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Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 21:30 19 May 2016 South Asian Religions Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 21:30 19 May 2016 South Asian Religions The religious landscape of South Asia is complex and fascinating. While existing literature tends to focus on the majority religions of Hinduism and Buddhism, much less attention is given to Jainism, Sikhism, Islam or Christianity. While not neglecting the majority traditions, this valuable resource also explores the important role which the minority traditions play in the religious life of the subcontinent, covering popular as well as elite expressions of religious faith. By examining the realities of religious life, and the ways in which the traditions are practiced on the ground, this book provides an illuminating introduction to Asian religions. Karen Pechilis is NEH Distinguished Professor of Humanities and Chair and Professor of Religion at Drew University, USA. Her books for Routledge include Interpreting Devotion: The Poetry and Legacy of a Female Bhakti Saint of India (2011). Selva J. Raj (1952–2008) was Chair and Stanley S. Kresge Professor of Religious Studies at Albion College, USA. He served as chair of the Conference on the Study of Religions of India and co-edited several books on South Asia. Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 21:30 19 May 2016 South Asian Religions Tradition and today Edited by Karen Pechilis and Selva J. Raj Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 21:30 19 May 2016 First published 2013 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2013 Karen Pechilis and the estate of Selva J. Raj for selection and editorial matter; individual contributions, the contributors [ the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or !["# without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data South Asian religions : tradition and today / edited by Karen Pechilis and Selva J. Raj. pcm 1. South Asia--Religion. I. Pechilis, Karen, editor of compilation. II. Raj, Selva J., editor of compilation. BL1055.S655 2012 200.954--dc23 2012033975 ISBN: 978-0-415-44851-2 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-415-44852-9 (pbk) ISBN: 978-0-203-07993-5 (ebk) Typeset in Sabon by Bookcraft Ltd, Stroud, Gloucestershire Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 21:30 19 May 2016 Contents List of illustrations vi List of contributors viii Introduction In a shared world: Selva J. Raj and the study of religion 1 KAREN PECHILIS 1 Tribal religions in India: Practicing tradition today 21 JOSEPH MARIANUS KUJUR 2 Hinduism: Practicing tradition today 39 VASUDHA NARAYANAN 3 Jain traditions: Practicing tradition today 73 M. WHITNEY KELTING 4 Buddhism in South Asia: Practicing tradition today 101 SUNIL GOONASEKERA 5 South Asian Judaisms: Practicing tradition today 143 NATHAN KATZ 6 South Asian Christianity: Practicing tradition today 161 Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 21:30 19 May 2016 M. THOMAS THANGARAJ 7 Islam in South Asia: Practicing tradition today 193 KAREN G. RUFFLE 8 Sikhism: Practicing tradition today 223 PASHAURA SINGH Index 250 List of illustrations Figures 1.1 Celebration of the Feast of Karam in which the Karam branch from the Karam tree symbolizing the Karam deity is venerated. Photo by Dr Alex Ekka. 28 1.2 Unmarried girls breaking their three days’ fast to mark the Karam feast, praying for good husbands, their motherhood, protection of their brothers and for prosperity. Photo by Dr Alex Ekka. 31 1.3 Tribals dancing to the drum beats and seasonal songs. Life is a celebration for them. Photo by Dr Alex Ekka. 33 2.1 Radha-Krishna in Odissi dance. Photo taken by Vasudha Narayanan. 43 2.2 Radha-Krishna icons at ISKCON temple, Alachua, Florida. Photo taken by Vasudha Narayanan. 44 2.3 Wedding couple in Karnataka. Photo taken by Vasudha Narayanan. 52 2.4 Women from Gujarat praying during Navaratri, Gainesville, Florida. Photo taken by Vasudha Narayanan. 55 2.5 Pilgrims en route to the Melmaruvatur temple near Chennai stop at the Thanjavur temple in Tamilnadu. Photo taken by Vasudha Narayanan. 61 3.1 Jain worship (puja) in Shvetambar Temple. Photo taken by M. Whitney Kelting. 81 3.2 Ritual diagram of expanded Siddhachakra yantra. Photo taken by M. Whitney Kelting. 85 3.3 Ordination of a Jain nun. Photo taken by M. Whitney Kelting. 87 Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 21:30 19 May 2016 4.1 Birth of Prince Siddhartha, Samudragiri Viharaya at Mirissa (late nineteenth century). Photo taken by Sunil Goonasekera. 104 4.2 Worshipping the Buddha at Degaldoruwa Royal Cave. Photo taken by Sunil Goonasekera. 