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Sample Copy. Not for Distribution Sample Copy. Not For Distribution. Ethnicity and Insurgency in Myanmar/Burma: A Comparative Study of the Kuki-Chin and Karen Insurgencies i Sample Copy. Not For Distribution. Publishing-in-support-of, EDUCREATION PUBLISHING RZ 94, Sector - 6, Dwarka, New Delhi - 110075 Shubham Vihar, Mangla, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh - 495001 Website: www.educreation.in _____________________________________________________________________________ © Copyright, 2018, TS Letkhosei Haokip All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, magnetic, optical, chemical, manual, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written consent of its writer. ISBN: 978-1-5457-2271-8 Price: ` 481.00 The opinions/ contents expressed in this book are solely of the author and do not represent the opinions/ standings/ thoughts of Educreation. Printed in India ii Sample Copy. Not For Distribution. Ethnicity and Insurgency in Myanmar /Burma: A Comparative Study of the Kuki-Chin and Karen Insurgencies ________________________________________________________________________ TS Letkhosei Haokip EDUCREATION PUBLISHING (Since 2011) www.educreation.in iii Sample Copy. Not For Distribution. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It is a great privilege and academic accomplishment for me to bring out this research book entitled, “Ethnicity and Insurgency in Myanmar: A Comparative Study of the Kuki-Chin and Karen Insurgencies’. It takes me complete 15 years (2002- 2017) with 2/3 years gap in between on account of ill health on one hand and complexity & vastness of the topic on the other, to bring it to this form finally, after undergoing and overcoming myriads of obstacles and hindrances. My first and foremost acknowledgement goes to the Almighty God for His benevolence that enables me to complete this research work. Secondly, I am really indebted to Prof. K. Ibo Singh, the then Head of Department of Political Science, Manipur University, who had accepted me to carry out the research work on the above stated topic in Manipur University (2003-2009), which we could not complete on account of my ill health in the beginning and my supervisor’s bad health at the later. Thirdly, my special thanks and heartfelt gratitude goes to Prof. Werner Menski, Head of Department of South Asian Studies, University of London, and editor of ‘Sage International Publication’, South Asian Studies (SAR), who repeatedly requested and encouraged me to continue my research work via e-mail and phone calls while I was in full frustration, losing all hopes academically. My best compliment goes to all revolutionary leaders of Kuki-Chins and Karen insurgent organisations of India and Myanmar/Burma for extending me full support and co-operation in my tiresome but interesting research work. My sincere thanks go to all persons concerned who spared their valuable time and permitted me to conduct face-to-face interviews. I am indebted to all friends and relatives who had supported me in my tireless pursuit to complete this research work. I am also really grateful to Dr (Mrs) Ritesh Mishra, Associate Professor, OPJS University and Dr. Th. Siamkhum, Associate Professor, Head of Department of Political Science, Churachandpur College, Churachandpur & Visiting Professor, OPJS University, Churu, Rajasthan that this pending research work of Manipur University (MU), Manipur is carried out for the second time in OPJS University, Rajasthan (2014-2017), under their able ‘Supervision & Guideship’. Their undaunted support and tireless struggle played a great role in accomplishing this research work. Last but not the least, I am really thankful and obliged to ‘Educreation Publishing’, New Delhi, Support Team: 1800-313-9192 for sponsoring this publication by taking all the responsibility and pain to bring out this publication. May God bless Educreation Publishing? Dated: Churachandpur, Manipur TS Letkhosei Haokip th The 5 May 2018 Author/ Researcher ___________________________________________________________________ E-mail: [email protected] iv Sample Copy. Not For Distribution. DEDICATION Miss (L) Nemneilhing Mr. (L) Brandy@SL Zangboi Mr.(L) Khamliankhup@Lawmkhup. I, the undersigned Author of the book entitled, “ETHNICITY AND INSURGENCY IN MYANMAR/ BURMA: A Comparative Study of the Kuki- Chin and Karen Insurgencies”, hereby dedicated my book to, and for profound remembrance of; 1. ~ My most beloved sister (Late) Miss Nemneilhing@ Nemnei Haokip, 28 Yrs (1971-1999) who have departed from this world on the 31st January 1999 for her Heavenly Abode. 2. ~ My most intimate Social Reformist Comrade (Late) Mr. Brandy@ SL Zangboi Haokip, 41 Yrs. (1975-2016) Secretary, Information & Publicity, Kuki Reformation Forum (KReF) who have left this world on the 11th December 2016. 