in the Sea ·Î¯˙ ◊Á» ˘‰Ì …ÏÙÈ 6 22 of Galilee 23 …when the bus came ‰‚ÈÚ …Î÷‰‡«Ë«·»Ò 7 24 25 …after he finished his ‰ˆ·‡È ‰÷¯»˙ ‡˙ ‚Ó¯ ÷‰»‡ …‡Á¯È 8 26 military service 27 28 29 Unit 11 30 31 32 Exercise 1 33 34 anákhnu nagí-a (x 2) ‚ÈÚ ‡Á» 35 anákhnu nitrakhets ˙¯Áı ‡Á» 36 hem ya-amínu ȇÓÈ» ‰Ì 37 ani atsalem ‡ˆÏÌ ‡È 38 39 anákhnu namshikh (x 2) Ó÷ÈÍ ‡Á» 40 anákhnu nevakesh ·˜÷ ‡Á» 41 ani etstarekh ‡ˆË¯Í ‡È 4211 atah ta-amin ˙‡ÓÈÔ ‡˙‰ 308
Exercise 2 ˙ ˙‰‡‰‡‡Á»‡ÌÔ‰Ì/Ô ‡˙Ì/Ô ‡Á» ‰È‡ ‰»‡ ‡˙ ‡˙‰ ‡È -- ·‡˙È ·‡ ·‡˙È ·‡˙Ȼȷȇ» ˙·È‡» ·È‡ ˙·È‡ ȷȇ ˙·È‡È ˙·È‡ ‡·È‡ ·-«-‡ yavi avi -- ˜Ï˙· ˜Ï ˜Ï˙· ˜Ï˙·»È˜·Ï» ˙˜·Ï» ˜·Ï ˙˜·Ï Ș·Ï ˙˜·ÏÈ ˙˜·Ï ‡˜·Ï ˜-·-Ï yekabel akabel -- ˙Ô˙˜ ˙ ˙Ô˙˜ ˙Ô˙˜»È˙˜» ˙˙˜» ˙˜Ô ˙˙˜Ô È˙˜Ô ˙˙˜È ˙˙˜Ô ‡˙˜Ô ˙-˜-Ô yetaken ataken -- ˙· ˙· ˙·ÈÈÏ÷˙Ï÷Ï÷˙Ï÷ È˙Ï·÷» ˙˙Ï·÷» ˙Ï·÷ ˙˙Ï·÷ È˙Ï·÷ ˙˙Ï·÷È ˙˙Ï·÷ ‡˙Ï·÷ Ï-·-÷ yitlabesh etlabesh -- ˆ¯ ˆ¯ ˆ¯ÈÈËÍ˙ËÍËÍ˙ËΠȈ˯λ ˙ˆË¯Î» ˆË¯Í ˙ˆË¯Í ÈˆË¯Í ˙ˆË¯ÎÈ ˙ˆË¯Í ‡ˆË¯Í ˆ-¯-Í yitstarekh etstarekh
Exercise 3 1 ‰È‡ Ә‰ ÷‰»‡ ÈÁΉ ω ÈÁΉ ÷‰»‡ Ә‰ ‰È‡ 1 .(lefanéynu) ÏÙÈ» È‚ÈÚ» ÷‰Ì Ó˜ÂÂÈÌ ‡Á» 2 3 ‰È‡ ·ËÁ χ ˙‡ÓÈÔ ÏÍ. ˙‡ÓÈÔ Ï‡ ·ËÁ ‰È‡ 3 4 ‡È χ ‡·˜÷ ‡·Ï ‰Ì ί‡‰ ȈÈÚ» Úʯ‰. ȈÈÚ» ί‡‰ ‰Ì ‡·Ï ‡·˜÷ χ ‡È 4 Exercise 4 ‰Ì È÷ÓÚ»; ‰»‡ ÈÊΫ¯; ‡Á» ·«‡; ‡˙ ˙‚È„È; ‡˙Ì ˙ÏÓ„» ‡˙Ì ˙‚È„È; ‡˙ ·«‡; ‡Á» ÈÊΫ¯; ‰»‡ È÷ÓÚ»; ‰Ì hem yishme-u; hu yizkor; anakhnu navo; at tagídi; atem tilmedu
Exercise 5
1 Î÷˙‚Ó«¯ )ÏÎ÷˙‚Ó«¯( ˙ÏÍ Ï◊Á˜ ˙ÏÍ )ÏÎ÷˙‚Ó«¯( Î÷˙‚Ó«¯ 1 kshe’tigmor (likhshe’tigmor) telekh l’sakhek 2 ‰»‡ χ È÷ÓÚ ÎÈ ‰¯„È« Ó‚Ô ‰¯„È« ÎÈ È÷ÓÚ Ï‡ ‰»‡ 2 hu lo yishma ki ha’radio menagen 3 ‰Ì χ È·«‡» ϷȘ»¯ ·Á«„÷ ‰·‡ ·Á«„÷ ϷȘ»¯ È·«‡» χ ‰Ì 3 hem lo yavó-u l’bikur b’khódesh ha’ba 4 ‡˙ ˙÷ÏÁÈ Ï« Ó˙‰ ÏÈ«Ì ‰‰»Ï„˙ ÷Ï« ‰‰»Ï„˙ ÏÈ«Ì Ó˙‰ Ï« ˙÷ÏÁÈ ‡˙ 4 at tishlekhi lo matanah l’yom ha’hulédet shelo 5 Î÷‡È ‡ÊΫ¯ )ÏÎ÷‡ÊΫ¯( ‡È ‡Î˙«· Ï‰Ì Ï‰Ì ‡Î˙«· ‡È )ÏÎ÷‡ÊΫ¯( ‡ÊΫ¯ Î÷‡È 5 kshe’ani (likhshe’ezkor) ezkor ani ekhtov lahem 309
1111 2 ‡ÙÈÈÌ ÚÏ Ï¯Î«· ˙ÏÓ„ )ÏÎ÷˙‚„Ï( Î÷˙‚„Ï 6 3 kshe’tigdal (likhshe’tigdal) tilmad li’rkov al ofanáyim 4 5 6 1 When you(’ll) finish, you’ll go off to play. 7 2 He won’t hear because the radio is playing. 8 9 3 They won’t come to visit (lit. ‘on the visit’) next month. 10 4 You (f.) will send him a present for his birthday. 11 12 5 When I(’ll) remember, I’ll write to them. 13 6 When you/(m.)’re older (lit. ‘will grow, get older’), you (m.)’ll 14 learn to ride a bicycle. 15 16 È÷ÏÁ; ‰»‡ 4 ‡·«‡; χ ‡È 3 ÷ÓÚ; χ ‡Á» 2 17 18 ˙ÏÓ„» ‡˙Ì ˙‚„Ï» Î÷‡˙Ì 6 ˙ÊίÈ; Î÷‡˙ 5 19 20 Exercise 6 21 22 ÷‡ÎÏ; ‡Á¯È ‡˜‰ ‡È ‡÷ÏÁ; ‡È ‡„·¯; ‡È ‡·˜÷; ‡È 23 ÷ˆ‡ ÏÙÈ ÏÚ◊«˙ ˙ˆË¯Í ‡˙‰ ʉ ‡˙ χ, 24 25 ani avakesh; ani adaber; ani eshlakh; ani anakeh akharey 26 she’nokhal; lo, et zeh atah titstarekh la-asot lifney she’netse 27 28 Translation 29 30 Are you ready to go? 31 More or less. 32 Did you ask the neighbours to feed the cat? 33 No, but I’ll ask them in a minute. 34 Did you leave the telephone number of the hotel for your parents? 35 Not yet, but I’ll speak to them later. 36 Did you send the letter to the bank? 37 No, but I’ll send it tomorrow morning on the way to the airport. 38 Did you clean the fridge? 39 No, but I’ll clean it after we’ve eaten. 40 Did you take out the rubbish? 41 No, that you will have to do before we leave. 4211 310
Exercise 7 1 ˙ˆÏˆÏ ‡Ïȉ ÏÙÁ«˙ ÙÚÌ ·È«Ì ÙÚÌ ÏÙÁ«˙ ‡Ïȉ ˙ˆÏˆÏ 1 2 ˙ÊÓÈÔ ‡«˙‰ ÏÓÒÚ„«˙ ٫ٻϯȫ˙ ÏÓÒÚ„«˙ ‡«˙‰ ˙ÊÓÈÔ 2 3 ˙·˜÷ ÓÓ‰ ψ‡˙ ‡È˙Í Ïˆ‡˙ ÓÓ‰ ˙·˜÷ 3 4 ˙·È‡ ω Ù¯ÁÈÌ Ï‰ ˙·È‡ 4 5 ˙˜‰ ω Ó˙«˙ Ș¯«˙ Ó˙«˙ ω ˙˜‰ 5 6 ˙‚È„ ω ÷‰È‡ ÈÙ‰ ÂÓ˜ÒÈÓ‰ ÈÙ‰ ÷‰È‡ ω ˙‚È„ 6 7 ˙‚È„ ω ÷˙ÓÈ„ ˙‡‰· ‡«˙‰ ˙‡‰· ÷˙ÓÈ„ ω ˙‚È„ 7
‡È ·Ë»Á ÷‡Ì ‡È ‡Ú◊‰ ‡˙ ÎÏ Ê‰, ‰È‡ ˙·˜÷ ÓÓÈ Ï‰Îȯ ÓÓÈ ˙·˜÷ ‰È‡ ʉ, ÎÏ ‡˙ ‡Ú◊‰ ‡È ÷‡Ì ·Ë»Á ‡È ‡˙ ‰‰«¯ÈÌ ÷ω… ‡È ¯˜ ¯«ˆ‰ ψ‡˙ ‡È˙‰… ψ‡˙ ¯«ˆ‰ ¯˜ ‡È ÷ω… ‰‰«¯ÈÌ ‡˙
Exercise 8
1 If you don’t ask, you won’t know im lo tish-al – lo teda 2 If you don’t ask, you don’t get im lo tevakesh, lo tekabel 3 If you listen, you’ll learn im takshiv, tilmad 4. If you don’t work, you won’t eat im lo ta-avod lo tokhal
Exercise 9 ·Ï«„«Ô ȉÈȉ ÓÚ»Ô Âȯ„ ‚÷Ì, ‰ËÓٯ˻¯«˙ ÷·Ú Ú◊¯‰ ÓÚÏ«˙ Ú◊¯‰ ÷·Ú ‰ËÓٯ˻¯«˙ ‚÷Ì, Âȯ„ ÓÚ»Ô È‰Èȉ ·Ï«„«Ô ˆÏÒÈ»Ò ·Ë«˜È« ȉÈȉ ÓÊ‚ ‡ÂÂȯ ÈÙ‰ ‡·Ï ‰ËÓٯ˻¯«˙ ȉÈÈ» ӻΫ˙ ¯˜ ӻΫ˙ ȉÈÈ» ‰ËÓٯ˻¯«˙ ‡·Ï ÈÙ‰ ‡ÂÂȯ ÓÊ‚ ȉÈȉ ·Ë«˜È« ÷˙ÈÈÌ Ú◊¯‰ ÓÚÏ«˙ Ú◊¯‰ ÷˙ÈÈÌ ·È» È«¯˜ ȉÈȉ ‚÷»Ì / ȯ„ ‚÷Ì ÷«ËÛ Â‰ËÓٯ˻¯«˙ ȉÈÈ» ‰ËÓٯ˻¯«˙ ÷«ËÛ ‚÷Ì È¯„ / ‚÷»Ì ȉÈȉ È«¯˜ ·È» ‚·«‰«˙ ·ÒÈ„È - ¯»Á Áʘ‰ ‡·Ï ËÓٯ˻¯«˙ «Á«˙ «Á«˙ ËÓٯ˻¯«˙ ‡·Ï Áʘ‰ ¯»Á - ·ÒÈ„È ‰ËÓٯ˻¯«˙ ·˙Ï-‡·È· Ú◊¯ÈÌ »÷Ó«‰ ÓÚÏ«˙ ‰ÏÁ»˙ ˙‰Èȉ ‰ÏÁ»˙ ÓÚÏ«˙ »÷Ó«‰ Ú◊¯ÈÌ ·˙Ï-‡·È· ‰ËÓٯ˻¯«˙ ‚·«‰‰
Exercise 10
‡ 8 Â, 7 ·, 6 Á, 5 ‰, 4 „, 3 ‚, 2 Ê, 1 311
1111 Exercise 11 2 ‰ÈÌ. Á«Û ÚÏ ¯»ı ÓÚ»Ô, ȉÈȉ ‡Ì – 3 4 ‰Á„÷. ·˜È«Ô ˜ÈÈ«˙ Ú◊‰ ÷«ËÛ, ‚÷Ì È¯„ ‡Ì – 5 ‰ËÈÈÏ˙. ÚÏ ˜Ù‰ ··È˙ ÷· ‚·«‰‰, ÏÁ»˙ ˙‰Èȉ ‡Ì – 6 7 ‡ÂÂȯ. ÓÈÊ»‚ ÚÌ ·Ó»Êȇ«Ô ·˜¯ ÷¯·È, ȉÈȉ ‡Ì – 8 ‰Ï·‰. Ïȯ»÷ÏÈÌ ÈÒÚ ÷Ï‚, ȯ„ ‡Ì – 9 ·ÈÌ. ◊Á‰ ÁÌ, Âȉȉ ‚·«‰«˙ ËÓٯ˻¯«˙ ȉȻ ‡Ì – 10 11 ‰Ú˙Ș‰. ÈÙ« ·ÒÓˇ«˙ ËÈÈÏ ÈÙ‰, ‡ÂÂȯ ÓÊ‚ ȉÈȉ ‡Ì – 12 13 14 Unit 12 15 16 17 Exercise 1 18 19 stop atsor Úˆ«¯ 2a no parking eyn khanayah Áȉ ‡ÈÔ 1e 20 danger sakanah ÒΉ 3d 21 shmor al ha’nikayon ‰È˜È«Ô ÚÏ ÷Ó«¯ 4c 22 no litter (more lit.) take care to keep clean 23 24 ‰Á»ˆ‰ Ó‰ÁÏ«Ô ÂÈ„ÈÈÌ ¯‡÷ ω«ˆÈ‡ ‡ÈÔ 5b 25 eyn l’hotsi rosh v’yadáyim me’ha’khalon ha’khutzah 26 don’t lean (lit. ‘put head and hands’) out of the window 27 28 Exercise 2 29 30 ‰÷˜Ë ÚÏ Ï÷Ó«¯ ‡ 31 Please observe the silence na li’shmor al ha’shéket 32 33 ‰ÒÈÚ‰ ·÷Ú˙ ‰‰‚ ÚÌ Ï„·¯ ‡ÈÔ 34 35 No talking to the driver during the journey 36 eyn le’daber im ha’nehag bi’sh-at ha’nesi-ah 37 38 Please move inside na l’hikanes pnimah ÙÈÓ‰ ωÈÎÒ ‡ 39 40 41 4211 312
ÚÓ«„! ‰÷ÎÁ˙ Ó÷‰» ·‡«Ë«·»Ò? Ó÷‰» ‰÷ÎÁ˙ ÚÓ«„! Stop! Have you forgotten anything inside the bus? amod! ha’shakhakhtah máshehu ba’ótobus?
Language point
a. tse, ts-i, ts-u ˆ‡» ˆ‡È, ˆ‡, shev, shvi, shvu ÷·» ÷·È, ÷·, kakh, k-khi, k-khu ˜Á» ˜ÁÈ, ˜Á,
ktov, kitvi, kitvu Î˙·» Î˙·È, Î˙«·, shmor, shimri, shimru ÷Ó¯» ÷Ó¯È, ÷Ó«¯, kum, kúmi, kúmu ˜»Ó» ˜»ÓÈ, ˜»Ì, zuz, zúzi, zúzu ʻʻ Ê»ÊÈ, Ê»Ê,
b. sader, sadri, sadru Ò„¯» Ò„¯È, Ò„¯, maher, mahari, maharu Ó‰¯» Ó‰¯È, Ó‰¯,
c. hakshev, hakshívi, hakshívu ‰˜÷È·» ‰˜÷È·È, ‰˜÷·,
d. titbayshi! titlabshi, Ó‰Á„¯ ˆ‡È ˙˙Ï·÷È, ˙˙·ÈÈ÷È! u’ts-i me’ha’kheder
Exercise 3
1 tir-i – re-i ¯‡È - ˙¯‡È 2 taruts – ruts ¯»ı - ˙¯»ı 3 tetsaltseli – tsaltsel ˆÏˆÏÈ - ˙ˆÏˆÏÈ 4 takshiv – hakshev ‰˜◊· - ˙˜÷È· 5 tiftakh – ptakh Ù˙Á - ˙Ù˙Á 6 tekhakeh – khakeh ÁΉ - ˙ÁΉ 7 tivdok – bdok ·„«˜ - ˙·„«˜ 8 temale – male Óχ - ˙Óχ 313
1111 Exercise 4 2 3 Ϙ«Ï«Ú. ÏÍ ·«‡È 1 4 ·Ó˜¯¯. È÷ Ó‰ ˙¯‡‰ ·«‡ 2 5 6 ÓÒÈ·‰. Ú◊‰ ·«‡» 3 7 ÙȈ‰. ÊÓÈÔ ·«‡È 4 8 9 ‰‰»‡. ‰‡È÷ ‡˙ ÷‡Ï ·«‡» 5 10 Ï». Ș÷È·» ÷‰Ì ˜Â‰ ·«‡ 6 11 12 Exercise 5 13 14 The first one wants to see a good doctor, whatever kind. 15 The second patient might know what’s wrong with her, but she 16 wants the doctor to know too…. 17 18 Exercise 6 19 20 only 1, 6, 7 21 1. Take aspirin to lower the fever. 22 23 2. Sit in the sun for a bit. 24 3. Drink a lot of wine. 25 26 4. Eat the thermometer. 27 5. Don’t put (al tasim) any sun cream on. 28 29 6. Sleep (tishan) a little more. 30 7. Drink a lot of water or tea. 31 32 8. Take a tablet against headaches, 6 times a day 33 34 Exercise 7 35 36 ‰·ËÔ. ÏÈ ÂΫ‡·˙ Ë«·, χ Ó÷‰» ‡ÎÏ˙È 1 37 ÏÈ. Ϋ‡·˙ ‰ÈÓÈ˙ ‰¯‚Ï ‰Ó„¯‚«˙ ÚÏ (nafálti) ÙÏ˙È 2 38 39 ‡ÊÈÈÌ. ·· ÏÈ È÷ 3 40 „Á»Û. ʉ ÷ÈÈÈÌ. ϯ«Ù‡ ÏÏÎ˙ ӻίÁ ‡È 4 41 (yored li) 4211 Ó‰‡ˆ·Ú. „Ì ÏÈ È«¯„ 5 314
Exercise 8 1 ÷‡¯, ÷˙‰, ‚Ó¯‰ ÷˙‰, ÷‡¯, 1 nish-ar, nishtah, nigmerah 2 ‡Ó¯ , ÷‡¯˙È , ‡Ó¯ 2 ne-emar, nishárti ÈÒÏÁ 3 yislakh 4 ÈÈ‚Ó¯, ÈȄϘ» ÈÈ‚Ó¯, 4 yigamer, yidalku ÈÈ·„˜» 5 yibadku
1 What, is all the red wine left? Yes, but all the white wine has been drunk. And the soft (lit. ‘light’) drink is finished. 2 What was said at the meeting? I don’t know; I didn’t stay till the end. 3 Don’t worry; all will be forgiven (him). 4 When does the film finish? (lit. ‘when will the film be finished’) When the lights come on. (lit. ‘will be lit!’) 5 All the suggestions will be examined and then we’ll give you an answer.
Exercise 9 Ï·È˙ ‰˜¯«·. Ï·È˙ ÎÒ ‰Ò»Ò ·ÚÏ ·Áˆ¯ ÏÚı ˜÷¯ ‰Ï·Ô ‰Ò»Ò ÓÈÌ. ‰ÈÏ„‰ ÓÈÌ. ˜È·Ï χ ·÷Ó÷ ÷ÚÓ„ Â‰Ò»Ò ÁÌ, È«Ì ‰È‰ ʉ ÚÏÈÂ. ÚÏÈÂ. ¯ÈÁÓ‰ ‰È‡ ˆÓ‡. ‰È‰ ÷‰Ò»Ò È„Ú‰ ÓÓ», ‰È‡ ÓÓ», ÙÁ„‰ ‰ȇ Ò»Ò ÚÏ ¯Î·‰ χ ÙÚÌ ‡Û ÷‰È‡ ÏÓ¯«˙ ·ÎÏ Ê‡˙ ÏÚÊ«¯ Ï«. ÏÚÊ«¯ ʇ˙ ·ÎÏ ‰ÁÏÈˉ ÏÒ»Ò ÓÈÌ ·Ê‰È¯»˙. ÓÈÌ ÏÒ»Ò Â‰·È‡‰ Ó„È È«˙¯ ω˙˜¯· χ ʉ¯‰ ‰È‡ ‰Ò»Ò ‰È‰ ‡Òȯ ˙«„‰ ÏÈÏ„‰ ‰˜Ë‰, ‰ÈÚ ‡˙ ‰¯‡÷ ·◊ÓÁ‰. ‰¯‡÷ ‡˙ ‰ÈÚ ‰˜Ë‰, ÏÈÏ„‰ ˙«„‰ ‡Òȯ ‰È‰ ‰Ò»Ò ÂÎÏ ‰ÓÈÌ ÷Ùλ. ‰ÓÈÌ ÂÎÏ ·‰Ï‰ ‰ÈÏ„‰ 315
1111 ha’sus ha’lavan nikshar la’ets ba’khatser u’va-al ha’sus nikhnas 2 la’báyit ha’karov. zeh haya yom kham, v’ha’sus she’amad 3 ba’shémesh lo kibel máyim. ha’yaldah yad-ah she’ha’sus hayah 4 tsame. hi rikhamah alav. lamrot she’hi af pá-am lo rakhvah al sus 5 v’hi pakhadah miménu, hi hekhlitah b’khol zot la-azor lo. hi 6 nizharah lo l’hitkarev yoter miday, v’hevi-ah la’sus máyim bi’zhirut. 7 ha’sus hayah asir todah la’yaldah ha’ktanah, v’heni-ah et ha’rosh 8 b’simkhah. ha’yaldah nivhalah v’kol ha’máyim nishpekhu. 9 10 Exercise 10 11 12 1 ;‚ 2 ;‰ 3 ;· 4 ;Ê 5 ;‡ 6 ;„ 7 Â 13 14 15 Dialogue 3 Translation 16 17 A family is sitting in a restaurant. The waiter serves the woman a 18 plate of soup. The woman looks at her husband and he calls the 19 waiter: 20 21 – My wife would like (requests that) you to taste (from) the soup. 22 23 – What do you mean? 24 – Taste and you’ll see. 25 26 – What’s wrong with the soup? Is it too salty, not hot enough? 27 – What’s not OK is not important; she would like you to taste 28 [it]. 29 30 – What do you want from me? Is there a fly in the soup or what? 31 – Don’t ask questions. Taste it and you’ll see for yourself. 32 33 – But it’s not done (lit. ‘received’) sir; why don’t you tell me what’s 34 wrong with the soup? 35 – What difference does it make? Go on, taste it (lit. ‘taste it 36 already’)! 37 38 – Right, if the lady insists….OK. Where is the spoon? 39 The husband and wife together: Ah-ha!…. 40 41 4211 316
Exercise 11 1 Ó‰ ÷ÓÚ? 2 ÓÊÏ Ë«·; 3 Ï·¯È‡»˙; 4 ˙˙Á„÷)È( ˙˙Á„÷)È( 4 Ï·¯È‡»˙; 3 Ë«·; ÓÊÏ 2 ÷ÓÚ? Ó‰ 1 5 ‡È ÓˆËÚ¯ Ï÷Ó«Ú; 6 ÎÏ ‰Î·«„ ÎÏ 6 Ï÷Ó«Ú; ÓˆËÚ¯ ‡È 5
Unit 13
Exercise 1
yom menukhah kavú-a ˜·»Ú Ó»Á‰ È«Ì levushim b’shakhor v’lavan ÂÏ·Ô ·÷Á«¯ Ï·»÷ÈÌ zeh nahug ‰»‚ ʉ
Exercise 2
… ha’kisa-ot ha’éleh shmurim . ÷Ó»¯ÈÌ ‰‡Ï‰ ‰ÎÒ‡«˙ … 1 I kept you seats. These seats are reserved (kept). … lo patú-akh etslam ‡ˆÏÌ. Ù˙»Á χ … 2 They don’t open on Saturday. They are also not open on festivals. ·Ï·Ô. Ï·»÷‰ ˙ÓÈ„ ÎÓÚË ‰È‡ … 3 … hi kim-at tamid levushah b’lavan She is wearing light-coloured clothes. She is almost always dressed in white. … ken, zeh yadú-a lánu Ï». È„»Ú ʉ ÎÔ, … 4 Do you know that the meeting has changed (lit. ‘there’s a change in the meeting’)? Yes, (lit. ‘it is known to us’) we know.