125 5.1 Beth El Synagogue, Kolkata. Photo taken by Ellen S. Goldberg. 145 5.2 Kochini woman cleaning wheat for Passover. Photo taken by Ellen S. Goldberg. 148 5.3 Maghen Abraham Synagogue, Ahmedabad. Photo taken by Ellen S. Goldberg. 152 List of illustrations vii 6.1 San Thome Church, Chennai, India. Front of church with brass \!%### with a cross. Photo taken by Karen Pechilis. 163 6.2 Young Christian girl who has had her head shaved at the festival of St. John de Britto in Oriyur, Tamilnadu. Photo taken by Selva J. Raj. 178 7.1 Tomb of Mughal Emperor Humayun (1508–56), the second Mughal Emperor of India, in Delhi. His tomb is considered a &!'\ *+< 7.2 `Ala m s in the Badshahi `ashurkhana in Hyderabad, India. Photo !'\ *=> 8.1 A group of three Sikh musicians (ragis) performing devotional singing at Gurdwara El Sobrante in California in June 2009. Photo taken by Pashaura Singh. 236 8.2 Sikh couple circumambulating the Guru Granth Sahib at the time of their wedding on June 6, 2009 at Gurdwara El Sobrante in California. Photo taken by Pashaura Singh. 238 Maps 1 Prominent places in Tribal Religions as practiced in India today 20 2 Prominent places in Hinduism as practiced in India today 38 3 Prominent places in Jainism as practiced in India today 72 4 Prominent places in Buddhism as practiced in South Asia today 100 5 Prominent places in Judaism as practiced in India today 142 6 Prominent places in Christianity as practiced in India today 160 7 Prominent places in Islam as practiced in South Asia today 192 8 Prominent places in Sikhism as practiced in India today 222 Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 21:30 19 May 2016 List of contributors Sunil Goonasekera has taught sociology at the University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, and anthropology and religion at the University of California, San Diego, and Bowdoin College, Maine. His areas of research include religion, art, law, political violence in South Asia, and pilgrimage studies. His publica- tions include George Keyt: Interpretations (Institute of Fundamental Studies, 1991); Walking to Kataragama (International Centre for Ethnic Studies, 2007); and many journal articles and chapters in books. Nathan Katz is the Bhagwan Mahavir Professor of Jain Studies and Director of the Program in the Study of Spirituality at Florida International University. He is co-editor of the Journal of Indo-Judaic Studies[ books are: Spiritual Journey Home: Eastern Mysticism to the Western Wall (KTAV, 2009); Indo-Judaic Studies for the Twenty First Century: A View From the Margin (editor-in-chief, Macmillan, 2007); Who Are the Jews of India? (University of California Press, 2000); The Last Jews of Cochin: Jewish Identity in Hindu India (University of South Carolina Press, 1993); and Buddhist Images of Human Perfection (Motilal Banarsidass, 1983). M. Whitney Kelting is Associate Professor of Religious Studies at Northeastern University. She is the author of two books, Singing to the Jinas: Jain Women, Mandal Singing and the Negotiations of Jain Devotion (OUP, 2001) and Heroic Wives: Rituals, Narratives and the Virtues of Jain Wifehood (OUP, 2009). Her two current book projects examine the intersection between #!!?[ temple patronage and masculinity and the other on motherhood. Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 21:30 19 May 2016 Joseph Marianus Kujur is the Assistant Research Director and Head of the Tribal Unit of the Indian Social Institute, New Delhi. As a Visiting Researcher at the Center for Latin American Studies, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, he was engaged in a study of identity formation of indigenous peoples in India and Bolivia. Dr. Kujur has to his credit more than thirty research papers @[ including Margins of Faith: Dalit and Tribal Christianity in India (SAGE, 2010), and Indigenous People of India: Problems and Prospects (Indian Social Institute, 2007). List of contributors ix Vasudha Narayanan is Distinguished Professor and Chair, Department of Religion, at the University of Florida and a past President of the American Q!%[%[ Cambodia and America; visual and expressive cultures in the study of the Hindu traditions; and gender issues. She is currently working on Hindu temples and traditions in Cambodia. She is the author or editor of seven books including The Life of Hinduism (University of California, 2006) and Hinduism (The Rosen Publishing Group, 2010), and numerous articles, chapters in books, and encyclopedia entries. She is also an Associate Editor of Brill’s Encyclopedia of Hinduism (Brill, 2009).
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