3. ~ My closest Social Comrade & Activist-cum-Reformist (Late) Mr. Lawmkhup@ Khamliankhup Lianzaw, 54 Yr.s (1964-2018) President, Kuki Inpi Manipur (KIM) who left his family, friends and community for his Heavenly Abode on the 23rd February 2018. With Best Compliments: Yours’ Loving Bro/Friend, Sd/- (TS Letkhosei Haokip) Author/Researcher v Sample Copy. Not For Distribution. PREFACE Burma, formerly known as the ‘Union of Burma’ now called Myanmar is the largest country of Southeast Asia having an area of 6,76,553 sq. km. It has seven States and seven divisions. The seven States are Kachin, Kayah, Kayin, Chin, Mon, Rakhine and Shan states. The seven divisions are Ayeyarwaddy, Bago, Magwe, Mandalay, Sagaing, Tanintharyi, and Yangon. The country's population as per the latest report of the Government is more than 54.3 million people. The Burmans constitute 68 percent of the total Myanmarese population and occupy mainly the plain areas of the country, whereas the minorities inhabit the surrounding mountainous region of the country. The Shans are the largest ethnic group constituting nine percent, followed by the Karens with seven percent and the Rakhines constituting four percent of the total Myanmarese population. Buddhists constitute about 83 percentages and the remaining 17 percent is shared by the various indigenous tribal ethnic minorities, Indians, Chinese and Pakistanis residing in the country. The first chapter is the ‘Introduction’ of the thesis relating to the origin, custom and culture, system of governance, territory, history and impact of Indian and Burma independence upon ethnic Kuki-Chin people and genesis of their movement. It also narrates about the Karen people of Myanmar/Burma and emergence of Karen insurgency. The chapter also includes eruption of ethnic issues and chauvinism of Burmese towards ethnic nationalities, Burmese economy under Ne Win and Military Junta’s offensives upon minorities. The second chapter deals with ‘Karen Insurgency prior to 1988’, their characteristic features, population, area of inhabitation and social & political background. It also contains about the creation of a ‘Regional Autonomy Enquiry Commission’ established to find out the political claim of ethnic Karen nationality. Various pressure groups from indigenous minorities, political parties and religious group emerged, demanding restoration of democracy in Myanmar/Burma. For maintaining more its foothold, KNU re-organized its structure into 5 main Brigades of 4-5 battalions and 3 more special forces battalion were set up to strike till the attainment of Karen political goal. In-depth study is also made about the Karen movement and its related events and incidents in this chapter. The third chapter is about ‘Karen Insurgency after 1988’ which includes the roots of conflict and crisis of 1988 in Burma, post coup of 1988, emergence of new political forces and new leaders. Detailed discussion is also made about strategic considerations for the Karen National Union (KNU), their hopes and political aspirations, various Youth, Women, Human Rights and Overseas organizations having their respective bases in foreign countries, with specific responsibility set up to work for the cause of Karen people from abroad. It also highlights the peace talks and ceasefires between the leaderships of Burmese Military Junta and Karen / KNU with no results, the root causes of the 1988 „Mass Uprising, the result of the Post September Coup of 1988 and exodus of hundreds and thousands of pro-democracy activists to neighbouring foreign countries of Thailand, India and Bangladesh. vi Sample Copy. Not For Distribution. The fourth chapter substantiate about ethnic ‘Kuki-Chin Insurgency prior to 1988’ under the following key heads as historical background, origin, nomenclature terminologies, formations, aims & objectives, Chin Hills Charter of demands, movement of Mizo National Front (MNF) and Mizoram Accord of 1972 & 1986 and statehood attainment in 1987 respectively. The most striking event of the era is the emergence of various Kuki-Chin revolutionary groups. The main objective of these revolutionary groups is ‘homeland’ movement. It is during the last part of 1980s and early 1990s that the Chin National Front (CNF) was again revived for the cause of the Chin people in Burma, followed by mushrooming of so many Kuki revolutionary outfits such as KNF, KNA, KLA, KRA, UKLF and factional branches of KNF. Other Kuki- Chin revolutionary outfits worth mentioning that emerged during this period are ZRO/ZRA, HPC and HNA etc. The fifth chapter, ‘Kuki-Chin Insurgency after 1988’ elaborates the revolutionary movement of ethnic Kuki-Chin people, their location, main area of operations, member strength, structures
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