Exercise 3
a. a driver néhag ‰‚ to drive li’nhog ω«‚ driving nehigah ‰È‚‰ to behave l’hitnaheg ω˙‰‚ it is customary (zeh) nahug ‰»‚ )ʉ( a custom minhag Ó‰‚ 317
1111 b. believers ma-aminin ;Ó‡ÓÈÈÌ belief emunah ‡Ó»‰ ; ‡-Ó-Ô 2 3 4 5 6 Exercise 4 7 8 Ú◊»È‰ Á÷»·, Ó»ÎÈÌ, Î˙»·, ÷·»¯‰, Ó»ÎÔ, 9 10 Exercise 5 11 12 13 ‰ÊÓÔ/‡ˆÏÍ. ÎÏ ˙Ù»Ò ‰È‰ ‡·Ï ‰È«Ì ÎÏ ‡ÏÈÍ ˆÏˆÏ˙È 1 14 tsiltsalti eláyikh kol ha’yom aval hayah tafus kol ha’zman 15 etslekha 16 ÚÒ»˜. ˙ÓÈ„ ‰»‡ ÊÓÔ, Ï« ‡ÈÔ ÙÚÌ ‡Û 2 17 af pa-am eyn lo zman, hu tamid asuk 18 19 Ó‰ËÓٯ˻¯«˙ ‚·«‰«˙ È«˙¯ ·‡ÈÏ˙ ÷‰ËÓٯ˻¯«˙ È„»Ú ʉ 3 20 zeh yadú-a she’ha’temperatúrot b’eylat yoter gvohot ‡·È·. ·˙Ï- 21 me’ha’temperatúrot b’tel-aviv 22 ‡«˙«. ω„ÏȘ ‡ÈÍ ÏÍ ‡¯‡‰ ‡È Ó˜»Ï˜Ï. χ ‰ÂÈ„‡« 4 23 ha’video lo mekulkal. ani er-eh lekha/lakh ekh l’hadlik oto 24 25 „Ϙ. ÏÓχ Ï« ω‚È„ ˙ÊΫ¯ χ ‰È‡ Ó·»Ï·Ï˙, ÎÍ ÎÏ ‰È‡ 5 26 hi kol kakh mevulbélet, hi lo tizkor l’hagid lo l’male délek 27 28 Exercise 6 29 30 ‡„«Ì. ‰»‡ ‰ÈÙÈ ·„‚Ï ‰÷Ó÷ ˆ·Ú 1 31 32 ‰È◊¯‡ÏÈ ·„‚Ï (Star [lit. ‘shield’] of David) ‰Ó‚Ô-„„ ˆ·Ú 2 33 ÎÁ«Ï. ‰»‡ 34 · Ù ¯÷ÔÓÓÏ·‚ ‡Ë˜ ‰»‡ (Italian) ‰‡ÈËÏ˜È ·„‚Ï Ó◊Ó‡Ï ‰¯‡÷«Ô ‰ÙÒ ˆ·Ú 3 35 36 ȯ«˜. 37 Ï·Ô. ‰»‡ ‰‡Ó¯È˜‡È ·„‚Ï ‰Î«Î·ÈÌ ˆ·Ú 4 38 39 ÷Á«¯ ‰»‡: (Belgian) ‰·Ï‚È ·„‚Ï ‰ÙÒÈÌ ÷Ï ‰ˆ·ÚÈÌ Ò„¯ 5 40 ‡„«Ì (in the middle ba’emtsa) ·‡ÓˆÚ ˆ‰«· Ó◊Ó‡Ï, 41 ÓÈÓÈÔ. 4211 318
Exercise 7
(I’ve got the blues) ÎÁ«Ï 4 ˆ‰«·, 3 ‡„»ÓÈÌ, 2 ȯ«˜, 1 5 ‡„«Ì, 6 Ï·Ô, ÷Á«¯ Ï·Ô, 6 ‡„«Ì, 5
1 He was green with envy when he saw my new car. 2 You are very sweet/pretty when you blush. Hannah, your face is red again! 3 Yellow is the colour of the sun and also of children’s rooms; it is the colour of joy. 4 What colour do the English think of when they say ‘I’m in a bad mood’? (Blue.) 5 I like the colour red even though it is also the colour of blood. 6 Today not all brides wear white at their wedding. And black is not only the colour of sorrow.
Exercise 8
in jest bi’tskhok ·ˆÁ«˜ seriously bi’rtsinut ·¯ˆÈ»˙ happily b’simkhah ·◊ÓÁ‰ sadly b’etsev ·Úˆ· easily b’kalut ·˜Ï»˙ with difficulty/hardly b’koshi ·˜«÷È carefully bi’zhirut ·Ê‰È¯»˙ decisively b’hekhletiyut ·‰ÁÏËÈ»˙ fast bi’mhirut ·Ó‰È¯»˙ slowly be’itiyut ·‡ÈËÈ»˙ with interest be’inyan ·ÚÈÈÔ with modesty bi’tsniyut ·ˆÈÚ»˙ 319
1111 Exercise 9 2 3 ·Ê‰È¯»˙/‡ÈËÈ»˙ 3 (correct sentence) 2 ·Ó‰È¯»˙; 1 4 ·˜Ï»˙ 7 ·¯ˆÈ»˙ 6 ·Úˆ· 5 ·˜«÷È 4 5 6 1 al tishteh et ha’teh ha’kham bi’mhirut. 7 2 hem histaklu be’inyan rav ba’tmunot she’ba’albom. 8 9 3 kday she’tinhag bi’zhirut/ be’itiyut, zeh eysor banuy v’yesh poh 10 harbeh yeladim. 11 4 b’koshi khazárti mi’khul u’miyad hayíti tsarikh li’nsó-a shuv. 12 13 5 hi amrah be’étsev she’yesh lah be-ayot bri-ut. 14 6 ani medaber bi’rtsinut, ha’matsav mesukan. 15 16 7 hi bakhurah me-od inteligéntit. hi osah ha’kol b’kalut. 17 18 Exercise 10 19 20 ÷; ÓÙÈ 5 ‰ÁÏÈÙ‰; 4 Ó·ËÈÁ; 3 Ó˙¯÷Ì; 2 ‰„¯; 1 21 ÷ Á«÷·˙ / ÷ ÓÒÎÈÓ‰ 7 ‡˙…; ωˆÈÏ/Ï÷«˙ ÓÚ¯ÈΉ, 6 22 23 Exercise 11 24 25 ‰ÓÓ÷ω? ¯‡˘ ‡˙ Ù‚÷˙ η¯ ‰‡Ì 1 26 ‡Û-‡«ÊÔ-‚¯«Ô? ·ÓÁϘ˙ Ú«·„˙ ‡˙ ‰‡Ì 2 27 ·È¯»÷ÏÈÌ? Ó‰ÁÈÈÌ Ó¯»ˆ‰ ‡˙ ‰‡Ì 3 28 Ó‰˜È·»ı? Ó‡»ÎÊ·˙ ‡˙ ‰‡Ì 4 29 30 Exercise 12 31 32 ‰ÊÓ‰ ·ÏÈ ‡ˆÏÌ Ï·˜¯ Ï» ÚÈÌ )χ( 33 We do (not) feel comfortable visiting them without an invitation 34 35 ·˙Ï-‡·È· Ï‚»¯ ÷ÏÈ Ï‡Ó‡ «Á χ( )η¯ 36 It’s (not) convenient for my mother to live in Tel Aviv (any more) 37 38 ··È˙ Ï÷·˙ ÏÈ Ë«· χ( ÙÚÌ )‡Û 39 It’s (never) good for me to sit at home 40 ÷Ï« Ó‰Á«ÏÈÌ ‰Ê‰ ϯ«Ù‡ ÷·¯ χ( ÙÚÌ )‡Û 41 This doctor is (never) fed up with his patients 4211 320
)Ú«„ χ( Ó‡Ò Ï‰Ì Ó‰˜Èı ‰È◊¯‡ÏÈ / Ó‰¯Ú÷ / ‰È◊¯‡ÏÈ Ó‰˜Èı Ï‰Ì Ó‡Ò Ï‡( )Ú«„ They are still (not) fed up with the Israeli summer/with the noise )χ( ˜¯ ÏÍ ·ÏÈ ÓÚÈÏ? ·ÏÈ ÏÍ ˜¯ )χ( Are(n’t) you cold without a coat? )η¯ χ( ˜◊‰ Ï« ·ÏÈ ¯Î· Ó÷Ï« ¯Î· ·ÏÈ Ï« ˜◊‰ χ( )η¯ It’s (no longer) hard for him without a car of his own
Exercise 13
1 all in the past tense – binyan pi-el 2 all in future tense binyan pa-al ڔ middle letter  or È 3 all in future tense binyan hitpa-el 4 all in hif-il (various tenses)
Reading comprehension: Translation Jerusalem a. The Tower of David: 3,000 years ago, King David made Jerusalem into the national and religious centre of the people of Israel. Today the Tower is a museum which explains the history of Jerusalem through its various periods of government. b. The Knesset: the parliament of the State of Israel. In Israel there are 120 members of parliament – Jews, Arabs and Druze. c. The Western Wall: situated on Mount Moriah, which is called the Temple Mount in Israel. The Jews believe that it was where Abraham was about to scarifice Isaac. King Solomon built the First Temple there, and Herod the Second Temple, of which only the Western Wall remains today. d. Yad Va’shem: – the museum in memory of the Holocaust. Archives for research and documentation can also be found here. Also the avenue of trees to the memory of the righteous of the nations of the world. The name Yad Va’shem comes from Isaiah 56:5. e. The Dome of the Rock: This is the mosque with the famous golden dome that one always sees on pictures of Jerusalem. A holy place for the Muslims, also situated on Mount Moriah. 321
1111 The other important mosque [on the Temple Mount] is called 2 the Al-Aksa mosque. 3 f. Via Dolorosa: – the last road Jesus walked with his cross. He 4 stopped a number of times on the way. 5 6 g. The Church of the Holy Sepulchre: built by St Helen, the mother 7 of the emperor Constantine, in the Byzantine period. Christians 8 believe that she built the church on the spot where Jesus was 9 crucified. 10 11 Exercise 14 12 13 1 In the Tower of David „„ ·Ó‚„Ï 14 2 The Knesset. There are 120 members. 15 ÎÒ˙. Á·¯È 021 È÷ ‰ÎÒ˙. 16 17 3 On Mount Moriah ‰Ó«¯È‰ ‰¯ called the Temple Mount – in 18 Hebrew ‘har ha’bayit’ ‰·È˙ ‰¯ . 19 4 The Dome of the Rock kipat ha’séla ‰ÒÏÚ ÎÈÙ˙ and the 20 Al Aksa mosque misgad al-aksah ‡Ï-‡˜ˆ‰ ÓÒ‚„ 21 5 In Hebrew it is called ‘the Western Wall’ ha’kótel ha’ma-aravi 22 ‰Î«˙Ï ‰ÓÚ¯·È ‰Î«˙Ï , since this western wall is all that remains of 23 the Second Temple (built by King Herod on the site). 24 25 6 Yad Va’shem Â÷Ì È„ 26 7 Paragraph  27 28 8 knesiyat ha’kéver ha’kadosh ‰˜„«÷ ‰˜·¯ ÎÒÈÈ˙ 29 9 On the spot where Jesus was crucified 30 ba’makom bo yéshu nitslav ˆÏ· È÷» ·« ·Ó˜«Ì 31 32 Exercise 15 33 34 the capital / Kingdom, First Temple / Babylon / Zion / Roman, 35 province / Second, Titus / Byzantine, Constantine / Crusader / rule 36 / Ottoman / British / between / Jerusalem 37 38 Exercise 16 39 1 = c b’reyshit bara elohim et ha’shamáyim v’et ha’árets. 40 2 = b lo yisa goy el goy khérev v’lo yilmedu od milkhamah. 41 3 = d al naharot bavel sham yashávnu gam-bakhínu b’zokhrénu 4211 et tsiyon. 322
4 = a mah-she’haya hu she’yihiyeh u’mah-she’na-asah hu she’ye-aseh v’eyn kol khadash tákhat ha’shémesh. 5 = e shalakh lakhmekha al pney ha’mayim ki b’rov ha’yamim timtsa-énu.
Unit 14
Exercise 1 1 ‡ÈÍ; 2 ‡ÈÍ; 3 ‡ÈÌ; 4 ‡È«; 5 ‡ÈÈ 5 ‡È«; 4 ‡ÈÌ; 3 ‡ÈÍ; 2 ‡ÈÍ; 1 1 You’re not a millionaire; don’t waste your money. eynkha milyoner, al tevazbez et ha’késef. 2 You’re not a good actress. at eynekh sakhkanit tovah. 3 They don’t understand what you’re saying. hem eynam mevinim mah she’atah omer. 4 Peter is not in the office this week: he went abroad. piter eyno ba’misrad ha’shavú-a: hu nasa l’khul. 5 I don’t know who wrote the article, but I do know that it’s boring. eynéni yodá-at mi katav et ha’ma-amar, aval ani ken yodá-at she’hu mesha-amem.
Exercise 2 ‡ÁÈ Â‡÷˙«, ·« ÂÎÏ˙«, „«„˙È Â·Úω ‰÷È, ‡Á«˙‰ ÓÓÏ·«¯Ô ‡Á«˙‰ ‰÷È, ·Úω „«„˙È ÂÎÏ˙«, ·« ‡÷˙«, ‡ÁÈ Î ÷Á ÓȻȫ¯˜. (mishpakhténu) Ó÷ÙÁ˙» ÂÎÏ (mi’mélborn) Óˆ ÷È.Ì‰Ó ˙Î ·ÈÌ ÏÚ·«„‰ (khavrehem) Á·¯È‰Ì ÎÏ ‡˙ ‰ÊÓÈ» ‰÷È….‰Ì ÂÓ‰ˆ„ .(work colleagues) …‰ÚȘ¯ ÷ÈÏ„ÈÎÌ È‰È» Ó‡»÷¯ÈÌ. ȉȻ (yeladekhem) ÷ÈÏ„ÈÎÌ …‰ÚȘ¯
Dialogue 2
Ó¯ÎÊÈȉ: Ó«„ÈÚÈÔ ÷Ï«Ì - ·Ó‰ ‡Ù÷¯ ÏÚÊ«¯ ÏÍ? ÏÚÊ«¯ ‡Ù÷¯ ·Ó‰ - ÷Ï«Ì Ó«„ÈÚÈÔ Ó¯ÎÊÈȉ: ÙÈ˯: ‡È ˆ¯ÈÍ ‡˙ ÓÒÙ¯ ‰ËÏÙ«Ô ÷Ï ÷ȯ»˙È ‡Ï-ÚÏ ··˜÷‰. ‡Ï-ÚÏ ÷ȯ»˙È ÷Ï ‰ËÏÙ«Ô ÓÒÙ¯ ‡˙ ˆ¯ÈÍ ‡È ÙÈ˯: Ó¯ÎÊÈȉ: ‡˙‰ ˆ¯ÈÍ Ó«Ú„ ‰Ó¯‡‰ ‡« ÁÈ˙‰? ‡« ‰Ó¯‡‰ Ó«Ú„ ˆ¯ÈÍ ‡˙‰ Ó¯ÎÊÈȉ: ÙÈ˯: χ, ‡È ¯«ˆ‰ Ï÷Ï«Á ‡˙ ‰ÓËÚÔ ÏÙÈ ‰ËÈÒ‰. ÏÙÈ ‰ÓËÚÔ ‡˙ Ï÷Ï«Á ¯«ˆ‰ ‡È χ, ÙÈ˯: 323
1111 ‰ÓÒÙ¯ ËÈÒ‰. ˯«Ì Ï÷ȯ»˙ ÏˆÏˆÏ ˆ¯ÈÍ ‡˙‰ Ó¯ÎÊȉ: 2 30. 556 1234 3 4 ÷Ï«Ì. ¯·‰ ˙«„‰ ÙÈ˯: 5 Exercise 3 6 7 ‡Á„ ‚Ï‚Ï ÚÏ Á˙ ˜Ï ÓË«Ò 8 1 A light aircraft has landed on one wheel. 9 10 a. one of the wheels was not functioning 11 b. on Saturday afternoon at Ben Gurion airport 12 13 c. because he wanted to ‘burn’ fuel to reduce the weight of the 14 plane before landing 15 16 Translation 1 17 A flying school’s light aircraft made an emergency landing on one 18 wheel at Ben Gurion airport. The incident happened on Saturday 19 afternoon. There were three passengers in the aircraft – a flight 20 instructor and two trainees. 21 During the flight, the instructor discovered that one of the wheels 22 of the plane was not functioning. He went on flying for three hours 23 in an attempt to repair the damage and to burn fuel in order to 24 reduce the weight of the aircraft. In the end, the aircraft managed 25 to land safely on one wheel, while at the airport ambulances and 26 fire engines were ‘waiting’ (for the aircraft). 27 28 2 Puppaccino Bar 29 30 a. Man’s best friend: yedido ha’tov b’yoter shel ha’adam 31 ‰‡„Ì ÷Ï ·È«˙¯ ‰Ë«· È„È„« 32 b. Recently la-akhronah χÁ¯«‰ 33 34 c. Customers lakokhot Ϙ«Á«˙ 35 d. In Australia 36 37 e. Soya milk and pieces of meat 38 39 Translation 2 40 Man’s best friend also deserves to have a good time just like a 41 human being. This, at least, is what they think in Australia. That’s 4211 where they’ve recently opened a cafe for dogs, that serves among 324
other things ‘pupaccino’ – cappuccino designed for dogs, made from soya milk and pieces of meat. In the picture [you can see] ‘customers’ meeting over a cup of coffee.
3/4 Good news: The dollar goes down È«¯„ ‰„«Ï¯ The Israeli shekel is closely linked to the US dollar – when it goes down the shekel goes up. Bad news: The price of electricity is on the rise ګω ‰Á÷ÓÏ ÓÁȯ
Translation 3 The dollar fell last week by 1.5%. On Monday morning the dollar was sold in the bank at 4.82 shekels. The reason for the fall: the government accepted the economic plan and the security situation has improved.
Translation 4 The price of electricity went up on Thursday this week by 5.34%. The reason for the increase: the increase in the price of petrol. In June the price of electricity will go up by 6%.
Exercise 4
ha’kvutzah ha’isreelit ha’rishonah she’siymah et ha’éko-tchalenge b’nyu ziland: haya me-od kasheh. ha’tna-im hayu bilti efshari-im. tsa-ádnu ba’régel b’harim tlulim bi’myukhad, b’kor ayom, im me- at me-od shenah, kim-at bli mazon. hitkhálnu im hamon tikvah, aval gamárnu ktsat lifney ha’makom ha’akharon. zeh lo haya miskhak yeladim aval khavayah she’af pá-am lo nishkakh.
The first Israeli team to complete the Eco challenge in New Zealand: “It was very difficult. Conditions were impossible. We marched on foot in particularly steep mountains, in extreme cold with very little sleep, almost without food. We started with high hopes but we finished a little before the last place. It was not child’s play but an experience that we will never forget.”
Exercise 5
(In order) Pretty Woman; The Lion King; Murder on the Orient Express; Harry Potter; A Midsummer Night’s Dream (Shakespeare) 325
1111 Exercise 6 2 3 1 Yossi and Miss Brazil (Unit 4, Exercise 12): 4 maríyah gonzáles: lo hikarti (I didn’t recognize) otkha! 5 yósi: ha’diétah hitslikha (succeeded) li, nakhon? 6 7 2 Uri and his mother (Unit 4, Exercise 10): 8 ima shel uri: rak li atah oseh be-ayot im ha’ókhel! 9 uri: akhshav avar li ha’te-avon. 10 3 Gady consulting the diary in his hand, to Gilah (Unit 7, 11 Exercise 9): 12 gadi (l’gilah): ba’shavú-a ha’ba, b’shabat ba’érev yesh li sha-ah 13 pnuyah… 14 15 4 Shlomo and Dvorah from the kibbutz (Unit 9, Dialogue 1) 16 talking to the couple from the bus (Unit 8, Dialogue 3): 17 shlomo u’dvorah: ha’yom ha’khayim lo kmo pá-am. ha’kol 18 me-od yakar… 19 ha’zug me’ha’ótobus: lo tamid, ra-ínu moda-ah al mivtsa 20 meyukhad u’ba’stav anákhnu nos-im li’drom amérikah…. 21 5 Nekhamah to Yael (Unit 9, Exercise 5): 22 nekhámah l’ya-el: kvar avart dirah? 23 24 6 Maya and Peter (everywhere): 25 maya l’piter: halelú-yah! 26 piter l’maya: at rotsah li’kro et kol zeh akhshav? 27 7 A learner: 28 gamarti et ha’kurs? mah pit-om? rak hitkhálti! 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 4211 Appendix I Transliterations for Units 10–14
Unit 10
Dialogue 1 piter: ani mevin she’atem khaverim ba’kibuts, nakhon? mah atem osim? ido: kshe’khazárti me’ha’tiyul ba’mizrakh ha’rakhok (zot haytah ha’khufshah sheli akharey ha’sherut ba’tsava) himshákhti la-avod ba’pardes kmo she’tamid asíti b’khufshot mi’beyt ha’séfer. pá-am ratsíti li’hiyot sakhkan, mi yodé-a? ulay yom ekhad? aval akhshav ani ma-adif li’hiyot karov la’mishpakhah sheli lamrot she’rov ha’khaverim sheli ozvim et ha’kibuts. piter: kháyah, gam at tiyalt akharey ha’tsava? kháyah: lo, halákhti la’univérsitah, v’akhshav ani ovédet ba’mif- al ba’ma-abadah. zeh me-anyen oti, ki lamádti khímiyah. piter: ekh anashim tse-irim kamókhem mevalim et ha’zman ha’panuy? kháyah: yesh lánu ha’kol poh: ulam sport, brekhah, kolnó-a, tizmóret, mak’helah, kol miney khugim: drama, tsiyur, rikud. yesh mah la-asot. piter: nishma ide-áli! ido: ken, ulay. kshe’ába sheli higí-a me-irak, k’yéled, hayah lo khalom li’vnot poh gan-éden. ha’yom yesh lánu ha’kol aval beyntáyim eyn shalom, yesh rak tikvot. Dialogue 2 maya: atah toshav tsfat? ish: ken, ani ekhad me’ha’omanim she’garim poh. mah atem 327
1111 omrim al ha’nof? mi’poh efshar lir-ot lo rak et har 2 meron, éla b’yom bahir, gam et ha’kinéret. tiyáltem kvar 3 ba’ir? 4 piter: lo, od lo. zot ha’pá-am ha’rishonah sheli bi’tsfat. mah 5 keday lánu li’r-ot? 6 ha’ish: yesh harbeh mah li’r-ot. li’tsfat yesh históriyah ashirah. 7 ba’me-ot ha’shtem esreh v’ha’shlosh esreh, bi’tkufat 8 ha’tsalbanim, tsfat haytah mivtsar ba-al khashivut 9 estratégit. yoter me-ukhar, bi’tkufat ha’shilton ha’turki 10 ba’me-ah ha’shesh esreh, hityashvu bi’tsfat yehudim 11 she’bá-u mi’sfarad v’hi hafkhah l’merkaz tarbuti 12 v’rukhani gadol. poh kháyu rabanim gdolim vi’ydu-im. 13 shamátem al ha’rábi izkhak lúrya? 14 maya: ken, vaday! ha’kabalist ha’mefursam. 15 ha’ish: nakhon. keday lakhem le’vaker b’veyt ha’knéset al shem 16 lúrya, she’nimtsa b’akhat ha’simta-ot ba’ir ha’atikah. 17 piter: atah mit-anyen b’kabalah? 18 ha’ish: lo b’diyuk, aval mah she’hevi oti li’tsfat zeh b’khol zot 19 ha’avirah ha’myukhédet v’kamuvan gam ha’kehilah 20 ha’omanutit. 21 22 23 Reading comprehension 24 25 26 Peter’s letter home ha’mikhtav shel piter 27 ha’báytah 28 29 karolin v’adam ha’ykarim, 30 khazárti ha’érev mi’bikur nehedar shel arba-ah yamim ba’galil. 31 nasáti l’kheyfah, ir me-od yafah al khof ha’yam, u’mi’sham la’kibuts 32 shel ha’horim shel maya. akharey ha’shabat, hitkhálnu et ha’tiyul 33 b’vikur me-od me-anyen ba’kfar ha’druzi ‘daliat el-karmel’ b’dérekh 34 li’tsfat. dibárnu im kámah druzim she’hisbíru lánu ktsat al 35 ha’kehilah ha’meyukhédet shelahem. hem ezrakhim isre-elim l’khol 36 davar v’khayavim b’sherut tsva-i kmo kulam. 37 38 mi’sham nasánu li’tsfat, ir omanim me-od tsiyurit v’kaníti sham 39 matanot l’kulkhem. akhar kakh himshákhnu la’khof ha’tsfoni shel 40 yam kinéret v’bikárnu b’Capernaum (b’ivrit - kfar nakhum). sham 41 ra-ínu et ha’sridim shel beyt ha’knéset ha’bizánti me’ha’me-ah 4211 ha’revi-it, she’bo hetif yéshu. akhar kakh himshákhnu darómah 328
l’khamat gader, v’hitrakhátsnu ba’ma-ayanot ha’khamim.
