Ethnomedicinal Recipes of Wild Fruits of Sargodha District, Punjab, Pakistan
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J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2019 Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES) ISSN: 2220-6663 (Print) 2222-3045 (Online) Vol. 14, No. 6, p. 262-271, 2019 http://www.innspub.net RESEARCH PAPER OPEN ACCESS Ethnomedicinal recipes of wild fruits of Sargodha District, Punjab, Pakistan Asif Abbas Shah1, Amin Shah1, Muhammad Nadeem2, Sarvat Rahim*1 1Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan 2Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan Article published on June 30, 2019 Key words: Wild fruit, Indigenous communities, Folklore, Curative flora. Abstract The The present study was conducted in the Sargodha district, Punjab, to underline indigenous knowledge of wild edible fruits as for therapeutic use by the local inhabitants. Folklore traditions with respect to curative flora were gathered through meetings and surveys from key informants including local residents, shepherds, herders, ranchers, traditional healers and herbalists. Rural vicinities were engaged to investigate reliable clients of wild edible fruits. Such studies not just assume a significant role in saving the native medica-ethnobotanical information yet in addition help to update the social status and economic values of the indigenous communities that consequently preserve the global heritage. 27 fruit species belonging to 15 families were recorded in the territory. All the plants were extremely compelling against various diseases and native to the area. The data about their botanical names, local names, families, part used, method of use and used for, all were recorded. The fruits and other plant samples of the investigated plants were collected, identified, preserved and deposited in the Herbarium of University of Sargodha (SARGU) for future references. *Corresponding Author: Sarvat Rahim [email protected] 262 | Shah et al. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2019 Introduction wild species of fruits were passed on by the cavemen The utilization of plants as a significant wellspring of from age to age. That data turned into the reason for medications for treatment of different illnesses present day agriculture and horticulture. The started from prehistoric time (Malik, 2001). The essential nutritional elements like Ca, Cu, Fe, Mn etc. ethnic races and innate individuals all through the are in much higher concentration in wild edible fruits world have built up their own way of life and than the others (Hegazy et al., 2013). Forests are the sustenances and therapeutic practices. The natural habitat of wild edible plants providing the traditional knowledge about the link between local baseline of indigenous knowledge and socio-cultural inhabitants and medicinal plant wealth for the benefits. Wild plants are potential source of treatments of various disorders is called hereditary characters for the development of new Ethnomedicine. Health and culture promotion crop varieties. Wild fruits are an exqusite source of without scientific knowledge is the key aspect of micronutrients and macronutrients including ethnomedicine. It is an unstated knowledge proteins, carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins and transmitted through socio-cultural and household dietary fibers. The healthy benefit of wild natural contexts. The basic medicinal necessity of an products is superior to artificial ones. So cause indigenous community is accomplished through immunity to various diseases and provide essential regional curative flora. Indigenous reviews uncovered health and growth factors. Wild plants are the that various plants are utilized to treat a malady or a reservoirs of organic and inorganic bio-molecules. few infections in the meantime (Arshad & Rao, 2001). Many local inhabitants and indigenous communities The nutritional, edibility and therapeutic properties practice medicinal plants to fix various health of wild edible fruits are data deficit. The conventional dangers even today (Naidu et al., 2013). Rural people learning about the utilization of wild edible plants is in developing countries harvest fruits, leafy confronting dangers of vanishing in modern vegetables, roots, tubers from the wild as food civilizations. An incredible reliance has developed to supplements, cultural use, taste, or to defeat assess wholesome and therapeutic values of wild nourishment deficiency. A portion of these plants are fruits rather than cultivated commercial fruits as the gathered for home consumption or for sale as well. last ones are expensive and unaffordable for the rustic needy individuals (Nazarudeen, 2010). Pakistan occupies the land of a diverse flora and Documentation of ethnomedicinal recipes of wild ecological zones acting as the storehouse of plants vegetation by the rustic