ha’isre-elim do-agim: miflas ha’máyim ba’kinéret yored kol shanah. ha’be-ayah kamuvan, hi she’b’israel lo yored maspik géshem. ba’dérekh khazarah ha’báytah, bikárti gam b’natséret. pagáshnu notsrim she’natnu lánu l’hikanes li’knesiyat ha’bsorah, lamrot she’kvar hayah sagur l’hafsakat tsohoráyim.
yesh od harbeh mah li’r-ot. ani me-od mekaveh la’khzor yom ekhad itkhem v’la’asot tiyul yoter arokh v’az le’vaker gam bi’tvéryah.
drishat shalom l’kulam, neshikot, piter
Unit 11
Dialogue 1
piter: matay nagí-a? maya: lefi ha’tnu-ah, ani khoshévet she’nagí-a lifney ha’tsohoráyim. piter: me-od kham ha’yom, ani mamash lo yakhol le’khakot ad she’nitrakhets b’yam ha’mélakh. maya: shakhákhta she’b’yam ha’mélakh i esfshar mamash liskhot? zeh lo na-im kshe’mélakh nikhnas la’eynáyim. khuts mi’zeh, biglal ha’minerálim she’ba’yam, zeh ktsat kmo l’hitrakhets b’shémen malú-akh… piter: ani batú-akh she’zot khavayah. ani rotseh tmunah kshe’ani tsaf v’kore iton ba’máyim. akhéret lo ya-amínu li ba’báyit. maya: ani mavtikhah she’atsalem otkha. (After a break) oy, va-avoy!, yesh lánu be-ayah! piter: mah karah? lamah atsart? maya: ani khoshévet she’gam la’rékhev yoter miday kham. ani matsi-ah she’lo namshikh lifney she’nevakesh ezrah. ani etstarekh le’talfen. piter: tov she’yesh lanu telefon nayad, ani met li’shtot. eyfoh ha’máyim she’hevénu? (Peter starts looking for the water on the back seat.) maya: lo ta-amin piter, gam ha’télefon mekulkal. 329
1111 piter: eyn lánu mazal ha’yom. mah ha’sha-ah? ulay b’khol zot 2 namshikh, anákhnu kim-at sham. 3 4 5 Dialogue 2 6 7 maya: az mah akhshav? 8 piter: tagidi: “amárti lekha” va’ani argish ashem. 9 maya: zeh b’séder, gam ani ashemah. ulay tistakel ba’manó-a? 10 piter: ani lo mevin davar bi’mkhoniyot. hey, tir-i! sham al yad 11 ha’kvasim omed ro-eh bedu-i v’– éyzeh nes! – medaber 12 b’telefon nayad. ulay hu ya-azor lanu? 13 maya: ken, taruts maher lifney she’hu boré-akh. 14 15 (Peter runs over to the Bedouin while Maya watches his 16 excited waving of hands from the car. Eventually Peter 17 returns to the car with a friendly looking man – and the 18 mobile phone.) 19 20 piter: hineh, tetsaltseli l’mishéhu le’vakesh ezrah. 21 maya: hakhi tov she’etkasher l’moshe ba’musakh v’nishma 22 mah hu yatsí-a. 23 24 (Maya explains the situation to Moshe.) 25 26 maya: takshiv, hu yagid lanu b’diyuk mah la-asot. o key! al 27 tiftakh et mikhseh ha’manó-a. tekhakeh ad 28 she’ha’rékhev yitkarer ktsat, v’az tivdok im yesh máyim 29 ba’radi-átor. 30 31 (After waiting, Peter opens the bonnet.) 32 33 piter: eyfoh b’diyuk ha’radi-átor? 34 ha’bedu-i: tekhef ani ar-eh lekha. 35 maya: yofi, todah. halo moshe, matsánu et ha’radi-átor, zeh 36 ha’meykhal im ha’mikhseh, nakhon? zeh reyk! piter, 37 temale et zeh b’vakashah b’máyim aval bi’zhirut, ki zeh 38 kham. 39 piter: éyzeh mazal she’hevéti bakbuk máyim gadol. zehu. 40 ha’radi-átor male v’lamadti mashéhu khadash. 41 4211 330
Dialogue 3
karyan: takhazit mézeg ha’avir la’yamim ha’krovim: ha’sharav yimashekh b’rov azorey ha’árets. likrat sof ha’shavú-a tsfuyah yeridah ba’temperatúrot. ha’temperatúrot l’makhar….b’eyzor yam ha’mélakh beyn esrim v’shalosh ma-álot tsélsius ba’laylah ad shloshim v’khamesh ma- alot ba’yom. maya: kmo she’khashávti. makhar yihyeh od yoter kham. ha’khom poh oleh al ha’atsabim. lo péle she’ha’isre-elim nos-im kmo meshuga-im. piter: tov she’yesh lakh mizug avir ba’oto. maya: ken, hayu lanu hamon te-unot drakhim az ha’yom yesh khok: kol rékhev khayav b’mizug avir. piter: ha’nehagim mitnahagim yoter yafeh ba’khóref? maya: halevay! ba’khóref gam tsarikh li’nsó-a bi’zhirut ki yesh sakanot akherot. l’mashal poh ba’négev yesh lif-amim shitfonot kshe’yordim gshamim kvedim. piter: l’fakhot lo yored lakhem géshem kol ha’zman kmo etsléynu.
Unit 12
Dialogue 1
akhot: adoni, atah lo ro-eh et ha’shélet? eyn knisah li’klavim! kholeh: mah at rotsah she’ani e-eseh im ha’kélev? misken! tir-i eyzeh kélev naki. tni li l’hash-ir oto poh. hu lo ohev li’hiyot levado ba’báyit. akhot: ani mitsta-éret adoni, tafsik le’vakesh, zeh lo ya-azor lekha. ba’pa-am ha’ba-ah, mtsa la’kélev baybi siter. v’akhshav kshor oto b’vakashah ba’khuts. kholeh: eyn lakh régesh l’khayot? kham ba’khuts! akhot: tagid la’kélev shelkha she’yeshev ba’tsel! (To Peter) piter grin? male b’vakashah et ha’tófes lifney she’atah nikhnas la’rofe.
(Peter goes in to see the doctor.) 331
1111 piter: doktor, ani b’emet lo margish tov. yesh li ke-ev rosh 2 me’etmol ba’érev, ko-évet li ha’béten v’yesh li bkhilah. 3 rofe: bo aleh al ha’mitah v’evdok otkha, lamrot she’ani 4 khoshev she’efshar le’nakhesh mah karah lekha. bilita et 5 kol ha’yom ba’shémesh etmol? 6 piter: davkah lo. omnam hitrakhátsti b’yam ha’mélakh aval 7 zeh hayah akharey ha’tsohoráyim kshe’ha’shémesh 8 pakhot khazakah. 9 rofe: atah lo ragil la’khom v’ha’she-elah hi im gam shatíta 10 maspik. 11 piter: ekh yadáta? nakhon, bi’mkom li’shtot et ha’mayim, 12 samti otam ba’radi-átor shel ha’óto…. 13 14 15 Dialogue 2 16 17 piter: mi zeh? maya? efshar l’hikanes. 18 maya: hay, ekh atah margish? al tazuz me’ha’mitah, ani eshev 19 al ha’kiseh l’yadkha. mah ha’rofe amar? 20 piter: hu amar she’ani ekhyeh v’im gam ezkor lishtot maspik, 21 az zeh lo yikreh li shuv. 22 maya: hayíti tsrikhah li’shmor alékha. lo nizhárti maspik. 23 akharey ha’kol, atah lo ragil la’káyits ha’isre-eli. 24 piter: al tid-agi, ani b’emet b’séder. ani gam lo mitkaven 25 l’hisha-er ba’mitah kol ha’yom. al tishkekhi she’od lo 26 nifgáshti im mar blum me’ha’mif-al v’hu mekhakeh lanu 27 b’árba. 28 maya: atah khoshev she’zot khutspah le’vakesh miménu 29 she’yavo l’hipagesh itkha ba’malon? 30 piter: b’hekhlet! u’v’khol mikreh, bishvili yihiyeh yoter tov 31 la’lékhet elav ki ani gam rotseh lir-ot et ha’mif-al. 32 maya: ani ro-ah she’atah lo mevater b’kalut. hakhlamah 33 mehirah! 34 piter: todah, az l’hitra-ot b’shalosh va’khétsi. 35 36 37 Dialogue 3 38 39 maya: lámah rak b’shalosh va’khétsi. atah lo ra-ev? 40 piter: eyn li te-avon ha’yom. ani rak tsame. 41 maya: ani asaper lekha bdikhah, ulay zeh ya-aseh lekha 4211 te-avon. 332
mishpakhah yoshévet b’mis-adah. ha’meltsar magish la’ishah tsalákhat marak. ha’ishah mistakélet el ha’ba-al v’hu kor-e la’meltsar: ha’bá-al: ishti mevakéshet she’tit-am me’ha’marak. meltsar: mah pit-om? ha’bá-al: tit-am v’tir-eh. meltsar: mah lo b’séder im ha’marak? hu malú-akh miday, lo maspik kham? ha’bá-al: lo khashuv mah lo b’séder, hi mevakéshet she’tit-am. meltsar: mah atah rotseh miméni? yesh zvuv ba’marak o mah? ha’bá-al: al tish-al she-elot, tit-am v’tir-eh b’atsmekha. meltsar: aval zeh lo mekubal adoni; lamah she’lo tagid li mah lo b’séder im ha’marak? ha’bá-al: mah zeh meshaneh? tit-am kvar. meltsar: tov, im ha’gvéret mit-akéshet…o key. eyfoh ha’kaf? ha’bá-al v’ha’ishah yakhad: ah, hah!……
Unit 13
Dialogue 1
piter: zeh séfer kaved. ulay ekhzor makhar? ba-al he’khanut: lo, adoni, mah pit-om! ani yehudi dati, etsli sagur b’shabat. atah lo mi’poh, nakhon? piter: nakhon. ani me’ángliyah. ba-al he’khanut: etslakhem lo ovdim b’yom rishon, nakhon? piter: lo b’khol makom. pá-am zeh hayah kákhah. aval ha’yom rov ha’anashim lo shomrim al yom menukhah kavú-a v’efshar li’mtso khanuyot ptukhot kol ha’zman. ba-al he’khanut: etslénu nahug akhéret. ha’muslemim shomrim al yom ha’shishi k’yom menukhah. ha’notsrim kamuvan mevakrim ba’knesiyah b’yom rishon. u’v’shabat lo timtsa harbeh mekomot ptukhim. poh garim harbeh ma-aminim. zot ir kdoshah l’fakhot l’kol ha’datot ha’monote-ístiyot, kmo ha’yahadut, ha’natsrut v’ha’islam. piter: b’emet samti lev she’ro-im anshey dat shonim ba’rkhovot; kulam levushim b’shakhor v’lavan. 333
1111 ba-al he’khanut: ken, anshey dat b’dérekh klal mitlabshim 2 bi’tsniyut. aval l’fi da-atkha, efshar la’khshov al 3 yerushaláyim b’shakhor v’lavan? 4 piter: l’mah atah mitkaven? 5 ba-al he’khanut: pashut ha’históriyah shel yerushaláyim mar-ah 6 she’anashim ba-aley emunot shonot ro-im et 7 ha’ir ha’kdoshah lahem, b’or shoneh. 8 piter: ani ro-eh et yerushaláyim k’ir shel zahav kmo 9 ba’shir shel na-omi shémer: “ yerushaláyim shel 10 zahav v’shel nekhóshet v’ shel or…” 11 12 13 Dialogue 2 14 15 ayelet: maya? éyzo hafta-ah! mah at osah poh? 16 maya: ayélet! éyzeh yófi! mi’zman lo ra-íti otakh! at nir-et 17 nehedar! piter, zot ayélet, khaverah tovah sheli 18 me’ha’univérsitah. (To Ayelet) piter gam itonay, 19 anákhnu mistovevim ba-árets v’ani mekavah she’hu 20 mitrashem l’tovah. 21 ayélet: na-im me-od. mah tikhtov aléynu, piter? 22 piter: et ha’emet kamuvan! 23 ayélet: bli safek! maya, ha’im at od ovédet b’ “ma-ariv”? 24 maya: lo, hekhláfti avodah, ani b’ “kol yisra-el”. v’mah itakh? 25 at bétakh ba’dérekh li’hyot rosh ha’memshalah hakhi 26 tse-irah ba’mizrakh ha’tikhon. 27 ayélet: titpal-i, ulay tit-akhzevi, aval kvar nishbar li 28 me’ha’polítikah. ani psikhológit b’makhléket ha’yladim 29 b’hadasah. 30 maya: ani lo me-ukhzévet, ani davkah ma-arikha otakh, gam 31 kákhah at yekholah le’hatsil et ha’olam. 32 ayelet: ve’at, at merutsah me’ha’avodah? mah im ha’ide-álim 33 shelakh? azavt et ha’kibuts l’gámrey? 34 maya: lo, ani adáyin khaverat kibuts, u’bi’khlal mi omer 35 she’l’itona-im eyn ide-álim? 36 37 38 39 40 41 4211 334
Reading comprehension
yerushalayim
a. migdal david: lifney shlóshet alafim shanah david ha’mélekh asah et yerushaláyim l’merkaz le-umi v’dati shel am isra-el. ha’yom, ha’migdal hu muze-on she’masbir et ha’históryah shel yerushaláyim dérekh tkufot ha’shilton ha’shonot.
b. ha’knéset: ha’parlament shel medinat isra-el. b’isra-el yesh me- ah v’esrim khavrey knéset, yehudim, arvim, u’druzim.
c. ha’kótel ha’ma-aravi: nimtsa al har ha’moriyah she’nikra b’isra-el - har ha’báyit. ha’yehudim ma-aminim she’sham avraham amad l’hakriv et yitskhak. sham banah ha’mélekh shlomo et beyt ha’mikdash ha’rishon, v’ha’mélekh hordus et beyt ha’mikdash ha’sheni, mi’zeh nish-ar ha’yom rak ha’kótel (ha’kir) ha’ma-aravi.
d. yad v’shem: ha’muze-on l’zékher ha’sho-ah. ba’makom nimtsa gam ha’arkhiyon le’mekhkar v’tiyud. v’gam sderat ha’etsim l’zékher khasidey umot ha’olam. ha’shem ba mi’yishayah nun”vav, khamesh.
e. misgad kipat ha’séla: zeh ha’misgad im kipat ha’zahav ha’mefursémet she’ro-im tamid ba’tmunot shel yerushaláyim. makom kadosh l’muslemim, gam hu nimtsa al har ha’báyit. ha’misgad ha’khashuv ha’sheni nikra misgad el-áksa.
f. viyah doloróza: ha’dérekh ha’akhronah she’bah yéshu halakh im ha’tslav. ba’dérekh hu atsar pe-amim mispar.
g. knesiyat ha’kéver ha’kadosh: ota banah ha’keysar konstantin ba’tkufah ha’bizántit. ha’notsrim ma-aminim she’hu banah et ha’kensiyah ba’makom bo yéshu nitslav. 335
1111 Unit 14 2 3 4 Dialogue 1 5 6 im atah metsaltsel b’késher la’moda-ah ba’iton, hakesh akhat. 7 le’tashlum kheshbon dérekh ha’télefon, hakesh shtáyim. 8 im ishtekha barkhah me’ha’báyit, hakesh shalosh. 9 im atah rotseh le’daber im ha’bos, atah tsarikh kodem li’mtso oto. 10 hu mevukash al yedey ha’mishtarah. 11 im eyn lekha mah l’hagid, hakesh arba. 12 im atah b’khol zot rotseh l’hash-ir hoda-ah, hakesh khamesh. 13 o im atah rotseh l’hikanes hakesh ba’delet. 14 15 16 Dialogue 2 17 18 merkaziyah: modi-in shalom – ba’meh efshar la-azor lekha? 19 piter: ani tsarikh et mispar ha’télefon shel sherutey el al 20 b’vakashah. 21 merkaziyah: atah tsarikh mo-ed hamra-ah o nekhitah? 22 piter: lo, ani rotseh li’shló-akh et ha’mit-an lifney ha’tisah. 23 merkaziyah: atah tsarikh le’tsaltsel l’sherut trom tisah. ha’mispar 24 éfes shalosh, shesh me-ot khamishim v’khamesh, 25 arba shalosh shtáyim akhat. 26 piter: todah rabah, shalom. 27 28 (Peter finally gets the right number, but has to wait 29 when he hears…) 30 31 sherut el al shalom – kol ha’amadot tfusot, nah 32 hamten v’te-aneh l’fi ha’tor. 33 34 (At last he’s through.) 35 36 piter: ani rotseh li’shló-akh et ha’mit-an makhar, le-an ani 37 tsarikh l’havi oto? 38 pkidah: matay ha’tisah shelkha? 39 piter: mokhrotáyim, me-od mukdam ba’bóker. 40 pkidah: metsuyan, im ta-aseh tshek-in yom kódem, tukhal 41 li’shon ad yoter me-ukhar ba’bóker. 4211 piter: zeh ha’ra-ayon. 336
pkidah: ha’któvet hi rekhov ben-yehudah esrim v’khamesh, patu-akh beyn ha’sha-ot…
Reading comprehension
Important people anashim khashuvim
nehag: aval kvodo, zeh bilti efshari. ha’nesi-a lokákhat l’fakhot khatsi sha-ah. im esa maher miday ha’mishtarah ta-atsor oti v’yikkhu li et ha’rishayon. ha’apifyor: ani mukhrakh l’hagí-a maher. eyn brerah, ten li et ha’maftekhot b’vakashah, ani enhag b’atsmi. nehag: ekh she’atah rotseh.
(The Pope sits at the wheel, steps on the accelera- tor, and drives at 150 km per hour. It’s not long before a policeman stops him. The policeman takes a look at the driver and calls his boss.)
shoter alef: yesh li poh nehag she’avar al ha’mehirut ha’mutéret. hu nasa me-ah v’khamishim kilométer l’sha-ah – mah la-asot? shoter bet: mah zot oméret? mah she’tsarikh la-asot: la’tet lo knas, li’vdok im hu shatah, la’atsor oto. taluy… shoter alef: zeh lo kol kakh pashut, hu ish me-od khashuv. shoter bet: kámah khashuv? mah hu sar ba’memshalah? shoter alef: lo, yoter khashuv. shoter bet: mah, hu ha’ramatkal, ha’nasi? shoter alef: lo, od yoter khashuv. shoter bet: mah atah medaber shtuyot, mi khashuv yoter me’ha’nasi? rosh ha’memshalah? shoter alef: lo, harbeh yoter khashuv. shoter bet: nu kvar, az mi zeh? shoter alef: ani lo yodé-a, aval ha’apifyor hu ha’nehag shelo. 1111 Appendix II 2 3 4 5 6 Quick Grammar 7 8 9 Reference 10 11 12 Sentence structure 13 14 15 16 The noun sentence 17 18 I am Peter Green ani piter grin ‚¯ÈÔ ÙÈ˯ ‡È 19 The literal translation of the Hebrew would be ‘I Peter Green’. 20 Hebrew implies, rather than expresses, the verb ‘to be’ in the 21 present tense. 22 23 24 Questions 25 26 Questions keep the word order of statements but the intonation 27 changes as the pitch rises towards the end of the sentence: Are 28 you Peter Green?atah piter grin ‚¯ÈÔ? ÙÈ˯ ‡˙‰ 29 30 Questions can be introduced with ha’im ‰‡Ì (which is not 31 translated): 32 33 Are you Peter Green? ha’im atah piter grin 34 ‚¯ÈÔ? ÙÈ˯ ‡˙‰ ‰‡Ì 35 36 Or with common question words: 37 who? mi ÓÈ? 38 what? mah Ó‰? 39 where? eyfoh ‡ÈÙ‰? ; from where? me-ayin Ó‡ÈÔ? 40 to where? le-an χÔ? 41 when? matay Ó˙È? 4211 338
why? lámah ÏÓ‰? how? ekh ‡ÈÍ? how much? kamah ÎÓ‰? which/what? eyzeh/eyzo ‡Èʉ/‡ÈÊ«?
Negation
In order to negate a statement or question insert lo χ in front of the word you are negating. Note that in Hebrew χ means both ‘no’ and ‘not’: Are you a professor? No, I’m not a professor. atah profésor? lo, ani lo profesor ‡˙‰ Ù¯«ÙÒ«¯? χ, ‡È χ Ù¯«ÙÒ«¯ χ ‡È χ, Ù¯«ÙÒ«¯? ‡˙‰
Words such as:
‘never’ af pá-am ÙÚÌ ‡Û ‘no-one’ af ekhad ‡Á„ ‡Û ‘nothing’ ÎÏ»Ì / shum dabar „·¯ ÷»Ì do not replace χ but appear (not strictly correctly) in colloquial Hebrew as additional negatives: I said nothing lo amarti klum ÎÏ»Ì ‡Ó¯˙È Ï‡ She ate nothing hi lo akhlah shum davar ‰È‡ χ ‡Îω ÷»Ì „·¯ ÷»Ì ‡Îω χ ‰È‡
Parts of speech
Articles
Hebrew has no indefinite article (‘a’ or ‘an’) but it does have a definite article. ‘The’ ha ‰ attaches itself to the noun as a prefix: girlfriend khaverah Á·¯‰ the girlfriend ha’khaverah ‰Á·¯‰ 339
1111 Proper names, as in English, are by nature definite and are 2 therefore never preceded by ‘the’ ha ‰ . 3 4 Nouns 5 6 Hebrew nouns have two genders, masculine and feminine. 7 (There is no neuter, so Hebrew never refers to anything as ‘it’.) 8 Most feminine nouns in the singular end with either an ‘ah’ 9 sound or ‘et’ or ‘it’ - their final letters being or ˙‰ . 10 11 A male friend is khaver Á·¯ and a female friend khaverah 12 Á·¯‰ . 13 A male journalist is itonay ÚÈ˙«‡È and a female journalist 14 itona-it ÚÈ˙«‡È˙ . 15 16 NB Countries and cities are always feminine, as are the words for 17 ‘country’ érets ‡¯ı and ‘city’ ir Úȯ . 18 19 Plurals are generally formed with the ending -im -ÈÌ for 20 masculine nouns and -ot -«˙ for feminine nouns: 21 22 friend(s) m./f. khaver/khaverim khaverah/khaverot 23 Á·¯«˙ Á·¯ÈÌ/Á·¯‰, Á·¯, 24 journalist(s) m./f. intonay/itona-im itona-it/itonayot 25 ÚÈ˙«‡È˙/ÚÈ˙«‡È«˙ ÚÈ˙«‡È/ÚÈ˙«‡ÈÌ 26 27 There are some exceptions: egg betysah ·Èˆ‰ is feminine; its 28 plural is beytsim ·ÈˆÈÌ . 29 30 Some nouns take the plural ending ‘-áyim’ -ÈÈÌ . This often 31 implies a pair. 32 33 Example: 34 eyes eynáyim ÚÈÈÈÌ , a fortnight shvu-áyim ÷·»ÚÈÈÌ 35 36 But not always: water is máyim ÓÈÌ . 37 38 Personal pronouns 39 40 Hebrew makes a gender distinction in the second and third 41 persons. When referring to a mixed group of people, the mascu- 4211 line form is used. 340
I (m.f.) ani ‡È you (m. sing.) atah ‡˙‰ you (f. sing.) at ‡˙ he hu ‰»‡ she hi ‰È‡ we (m.f.) anákhnu ‡Á» you (m.f.pl.) atem(n) ‡˙Ì)Ô( they (m.f.pl.) hem(n) ‰Ì)Ô(
Personal pronouns are often used for clarification in noun sentences (see above), where the verb ‘to be’ is implied: This train is the fastest in the country ha’rakevet ha’zot hi hakhi mehirah ba’arets ‰ÎÈ Ó‰È¯‰ ·‡¯ı ·‡¯ı Ӊȯ‰ ‰ÎÈ ‰È‡ ‰Ê‡˙ ‰¯Î·˙
Relative pronouns
The relative pronouns ‘who/whom’, ‘which/that’ are expressed by the prefix she’ ÷… , or (less frequently) by the word asher ‡÷¯ : The book that you gave me is interesting ha’sefer she’natata (asher natata) li me-anyen ‰ÒÙ¯ ÷˙˙ )‡÷¯ ˙˙( ÏÈ, ÓÚÈÈÔ ÏÈ, ˙˙( )‡÷¯ ÷˙˙ ‰ÒÙ¯
English can omit the relative pronoun: ‘the book you gave me…’ - Hebrew must use ÷… or ‡÷¯ .
Demonstratives
Pronouns: This is a bus (m.) zeh otobus ‡«Ë«·»Ò ʉ This is a station (f.) zot takhanah ˙Á‰ ʇ˙ 341
1111 Note the gender distinction for ‘this’ in the singular, but the 2 plural has only one form: 3 These are tomatoes éleh agvaniyot Ú‚·È«˙ ‡Ï‰ 4 5 These are cucumbers éleh melafefonim ÓÏÙÙ«ÈÌ ‡Ï‰ 6 7 But ‘that one’/’those’ distinguishes between gender and number: 8 9 ha’hu/ha’hi ‰‰»‡/‰‰È‡ ha’hem/ha’hen ‰‰Ì/‰‰Ô 10 I would like these but not those ani rotseh et éleh aval lo 11 ha’hem(m.)/ha’hen(f.) ‰‰Ì/‰‰Ô χ ‡·Ï ‡Ï‰ ‡˙ ¯«ˆ‰ ‡È 12 13 Demonstrative adjectives with the definite article: 14 15 ‘this’ man ha’ish ha’zeh ‰Ê‰ ‡È÷ ‰ 16 17 ‘this’ woman ha’ishah ha’zot ‰Ê‡˙ ‡È÷‰ ‰ 18 19 ‘that’ man ha’ish ha’hu ‰‰»‡ ‡È÷ ‰ 20 ‘that’ woman ha’ishah ha’hi ‰‰È‡ ‡È÷‰ ‰ 21 22 ‘these’ boys and girls * ‰‡Ï‰ ‰ÈÏ„«˙ ÈÏ„ÈÌ ‰ 23 24 ha’yeladim v’ha’yladot ha-éleh 25 26 those boys and girls …ha-hem ‰‰Ì ‰ÈÏ„«˙ ÈÏ„ÈÌ ‰ 27 those girls …ha-hen ‰‰Ô ÈÏ„«˙ ‰ 28 29 *You may sometimes hear the more formal ha’élu ‰‡ÈÏ» for the 30 masculine plural: ‰‡ÈÏ» ‰ÈÏ„ÈÌ 31 32 33 Adjectives 34 35 In Hebrew an adjective follows the noun it describes and agrees 36 with it in gender and number. It has four forms; masculine, 37 feminine, singular and plural. The two most common feminine 38 endings are -ah ‰ and -it È˙ . 39 The plural endings are the same as for nouns, -im -ÈÌ for the 40 masculine and -ot -«˙ for the feminine. 41 4211 a good evening érev tov Ë«· Ú¯· 342
a good address któvet tovah Ë«·‰ Î˙«·˙ good films sratim tovim Ë«·ÈÌ Ò¯ËÈÌ
If a noun is definite, its qualifying adjective must also be definite and must be prefixed with ‘ha’ ‰ : kosher restaurants mis-adot ksherot Î÷¯«˙ ÓÒÚ„«˙ the kosher restaurants ha’mis-adot ha’ksherot ‰ÓÒÚ„Â˙ ‰Î÷¯Â˙ ‰ÓÒÚ„Â˙
Note that without the ‰ in front of the adjective, the phrase will mean something else with the verb ‘to be’ implied (see noun sentence above): The restaurant is kosher ha’mis-adah ksherah Î÷¯‰ ‰ÓÒÚ„‰
Many adjectives can be followed by li, lekha ÏÍ… ÏÈ, (to me, to you…) to express a feeling or state of being: It’s hard for me kasheh li ÏÈ ˜÷‰ Is he cold? kar lo Ï«? ˜¯
Adverbs
Adverbs describe ‘the manner in which’. The masculine singular of many adjectives can be used as adverbs: He works hard hu oved kasheh ˜÷‰ Ú«·„ ‰»‡ Another way of forming adverbs is to add the preposition ‘in/with’ · to the relevant noun: He drives fast hu nose-a bi’mhirut ·Ó‰È¯»˙ «ÒÚ ‰»‡
Some common adverbs of time and place:
now akhshav ÚÎ÷È once pá-am ÙÚÌ later akhar kakh ÎÍ ‡Á¯ then az ‡Ê before lifney ÏÙÈ once again shuv pá-am ÙÚÌ ÷»· after akharey ‡Á¯È yesterday etmol ‡˙Ó«Ï again shuv ÷»· tomorrow makhar ÓÁ¯ here poh Ù‰ there sham ÷Ì 343
1111 direction (ending in ‘ah’ ‰ - similar to ‘-wards’): 2 3 home(wards) ha’báytah ‰·È˙‰ 4 to the left/right smólah/yemínah ◊Ӈω/ÈÓȉ 5 upwards l’málah ÏÓÚω / downwards l’mátah ÏÓˉ 6 7 forwards kadímah ˜„ÈÓ‰ / backwards akhórah ‡Á«¯‰ 8 9 quantity 10 11 less pakhot ÙÁ«˙ 12 more yoter È«˙¯ 13 enough maspik ÓÒÙȘ 14 almost kim-at ÎÓÚË 15 a little ktsat ˜ˆ˙ 16 few me-at ÓÚË 17 18 some kamah ÎÓ‰ 19 many, much harbeh, hamon ‰¯·‰,‰Ó«Ô 20 21 22 Numbers (cardinal) 23 24 Numbers in Hebrew have masculine and feminine forms. When 25 counting, giving a telephone number, a bus or street number, or 26 telling the time, the feminine form is used. 27 28 Feminine Masculine 29 0 éfes ‡ÙÒ éfes ‡ÙÒ 30 1 akhat ‡Á˙ ekhad ‡Á„ 31 2* shtáyim ÷˙ÈÈÌ shnáyim ÷ÈÈÌ 32 3 shalosh ÷Ï«÷ shloshah ÷Ï«÷‰ 33 4 arba‡¯√Ú arba-ah ‡¯·Ú‰ 34 5 khamesh ÁÓ÷ khamishah ÁÓÈ÷‰ 35 6 shesh ÷÷ shishah ÷È÷‰ 36 7 shéva÷·Ú shiv-ah ÷·Ú‰ 37 8 shmóneh ÷Ó«‰ shmonah ÷Ó«‰ 38 9 tésha ˙÷Ú tish-ah ˙÷Ú‰ 39 10 éserÚ◊¯ asarah Ú◊¯‰ 40 41 *shtey(f.) ÷˙È and shney(m.) ÷È are used when accompanied 4211 by nouns. 344
Example: 2 books shney sfarim ÒÙ¯ÈÌ ÷È .
For numbers over 10 see pp. 108–10. For ordinal numbers see p. 124.
Conjunctions
Conjunctions join statements together to make single sentences. In Hebrew ‘and’ v’ Â… is not a separate word as it is in English, but always appears as a prefix: Boris and Sonya Âҫȉ ·«¯ÈÒ .
she’ ÷… – ‘that’ – also always appears as a prefix: I think that you’re right ani khoshev she’atah tsodek ‡È Á«÷· ÷‡˙‰ ˆ«„˜ ÷‡˙‰ Á«÷· ‡È
Other common conjunctions:
but aval ‡·Ï because ki/mipney she’… ÷… ÎÈ/ÓÙÈ when kshe’…/ka-asher Î÷…/·÷¯ before lifney she’… ÷… ÏÙÈ after akharey she’… ÷… ‡Á¯È even though lamrot she’… ÷… ÏÓ¯«˙
Prepositions
Inseparable prepositions In Hebrew the prepositions ‘in/on’ b’ , ‘to/for’ l’ Ï√ and ‘from’ mi’ Ó are single letters attached to the word they precede. These are known as ‘inseparable prepositions’ (indicated by an apostrophe in our transliteration):
in Tel Aviv b’tel-aviv ‡·È· ·˙Ï for a month l’khódesh ÏÁ«„÷ from when? mi’matay ÓÓ˙È? 345
1111 When b’ and l’ ·,Ï are attached to definite nouns, ‘the’ ‰ is 2 dropped and ·,Ï are pronounced ba and la: 3 4 in an office b’misrad √Ó◊¯„ in the office ba’misrad √Ó◊¯„ 5 6 (Our third inseparable proposition mi Ó does not contract when 7 combined with ha ‰ : from the office me’ha’misrad Ó‰Ó◊¯„ .) 8 9 Proper names, being definite, do not take ‘the’ ‰ . The preposi- 10 tions do not change either. In Netanya is b’netanya √˙ȉ . 11 12 Prepositions with endings 13 Prepositions are often used with pronouns: with me, for you, on 14 it, about them. When this happens in Hebrew, the preposition 15 takes a pronoun ending. See the separate listing on pp. 348–9 for 16 prepositions with pronoun endings covered in this course. 17 18 19 The particle et ‡˙ 20 21 A direct object answers the question ‘what’ or ‘whom’ of a 22 sentence. 23 24 Direct objects are indefinite (a waiter, a letter) or definite (the 25 waiter). In Hebrew, a definite direct object must always be 26 preceded by the particle et ‡˙ . The particle ‡˙ is never 27 translated, it is simply a marker signalling the definite direct 28 object: 29 I see a waiter ani ro-eh meltsar Óψ¯ ¯«‡‰ ‡È 30 31 I see the waiter ani ro-eh et ha’meltsar Óψ¯ ‰ ‡˙ ¯«‡‰ ‡È 32 I see Avital ani ro-eh et avital ‡·ÈËÏ ‡˙ ¯«‡‰ ‡È 33 34 When a pronoun is a direct object, the particle ‡˙ is used with 35 pronoun endings: 36 37 38 39 40 41 4211 346
˙ ˙‰‡‰‡‡Á»‡ÌÔ ‰Ì)Ô( ‡˙Ì)Ô( ‡Á» ‰È‡ ‰»‡ ‡˙ ‡˙‰ ‡È «È‡˙ «Í‡˙ «‰‡˙»‡Î)(‡«˙Ì)Ô( ‡˙ÎÌ)Ô( ‡«˙» ‡«˙‰ ‡«˙« ‡«˙Í ‡«˙Í ‡«˙È
otam(n) etkhem(n) otánu otah oto otakh otkha oti them you us her him you (f.) you (m.) me (m./f.) (m./f.pl.)
Examples: She wants to meet them hi rotsah li’fgosh otam ‡«˙Ì ÏÙ‚«÷ ¯«ˆ‰ ‰È‡ He took the apple and ate it hu lakakh et ha’tapúakh ‡«˙« ‡ÎÏ ‰˙Ù»Á ‡˙ ϘÁ ‰»‡ v’akhal oto
Verbs
For conjugations, see the separate verb glossary on pp. 350–70.
For use of tenses and of verb groups (binyanim), consult the index. Appendix III 348 È È È͇ ȇ È ÈÎ)(‡ÈÌ)Ô( ‡Á¯È‰Ì)Ô( ‡ÈÎÌ)Ô( ‡ÏȉÌ)Ô( ·‰Ì)Ô( ‡Á¯ÈÎÌ)Ô( ‡ÏÈÎÌ)Ô( ‡È» ·ÎÌ)Ô( ‡Á¯È» ‡ˆÏÌ)Ô( ‡ÏÈ» ‡«˙Ì)Ô( ‡ˆÏÎÌ)Ô( ‡È‰ ‡Á¯È‰ ‡˙ÎÌ)Ô( ·» ‡Ïȉ ‡ˆÏÈ» ‡Á¯È ‡È ‡«˙» ·‰ ‡ÏÈ ‡ˆÏ‰ λÏÌ)Ô( ‡Á¯ÈÍ ·ÚˆÓÌ/Ô ‡«˙‰ ‡ÈÍ Î»ÏÎÌ)Ô( ·ÚˆÓÎÌ/Ô ‡ˆÏ« ‡ÏÈÍ ‡Á¯ÈÍ ·« ÎÓ«‰Ì)Ô( ‡«˙« ‡ÈÍ Î»Ï» ·ÚˆÓ» ·÷·ÈÏÌ)Ô( ÎÓ«ÎÌ)Ô( ‡ˆÏÍ ‡ÏÈÍ ‡Á¯È ·÷·ÈÏÎÌ)Ô( ·Í ‡«˙Í ‡ÈÈ ·ÚˆÓ‰ λω ÎÓ«» ‡ˆÏÍ ·÷·ÈÏ» ‡Á¯È ‡ÏÈ ‡«˙Í ·ÚˆÓ« ·÷·Èω ·Í ‡ÈÔ Î»Ï« ÎÓ«‰ ‡ˆÏÈ ·ÚˆÓÍ ‡Ï ·÷·ÈÏ« ‡«˙È ÎÓ«‰» λÏÍ ·È ‡ˆÏ ·ÚˆÓÍ ·÷·ÈÏÍ ‡˙ ÎÓ«Í Î»ÏÍ ·÷·ÈÏÍ ·ÚˆÓÈ · ·÷·ÈÏÈ ÎÓ«Í ·ÚˆÌ λÏÈ ·÷·ÈÏ ÎÓ«È ÎÏ ÎÓ« _ in for like after all of by, at “itself” (it) is not to, towards preposition ˙ ˙‰‡‰‡‡Á»‡ÌÔ ‰Ì)Ô( ‡˙Ì)Ô( ‡Á» ‰È‡ ‰»‡ ‡˙ ‡˙‰ ‡È bishvilénu bishvilah bishvilo bishvilekh bishvilkha bishvili ) khem/n etsléynu etsla etslo etslekh etslekha etsli a m/n etsl a otam/n etkhem/n otánu otah oto otakh otkha oti kulam/n kulkhem/n kulánu kulah kulo kulekh kulkha kuly etsl eynam/n eynkhem/n eynénu eynah eyno eynekh eynkha eynéni bahem/n bakhem/n bánu bah bo bakh bekha bi elehem/n elekhem/n elénu eléhah elav eláyikh elékha elay kmohem/n kmokhem/n kamónu kamóha kamóhu kamokh kamókha kamóny bishvilam/n bishvilkhem/n b’atsmam/n b’atsmekhem/n b’atsménu b’atsmah b’atsmo b’atsmekh b’atsmekha b’atsmi akhreyhem/n akhreykhem/n akharéynu akharéha akharav akharáyikh akharékha akharay Prepositions chart 349 ÈÏ Í «Ï Î)(ωÌ)Ô( ÏÎÌ)Ô( Ï» Ï·„Ì)Ô( ÏÈ„Ì)Ô( Ï·„ÎÌ)Ô( ω ÏÈ„ÎÌ)Ô( ÏÙȉÌ)Ô( Ï·„» Ó‰Ì)Ô( ÏÈ„» Ï« ÏÙÈÎÌ)Ô( ÓÎÌ)Ô( Ï·„‰ ÏÈ„‰ ÏÙÈ» ÏÍ ÚÏȉÌ)Ô( ÓÓ» Ï·„« ӈȄÌ)Ô( ÚÏÈÎÌ)Ô( ÏÙȉ ÏÈ„« ӈȄÎÌ)Ô( ÷ωÌ)Ô( ÏÍ ÓÓ‰ ‡È˙Ì)Ô( Ï·„Í ÚÏÈ» ÏÙÈ ӈȄ» ÷ÏÎÌ)Ô( ‡È˙ÎÌ)Ô( ÏÈ„Í ÓÓ» Ï·„Í ÏÈ ÏÙÈÍ ÓˆÈ„‰ ÚÏȉ ‡È˙» ÷Ï» ÏÈ„Í ÓÓÍ Ï·„È ÓˆÈ„« ÏÙÈÍ ‡È˙‰ ÚÏÈÂ Ï ÷ω ÏÈ„È ÓÓÍ ÓˆÈ„Í Ï·„ ÏÙÈ ‡È˙« ÚÏÈÍ ÷Ï« ÏÈ„ ÓˆÈ„Í ÓÓÈ ‡È˙Í ÏÙÈ ÚÏÈÍ ÷ÏÍ ÓˆÈ„È ‡È˙Í ÓÔ ÚÏÈ ÷ÏÍ Óˆ„ ‡È˙È ÚÏ ˘ÏÈ ÚÌ ˘Ï
1111 of with
2 from to, for on the part of next to
3 front of on/about 4 before/in
5 on one’s own 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
34 n miménu miménah miménu mimekh mimkha miméni 35 / 36 37 38 39 40 itam/n itkhem/n itánu itah ito itakh itkha iti
41 lahem/n lakhem/n lánu lah lo lakh lekha li alehem/n alekhem/n aléynu aléha alav aláyikh alékha alay mehem/n mikem levadam/n levadkhem/n levadénu levadah levado levadekh levadkha levadi leyadam/n leyadkhem/n leyadénu leyadah leyado leyadekh leyadkha leyadi mitsidam/n mitsdikhem/n mitsidénu mitsidah mitsido mitsidekh mitsidkha mitsidi 4211 shelahem/n shelakhem/n shelánu shelah shelo shelakh shelkha sheli lifneyhem/n lifneykhem/n lefanéynu lefanéhah lefanav lefanáyikh lefanékha lefanay 350
Verb Glossary
Introduction
Hebrew verbs are classified into groups called binyanim ·ÈÈÈÌ and subgroups or gzarot ‚ʯ«˙ . Most verbs have a three-letter root, just like the word for verb po-al, which contains three letters Ù≠Ú≠Ï : There are seven binyanim of which five have been taught in this course. We have called them Groups 1–5. The logic behind these groupings, semantic as well as grammatical, is explained in the text as they are introduced. The gizrah to which a verb belongs is determined by the type of letter and its position within the root. The purpose of this subgroup is to identify the changes in conjugation patterns that occur due to what are known as ‘problem letters’: ¯ Ú È Á  ‰ ‡ . In this course we have noted the gizrah subgrouping – to highlight changes in the usual pattern – by referring to first, middle and last root letters: e.g. verbs with first letter Ú as in ˜≠Â≠Ì Â Ú≠·≠¯ Ú≠·≠¯ or middle letter  as in ˜≠Â≠Ì . However, you are likely to come across the traditional classification in some dictio- naries and in further study, so it is important to understand how this classification works. It has been customary to classify verbs using the letters Ù≠Ú≠Ï Ù≠Ú≠Ï to stand for each letter of the root. If the first letter of the root, i.e. theÙ of the Ù≠Ú≠Ï is, say, Ú Ú , we refer to this group as gizrat Ù"Ú . The verb Ú≠·≠¯ would be classified as belonging to binyan pa-al () ÙÚÏ gizrat Ù"Ú . Similarly, if the last letter of the root, i.e. the Ï of the Ù≠Ú≠Ï Ù≠Ú≠Ï is‰ , we refer to this group as Ï"‰ . Take the verb Á≠Î≠‰ : its classification is binyan pi-el () ÙÈÚÏ – gizrat Ï"‰ .