communities is of most which are used by the local people and tribal extreme essential to secure the indigenous data communities as a source of medicines in the remote (Panda, 2010). Ethnomedicinally important flora has areas. The diversity of medicinal plants is fascinating incredible perceivability in indigenous and rural in Pakistan (Nasreen and Khan, 2001). Sargodha, the communities. But at present the knowledge about district of Central Punjab has most of its population ethnomedicinal recipes is being declined day by day in rural areas. It is facing many challenging facters by the introduction of exotic species and modern such as urbanization, overpopulation, limited pharmacology. Along these lines, indigenous learning opportunities for livelihood, food insecurity and must be connected in current pharmacology to avoid unaffordable rise in the prices of food items. It has side effects of the drugs (Rasingam and Rehel, 2009). fertile land and most of its rural population is concerned to farming and agriculture. However, less The untamed or un-hybridized plants which develop attention has been paid by the government for poor naturally without human mediation existed in an area farmers and ranchers. Rustic people in antient for quite a long time are named as wild plants. The villages still rely upon ethnomedicinal recipes to present day fruits appeared by the domestication of combat various illnesses. Fo this, Hakeems are wild fruits. Important data on the choice and utility of considered more reliable persons which are actually 263 | Shah et al. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2019 concerned with the supply of vegetative and floral 1). Its area is 5,854km2. The climate of the district parts of wild edible plants. Despite modern ranges from extreme heat (50oC) in summers to 0oC agricultural techniques and domestication of crop in winters. There are mainly flat plains in the whole and fruit plants, wild edible plants are commonly district yet few small hills also occur on Faisalabad speckled in the district. So, they are utilized as the road. The second largest river of Pakistan, The River cheap source of nutraceutical diet to overcome Chenab flows on eastern side and the River Jhelum malnutrition, food shortage and medicinal imbalance. lies on the western and northern sides of the city. The main objective of our study was to document how Despite of modern agricultural techniques and the inhabitants of Sargodha district, Pakistan, who domesticated fruit and crop plants in Sargodha, wild live as farmers, agriculturists, herdsmen, peasants, fruits are abundant and commonly eaten by the local ranchers, traditional healers and herbalists, have people. Some of the wild fruits are sold in local employed the wild fruit plants as the source of markets and festivals or preserved to be used during medicines to treat various health challenges. dry periods. The wild plants were mostly seen in Graveyards, Shrines, along the sides of rivers, lakes, Materials and methods roads, railway lines and uncultivated lands. Study Area Sargodha is located in the Central Punjab, Pakistan. Ancient villages Geographically it is located in longitude 72o-38’ to Ancient villages such as Ajnala, Mari, Tanguwali, Kot 72o-43’ and latitude of 32o-3’ and 32o-7’. It occupies Bhai Khan, Nehang, Matela, Baga Baloachan, Nabi very fertile agricultural land. It is famous with the Shah Bala, Bhabra, Lak Mor, Kalra, Bhagtanwala, title “The California of Pakistan” due to vast Lakseen, Dharema, Shaheen Abad, Behk Maiken, production of Kinnow - the citrus fruit. It is 11th Maroolian Wala, Kolowal, Ludywala, Jhawrian, largest city of Pakistan. Bucha Kalan, Doda, Midh Ranjha, Manky Wala, Ootian, Mitha Lak, Sardar Pur Noon,Shah Nikdur, It is one of the fast growing cities in Pakistan. Dhall, Jhugian, Miani, Liliani, Jalpana, Jalal Pur Sargodha has largest and historic PAF Base due to Nangiana, Luqman, Hathi Vind, Khachar Pur, Mela, which it has earned the title “The City of Eagles”. The Kot Umrana, Bhabhrani, Sultan Pur, Farooka, Chhani language which is most widely spoken in the whole Rehan, Vijh, Bakhar Bar, Salum, Chubba, Phularwan, district is Punjabi. It is well connected by road with Basra and Ratta Pur Rehan were visited. Syed, Awan, other major cities like Lahore, Faisalabad, Jhang, Lak, Baloach, Maiken, Ranjha, Kalyar, Gondal, Rawalpindi, Gujrat and Hafizabad. It lies 30 miles Tiwana, Jara, Nathoka, Majoka, Sial are some of the away from Lahore - Islamabad Motorway, M-2 (Fig. major casts of native inhabitants in the area. Fig. 1. Map of the Study Area. 264 | Shah et al. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2019 Method The information for the use of wild edible fruits as source of traditional medicine was collected from January 2014 to august 2016 in 50 different villages of Sargodha district. Ethno-medicinal investigations were carried