Conjugation in the glossary is given in the third person singular; tenses in order of past, present, future and command. We have also included the direct object marker ‡˙ where applicable and the common prepositions used with the verb. 351 -- ÙÏω·‡ ‰ «·È‰ ‡‰«· ȇ‰· ‡«‰· ‡‰· _ ‡˙ χ‰«· ‡˙ ω‡ÎÈÏ ÙÚÏ ‰ÙÚÈÏ ‡-‰-· ‡-Î-Ï -- ÙÏ ÏÎχ˙ Ï‡Î«Ï ÙÚÏ ‡-Î-Ï «÷ ·ÈÈÔ ÷«¯÷ -- Ú Ï‰‡ ÙÚÏ ‡-Î-Ï -- ÙÈ ‰ÓԷχ»‰‰ÓÔ ‡È ÈÓÔ‰‡ÓÔ È‡ÓÈÔ Ó‡ÓÈÔ ‰‡ÓÈÔ ‡Ó»‰ ·/Ï ‡˙ ω‡ÓÈÔ Ï‡Ò«Û ‰ÙÚÈÏ ÙÚÏ ‡-Ó-Ô ‡-Ò-Û 1111 · ‡˙ Ï·„«˜ ÙÚÏ ·-„-˜ 2 Root 3 to eat inspect to love to feed to check, 4 to gather to believe consumed
5 to be eaten, 6
7 ˘Ì
8 binyan 9 10 11 Õ ¬Ï È˙ Á ̉ÚÏ Ú¯‰‰ÚÈ ˆÈÂ»È Ú˙È„ ‰Â‰ Ú·¯ ‰Ùڻω ÷Ì ÈÁÒ ÓÈÏ˙ ‰¬ÚÏ 12 _ È„È ÚÏ ÎÏ 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 à ⁄ ⁄ ‰ ÎÏ ‡Ï «ÏÈÎ ‡Î«Ï ȇÎÏ ‡«ÎÏ ‡ÎÏ ‡ÎÈω 20 ‡ œ ȉ·˜·„ ·« ·„«˜ È·„«˜ ·«„˜ ·„˜ „Ș‰ ⁄ ‡ Õ Ò fi Ï ‰ÎÏÓÎÏÈÎω‡ÎÏ È‡ÎÈÏ Ó‡ÎÈÏ ‰‡ÎÈÏ Îω fi 21 ‡Ò«Û È‡Ò«Û ‡«ÒÛ ‡ÒÛ Ù‰ 22 23 24 Œ 25 ÈÈ ‡ÎÏ ‡ÎÏ 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 ‰ËÈȉ 33 34 à ‡
35 Õ ÎÏ Conjugation Verbal Noun Common Infinitive 36
37 ye-akhel ne-ekhal ne-ekhal l’he-akhel 38 39 _ 40 esof ye-esof osef asaf asefah le’esof ehov yohav ohev ahav le’ehov bdok yivdok bodek badak bdikah li’vdok 41 ekhol yokhal okhel akhal akhilah le’ekhol ha-amen ya-amin ma-amin he-emin _ l’ha’amin ha-akhel ya-akhil ma-akhil he-ekhil ha-akhalah l’ha-akhil
4211 command future present past preposition 352 -- ÙÏÏȉ ȉ» ‰ ·ÏÈ·Ï ‰È·‰Ï ·«‡ ‰·‡ ÈÈ·‰Ï È·«‡ ȷȇ ·‰Ï ·Á¯ ӷȇ ·‡ ·‰Ï È·Á¯ ‰·Ô ‰È·‰Ï»˙ ‰·È‡ ‰˙·ÈÈ÷ ·‡ ·«Á¯ È˙·ÈÈ÷ ‰·‡‰ ‰·ËÁ È·ÈÔ Ó ·Ï‰ ·È‡‰ ·Ï·Ï Ó˙·ÈÈ÷ ·Á¯ È·ËÈÁ ·‰ ωȷ‰Ï Ó·ÈÔ ‡˙ È·Ï√Ï ‰˙·ÈÈ÷ ȷω ‡Ï/Ï ·Áȯ‰ ‰˙·ÈÈ÷»˙ Ó·ËÈÁ ω·È‡ È·‰ ÙÚÏ ‰·ÈÔ Ó·Ï√Ï Ó·Ï‰ Ï·«‡ ‰·ËÈÁ ·˜¯ ‰ÙÚÈÏ ·/Ó ·-‰-Ï ‡˙ ·«‰ ‰·‰ √Ï√Ï ‰·ËÁ‰ ·Èω ω˙·ÈÈ÷ È·˜¯ ÙÚÏ ·-Â-‡ Ï·Á«¯ √Ï·»Ï ‡˙/Ï ·‰ ‰˙ÙÚÏ ‡˙ ·ÈÏ»È Ó·˜¯ ·-Â-‡ ω·ËÈÁ ÙÚÏ ·-Â-÷ ‡˙ ·Èȉ ω·ÈÔ √Ș¯ · ‰ÙÚÈÏ ·-Á-¯ Ï·Ï·Ï ‰ÙÚÈÏ √Ș»¯ ‡˙ ·-Ë-Á Ï·Ï«˙ ·-È-Ô ÙÈÚÏ ‡˙/· Ï·«˙ ÙÈÚÏ ·-Ï-·-Ï Ï·˜¯ ÙÚÏ ·-Ï-‰ ÙÈÚÏ ·--‰ ·-˜-¯ to be to visit to build to bring to come to have a to choose good time to confuse to promise frightened by to understand be ashamed of bo yavo ba ba bi'ah la'vo bneh yivneh boneh banah bniyah li'vnot baleh yevaleh mevaleh bilah biluy le'valot baker yevaker mevaker biker bikur le’vaker haven yavin mevin hevin havanah l'havin haveh yavi mevi hevi hava-ah l'havi bkhar yivkhar bokher bakhar bkhirah li'vkhor balbel yevalbel mevalbel bilbel bilbul le'valbel hibahel yibahel nivhal nivhal hibahalut l'hibahel havtakh yavti-akh mavti-akh hivti-akh havtakhah l'havti-akh hitbayesh yitbayesh mitbayesh hitbayesh hitbayshut l'hitbayesh 353
-- ÙÏϯÁÓϷȉ·Á·¯ ·Á·¯Á ·˜÷ È·¯Á ·÷Ï È·˜÷ ‚»¯ ·«¯Á È·÷Ï Ó·˜÷ È‚»¯ – Ó·÷Ï ·¯Á √Ș÷ √Ș»÷/·˜÷‰ È˙·÷Ï ‚Ó«¯ ·¯ÈÁ‰ √È÷Ï ‚¯ ‚„Ï ‰˙·÷Ï ‡˙/Ó √È÷»Ï È‚Ó«¯ „‡‚ Ó/Ï Ó˙·÷Ï ‚„Ï ‚¯ Ï·˜÷ ‚«Ó¯ È„‡‚ ‰˙·÷Ï»˙ ‡˙ „·¯ Ï·¯«Á ‚„Èω 1111 ÙÈÚÏ _ Ï·÷Ï „«‡‚ ‚Ó¯ ÚÏ/· È„√¯ ÙÚÏ ·-˜-÷ ω˙·÷Ï · ‚Óȯ‰ ÙÈÚÏ „‡‚ Ó„√¯ ·-¯-Á · ‰˙ÙÚÏ Ï‚„«Ï ·-÷-Ï „‡‚‰ ‡˙ „È√¯ Ï‚»¯ ·-÷-Ï ÙÚÏ Ï‚Ó«¯ „È√»¯ Ï ÙÚÏ ‚-„-Ï ‡Ï/Ï ÙÚÏ Ï„‡«‚ ‚-Â-¯ ‚-Ó-¯ Ï„√¯ ÙÚÏ ÙÈÚÏ „-‡-‚ „-·-¯ 2
3 to live to cook to grow to finish 4 to worry to request
5 to run away to be cooked 6 to speak, talk 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 œ 35 ‚„Ï È‚„Ï 36
37 yitbashel hitbashel mitbashel hitbashlut l’hitbashel 38 39
40 gur yagur gar gar la’gur gdal yigdal gadel gadal gdilah li’gdol gmor yigmor gomer gamar gmirah li’gmor de-ag yid-ag do-eg da-ag de-agah li’d-og daber yedaber medaber diber dibur le’daber brakh yivrakh bore-akh barakh brikhah li’vro-akh
41 bashel yevashel mevashel bishel bishul le’vashel bakesh yevakesh mevakesh bikesh bikush/bakashah le’vakesh 4211 354 -- ÙÏÏ» ÊÊ ÊÊ ÊÊÊ»Ê ÈÊ»Ê ÊÊ ÊÊ ˙ʻʉ _ ÏÊ»Ê ÏÊÎ ÙÚÏ ÙÚÏ Ê-»-Ê Ê-Î-¯ -- ÙÏϯÍÚ ¯Î ¯ «Íȯ̈́¯«Í ‰„Ϙ È„¯«Í È„ÏȘ „«¯Í ÏÍ È Ó„ÏȘ ‰Ù«Í ‰„ÏȘ „¯Í ‰Â‰ ÈÏÍ È‰Ù«Í ‰„Ϙ‰ „¯ÈΉ ÂÂ˙¯ ‰«ÏÍ ‰È‰ ‰«ÙÍ ‡˙ ÈÂÂ˙¯ ÚÏ ‰ÂÂȉ ‰ÏÍ Ï‰„ÏȘ ‰ÙÍ ÓÂÂ˙¯ ‰ÏÈΉ Ï„¯«Í ‰ÙÚÈÏ _ ‰ÙÈΉ ÂÈ˙¯ ‡Ï/Ï ÙÚÏ „-Ï-˜ ωȫ˙ ‡˙ ÂÈ˙»¯ ÏÏÎ˙ „-¯-Í ÙÚÏ Ï‰Ù«Í ÚÏ/Ï ÙÚÏ ‰-È-‰ ÙÚÏ ÏÂÂ˙¯ ‰-Ï-Í ‰-Ù-Í ÙÈÚÏ Â-˙-¯ Ê-‰-¯ to be to go
to turn to light to move to beware to give up to remember to step, tread ÙÏÏȉ ȉ» ‰ ʯÈʯ‰Èʉ¯ ÈÈʉ¯ ʉ¯ ʉ¯ ‰Èʉ¯»˙ Ó Ï‰Èʉ¯ ÙÚÏ ∆ ¯‡ ÊÎÈ ‡˙ «¯ fi ‰Ê¯Ê«Î¯ Êί ¯‰ œ ÈÊÎ œ ȉ‰È‰ ‰Èȉ ∆ ¯ÊΫ¯ «¯ zuz yazuz zaz zaz tzuzah la’zuz lekh yelekh holekh halakh halikhah la’lékhet vater yevater mevater viter vitur le’vater heyeh yihyeh _ hayah havayah li’hyot zkhor yizkor zokher zakhar zkhirah li’zkor drokh yidrokh dorekh darakh drikhah li’drokh hadlek yadlik madlik hidlik hadlakah l’hadlik hafokh yahafokh hofekh hafakh hafikhah la’hafokh hizaher yizaher nizhar nizhar hizaharut l’hizaher 355
1111 --- ÙÚ ÊÊ Ï» ÏÏÓÏÏ ÊÊ ÊÏÊÏ ÈÊÏÊÏ ÓÊÏÊÏ ÊÏÊÏ ÁÊ«¯ ÁÈȉ ÊÏÊ»Ï ÈÁÊ«¯ ÈÁȉ Á«Ê¯ · ÁÈ Áʯ ÏÊÏÊÏ ÁÈ Áʯ‰ ÙÈÚÏ Ê-Ï-Ê-Ï _ ‡Ï/Ï Ê-Ó-Ô ÏÁÊ«¯ _ ÙÚÏ ÏÁÈ«˙ Á-„-÷ Á-Ê-¯ ÙÚÏ Á-È-‚ Á-È-‰ Á-Î-‰ Á-Ï-Ë Á-Ï-Û Á-Ù-◊ 2
to live to dial
3 to wait to order to return to search to decide 4 disparage to belittle,
5 to ex/change ÈÏÏÎ˙Ï È‰ÓÎ Á‰ÁΉ ÈÁΉ ÓÁΉ ‰ÁÏË ÁÙ◊ ‰ÁÏÛ ÁÈΉ ÈÁÏÈË ÈÁÙ◊ ÈÁÏÈÛ ÓÁÏÈË _ ÓÁÙ◊ ÓÁÏÈÛ ‰ÁÏÈË ‰ÁÏÈÛ ÁÈÙ◊ ‰ÁÏˉ Ï ‰ÁÏÙ‰ ÁÈÙ»◊ ÏÁΫ˙ ÚÏ ‡˙ ωÁÏÈË ‡˙ ÙÈÚÏ Ï‰ÁÏÈÛ ‰ÙÚÈÏ ÏÁÙ◊ ‰ÙÚÈÏ ÙÈÚÏ ÙÈ ‰ÓÔ‡ Ê ÊÈ ÊÈ ÊÈ ‰ÊÓÔ ÈÊÓÈÔ ÓÊÓÈÔ ÁÈÈ‚ ‰˙Á„÷ ‰ÊÓÈÔ ÈÁÈÈ‚ È˙Á„÷ ‰ÊÓ‰ Ó˙Á„÷ ÓÁÈÈ‚ 6 ‰˙Á„÷ ‡˙ ÁÈÈ‚ ‰˙Á„÷»˙ ωÊÓÈÔ ÁÈ»‚ _ ‰ÙÚÈÏ Ï‰˙Á„÷ Ï ‰˙ÙÚÏ ÏÁÈÈ‚ ÙÈÚÏ to renew oneself 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 zalzel yezalzel mezalzel zilzel zilzul le’zalzel
41 khapes yekhapes mekhapes khipes khipus le’khapes khayeg yekhayeg mekhayeg khiyeg khiyug le’khayeg khazor yakhazor khozer khazar khazarah la’khazor khayeh yikhyeh khay khay li’khyot hakhlet yakhlit makhlit hekhlit hakhlatah l’hakhlit khakeh yekhakeh mekhakeh khikah le’khakot hakhlef yakhlif makhlif hekhlif hakhlafah l’hakhlif 4211 hazmen yazmin mazmin hizmin hazmanah l’hazmin hitkhadesh yitkhadesh mitkhadesh hitkhadesh hitkhadshut l’hitkhadesh 356 -- ÙÚ ËÈ ·Ë» ÈÏÓÈÏÈÈÏËÈÈÏ ÈËÈÈÏ ËÏÙÔ ËÚÌ ÓËÈÈÏ ÈËÏÙÔ ËÙÏ ÈËÚÌ ÓËÏÙÔ „Ú ËÈÈÏ ÈËÙÏ _ Ë«ÚÌ ËÈÏÙÔ ÓËÙÏ È„Ú ËÈ»Ï È»ÎÏ ˆ‡ ËÚÌ ËÈÙÏ È«„Ú _ ÈÎ«Ï · ËÚÈÓ‰ Ȉ‡ ËÈÙ»Ï ‡Ï/Ï Á-ˆ-‰ È„Ú ÏËÈÈÏ ÈÎÏ ‡˙ È«ˆ‡ Á-÷-· ÏËÏÙÔ È„ÈÚ‰ · ÙÈÚÏ ÈΫÏ˙ ÏËÚ«Ì Èˆ‡ ÙÈÚÏ Ë-È-Ï ÏËÙÏ ‡˙ ÙÚÏ _ Ȉȇ‰ Ë-Ï-Ù-Ô ÙÈÚÏ Ï„Ú˙ Ë-Ú-Ì Ï/Ó _ Ë-Ù-Ï ÙÚÏ Ïˆ‡˙ ÙÚÏ È-„-Ú ÙÚÏ È-Î-Ï È-ˆ-‡ ÙÚÏ to tour to taste to think to know to telephone Ú Ïˆ˙‡ ˆ‰Á‰ «‰Èˆ Áˆ‰ ÈÁˆ‰ Á«ˆ‰ Áˆ‰ ÁˆÈ‰ ‡˙ ÏÁˆ«˙ ÙÚÏ to take care of to cross (road) to go out, leave can, to be able Á« ÏÁȉ ÷ «·È÷·Á÷«· ÈÁ÷«· Á«÷· Á÷· Á÷È·‰ ÚÏ ÏÁ÷«· yukhal yakhol yakhal yekhólet da yeda yodé-a yada yedi-ah la’dá-at tse yetse yotse yatsa yetsi-ah la’tset tayel yetayel metayel tiyel tiyul le’tayel tapel yetapel metapel tipel tipul le’tapel te-am yit-am to-em ta-am te-imah li’t-om talpen yetalpen metalpen tilpen le’talpen khatseh yekhetseh khotseh khatsah khatsayah la’khatsot khashov yakhashov khoshev khashav khashivah la’khshov 357 -- ˙Ú Ï˙ÂÔ ˙» ‰Î Ó˙ÎÂÂÔ ‰˙ÎÂÂÔ ‰˙λ˙ Ï Ï‰˙ÎÂÂÔ ‰˙ÙÚÏ Î-Â-Ô -- Ú ¯˙_ÈȉȄȯ ¯ ¯„ ÷· ȯ„ ÷Ô È÷· È«¯„ ÈÈ÷Ô È«÷· ȯ„ ‰˙ÈÈ÷· _ È÷Ô È÷· È˙ÈÈ÷· ȯȄ‰ È·· Ó˙ÈÈ÷· È˘È·‰ È÷Ô _ Ϋ‡· ‰˙ÈÈ÷· ÷ȉ ‰˙ÈÈ÷·»˙ · ϯ„˙ ·· Ï÷·˙ _ · ÙÚÏ Î‡· ω˙ÈÈ÷· ÙÚÏ ÏÈ÷«Ô È-¯-„ ‰˙ÙÚÏ _ È-÷-· ÙÚÏ È-÷-· Ï·«· È-÷-Ô Ï‰ÎÈÔ ÙÚÏ ‰ÙÚÈÏ Î-‡-· Î-Â-Ô -- ÙÈ Ï«È ‡/ «‡ «È «È «È ‰« È«ˆÈ‡ Ó«ˆÈ‡ ‰«ˆÈ‡ ‰«ˆ‡‰ ‡˙/Ó Ï‰«ˆÈ‡ Ï 1111 ‰ÙÚÈÏ ‰ÙÚÈÏ È-ˆ-‡ È-ˆ-Ú 2
3 to sit to hurt to sleep to settle
4 (intrans.) to suggest to prepare to descend 5 to take out 6 to mean, intend 7 8 9 10 à 11 ‰ˆÈ
12 à ˙Ï‰Ú ˆÚÓÈ ˆÚ‰ˆÚ ȈÈÚ ÓˆÈÚ ‰ˆÈÚ ‰ˆÚ‰ ‡˙/Ï Ú 13 ‡˙ 14 15 16 17 18 19 ⁄ 20 ‰ fi Î fi 21 ÈÎÈÔ ÓÎÈÔ ‰ÎÈÔ ‰ 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 œ 35 ‰˙ÎÂÂÔ È˙ÎÂÂÔ 36
37 yikh-av ko-ev ka-av ke-ev li’kh-ov 38 fi 39 ‰ Õ ÎÔ Õ ˆ‡
40 red yered yored yarad yeridah la’rédet shev yeshev yoshev yashav yeshivah la’shévet shan yishan yashen yashan shenah li’shon hotse yotsi motsi hotsi hotsa-ah l’hotsi 41 hatsa yatsí-a matsí-a hitsí-a hatsa-ah l’hatsí-a hakhen yakhin mekhin hekhin hakhanah l’hakhin hitkaven yitkaven mitkaven hitkaven hitkavnut l’hitkaven
4211 hityashev yityashev mityashev hityashev hityashvut l’hityashev 358 -- ÙÏÏÁ ˙ÏȉÏÁϘ ˜ ˜Á ȘÁ Ï«Ó„ Ó‰¯ Ï«˜Á ÈÓ‰¯ ÏÓ„ ϘÁ ÓÓ‰¯ ÏÓÈ„‰ ϘÈÁ‰ ӫί Óȉ¯ ‡˙ ‡˙ Óί ÏÏÓ«„ _ ϘÁ˙ ÓÎȯ‰ ÙÚÏ ‡Ï/Ï ‡˙/Ï ÙÚÏ Ï-Ó-„ ÏÓ‰¯ Ï-˜-Á ÏÓΫ¯ ÙÈÚÏ ÙÚÏ Ó-‰-¯ Ó-Î-¯ -- ÙÏÏ ÙÚÏ Î--Ò -- ‰ÙÏÏ˙· ˙·» ‰Ï÷ ˙· ÈÏ÷ ‰˙Ï·÷ È˙Ï√÷ Ó˙Ï·÷ ‰˙Ï·÷ ‰˙Ï·÷»˙ _ ω˙Ï·÷ ÏÏ·«÷ ‰˙ÙÚÏ ÙÚÏ Ï-·-÷ Ï-·-÷ -- ÙÏÏ˙·ÏÚ ˙· ˙ Ϋ˙· Î˙· Î˙È·‰ Ï/ÚÏ ÏÎ˙«· ÙÚÏ Î-˙-· -- ˙Ú ‰‡Ê ˙η˙‰‡Ê ˙Î·È‡Ê ‰˙‡ÎÊ· È˙‡ÎÊ· Ó˙‡ÎÊ· ‰˙‡ÎÊ· ‰˙‡ÎÊ·»˙ Ó Ï‰˙‡ÎÊ· Ï ‰˙ÙÚÏ ‰ÙÚÈÏ Î-Ê-· Î--Ò to sell to take to wear to write to learn to enter to hurry to insert to dress oneself to be disappointed œ à ‰È ‰ Ÿ Î Ã ƒ œ È ‡˙ ÈÒ Õ ÒÏ Ò › ˙ÏȉÏ÷Ï· Ï÷Ï·÷ ÈÏ√÷ Ï«·÷ Ï·÷ Ï·È÷‰ ‡˙ œ à ‰È ‰ Ÿ Î fi » ÎÒÈÈ ÎÒ ÎÒ ƒÒ»˙ à fi ‰‰ÒÓÎÈÒ ‰ÎÈÒ Ò‰ œ œ à œ Ï„ÏÓ„ ÈÏÓ„ ÓΫ¯ ÈÓΫ¯ Ϋ Î˙«· ÈÎ˙«· ÈÎ Ã ƒ œ ÈÒ Õ Ò Ã Ã ‰ ƒ Õ Ò Ÿ Î Õ Ò ktov yikhtov kotev katav ktivah li’khtov kakh yikakh loké-ah lakakh lekikha la’kákhat kanes yikanes nikhnas nikhnas hikansut l’hikanes lemad yilmad lomed lamad lemidah li’lmod levash yilbash lovesh lavash levishah li’lbosh maher yemaher memaher miher le’maher mekhor yimkor mokher makhar mekhirah li’mkor hakhnes yakhnis makhnis hikhnis hakhnasah l’hakhnis hitlabesh yitlabesh mitlabesh hitlabesh hitlabshut l’hitlabesh hit-akhzev yit-akhzev mit-akhzev hit-akhzev hit-akhzevut l’hit-akhzev 359
1111 -- ‰ÙÏÏ˙‰ ˙‰» ‰‚ ˙‰ È‚‰˙‰‚ È˙‰‚ Ó˙‰‚ ‰˙‰‚ ‰˙‰‚»˙ ‰Ú‰ · ‡˙ ω˙‰‚ ωÈÚ ‰˙ÙÚÏ ‰ÙÚÈÏ -‰-‚ -»-Ú -- ÙÚ Ó‡‡ È» ȇÓÏ Ó‡Óχ ÈÓχ ‰‚„ ÓÓχ ‚Ô È‚È„ Ó«ˆ‡ ÓÈχ È‚Ô Óˆ‡ ÓÈÏ»È _ ‰‚Ú Ó‚Ô ÓˆÈ‡‰ ‡˙ È‚ÈÚ _ È‚Ô ‡˙ ÏÓχ Ó‚ÈÚ ‰‚„‰ ÏÓˆ«‡ È‚»Ô ‡˙/Ï/Ó ÙÈÚÏ ‰‚ÈÚ Ï‰Ó÷ÈÍ Ï ÙÚÏ Ó-Ï-‡ · ‰‚Ú‰ ‰ÙÚÈÏ Ó-ˆ-‡ ω‚È„ ‡Ï/Ï/Ó Ï‚Ô Ó-÷-Í ‰ÙÚÈÏ Ï‰‚ÈÚ ÙÈÚÏ -‚-„ Ï ‰ÙÚÈÏ -‚-Ô ‰ÙÚÈÏ -‚-Ú -‚-÷ -- ÙÚ ÷‡ È» Á ÷ÈÁ Á÷ 2 ÈÁ÷ ÓÁ÷ ÈÁ÷ ÈÁ»÷ ‡˙ ÏÁ÷ ÙÈÚÏ -Á-÷
3 to fill to tell to find to guess
4 to arrive to behave
5 to continue 6 to move, shake
7 to present, serve 8 9 to play an instrument 10 11 à ‰ œ 12 ‰‚÷‰ ‡˙ ‚È÷ 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 à ÓÎ ‰÷Í ÓÈ ÓÈ ‰Ó÷Í 21 ÈÓ÷ÈÍ ÓÓ÷ÈÍ ‰Ó÷ÈÍ ‰Ó÷Ή 22 23 24 Õ 25 œ ‰ ‰ œ œ ÈÚ 26 ‚È÷ 27 28 29 Ã Õ Ó 30 Ó œ œ ‚È÷ 31 ÈÚ 32 33 34 à œ Ã È ÈÈÚ Ó‡Óˆ‡ ÈÓˆ‡ œ 35 ‚È÷ 36 37 38 39 à fi ‰ ‰Ú Õ 40 ‚÷ hna yaní-a mení-a hení-a hana-ah l’haní-a male yemale memale mile miluy le’male haga yagí-a magí-a higí-a haga-ah l’hagí-a metsa yimtsa motse matsa metsi-ah li’mtso
41 hagednagen yagid yenagen menagen nigen nigun hagadah le’nagen l’hagid hagesh yagish magish higish hagashah l’hagish nakhesh yenakhesh menakhesh nikhesh nikhush le’nakhesh 4211 hitnaheg yitnaheg mitnaheg hitnaheg hitnahagut l’hitnaheg hamshekh yamshikh mamshikh himshikh hamshakha l’hamshikh 360 -- ÙÈ ‰È ˉ‰È ËÛÈÈ ‰ËÛ ÈËÈÛ ÓËÈÛ Ù«Ï ‰ËÈÛ ÈÙ«Ï «ÒÚ «ÚÏ ‰ËÙ‰ «ÙÏ ÒÚ ÚÏ Ï ÙÏ ÒÈÚ‰ ÚÈω ‡˙ ωËÈÛ ÙÈω ‡Ï/Ï Ï‰Îȯ ‡˙ ‰ÙÚÈÏ ÏÒ«Ú ‰ˆÏ‰ _ ‰ÙÚÈÏ ÏÚ«Ï -Ë-Û ÙÚÏ ‡˙ ÏÙ«Ï -Î-¯ ÙÚÏ -Ò-Ú Ï‰ˆÈÏ ÙÚÏ -Ú-Ï ‰ÙÚÈÏ -Ù-Ï -ˆ-Ï -- ÙÚ « ˙˜È˜ ‰È˜ ˜‰ ˙Ô È˜‰ È˙Ô Ó˜‰ «˙Ô È˜‰ ‰Ò˙«·· ˙Ô È˜»È ÈÒ˙«·· ˙ȉ ÓÒ˙«·· ‡˙ ‡˙/Ï ‰Ò˙«·· Ϙ«˙ ‰Ò˙«··»˙ Ï˙˙ ÙÈÚÏ · ÙÚÏ -˜-‰ ωÒ˙«·· * -˙-Ô ‰˙ÙÚÏ Ò-·-· to fall to give to save to clean to preach to go, travel wander about to turn around, to wear ( shoes) to know, recognise à ‰ fi ¯ ίÓÈ Î¯‰Î¯ ÈÎȯ ÓÎȯ ‰Îȯ ƒ¯‰ œ ˆÏÓÈ ˆÏ‰ ȈÈÏ ÓˆÈÏ ‰ˆÈÏ œ œ Ò ÒÚ ÈÒÚ ÏÚÏ ÈÚÏ Õ ˆÏ sa yisa nosé-a nasa nesi-ah li’nsó-a ten yiten noten natan netinah la’tet hatef yatif metif hetif hatafah l’hatif ne-al yin-al no-el na-al ne-ilah li’n-ol nefol yipol nofel nafal nefilah li’npol hatsel yatsil matsil hitsil hatsalah l’hatsil haker yakir makir hikir hakarah l’hakir nakeh yenakeh menakeh nikah nikuy le’nakot Irregular verb; for full conjugation, see p. 370. histovev yistovev mistovev histovev histovevut l’histovev * 361
1111 -- ÙÏÏ‚¯‡ ‚¯ ‚ «¯È‚¯Ò‚«¯ ‰Ò·¯ Ò„¯ ÈÒ‚«¯ Èҷȯ ÈÒ„¯ Ò«‚¯ Óҷȯ ÒÏÁ ÓÒ„¯ ‰Ò˙ÎÏ Ò‚¯ _ ‰Ò·È¯ ‰ÒÎÌ ÈÒÏÁ ÒÈ„¯ ÈÒ˙ÎÏ ‰Ò·¯‰ ҂ȯ‰ ÈÒÎÈÌ ÈÒÏÁ Ò«ÏÁ ÓÒ˙ÎÏ ÒÈ„»¯ ÓÒÎÈÌ ÒÙ¯ ‡˙/Ï ‰ÒÓ˜ ÒÏÁ ‡˙ ‰Ò˙ÎÏ ‰ÒÎÈÌ ÒÏÁ ωҷȯ Ú·«„ ÈÒÓȘ ‡˙ ÈÒÙ¯ ‰Ò˙ÎÏ»˙ ÒÏÁ ÏÒ‚«¯ ‰ÒÎÓ‰ ÒÏÈÁ‰ ‰ÙÚÈÏ ÓÒÓȘ ÈÚ·«„ ÏÒ„¯ ÓÒÙ¯ ·/ÚÏ ÙÚÏ _ Ò-·-¯ ‰ÒÓȘ Ï Ú«·„ ωÒ˙ÎÏ ÒÈÙ¯ Ï ÙÈÚÏ Ò-‚-¯ ‰ÒÓ˜‰ ωÒÎÈÌ ‰˙ÙÚÏ Ò-„-¯ ÏÒÏ«Á _ ÒÈÙ»¯ Ú·„ ‰ÙÚÈÏ Ò-Î-Ï Ï‰ÈÒÏÁ _ Ú·«„‰ ‡˙/Ï ÙÚÏ Ò-Î-Ì Ï‰ÒÓȘ ÙÚÏ Ò-Ï-Á ÏÒÙ¯ · ‰ÙÚÈÏ Ò-Ï-Á ÙÈÚÏ ÏÚ·«„ Ò-Ó-˜ Ò-Ù-¯ ÙÚÏ Ú-·-„ 2 3 to tell to look to close to work to blush 4 to agree to forgive 5 to explain
6 to be forgiven to put in order 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
37 yisalakh nislakh nislakh l’hisalakh 38 39 40 sgor yisgor soger sagar sgirah li’sgor avod ya-avod oved avad avodah la’avod sader yesader mesader sider sidur le’sader saper yesaper mesaper siper sipur le’saper 41 slakh yislakh solé-akh salakh slikhah li’slo-akh hasber yasbir masbir hisbir hasbarah l’hasbir haskem yaskim maskimhasmek hiskim haskamah yasmik masmik hismik hasmakah l’haskim l’hasmik 4211 histakel yistakel mistakel histakel histaklut l’histakel 362 -- ÙÏÏ·¯Ï‡ ·¯ · «¯È·¯Ú·«¯ ÈÚ·«¯ ‰Ú·¯ Ú«·¯ ‰Ú„Û ÚÊ«· ÚÊ«¯ Èڷȯ ÈÚ„ÈÛ Ú·¯ ÈÚÊ«· Óڷȯ ÈÚÊ«¯ ‰˙Ú«¯¯ Úω ÓÚ„ÈÛ Ú·È¯‰ ‰Ú·È¯ Ú«Ê· ÚÓ«„ È˙Ú«¯¯ ګʯ ‰Ú„ÈÛ ÈÚω Ï/‡Ï ‰Ú·¯‰ Ó˙Ú«¯¯ ÈÚÓ«„ ÚÊ· Úʯ ‰Ú„Ù‰ ‰˙Ú«¯¯ ګω Úˆ«¯ ÏÚ·«¯ ‡˙/Ï ‰˙Ú«¯¯»˙ Ú«Ó„ ÚÊÈ·‰ ‰˙ÚÈÈÔ Ï‰Ú·È¯ ‡˙ ÈÚˆ«¯ _ Úω ÙÚÏ ÚÓ„ È˙ÚÈÈÔ Ï‰Ú„ÈÛ ‡˙ · ‰ÙÚÈÏ Ú-·-¯ Ú«ˆ¯ ÚÏȉ ω˙Ú«¯¯ ÚÓÈ„‰ Ó˙ÚÈÈÔ Ï ‰ÙÚÈÏ ÏÚÊ«· Ú-·-¯ ‰˙ÙÚÏ ‰˙ÚÈÈÔ Úˆ¯ ‡Ï/Ï Ú-„-Û ÏÚÊ«¯ ‰˙ÚÈÈ»˙ _ ÙÚÏ Ú-»-¯ ڈȯ‰ ÏÚÏ«˙ ÙÚÏ ÏÚÓ«„ Ú-Ê-· · ‡˙/· ÙÚÏ Ú-Ê-¯ ω˙ÚÈÈÔ ÙÚÏ ÏÚˆ«¯ Ú-Ï-‰ ‰˙ÙÚÏ Ú-Ó-„ ÙÚÏ Ú--È-Ô Ú-ˆ-¯ to help to leave to stand to prefer to ascend to pass on to wake up to stop, arrest to be interested in to cross over, pass by aleh ya-aleh oleh alah aliyah la’alot avor ya-avor over avar averah la’avor azor ya-azor ozer azar la’azor azov ya-azov ozev azav azivah la’azov atsor ya-atsor otser atsar atsirah la’atsor amod ya-amod omed amad amidah la’amod ha-adef ya-adif ma-adif he-edif ha-adafah l’ha-adif ha-aver ya-avir ma-avir he-evir ha-avarah l’ha-avir hit-orer yit-orer mit-orer hit-orer hit-orerut l’hit-orer hit-anyen yit-anyen mit-anyen hit-anyen hit-anyenut l’hit-anyen 363
1111 -- ˙Ú ‰Ú÷_‰Ú÷˙ ˙˜ ÓÚ÷ ˙˜ ‰˙Ú˜÷ ‰Ú¯Í Ú◊‰ Ú÷Ô ‰˙Ú¯· È˙Ú˜÷ ÈÚ¯ÈÍ ÈÚ◊‰ Ó˙Ú˜÷ È˙Ú¯· ÈÚ÷Ô ÓÚ¯ÈÍ Ù‚«÷ ‰˙Ú˜÷ Ú«◊‰ Ó˙Ú¯· ‰˙Ú˜÷»˙ ÓÚ÷Ô ‰Ú¯ÈÍ ‰˙Ú¯· ÈÙ‚«÷ Ú◊‰ ‰Ù‚÷ ‰˙Ú¯·»˙ ÚÈ÷Ô ‰Ú¯Î‰ _ Ù«‚÷ Ú◊ȉ ÈÈÙ‚÷ Ù‰ ω˙Ú˜÷ ·/ÚÏ ÚÈ÷»Ô ÙËÙË _ Ù‚÷ ω˙Ú¯· Ù‚÷ ‰˙ÙÚÏ ‡˙ ÈÙËÙË ÈÙ‰ ωگÈÍ _ Ù‚È÷‰ ‰˙ÙÚÏ ˙˙Ùχ ÓÙËÙË Ú-˜-÷ ÏÚ◊«˙ Ù‚÷ Ù«‰ ‰ÙÚÈÏ È˙Ùχ Ú-¯-· ÏÚ÷Ô ÙÈËÙË ‰ÈÙ‚÷»˙ ‡˙ ÙÚÏ Ú-¯-Í Ó˙Ùχ ÙÈËÙ»Ë Ù‰ ÙÈÚÏ ÚÌ/· ÏÙ‚«÷ Ú-◊-‰ ‰˙Ùχ ÙÈȉ ‰˙Ùχ»˙ ωÈÙ‚÷ Ú-÷-Ô _ ÙÚÏ Ï/‡Ï ÏÙËÙË Ó/ÚÏ ÙÚÏ Ù-‚-÷ ω˙Ùχ ÏÙ«˙ Ù-‚-÷ ÙÈÚÏ ‰˙ÙÚÏ Ù-Ë-Ù-Ë ÙÚÏ Ù-Ï-‡ Ù--‰ 2 3 to turn to meet 4 to insist to smoke to chatter 5 to wonder to make, do 6 to appreciate to interfere, bet
7 to meet (intrans.) 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 aseh ye-aseh oseh asah asiyah la’asot pneh yifneh poneh panah pniyah li’fnot ashen ye-ashen me-ashen ishen ishun le’ashen pgosh yifgosh pogesh pagash pgisha li’fgosh titpale yitpale mitpale hitpale hitpalut l’hitpale 41 patpet yefatpet mefatpet pitpet pitput le’fatpet hit-arev yit-arev mit-arev hit-arev hit-arvut l’hit-arev hipagesh yipagesh nifgash nifgash hipagshut l’hipagesh ha-arekh ya-arikh ma-arikh he-erikh ha’arakha l’ha-arikh 4211 hit-akesh yit-akesh mit-akesh hit-akesh hit-akshut l’hit-akesh 364 -- ÙÏÏ˙Á‡ ˙Á ˙ «ÁÈ˙ Ù ‰ÙÒ˜ Ù˙«¯ ÈÙ˙Á _ ÈÙÒȘ ÈÙ˙«¯ ˆ»Û Ù«˙Á ÓÙÒȘ Ȉ„˜ Ù«˙¯ ˆÁ˜ Ȉ»Û ‰ÙÒȘ Ù˙Á ˆ«„˜ Ù˙¯ ˆÈȯ ‰ÙÒ˜‰ ȈÁ˜ Ù˙ÈÁ‰ ˆÛ ˆ„˜ Ù˙ȯ‰ ˆÏÌ ÈˆÈȯ ˆ«Á˜ ‡˙ ‡˙ ˆÛ ωÙÒȘ ÓˆÈȯ ȈÏÌ ‡˙ _ ˆÁ˜ ÏÙ˙«Á ˆÏˆÏ ‰ˆËÚ¯ ˆÈÙ‰ ‰ÙÚÈÏ ÏÙ˙«¯ ÓˆÏÌ ˆÈȯ ÈˆÏˆÏ _ ÙÚÏ ÈˆËÚ¯ _ Ù-Ò-˜ ·/ÚÏ ˆÈÏÌ ÙÚÏ ˆÈ»¯ ÓˆÏˆÏ Ù-˙-Á ψ„«˜ ÓˆËÚ¯ Ï/Ó Ïˆ»Û ˆÈÏ»Ì Ù-˙-¯ ‰ˆËÚ¯ ˆÏˆÏ ‡˙ ÙÚÏ ÏˆÁ«˜ ÙÚÏ ‡˙ ˆÏˆ»Ï ˆ-„-˜ ψÈȯ _ ÙÚÏ ˆ-»-Û ‡Ï/Ï/· ψÏÌ ÙÈÚÏ ˆ-Á-˜ ÚÏ ÏˆÏˆÏ ÙÈÚÏ ˆ-È-¯ ωˆËÚ¯ ˆ-Ï-Ì ÙÈÚÏ ‰˙ÙÚÏ ˆ-Ï-ˆ-Ï ˆ-Ú-¯ to ring to float to open to solve to laugh to be right to be sorry to draw, paint to photograph to stop, interrupt yitsdak tsodek tsadak li’tsdok à ˙Á tsuf yatsuf tsaf tsaf tsifah la’tsuf ptor yiftor poter patar ptirah li’ftor ptakh yiftakh poté-akh patakh ptikhah li’fto-akh tsayer yetsayer metsayer tsiyer tsiyur le’tsayer tsalem yetsalem metsalem tsilem tsilum le’tsalem hafsek yafsik mafsik hifsik hafsakah l’hafsik tsaltsel yetsaltsel metsaltsel tsiltsel tsiltsul le’tsaltsel tskhak yitskhak tsokhek tsakhak li’tskhok hitsta-er yitsta-er mitsta-er hitsta-er l’hitsta-er 365
ˆ-¯-Í ‰˙ÙÚÏ Ï‰ˆË¯Í Ï ‰ˆË¯Î»˙ ‰ˆË¯Í ˆ¯ÈÍ ÈˆË¯Í _ _ ˜·Ï ÈˆË¯Í È˜·Ï ˜Â‰ ˆ¯ÈÍ ˜»Ì Ó˜·Ï ‰ˆË¯Í Ș‰ ‰˙˜„Ì È˜»Ì ‰ˆË¯Î»˙ ˜È·Ï Ә‰ È˙˜„Ì ˜‰ ˜Ì ˜Ï˜Ï ˜È·»Ï Ó˙˜„Ì Ï ˜È‰ ˜¯‡ Ș‰ È˜Ï˜Ï Ï‰ˆË¯Í ‰˙˜„Ì _ ˜Ì ‡˙ ‰˙˜„Ó»˙ Ș¯‡ 1111 Ó˜Ï˜Ï _ ˜«‰ ‰˙ÙÚÏ È˜¯‰ ˜ÈÓ‰ Ϙ·Ï ‡Ï/Ï ˜«¯‡ ˜Ï˜Ï ˆ-¯-Í ‰˙˜¯· ˜‰ ˜«¯‰ Ï Ï‰˙˜„Ì ˜Ï˜»Ï ÙÈÚÏ Ó È˙˜¯· ˜¯‡ ˜Èȉ Ϙ«˙ ‰˙ÙÚÏ ˜¯‰ ˜-·-Ï Ó˙˜¯· ˜¯È‡‰ Ϙ»Ì ‡˙ ˜-„-Ì ‡˙ ÙÈÚÏ ‰˙˜¯· Ï˜Ï˜Ï ‡˙/Ï _ ÙÚÏ ‰˙˜¯·»˙ Ϙ«˙ ˜-Â-‰ Ϙ¯‡ ÙÈÚÏ ˜-Â-Ì ‡Ï/Ï _ ÙÚÏ ˜-Ï-˜-Ï Ï‰˙˜¯· ÙÚÏ Ï˜¯«˙ ˜--‰ ‰˙ÙÚÏ ˜-¯-‡ ÙÚÏ ˜-¯-· ˜-¯-‰ 2 to buy to spoil to hope
3 advance to get up to receive
4 to have to, to call, read
5 be in need of to go forward, 6 7 8 to happen (3rd person)
9 to approach, come closer 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
36 yikreh koreh karah li’krot
37 yitstarekh tsarikh hitstarekh hitstarkhut l’hitstarekh 38 39 kra yikra kore kara kri-ah li’kro
kum yakum kam kam kimah la’kum 40 kneh yikneh koneh kanah kniyah li’knot kabel yekabel mekabel kibel kibul le’kabel kaveh yekaveh mekaveh kivah le’kavot kalkel yekalkel mekalkel kilkel kilkul le’kalkel
41 hitkarev yitkarev mitkarev hitkarev hitkarvut l’hitkarev 4211 hitkadem yitkadem mitkadem hitkadem hitkadmut l’hitkadem 366 -- ˙Ú ‰˜¯_‰˜¯˙‰˜¯Ó˜¯È˜¯‰˙˜¯¯ ‰˜÷· È˙˜¯¯ ˜˘«¯ Ș÷È· Ó˙˜¯¯ ˜÷˜÷ Ș÷«¯ Ó˜÷È· Ș÷˜÷ ‰˙˜¯¯ ˜÷¯ ˜«÷¯ Ó˜÷˜÷ ‰˙˜¯¯»˙ ‰˜÷È· ¯‡‰ ‰˙˜÷¯ ‰˜÷·‰ ÈȘ÷¯ ˜÷˜÷ ˜÷¯ È˙˜÷¯ ‰¯‡‰ ȯ‡‰ _ ˜÷˜»÷ ˜÷¯ ˜÷ȯ‰ Ó˙˜÷¯ ω˙˜¯¯ Ï È¯‡‰ ¯«‡‰ ‰˙˜÷¯ ˜÷¯ ω˜˘È· · ‰˙ÙÚÏ ‡˙ ‰¯‚÷ ‰˙˜÷¯»˙ ‰˙¯‡‰ Ó¯‡‰ ‰È˜÷¯»˙ ¯‡‰ Ϙ÷˜÷ ‰ÙÚÈÏ ˜-¯-¯ Ϙ÷«¯ ȯ‚È÷ È˙¯‡‰ ‡Ï/Ï ‰¯‡‰ ¯‡Èȉ ˜-÷-· Ï/· ÙÈÚÏ Ó˙¯‡‰ ω˙˜÷¯ Ó¯‚È÷ ÙÚÏ ˜-÷-˜-÷ ωȘ÷¯ ‰˙¯‡‰ _ ‡˙ ‰˙ÙÚÏ ˜-÷-¯ ‰¯‚È÷ ‰˙¯‡»˙ ÙÚÏ Ï¯‡«˙ ˜-÷-¯ ‰¯‚÷‰ ‡˙ ˜-÷-¯ · ω¯‡«˙ ÙÚÏ ‡˙ ω˙¯‡«˙ ‰ÙÚÈÏ ¯-‡-‰ ω¯‚È÷ ‰˙ÙÚÏ ¯-‡-‰ ‰ÙÚÈÏ ¯-‡-‰ ¯-‚-˘ to tie to see to feel to show to listen to be tied to scribble to see each other to call, get in touch to cool down, catch a cold re-eh yir-eh ro-eh ra-ah re-iyah li’r-ot kshor yikshor kosher kashar kshirah li’kshor har-eh yar-eh mar-eh her-ah l’har-ot kasher yikasher nikshar nikshar hikashrut l’hikasher hitra-eh yitra-eh mitra-eh hitra-ah hitra-ut l’hitra-ot hargesh yargish margish hirgish hargashah l’hargish hitkarer yitkarer mitkarer hitkarer hitkarerut l’hitkarer hakshev yakshiv makshiv hikshiv hakshavah l’hakshiv hitkasher yitkasher mitkasher hitkasher hitkashrut l’hitkasher kashkesh yekashkesh mekashkesh kishkesh kishkush le’kashkesh 367
-- ÙÏÏ» //Áȯˆ ı¯ ¯ı¯»ı ¯ÁÌ È¯»ı ȯÁÌ ¯Î· ¯ı _ Ó¯ÁÌ ‰˙¯Áı ¯˜„ ȯη ȯˆ‰ ¯ÈÁÌ È˙¯Áı ¯ı ȯ˜«„ ¯«Î· Ó˙¯Áı ¯«ˆ‰ ¯Èˆ‰ ¯«˜„ _ Ï/Ó/‡Á¯È ¯Î· ‰˙¯Áı ¯ˆ‰ ˘‡Ï ‰˙¯÷Ì ‰˙¯Áˆ»˙ ¯˜„ ¯ÎÈ·‰ ÚÏ Ï¯»ı È˙¯÷Ì È÷‡Ï _ ϯÁÌ _ 1111 ‰÷‡¯ _ Ó˙¯÷Ì ÚÏ ÙÚÏ ‰È÷‡¯ ÷«‡Ï ω˙¯Áı ‡˙ ‰˙¯÷Ì È÷‡È¯ ÙÈÚÏ Ï¯Î«· ¯-»-ı ÈÈ÷‡¯ ‰˙¯÷Ó»˙ _ ‰˙ÙÚÏ ÷‡Ï ¯-Á-Ì Ï¯ˆ«˙ Ó÷‡È¯ ÷‡¯ ÙÚÏ Ï¯˜«„ ÷‡Èω ¯-Á-ı ‰÷‡È¯ Ó ÙÚÏ ¯-Î-· ÷‡¯ ‰÷‡¯‰ ω˙¯÷Ì ÙÚÏ ‡˙ ¯-ˆ-‰ ‰È÷‡¯»˙ ‰˙ÙÚÏ ¯-˜-„ Ï÷‡«Ï ‡˙ ¯-÷-Ì · ω÷‡È¯ ÙÚÏ Ï‰È÷‡¯ ‰ÙÚÈÏ ÷-‡-Ï ÙÚÏ ÷-‡-¯ ÷-‡-¯ 2 to run to pity to ride to want 3 to wash to dance 4 to be left 5 to ask, borrow
6 to leave (trans.)
7 to be impressed by 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
36 yirtseh rotseh ratsah li’rtsot 37 38 39 40 ruts yaruts rats rats ritsah la’ruts rekad yirkod roked rakad li’rkod she-al yish-al sho-el sha-al she-ilah li’sh-ol rekhav yirkav rokhev rakhav rekhivah li’rkov hash-er yash-ir mash-ir hish-ir hash-arah l’hash-ir rakhem yerakhem merakhem rikhem le’rakhem 41 hisha-er yisha-er nish-ar nish-ar hisha-arut l’hisha-er hitrashem yitrashem mitrashem hitrashem hitrashmut l’hitrashem 4211 hitrakhets yitrakhets mitrakhets hitrakhets hitrakhatsut l’hitrakhets 368 -- ÙÏÏ·¯‡ ·¯ · «¯È·¯÷·«¯ ÷»Ë È÷·«¯ ‰È÷·¯ È÷»Ë ÷«·¯ ÈÈ÷·¯ ‰÷˙„Ï ◊Á‰ ÷·¯ ÷Ë È÷˙„Ï ◊Á˜ ÷·¯ ◊ÈÌ È◊Á‰ ÷ȯ ÷·È¯‰ Ó÷˙„Ï ÷Ë È◊Á˜ ÷·¯ È◊ÈÌ ◊«Á‰ È÷ȯ ‰÷˙„Ï ‰È÷·¯»˙ ‡˙ ÷ÎÁ Ó◊Á˜ ‰÷˙„Ï»˙ ◊Á‰ _ ◊Ì ÷ÏÁ ÚÏ-È„È ÷¯ Ï÷·«¯ ◊ÈÁ˜ È÷ÎÁ ◊ÁÈȉ ωÈ÷·¯ ◊Ì Ï È÷ÏÁ _ Ó◊Á˜ ÙÚÏ ˘«ÎÁ ÷¯ ω÷˙„Ï ÙÚÏ ◊ÈÓ‰ _ ÷«ÏÁ ÷-·-¯ Ï÷»Ë ÷ȯ‰ ÷ÎÁ ‰˙ÙÚÏ · ÷-·-¯ Ï◊Á«˙ ÷ÏÁ ‡˙ ÙÚÏ ÷ÎÁ‰ ÷-„-Ï Ï◊Á˜ _ ÷ÏÈÁ‰ ÙÚÏ ÷-»-Ë Ï◊ÈÌ ‡˙ ÙÈÚÏ Ï˘È¯ ◊-Á-‰ ‡˙ ÙÚÏ Ï÷ΫÁ ◊-Á-˜ ÙÚÏ Ï÷Ï«Á ◊-È-Ì ÙÚÏ ÷-È-¯ ÙÚÏ ÷-Î-Á ÷-Ï-Á to put to sail to sing to play to send to swim to strive to break to forget to be broken sim yasim sam sam simah la’sim shir yashir shar shar shirah la’shir shut yashut shat shat la’shut shvor yishbor shover shavar shvirah li’shbor skheh yiskheh sokheh sakhah skhiyah li’skhot shlakh yishlakh sholé-akh shalakh shlikhah lishló-akh sakhek yesakhek mesakhek sikhek miskhak le’sakhek hishaver yishaver nishbar nishbar hishavrut l’hishaver shkhakh yishkakh shokhé-akh shakhakh shikhekhah lishkó-akh hishtadel yishtadel mishtadel hishtadel hishtadlut l’hishtadel 369
÷-Ï-Ì ÙÈÚÏ Ï÷ÏÌ ‡˙ ÷ÈÏ»ÓÈÌ ÷ÈÏÌ Ó÷ÏÌ È÷ÏÌ ÷ÏÌ ÷ÏÌ ÷ÓÚ È÷ÏÌ È÷ÓÚ ÷‰ Ó÷ÏÌ ÷«ÓÚ È÷‰ ÷ÈÏÌ ‰÷˙ÚÏ ÷ÓÚ Ó÷‰ ÷ÈÏ»ÓÈÌ ÷˙‰ ‰È÷ÙÍ ÷ÓÈÚ‰ È÷˙ÚÏ ÷ ÷ȉ È÷˙‰ ÈÈ÷ÙÍ ‡˙ Ó÷˙ÚÏ ÷Óȯ‰ ‡˙ ˙˜Ô ÷È»È ÷«˙‰ ÷ÙÍ Ï÷ÏÌ ‰˙ÁÏ ‰÷˙ÚÏ ÚÏ/‡˙ Ï÷Ó«Ú ‰˘˙ÚÏ»˙ È˙˜Ô 1111 ˘˙‰ ‰È˙˜Ú ÷ÙÍ È˙ÁÈÏ ‡˙ ÙÈÚÏ Ï÷Ó«¯ ‰È÷Ùλ˙ ÙÚÏ Ó˙˜Ô ÷˙Èȉ Ó˙ÁÈÏ ÈÈ˙˜Ú ÷-Ï-Ì Ï÷«˙ _ ÙÚÏ ÚÏ-È„È ÷-Ó-Ú ‰˙ÁÈÏ Ï‰÷˙ÚÏ ˙È˜Ô ˙˜Ú ‡˙ ÙÈÚÏ ÷-Ó-¯ ωÈ÷ÙÍ ‰˙Áω ‰˙ÙÚÏ ˙Ș»Ô ˙˜Ú Ï÷˙«˙ ÷--‰ ÙÚÏ ‰È˙˜Ú»˙ ÷-Ú-Ï ‡˙ ‡˙ ÙÚÏ ÷-Ù-Í Ï‰˙ÁÈÏ · ÷-˙-‰ Ï˙˜Ô ‰ÙÚÈÏ Ï‰È˙˜Ú ÙÈÚÏ ˙-Á-Ï ÙÚÏ ˙-˜-Ô ˙-˜-Ú 2
3 to pay to spill to start to hear to drink to mend 4 to cough to change
5 to get stuck
6 to keep, guard 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 à ¯÷Ó ÷« ÷Ó«¯ È÷Ó«¯ ÷«Ó¯ Ó¯ 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 shteh yishteh shotah shatah shtiyah li’shtot shma yishma shomé-a shama shmi-ah li’shmó-a taken yetaken metaken tiken tikun le’taken hitaka yitaka nitka nitka hitak-ut l’hitaka 41 shmor yishmor shomer shamar shmirah li’shmor shalem yeshalem meshalem shilem shilumim le’shalem shaneh yeshaneh meshaneh shinah shinuy le’shanot hatkhel yatkhil matkhil hitkhil hatkhalah l’hatkhil hishta-el yishta-el mishta-el hishta-el hishta-alut l’hishta-el
4211 hishafekh yishafekh nishpakh nishpakh hishafkhut l’hishafekh 370 ˙», ˙˙Ì/Ô, ˙» È˙Ô, ˙È˙», È˙» ˙È˙», È˙Ô, ˙» ˙È, ˙Ô, È»ÎÏ» ˙»ÎÏ», »ÎÏ, ˙È˙Ô È˙Ô, ˙È˙È, ˙È˙Ô, ‡˙Ô, «˙«˙ «˙ÈÌ, ,«˙˙, «˙Ô ( )Ï˙˙ -˙-Ô ,˙‰, ˙Ô ˙˙, ,˙˙, ˙˙È ˙»ÎÏ, È»ÎÏ, ˙»ÎÏÈ, ˙»ÎÏ, ( ‡»ÎÏ, ˙» ˙˙Ì/Ô, ˙», ÈΫϫ˙ ÈΫÏÈÌ, ÈΫω, ÈΫÏ, )Ï˙˙ È-Î-Ï ÈÎω ÈΫÏ, ÈΫÏ˙, ÈΫÏ˙, ÈΫÏ˙È, ÈÎÏ» ÈΫÏ˙Ì/)Ô( ÈΫϻ, to give yakhóltem(n), yakhlu to be able niten, titnu, yitnu notnim, notnot natnah, natánu, netatem(n), natnu ukhal, tukhal, tukhli, yukhal, yakhol, yekholah, yakhólti, yakhólta, yakholt, tukhal, nukhal, tukhlu, yukhlu yekholim, yekholot yakhol, yakhlah, yakhólnu, Irregular conjugations ten, tni, tnu eten, titen, titni, yiten, titen noten, noténet, natáti, natáta, natat, natan, 1111 2 Hebrew–English Glossary 3 4 *For verbs see Verb Glossary 5 6 7 father ába (m.) ‡·‡ 8 but aval ‡·Ï 9 pear agas (m.) ‡‚Ò 10 red adom (adumah, f.) ‡„«Ì)‰( 11 sir adoni ‡„«È 12 atmosphere avirah (f.) ‡ÂÂȯ‰ 13 ear ózen (oznayim, m. pl.) ‡«ÊÔ)‡ÊÈÈÌ( 14 food ókhel (m.) ‡«ÎÏ 15 perhaps ulay ‡»ÏÈ 16 hall ulam (m.) ‡»ÏÌ 17 ulpan (language course) ulpan (m.) ‡»ÏÙÔ 18 leather or (m.) ‡«¯ 19 guest oré-akh (orakhat, f.) ‡«¯Á)˙( me, you… oti, otkha (see prep. chart) ‡«˙È,‡«˙Í… 20 so, then az ‡Ê 21 region, area eyzor (m.) ‡Ê«¯ 22 citizen ezrakh (-it, f.) ‡Ê¯Á)È˙( 23 brother (sister; nurse) akh (-ot, f.) ‡Á)«˙( 24 percentage akhuz (m.) ‡Á»Ê 25 backwards akhórah ‡Á«¯‰ 26 afterwards akhar kakh ÎÍ ‡Á¯ 27 other, different akher (akhéret, f.) ‡Á¯)˙( 28 last akharon (akhronah, f.) ‡Á¯«Ô)‰( 29 after akharey ‡Á¯È 30 afternoon akharey ha’tsohoráyim ‰ˆ‰¯ÈÈÌ ‡Á¯È 31 otherwise akhéret ‡Á¯˙ 32 butcher’s shop itliz (m.) ‡ËÏÈÊ 33 impossible i’efshar ‡Ù÷¯ ‡È ideal ide-áli (-t, f.) ‡È„‡ÏÈ)˙( 34 which, what? eyzeh ( eyzo, f.) )‡ÈÊ«( ‡Èʉ 35 how? ekh? ‡ÈÍ? 36 no matter, never mind eyn davar „·¯ ‡ÈÔ 37 I, you, have not eyn li, lekha … ÏÈ,ÏÍ… ‡ÈÔ 38 I, you…am/are not eyni, eynkha, … ‡ÈÈ,‡ÈÍ… 39 Islam islam ‡ÈÒÏ‡Ì 40 where eyfoh ‡ÈÙ‰ 41 man (woman, wife) ish (ishah, f.) ‡È÷)‰( 4211 with me, you, … iti, itkha, …(see prep. chart) ‡È˙È,‡È˙Í,… 372
to el (see prep. chart) ‡Ï these éleh ‡Ï‰ if, whether im ‡Ì if so…in that case, thus im kakh ÎÍ ‡Ì mother íma ‡Ó‡ belief emunah (f.) ‡Ó»‰ artist oman (-it,f.) ‡ÓÔ)È˙( art omanut (f.) ‡Ó»˙ artistic omanuti (-t, f.) ‡Ó»˙È)˙( it’s true that, indeed omnam ‡ÓÌ we anákhnu ‡Á» I ani ‡È boat, ship oniyah (f.) ‡Èȉ clergy, religious people anshey dat „˙ ‡÷È people anashim ‡˘ÈÌ forbidden asur ‡Ò»¯ grateful asir (-it,f.) todah ˙«„‰ ‡Òȯ)˙( meeting, assembly asefah (f.) ‡ÒÙ‰ nose af (m.) ‡Û even afílu ‡ÙÈÏ» bicycle ofanáyim (m., pl.) ‡ÙÈÈÌ (it is) possible, you can efshar ‡Ù÷¯ finger étsba (f.) ‡ˆ·Ú by, at the house of, with etsel (see prep. chart) ‡ˆÏ long arokh (arukah, f.) )Ή( ‡¯«Í wallet, purse arnak (m.) ‡¯˜ United States artsot ha’brit ‰·¯È˙ ‡¯ˆ«˙ guilty ashem (-ah, f.) ‡÷Ì)Ó‰( garbage, rubbish ashpah (f.) ‡÷Ù‰ you (sing.,m./f.) atah (m.) / at (f.) ‡˙‰/‡˙ you (pl.,m./f.) atem (m.) aten (f.) ‡˙Ì)Ô( yesterday etmol ‡˙Ó«Ï site atar (m.) ‡˙¯
in, at b’ (see prep. chart) ·… really, indeed b’emet ·‡Ó˙ in Israel ba’áretz ·‡¯ı please b’vakashah ··˜÷‰ garment, clothing béged (m.) ·‚„ exactly b’diyuk ·„È»˜ joke bdikhah (f.) ·„ÈÁ‰ generally, usually b’dérekh klal ÎÏÏ ·„¯Í certainly, absolutely b’hekhlet ·‰ÁÏË light; clear bahir (behirah, f.) ·‰È¯)‰( stamp bul (m.) ·»Ï 373
1111 morning bóker (m.) ·«˜¯ 2 beige bej ·Ê' 3 carefully bi’zhirut ·Ê‰È¯»˙ 4 outside ba’khuts ·Á»ı 5 boy (girl) bakhur (-ah, f.) ·Á»¯)‰( 6 nausea bekhilah (f.) ·ÁÈω certain, sure batú-akh (betukhah, f.) ·Ë»Á)‰( 7 stomach béten (f.) ·ËÔ 8 together b’yakhad ·ÈÁ„ 9 between beyn ·ÈÔ 10 in the meantime bentáyim ·È˙ÈÈÌ 11 visit bikur (m.) ·È˜»¯ 12 beer bírah (f.) ·È¯‰ 13 house báyit (batim, m. pl.) )·˙ÈÌ( ·È˙ 14 the Temple beyt ha’mikdash ‰Ó˜„÷ ·È˙ 15 hospital beyt kholim Á«ÏÈÌ ·È˙ 16 synagogue beyt knéset ÎÒ˙ ·È˙ 17 pharmacy beyt mirkákhat Ó¯˜Á˙ ·È˙ 18 apartment block báyit meshutaf Ó÷»˙Û ·È˙ 19 school beyt séfer ÒÙ¯ ·È˙ 20 nevertheless b’khol zot ʇ˙ ·ÎÏ in any case b’khol mikreh ÓȘ¯‰ ·ÎÏ 21 at all bi’khlal ·ÎÏÏ 22 without bli ·ÏÈ 23 especially bi’myukhad ·ÓÈ»Á„ 24 instead (of) bi’mkom ·Ó˜«Ì 25 son ben ·Ô 26 cousin (male) ben dod „«„ ·Ô 27 built banuy (bnuyah, f.) ·»È)‰( 28 building binyan (m.) ·ÈÈÔ 29 cash machine bankat (m.) ·˜Ë 30 all right, O.K. b’séder ·Ò„¯ 31 great, fine b’séder gamur ‚Ó»¯ ·Ò„¯ 32 problem be-ayah (f.) ·Úȉ 33 mainly, especially b’ikar ·ÚȘ¯ 34 husband bá-al ·ÚÏ owner (of) ba-al(-at, f.) ·ÚÏ)˙( 35 actually b’étsem ·ÚˆÌ 36 by myself… b’atsmi (see prep. chart) ·ÚˆÓÈ… 37 onion batsal (m.) ·ˆÏ 38 easily b’kalut ·˜Ï»˙ 39 in connection with b’késher ·˜÷¯ 40 welcome barukh ha’ba ‰·‡ ·¯»Í 41 Thank G-d! barukh ha’shem! ‰÷Ì ·¯»Í 4211 swimming pool brekhah ·¯ÈΉ 374
(very) willingly b’ratson (rav) )¯·( ·¯ˆ«Ô choice brerah (f.) ·¯¯‰ what for? bishvil mah? Ó‰? ·÷·ÈÏ for bishvil ·÷·ÈÏ meat basar (m.) ·˘¯ daughter bat ·˙ cousin (female) bat dódah „«„‰ ·˙ inside b’tokh ·˙«Í
back gav (m.) ‚· high, tall gavó-ha (gvohah, f.) ‚·«‰)‰( cheese gvinah (f.) ‚·È‰ man, male gentleman géver (gvarim) ‚·¯ big, great gadol (gdolah, f) ‚„«Ï)‰( body guf (m.) ‚»Û carrot gézer (gzarim, m.) ‚ʯ garden ginah (f.) ‚ȉ brother- (sister-)in-law gis(-ah, f.) ‚ÈÒ)‰( also gam ‚Ì Garden of Eden gan-éden ‚Ô-Ú„Ô sock gérev (garbáyim, m. pl.) )‚¯·ÈÈÌ( ‚¯· throat garon (m.) ‚¯«Ô divorced garush (grushah, f.) ‚¯»˘)‰( wet, rainy gashum ‚÷»Ì rain géshem (m.) ‚÷Ì
thing davar (dvarim, m. pl.) „·¯ honey dvash (m.) „·÷ fish dag (m.) „‚ mail, post dó-ar (m.) „«‡¯ uncle (aunt) dod(-ah, f.) „«„)‰( just (-because), exactly so dávkah „˜‡ urgent dakhuf (dkhufah, f.) „Á»Û)‰( enough day „È speech, talk, expression dibur (m.) „È·»¯ apartment dirah (f.) „ȯ‰ door délet (f.) „Ï˙ blood dam (m.) „Ì opinion de-ah (f.) „Ú‰ minute dakah (f.) „˜‰ south darom (m.) „¯«Ì southwards darómah „¯«Ó‰ road, path, way dérekh (drakhim, m. and f. pl.) „¯Í religion, faith dat (f.) „˙ religious dati (-yah, f.) „˙È)‰( 375
1111 the ha’… ‰… 2 whether (interrogative) ha’im? ‰‡Ì? 3 home(wards) ha’báytah ‰·È˙‰ 4 he hu ‰»‡ 5 performance, show hofa-ah (f.) ‰«ÙÚ‰ ‰«¯ÈÌ 6 parents horim opportunity hizdamnut (f.) ‰Ê„Ó»˙ 7 invitation, order, booking hazmanah (f.) ‰ÊÓ‰ 8 (to the) outside ha’khútsah ‰Á»ˆ‰ 9 she hi ‰È‡ 10 today ha’yom ‰È«Ì 11 the most ha’khi ‰ÎÈ 12 if only! I wish! ha’levay ‰Ï‡È! 13 loan halva-ah (f.) ‰Ï‡‰ 14 there and back, a return halokh va’shov Â÷«· ‰Ï«Í 15 walking; journey on foot halikhah (f.) ‰ÏÈΉ 16 tonight ha’láylah ‰ÏÈω 17 they hem (m.)/hen (f.) ‰Ì/‰Ô 18 many, a lot of hamon ‰Ó«Ô 19 the far east ha’mizrakh ha’rakhok (m.) ‰¯Á«˜ ‰ÓʯÁ ‰ÓʯÁ ‰˙ÈÎ«Ô ‰ÓʯÁ 20 the middle east ha’mizrakh ha’tikhon (m.) here (is) hineh ‰‰ 21 discount hanakhah (f.) ‰Á‰ 22 this evening ha’érev ‰Ú¯· 23 break, pause, intermission hafsakah (f.) ‰ÙÒ˜‰ 24 surprise hafta-ah (f.) ‰Ù˙Ú‰ 25 suggestion hatsa-ah (f.) ‰ˆÚ‰ 26 many, much harbeh ‰¯·‰ 27 settlement hityashvut (f.) ‰˙ÈÈ÷·»˙ 28 29 and v’… Â… 30 certainly, definitely vaday „‡È 31 purple varod (vrudah, f.) ¯«„)‰( 32 this zot (f.) ʇ˙ 33 fly zvuv (m.) Ê·»· ʉ 34 this zeh (m.) gold zahav (m.) ʉ· 35 that’s it zéhu ʉ» 36 pair zug (m.) Ê»‚ 37 olive záyit (zeytim m. pl.) ÊÈ˙ 38 glass zkhukhit (f.) ÊλÎÈ˙ 39 time zman (m.) ÊÓÔ 40 nimble, agile, adroit zariz (zerizah, f.) ʯÈÊ)‰( 41 4211 a pity khaval (m.) Á·Ï 376
friend, boy/girlfriend khaver(-ah, f.) Á·¯)‰( friendly khevruti(-t, f.) Á·¯»˙È)˙( festive khagigi(-t, f.) Á‚È‚È)˙( room khéder (m.) Á„¯ dining-room khadar ókhel ‡«ÎÏ Á„¯ living-room khadar orkhim ‡«¯ÁÈÌ Á„¯ study, work-room khadar avodah Ú·«„‰ Á„¯ bedroom khadar shenah ÷ȉ Á„¯ new khadash(-ah, f.) Á„÷)‰( abroad (outside Israel) khul (khutz la-árets) χ¯ı( )Á»ı Á»"Ï club khug (m.) Á»‚ month khódesh (m.) Á«„÷ experience khavayah (f.) ÁÂÂȉ ill, sick; patient kholeh(-ah, f.) Á«Ï‰ shirt, blouse khultsah (f.) Á»Ïˆ‰ heat; fever khom (m.) Á«Ì brown khum(-ah, f.) Á»Ì)‰( humous khúmus (m.) Á»Ó»Ò coast, shore, beach khof (m.) Á«Û holiday khufshah (f.) Á»Ù÷‰ impertinence, cheek khutspah (f.) Á»ˆÙ‰ law khok (m.) Á«˜ winter khóref (m.) Á«¯Û in-law (m. and f.) khoten(-et, f.) Á«˙Ô)˙( strong khazak(-ah, f.) Áʘ)‰( obliged, bound; liable khayav (khayévet, f.) ÁÈÈ·)˙( animals khayot (f. pl.) ÁÈ«˙ soldier khayal (khayélet, f.) ÁÈÈÏ)˙( life khayim (m./pl.) ÁÈÈÌ clever, wise khakham (-ah, f.) ÁÎÌ)‰( milk khalav (m.) ÁÏ· challah bread khalah (f.) Áω dream khalom (m.) ÁÏ«Ì window khalon (m.) ÁÏ«Ô hot kham (-ah, f.) ÁÌ)‰( butter khem-ah (f.) ÁÓ‡‰ cute, lovely khamud (-ah, f.) ÁÓ»„)‰( hamsin, hot wind khamsin (m.) ÁÓÒÈÔ shop khanut (m.) Á»˙ parking khanayah (f.) ÁÈȉ lettuce khásah (f.) ÁÒ‰ midnight khatsot Áˆ«˙ half (half of) khétsi (khatsi-) ÁˆÈ aubergines, egg-plant khatsilim (m. pl.) ÁˆÈÏÈÌ account, bill, invoice kheshbon (m.) Á÷·«Ô 377 thinking khashivah (f.) Á÷È·‰ importance khashivut (f.) Á÷È·»˙ electricity khashmal (m.) Á÷ÓÏ electrician khashmelay (-it, f.) Á÷ÓχÈ)˙( cat khatul (-ah, f.) Á˙»Ï)‰( wedding khatunah (f.) Á˙»‰ cook, chef tabakh (-it, f.) Ë·Á)È˙( good tov (-ah, f.) Ë«·)‰( form tófes (m.) Ë«ÙÒ tour, trip tiyul (m.) ËÈ»Ï flight tisah (f.) ËÈÒ‰ typical tipusi (-it, f.) ËÈÙ»ÒÈ)˙( silly, stupid tipesh (tipshah, f.) ËÈÙ˘)‰( telephone télefon (m.) ËÏÙÂÔ mobile phone télefon nayad ÈÈ„ ËÏÙÂÔ mistake ta-ut (f.) ËÚ»˙ tasty ta-im (te-imah, f.) ËÚÈÌ)‰( fresh tari (triyah, f.) ˯È)‰( come on! let’s go! ya-alah ȇÏω dry yavesh (yeveshah, f.) È·÷ hand yad (yadáyim, f. pl.) È„)È„ÈÈÌ( known yadú-a (yedu-ah,f) È„»Ú)‰( friend yadid (yedidah, f.) È„È„)‰( Judaism yahadut (f.) ȉ„»˙ Jewish yehudi(-ah, f.) ȉ»„È)‰( day yom (m.) È«Ì birthday yom hulédet ‰»Ï„˙ È«Ì Remembrance Day yom ha’zikaron ‰ÊÈί«Ô È«Ì Independence Day yom ha’atsma-ut ‰ÚˆÓ‡»˙ È«Ì Holocaust Day yom ha’sho-ah ‰÷«‡‰ È«Ì Day of Atonement yom kipur ÎÈÙ»¯ È«Ì Sunday, Monday,…. yom rishon, sheni… ¯‡÷«Ô,÷È… È«Ì great! fine! yófi È«ÙÈ more yoter È«˙¯ more than yoter m’… (asher) Ó..,)‡÷¯( È«˙¯ wine yáyin (m.) ÈÈÔ child yéled (yaldah, f.) ÈÏ„)‰( sea yam (m.) ÈÌ to the right yaminah ÈÓȉ right yemani(-t, f.) ÈÓÈ)˙( nice, pretty yafeh (yafah, f.) ÈÙ‰ exit, way out yetsi-ah (f.) Ȉȇ‰ dear, expensive yakar (yekarah, f.) Ș¯)‰( green yarok (yerukah, f.) ȯ«˜)‰( 378
Jerusalem yerushaláyim ȯ»˘ÏÈÌ from Jerusalem yerushálmi(-t, f.) ȯ»÷ÏÓÈ)˙( descent yeridah (f.) ȯȄ‰ vegetable yérek (yerakot, m.pl.) )ȯ˜«˙( ȯ˜ there is yesh È÷ I, you….have yesh li, lekha,… ÏÈ,ÏÍ… È÷ meeting yeshivah (f.) È÷È·‰ straight yashir (yeshirah, f.) È÷ȯ)‰( old yashan (yeshanah, f.) È÷Ô)‰( straight ahead yashar È÷¯
like, as k’…… Î… hurt, pain ke-ev (m.) ·· heavy kaved (kvedah, f.) η„ road kvish (m.) ηÈ÷ already kvar η¯ worthwhile kday ΄‡È ball; tablet, pill kadur (m.) ΄»¯ football kadur régel ¯‚Ï Î„»¯ in order to kdey Î„È dark keheh (kehah, f.) Ή‰ hat kóva (m.) Ϋ·Ú all of us, everyone kulánu, kulam λÏÌ Î»Ï», like this, like these kazeh, kazot, ka-éleh ·ω Îʇ˙, Îʉ, blue kakhol (khulah, f.) ÎÁ«Ï because ki ÎÈ direction kivun (m.) ÎÈÂ»Ô town square, circus kikar (f.) ÎÈί chemistry khímiyah ÎÈÓȉ chair kise (kis-ot, m. pl.) ÎÈÒ‡)«˙( fun kef (m.) ÎÈÛ like this, so kákhah ÎΉ every, all, everything kol/ha’kol ‰ÎÏ / ÎÏ well done! (all the respect) kol ha’kavod ‰Î·«„ ÎÏ all kinds of kol miney ÓÈÈ ÎÏ dog kélev (kalbah, f.) ÎÏ·)‰( nothing klum ÎÏ»Ì writing tools kley ktivah Î˙È·‰ ÎÏÈ how much?; a few, several kámah (also kamah) ÎÓ‰ like kmo (see prep. chart) ÎÓ« of course kamuvan ÎÓ»·Ô like me, like you… kmóni, kmókha,… ÎÓ«È,ÎÓ«Í,.. yes ken ÎÔ entrance knisah (f.) ÎÈÒ‰ church knesiyah (f.) ÎÒÈȉ 379 it seems, probably kanir-eh ί‡‰ money késef (m.) ÎÒÛ small change késef katan ˜ËÔ ÎÒÛ cash machine kaspomat (m.) ÎÒÙ«ÓË spoon kaf (kapot. f.) ÎÛ village kfar (m.) ÎÙ¯ ticket kartis (m.) ίËÈÒ credit cards kartisey ashray ‡÷¯‡È ίËÈÒÈ ticket vendor kartisan(-it, f.) )È˙( ίËÈÒÔ when kshe’… Î÷… kosher kasher (ksherah, f.) Î÷¯)‰( address któvet (f.) Î˙«·˙ orange (colour) katom (ketumah, f.) Î˙«Ì)‰( to, for l’… (see prep. chart) Ï… no lo χ I, you…don’t mind/care lo ikhpat li, lekha, lo… Ï« ÏÍ, ÏÈ, ‡ÎÙ˙ χ not terrible, never mind lo nora «¯‡ χ national le-umi(-t, f.) χ»ÓÈ)˙( heart lev (levavot, m. pl.) )Ï··«˙( Ï· alone; on one’s own levad (-ah, f.) Ï·„ (see prep. chart) wearing, dressed lavush (levushah, f.) Ï·»÷)‰( white lavan(-ah, f.) Ï·Ô)‰( bless you! to health! la’bri-ut Ï·¯È‡»˙ completely l’gámrey Ï‚Ó¯È band (music) lahakah (f.) ω˜‰ goodbye, till we meet again l’hitra-ot ω˙¯‡«˙ humidity lekhut (f.) ÏÁ»˙ bread lékhem (m.) ÏÁÌ bread roll lakhmaniyah (f.) ÏÁÓȉ next to l’yad (see prep. chart) ÏÈ„ night láylah (leylot, m.) ÏÈω why lámah ÏÓ‰ down, below l’mátah ÏÓˉ up, above l’má-alah ÏÓÚω although, even though lamrot she’… ÷… ÏÓ¯«˙ for example l’mashal ÏÓ÷Ï at least l’fakhot ÏÙÁ«˙ in my view l’fi da-ati „Ú˙È ÏÙÈ before, in front of lifney ÏÙÈ customer lakó-akh (lakokhah, f.) Ϙ«Á)‰( towards likrat Ϙ¯‡˙ to pay attention la’sim lev Ï· Ï◊ÈÌ 380
from mi’… (see prep. chart) Ó… very me-od Ó‡«„ late me-ukhar (me-ukheret, f.) Ó‡»Á¯)˙( disappointed me-ukhzav (me-ukhzevet, f.) Ó‡»ÎÊ·)˙( happy me-ushar (me-usheret, f.) Ó‡»÷¯)˙( from where? me-áyin? Ó‡ÈÔ? from where? me-eyfoh? Ó‡ÈÙ‰? article, essay ma-amar (m.) Ó‡Ó¯ a stopping bus me-asef (m.) Ó‡ÒÛ bakery ma-afiyah (f.) Ó‡ÙÈȉ adult; elderly mevugar (mevugéret, f.) Ó·»‚¯)˙( confused mevulbal (mevulbélet, f.) Ó·»Ï·Ï)˙( special offer, sale mivtsa (m.) Ó·ˆÚ brush mivréshet (f.) Ó·¯˘˙ tower migdal (m.) Ó‚„Ï desert midbar (m.) Ó„·¯ thermometer madkhom (m.) Ó„Á«Ì too (much) miday Ó„È (once) every… midey Ó„È state, country medinah (f.) ӄȉ step, stair madregah (f.) Ó„¯‚‰ what mah Ó‰ what does that mean? mah zot oméret? ‡«Ó¯˙? ʇ˙ Ó‰ what difference does it mah zeh meshaneh? Ó÷‰? ʉ Ó‰ make? how’s that? mah pit-om? Ù˙‡«Ì? Ó‰ what do you mean? that which, what… mah she’… ÷… Ó‰ how are you? mah shlomkha (m.) ÷Ï«ÓÍ? Ó‰ /shlomekh (f.)? fast; express (bus) mahir (mehirah, f.) Ӊȯ)‰( information modi-in (m.) Ó«„ÈÚÈÔ announcement, notice moda-ah (f.) Ó«„Ú‰ ready, prepared mukhan (-ah, f.) Ó»ÎÔ)‰( salesman mokher (-et, f.) ӫί)˙( opposite mul Ó»Ï taxi cab monit (f.) Ó«È˙ garage musakh (m.) Ó»ÒÍ Muslim muslemi(-t, f.) Ó»ÒÏÓÈ)˙( date, appointed time mo-ed (m.) Ó«Ú„ I, you,…like motse khen b’enay, ·ÚÈÈ, ÁÔ Ó«ˆ‡ b’enékha, b’enáyikh ·ÚÈÈÍ… product mutsar (m.) Ó»ˆ¯ early mukdam (mukdémet, f.) Ó»˜„Ì)˙( teacher moreh (morah, f.) Ó«¯‰ 381 brand (name) mutag (m.) Ó»˙‚ permitted, allowed mutar Ó»˙¯ weather mézeg avir (m.) ‡ÂÂȯ ÓÊ‚ cash mezuman (m.) ÓÊ»ÓÔ luck, star mazal (m.) ÓÊÏ fork mazleg (mazlegot, m. pl.) ÓÊÏ‚ connected mekhubar (mekhubéret, f.) ÓÁ»·¯)˙( department makhlakah (f.) ÓÁϘ‰ research mekhkar (m.) ÓÁ˜¯ computer makhshev (m.) ÓÁ÷· kitchen mitbakh (m.) ÓË·Á airplane matos (m.) ÓË«Ò special offer, sale mit-an (m.) ÓËÚÔ who mi ÓÈ immediately miyad ÓÈ„ size midah (f.) ÓÈ„‰ special meyukhad (meyukhédet, f.) ÓÈ»Á„)˙( air conditioning mizug avir (m.) ‡ÂÂȯ ÓÈÊ»‚ bed mitah (f.) ÓÈˉ water máyim (m. pl.) ÓÈÌ someone míshehu ÓÈ÷‰» laundry mikhbasah (f.) Óη҉ grocery store makólet (f.) ÓΫÏ˙ mechanic mekhonay(-it, f.) ÓΫ‡È)˙( car mekhonit (f.) ÓΫÈ˙ trousers mikhnasáyim (m. pl.) ÓÎÒÈÈÌ cover mikhseh (m.) ÓÎÒ‰ letter mikhtav (m.) ÓÎ˙· full male (mele-ah, f.) Óχ)‰( salty malú-akh (melukhah, f.) ÓÏ»Á)‰( hotel malon (m.) ÓÏ«Ô salt mélakh (m.) ÓÏÁ king (queen) mélekh (malkah, f.) ‰( ∆ ÓÏÍ/)Î cucumber melafefon (m.) ÓÏÙÙ«Ô waiter meltsar(-it, f.) Óψ¯)È˙( from/with what? mimah? ÓÓ‰? from me miméni (see prep. chart) ÓÓÈ from min ÓÔ custom minhag (m.) Ó‰‚ manager menahel(-et, f.) Ó‰Ï)˙( rest menukhah (f.) Ó»Á‰ engine manó-a (m.) Ó«Ú light, lamp menorah (f.) Ó«¯‰ mosque misgad (m.) ÓÒ‚„ poor, miserable, wretched misken(-ah, f.) ÓÒÎÔ)‰( 382
restaurant mis-adah (f.) ÓÒÚ„‰ enough maspik ÓÒÙȘ number mispar (m.) ÓÒÙ¯ hairdresser’s misparah (f.) ÓÒÙ¯‰ laboratory ma-abadah (f.) ÓÚ·„‰ pedestrian crossing ma-avar (m.) khatsayah ÁˆÈȉ ÓÚ·¯ delicatessen ma-adanyah (f.) ÓÚ„Èȉ cloudy me-unan ÓÚ»Ô spring (of water) ma-ayan (m.) ÓÚÈÈÔ coat me-il (m.) ÓÚÈÏ degrees ma-alot (f. pl.) ÓÚÏ«˙ interesting me-anyen(-et, f.) ÓÚÈÈÔ/)˙( famous mefursam (mefursémet, f.) ÓÙ»¯ÒÌ)˙( because mipney she’… ÷… ÓÙÈ factory mif-al (m.) ÓÙÚÏ key mafté-akh (maftekhot, m.) ÓÙ˙Á/)«˙( situation matsav (m.) Óˆ· mood matsav rú-akh (m.) ¯»Á Óˆ· matzah, unleavened bread matsah (f.) Óˆ‰ excellent metsuyan (metsuyénet, f.) Óˆ»ÈÈÔ)˙( to have a cold (lit. chilled) metsunan (metsunénet, f.) Óˆ»Ô)˙( funny matskhik(-ah, f.) ÓˆÁȘ)‰( choir mak-helah (f.) Ó˜‰Ï‰ accepted, acceptable mekubal (mekubélet, f.) Ó˜»·Ï)˙( previously, from before mi’kódem Ó˜«„Ì broken mekulkal (mekulkélet, f.) Ó˜»Ï˜Ï)˙( place makom (mekomot, m.) Ó˜«Ì)«˙( shower miklákhat (f.) Ó˜ÏÁ˙ splendid maksim(-ah, f.) Ó˜ÒÈÌ)‰( profession, job miksó-a (mikso-ot, m.pl.) Ó˜ˆ«Ú)«˙( incident, event mikreh (m.) Ó˜¯‰ refrigerator mekarer (m.) Ó˜¯¯ Mr mar Ó¯ bitter mar(-ah, f.) Ó¯)‰( satisfied (with) merutseh (merutsah, f.) (m’..) )Ó…( Ó¯»ˆ‰ distance merkhak (m.) Ó¯Á˜ centre merkaz (m.) Ó¯ÎÊ telephone operator merkaziyah (f.) Ó¯ÎÊÈȉ health centre, clinic mirpa-ah (f.) Ó¯Ù‡‰ balcony, terrace mirpéset (f.) Ó¯ÙÒ˙ soup marak (m.) Ó¯˜ truck masa-it (f.) Ó◊‡È˙ something máshehu Ó÷‰» crazy, mad meshuga(-at, f.) Ó÷»‚Ú)˙( common, shared meshutaf (meshutéfet, f.) Ó÷»˙Û)˙( 383 toothpaste mishkhat shináyim ÷ÈÈÌ Ó÷Á˙ silk méshi (m.) Ó÷È of mine, yours…. mi’sheli, mi’shelkha,… Ó÷ÏÈ,Ó÷ÏÍ… from there mi’sham Ó÷Ì boring mesha-amem(-et, f.) Ó÷ÚÓÌ)˙( family mishpakhah (f.) Ó÷ÙÁ‰ farm; kibbutz méshek (m.) Ó÷˜ sun/sight glasses mishkafey shémesh/re-iyah ÷Ó÷/¯‡Èȉ Ó÷˜ÙÈ glasses, spectacles mishkafáyim (m. pl.) Ó÷˜ÙÈÈÌ office misrad (m.) Ó◊¯„ dead met(-ah, f.) Ó˙)‰( suitable mat-im(-ah, f.) Ó˙‡ÈÌ)‰( sweet matok (metukah, f.) Ó˙«˜)‰( when? matay? Ó˙È? volunteer mitnadev(-et, f.) Ó˙„·)˙( present, gift matanah (f.) Ó˙‰ please (+verb) na ‡ pleasant na-eh (na-ah, f.) ‡‰ against néged ‚„ generous nadiv (nedivah, f.) „È·)‰( driver, taxi driver nehag, nehag monit Ó«È˙ ‰‚ ‰‚, wonderful nehedar (nehedéret, f.) ‰„¯)˙( customary nahug ‰»‚ driving nehigah (f.) ‰È‚‰ comfortable nó-akh (nokhah, f.) «Á)‰( traveller, passenger nosé-a (nosá-at, f.) «ÒÚ)˙( view, landscape nof (m.) «Û paper neyar (m.) Èȯ grandson (granddaughter) nékhed (nekhdah, f.) ΄)‰( right, correct nakhon(-ah, f.) ΫÔ)‰( low, short namukh (nemukhah, f.) Ó»Í)‰( airport nmal te-ufah ˙Ú»Ù‰ ÓÏ is situated nimtsa (nimtset, f.) Óˆ‡)˙( miracle nes (nisim, m. pl.) Ò pleased to meet you na-im me-od Ó‡«„ ÚÈÌ shoe na-al (na-aláyim, f. pl.) )ÚÏÈÈÌ( ÚÏ Christianity natsrut (f.) ˆ¯»˙ clean naki (nekiyah, f.) ˜È)‰( sausage naknik (m.) ˜È˜ candle ner (nerot, m. pl.) ¯ I, you…have had enough nishbar li, lekha,… ÏÈ,ÏÍ.. ÷·¯ married nasuy (nesu-ah, f.) ◊»È/◊»‡‰ kiss neshikah (f.) ÷Ș‰ sounds (appears) nishma ÷ÓÚ 384
grandfather sába Ò·‡ soap sabon (m.) Ò·«Ô grandmother sávta Ò·˙‡ purple, violet segol (sgulah, f.) Ò‚«Ï)‰( closed sagur (sgurah, f.) Ò‚»¯)‰( horse sus (m.) Ò»Ò end sof (m.) Ò«Û weekend sof shavú-a ÷·»Ú Ò«Û reason sibah (f.) ÒÈ·‰ sailing boat sirah (f.) Òȯ‰ cutlery sakum (m.) Òλ"Ì (sakin, kaf u’mazleg) ÂÓÊÏ‚( ÎÛ, )ÒÎÈÔ, knife sakin (m.) ÒÎÈÔ danger sakanah (f.) ÒΉ sorry, excuse me slikhah ÒÏÈÁ‰ alley simtah (simta-ot, f. pl.) ÒÓˉ)‡«˙( sandwich séndvitch (m.) Ò„ÂÂÈıß sandal sandal (m.) Ò„Ï doubt safek (m.) ÒÙ˜ book séfer (sfarim, m. pl.) ÒÙ¯ hairdresser sapar(-it, f.) ÒÙ¯)È˙( Spain sfarad ÒÙ¯„ film, movie séret (sratim, m. pl.) Ò¯Ë autumn stav (m.) Ò˙È just, merely, so stam Ò˙Ì
tomato agvaniyah (f.) Ú‚·Èȉ round agol (agulah, f.) Ú‚«Ï)‰( until ad Ú„ more; still od Ú«„ (small) change; surplus ódef (m.) Ú«„Û chicken of (m.) Ú«Û leather or (m.) Ú«¯ help ezrah (f.) Úʯ‰ pen et (etim, f.) ÚË)ÈÌ( eye ayin (enáyim, f. pl.) )ÚÈÈÈÌ( ÚÈÔ occupation isuk (m.) ÚÈÒ»˜ pencil iparon (efronot, m.pl.) )ÚÙ¯««˙( ÚÈÙ¯«Ô main thing, essence ikar (m.) ÚȘ¯ city, town ir (arim, f. pl.) )Ú¯ÈÌ( Úȯ capital city ir habirah ‰·È¯‰ Úȯ newspaper iton (m.) ÚÈ˙«Ô journalist itonay (-it, f.) ÚÈ˙«‡È)˙( now akhshav ÚÎ÷È on, about al (see prep. chart) ÚÏ 385 next to (next to me…) al yad (al yadi…) È„È…( È„)ÚÏ ÚÏ by, by means of al yedey È„È ÚÏ in the name of al shem ÷Ì ÚÏ with im (see prep. chart) ÚÌ nation am (m.) ÚÌ grape enav (anavim, m. pl.) Ú· cloud anan (m.) ÚÔ huge, gigantic anaki(-t, f.) Ú˜È)˙( busy asuk(-ah, f.) ÚÒ»˜)‰( business, matter ések (asakim, m. pl.) ÚÒ˜ nerve atsav (astabim, m. pl.) Úˆ· sorrow étsev (m.) Úˆ· sad atsuv(-ah, f.) Úˆ»·)‰( evening érev (m.) Ú¯· rich, wealthy ashir(-ah, f.) Ú÷ȯ)‰( ancient atik(-ah, f.) Ú˙Ș)‰( meeting pgishah (f.) Ù‚È÷‰ here poh Ù‰ mouth peh (piyot, m. pl.) Ù‰)ÙÈ«˙( worker, labourer po-el(-et, f.) Ù«ÚÏ)˙( less pakhot ÙÁ«˙ mushroom pitriyah (f.) Ù˯ȉ pita bread pítah (f.) ÙÈ˙‰ mobile phone péle-fon (m.) Ùχ-Ù«Ô pepper pilpel (m.) ÙÏÙÏ inside pnimah ÙÈÓ‰ Passover pésakh ÙÒÁ pianist psantran(-it, f.) ÙÒ˙¯Ô)È˙( time, one time, once pá-am (pe-amim, f. pl.) ÙÚÌ orchard, citrus grove pardes (m.) Ù¯„Ò private prati(-t, f.) Ù¯ËÈ)˙( fruit pri (perot, m. pl.) )Ù¯«˙( Ù¯È simple pashut (pshutah, f.) Ù÷»Ë)‰( quiche pashtidah (f.) Ù÷ËÈ„‰ open patú-akh (petukhah, f.) Ù˙»Á)‰( army tsava (m.) ˆ·‡ military tsva-i(-t, f.) ˆ·‡È)˙( colour tséva (tsva-im, m. pl.) ˆ·Ú)ÈÌ( side tsad (tsdadim, m.) ˆ„ Israel Defence Force tsahal (tsva ha’haganah ˆ‰"Ï l’isra-el) (m.) ÏÈ◊¯‡Ï ‰‰‚‰ ˆ·‡ yellow tsahov (tsehubah, f.) )ˆ‰»·‰( ˆ‰«· noon tsohoráyim (m.) ˆ‰¯ÈÈÌ 386
junction, crossroads tsomet (m.) ˆ«Ó˙ drawing, painting tsiyur (m.) ˆÈ»¯ picturesque tsiyuri(-t, f.) ˆÈ»¯È)˙( shade tsel (tslalim, m.pl.) )ˆÏÏÈÌ( ˆÏ cross tslav (m.) ˆÏ· plate, dish tsalákhat (f.) ˆÏÁ˙ thirsty tsame (tsme-ah, f.) ˆÓ‡)‰( vegetarian tsimkhoni(-t, f.) ˆÓÁ«È)˙( modest, humble tsanú-a (tsnu-ah, f.) ˆ»Ú)‰( step tsá-ad (tse-adim, m.pl.) ˆÚ„ young tsa-ir (tse-irah, f.) ˆÚȯ)‰( grief, sorrow tsá-ar (m.) ˆÚ¯ expected tsafuy (tsfuyah, f.) ˆÙ»È)‰( north tsafon (m.) ˆÙ«Ô northwards, to the north tsafónah ˆÙ«‰ northern tsfoni(-t, f.) ˆÙ«È)˙( cheque tshek (m.) ˆß˜ narrow,tight tsar(-ah, f.) ˆ¯)‰( need, must tsarikh (tsrikhah, f.) )ˆ¯ÈΉ( ˆ¯ÈÍ fixed kavú-a (kvu-ah, f.) ˜·»Ú)‰( grave, tomb kéver (kvarim, m.pl.) ˜·¯)ÈÌ( holy kadosh (kdoshah, f.) ˜„«÷)‰( forwards, ahead kadímah ˜„ÈÓ‰ community, public kehilah (f.) ˜‰Èω before, first kódem ˜«„Ì cottage kótedge (m.) ˜«Ë‚ß cinema kolnó-a (m.) ˜«Ï«Ú floor, level, storey komah (f.) ˜«Ó‰ kettle kumkum (m.) ˜»Ó˜»Ì pastry shop konditóriyah (f.) ˜«„ÈË«¯È‰ shopper, buyer koneh (konah, f.) ˜«‰ ticket-seller, cashier kupay (-it, f.) ˜»Ù‡È)˙( little, small katan (ktanah, f.) ˜ËÔ)‰( kibbutz kibuts (m.) ˜È·»ı prefix, area code kidómet (f.) ˜È„«Ó˙ wall kir (kirot, m.pl.) ˜È¯)«˙( summer kayits (m) ˜Èı easy, light kal(-ah, f.) ˜Ï)‰( jealousy kin-ah (f.) ˜‡‰ shopping mall kanyon (m.) ˜È«Ô coffee kafeh (m.) ˜Ù‰ short katsar (ktsarah, f.) ˜ˆ¯ a little, a bit ktsat ˜ˆ˙ cold kar (karah, f.) ˜¯)‰( near (adj.); family relation karov (krovah, f.) ˜¯«·)‰( 387 announcer, broadcaster karayan (karyanit, f.) ˜¯ÈÈÔ)˙( sun protection cream krem haganah (m.) ‰‚‰ ˜¯Ì carp karpiyon ˜¯ÙÈ«Ô hard, difficult kasheh (kashah, f.) ˜÷‰/˜÷‰ linked, related to kashur (kshurah, f.) ˜÷»¯)‰( head rosh (m.) ¯‡÷ New Year rosh ha’shanah ‰÷‰ ¯‡÷ Prime Minister rosh memshalah ÓÓ÷ω ¯‡÷ first rishon(-ah, f.) ¯‡÷«Ô)‰( most (of), majority rov ¯· many, much rav (rabah, f.) ¯·)‰( rabbi rav (rabanim, m.pl.) ¯·)ÈÌ( quarter réva (m.) ¯·Ú usual; to be used to ragil (regilah, f.) ¯‚ÈÏ)‰( foot, leg régel (ragláyim, f.pl.) ¯‚Ï)ÈÈÌ( moment réga (m.) ¯‚Ú feeling, emotion régesh (regashot, f.pl.) ¯‚÷)«˙( single (batchelor/spinster) ravak(-ah, f.) ¯Â˜)‰( wind; spirit rú-akh (m.) ¯»Á spiritual rukhani(-t, f.) ¯»ÁÈ doctor rofe (rofah, f.) ¯«Ù‡)‰( wide rakhav (rekhavah, f.) ¯Á·)‰( street rekhov (rekhovot, m.pl.) ¯Á«·)«˙( far rakhok (rekhokah, f.) ¯Á«˜)‰( empty rek(-ah, f.) ¯È˜)‰( dance rikud (m.) ¯È˜»„ soft rakh (rakah, f.) ¯Í)‰( vehicle, car rékhev (m.) ¯Î· train rakévet (f.) ¯Î·˙ traffic light(s) ramzor(-im, m.pl.) ¯ÓÊ«¯)ÈÌ( bad ra(-ah, f.) ¯Ú)‰( hungry ra-ev (re-evah, f.) ¯Ú·)‰( idea ra-ayon (ra-ayonot, m.pl.) ¯ÚÈ«Ô serious retsini(-t, f.) ¯ˆÈÈ)˙( platform; quay ratsif (retsifim, m.pl.) ¯ˆÈÛ dancer rakdan(-it, f.) ¯˜„Ô)˙( licence rishayon (rishyonot, m.pl.) ¯÷È«Ô)«˙( that, which, what… she’… ÷… question she-elah (f.) ÷‡Ï‰ the rest, remainder; range she-ar (m.) ÷‡¯ strike (of workers) shvitah (f.) ÷·È˙‰ sabbatical shabaton (m.) ÷·˙«Ô airfield, airport sdeh te-ufah (m.) ˙Ú»Ù‰ ◊„‰ 388
avenue sderah (f.) ◊„¯‰ holocaust sho-ah (f.) ÷«‡‰ again shuv ÷»· worth, worthwhile shaveh (shavah, f.) ÷‰ fluent, flowing shotef(-et, f.) ÷«ËÛ)˙( policeman shoter(-et, f.) ÷«Ë¯)˙( table shulkhan (m.) ÷»ÏÁÔ different shoneh (shonah, f.) ÷«‰ doorman, goal keeper sho-er(-et, f.) ÷«Ú¯)˙( market shuk (m.) ÷»˜ black shakhor (shkhorah, f.) ÷Á«¯)‰( nonsense shtut (shtuyot, f.) ÷Ë»˙ downpour, flood shitafon (shitfonot, m. pl.) ÷ÈËÙ«Ô song, poem shir (m.) ÷ȯ service; shared taxi sherut (m.) ÷ȯ»˙ toilets, facilities, services sherutim (m.) ÷ȯ»˙ÈÌ of shel (see prep. chart) ÷Ï snow shéleg ÷Ï‚ peace; hello/goodbye shalom (m.) ÷Ï«Ì the day before yesterday shilshom ÷Ï÷«Ì sign, signpost shélet (m.) ÷ÏË rule, control shilton (shiltonot, m. pl.) ÷ÏË«Ô)«˙( whole shalem (shlemah, f.) ÷ÏÌ)‰( there sham ÷Ì name shem (shemot, m. pl.) ÷Ì)«˙( left, left-hand smol (smalit, f.) ◊Ó‡Ï)È˙( to the left smólah ◊Ӈω happiness, joyous occasion simkhah (smakhot, f. pl.) ◊ÓÁ‰ dress simlah (smalot, f. pl.) ◊Óω fat shamen (shmenah, f.) ÷ÓÔ)‰( oil shémen (m.) ÷ÓÔ sun shémesh (f.) ÷Ó÷ tooth shen (shináyim, f. pl.) )÷ÈÈÈÌ( ÷Ô second (of time) shniyah (f.) ÷Èȉ annual shnati(-t, f.) ÷˙È)˙( hour sha-ah (f.) ÷Ú‰ clock, watch sha-on (m.) ÷Ú«Ô hair se-ar (m. pl.) ◊Ú¯ ’flu shapá-at (f.) ÷ÙÚ˙ silence, quiet shéket (m.) ÷˜Ë quiet, calm shaket (shketah, f.) ÷˜Ë)‰( hot dry weather sharav (m.) ÷¯· very hot and dry (weather) shravi(-t, f.) ÷¯·È)˙( remains, ruins sarid (sridim, m.) ◊¯È„ 389 accident te-unah (f.) ˙‡»‰ theatre te-atron (m.) ˙‡Ë¯«Ô tea teh (m.) ˙‰ thank you todah ˙«„‰ many thanks todah rabah ¯·‰ ˙«„‰ turn, queue, appointment tor (m.) ˙«¯ Torah; the Law of Moses torah (f.) ˙«¯‰ orchestra, band tizmóret (f.) ˙ÊÓ«¯˙ public transport takhburah tsiburit (f.) ˆÈ·»¯È˙ ˙Á·»¯‰ forecast takhazit (f.) ˙ÁÊÈ˙ station, stop takhanah (f.) ˙Á‰ petrol station takhanat délek „Ϙ ˙Á˙ appetite te-avon (m.) ˙ȇ·«Ô tourist tayar (tayéret, f.) ˙Èȯ)˙( baby tinok(-et, f.) ˙È«˜)˙( documentation ti-ud (m.) ˙ÈÚ»„ plan tokhnit (f.) ˙ÎÈ˙ straightaway, immediately tékhef ˙ÎÛ jewelry takhshit (m.) ˙Î÷ÈË (it) depends taluy (tluyah, f.) ˙Ï»È)‰( picture tmunah (f.) ˙Ó»‰ traffic; movement tnu-ah (f.) ˙»Ú‰ orange tapuz (m.) ˙Ù»Ê apple tapú-akh (m.) ˙Ù»Á potato tapu-akh (tapukhey, m. pl.) ‡„Ó‰ ˙Ù»Á)È( adamah menu tafrit (m.) ˙Ù¯ÈË hope tikvah (f.) ˙˜Â‰ period, era tkufah (f.) ˙˜»Ù‰ cultured, civilized tarbuti (-t, f.) ˙¯·»˙È)˙( payment tashlum (m.) ˙÷Ï»Ì Index
adjectives 63–4, formed from verbs 241–2, used as adverbs 116; demonstrative 83, 341; interrogative 82; and definite nouns 65; and l’... Ï... to express feelings 251; (summary) 341–2 adverbs 116, 246; (summary) 342–3 age 121 alphabet 1–3, 8–12, charts 10, 17; consonants 10–12; vowels 13–16, 100, charts 14, 15; handwriting script 17, 22, 101
Biblical verses 256–7 body (human) 226–7 colours 244 comparing 126–7 days of the week 124–5 efshar / i efshar ‡Ù˘¯ ‡È / ‡Ù˘¯ and infinitive 43 et ‡˙ 57–8; and pronoun endings 119–20; (summary) 345–6 eyn ‡ÈÔ 66; eyn li ÏÈ ‡ÈÔ see possession; and pronoun endings 259–60 family members 88–9 generalizing 98 greetings 26–7, 41 ha’ ‰ ‘the’ 32, 41, 42, 57, 65, 83, 87, 95, 338, 341, 342 history of the Hebrew language 4–5 391
1111 kol / ha’kol ‰ÎÏ / ÎÏ 128–9 2 3 means of transport 150–1 4 5 months, seasons and festivals 152–5 6 negation 28, 338; negative commands see prohibition 7 8 nouns: gender 34, in plural 59–60, 120–1, in word pairs see word 9 pairs; patterns 174–5, 180–2; sentence 27; and pronoun endings 10 11 260–1; (summary) 339 12 numbers: cardinal 51, 108–10, as adjectives 60–1; ordinal 124–5 13 14 obligation: tsarikh ˆ¯ÈÍ 46, 185 and mukhrakh ӻίÁ 185, 216 15 16 permission: mutar Ó»˙¯ 221, yakhol ÈÎ«Ï 84; see also 17 efshar ‡Ù˘¯ 18 19 possession: shel ÷Ï 74; yesh li / eyn li ÏÈ ‡ÈÔ / ÏÈ È˘ 76–7, 20 in past 184; nouns with pronoun endings see nouns 21 22 prepositions: ‘inseparable’ 28, 41; and pronoun endings 75, 77, 23 171–3, 183, chart 348–9; (summary) 344–5 24 25 professions 174–6 26 prohibition: asur ‡Ò»¯ 221–2; negative commands 211 27 28 pronouns: demonstrative 36, 82–3, 340–1; personal 31; relative see 29 she’... ÷... ; to replace ‘is/are’ 144–5; (summary) 339–41 30 31 questions 27, with ha’im ‰‡Ì 250; (summary) 337–8 32 33 regret 233 34 35 she’... ÷... 46–7, 340, 341 36 superlatives 144 37 38 telling the time 137–9 39 40 ‘to be’ 27, past tense 184; future 215; as auxiliary 185, 216 41 4211 v’  ‘and’ 32, 344 392
verb tenses and groups (binyan ·ÈÈÔ ): the present tense (and use of 48, 98), Group 1 ÙÚÏ , 47–9, 52–3, 80–1, 97–8, Group 2 ÙÈÚÏ 116–18, Group 3 ‰ÙÚÈÏ 136–7, Group 4 ‰˙ÙÚÏ 191, 192, Group 5ÙÚÏ 230–1 ; the past tense (and use of 160), Group 1 ÙÈ ÈÏÙÚÏ 160–1, Group 2 ÙÈÚÏ 162, Group 3 ‰ÙÚÈÏ 179–80, Group 4 ‰˙ÙÚÏ 191, 192, Group 5 ÙÚÏ 231; the future tense 201–2 (and use of 202–3, 210–11), Group 1 ÙÚÏ 207–9, Group 2 ˙Ú ÙÈ ÙÈÚÏ 203–4, Group 3 ‰ÙÚÈÏ 203, Group 4 ‰˙ÙÚÏ 203, Group 5ÙÚÏ 231; imperative, Groups 1–4 223–4
verbs: glossary 351–70; infinitive 43, 48, 84; roots 47, 57, 191–2; system of groups (binyanim ·ÈÈÈÌ ) and subgroups (gzarot ‚ʯ«˙ ) 350
weather 216
word pairs: singular 86–7; plural 94–5; in sentences 97
word stress 31
yesh È˘ 66; yesh li ÏÈ È˘ see possession