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16tn CENTURY RELIGIOUS SIGNS AND SYMBOLS THROUGHOUT THE LANDS OF SPAIN (Spine Title: 16 Century Signs and Symbols) (Thesis Format: Monograph) by Lauren Beck Graduate Program in Hispanic Studies A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Faculty of Graduate Studies The University of Western Ontario London, Ontario, Canada ©Lauren Beck2008 Library and Bibliotheque et 1*1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-43040-8 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-43040-8 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par Plntemet, prefer, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans loan, distribute and sell theses le monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non­ sur support microforme, papier, electronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation. reproduced without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne Privacy Act some supporting sur la protection de la vie privee, forms may have been removed quelques formulaires secondaires from this thesis. ont ete enleves de cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires in the document page count, aient inclus dans la pagination, their removal does not represent il n'y aura aucun contenu manquant. any loss of content from the thesis. Canada THE UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES CERTIFICATE OF EXAMINATION Supervisor Examiners Dr. Juan Luis Suarez Dr. Rafael Montano Supervisory Committee Dr. Laurence De Looze Dr. Philip J. Stooke Dr. Peter E. Thompson The thesis by Lauren Beck entitled: 16th Century Religious Signs and Symbols throughout the Lands of Spain is accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Date Chair of the Thesis Examination Board ii Abstract: Maps are cultural texts that can be studied for how the cultures represented distinguish one type of space from another. Over 300 maps that emphasise religious space, with particular emphasis on heretical space, will guide this study, which focuses on the lands of Spain during the 16th Century. These territories include: Africa, the Americas, Europe and Spain. The overall goal of this work is to show how non-Catholic peoples within the lands of Spain (ie Aztecs, Protestants and Muslims) are represented as occupying heretical space at varying scales of cartographic representation (ie the chorographic view, the national map or the world map), and of text circulation (ie the manuscript map and the mass-produced Atlas). This will be facilitated by the innovation of a multi-scale model that organizes all of these primary and secondary resources. Keywords: Spain, Cartography, Signs and Symbols, Heretics, Reformation, Conquest, Reconquest, Renaissance, Religious Representation, New World, Africa, Complexity, Scale. m Table of Contents: Title page i Certificate of Examination ii Abstract iii Table of Contents iv List of Figures v Introduction 1 Chapter 1: Behind the Sign of Heresy. The Heretic, Spain and Space 18 1.1 Heresy and the Heretic 20 1.2 The Lands of Heresy 24 1.3 The Aesthetics of Islam in Light of Christian Representations 30 1.4 Commonly Mapped Characteristics of Islamic Architecture 34 1.5 The Christian City 42 1.6 The Crescent Moon and Signing the Heretic 50 1.7 Coreferentiality: Old and New World Collisions 56 1.8 The Multi-Scale Model 58 1.9 Conclusions 63 Chapter 2: Africa. Confronting Islam, Eden and the Unknown 65 2.1 Local Scale Maps of North African Cities 79 2.2 Local Scale Maps of Continental and sub Equatorial Africa 91 2.3 Regional Scale Maps 92 2.4 World Scale Maps 103 2.5 Conclusions 106 Chapter 3: The Americas, hie sunt dracones, Turks, Giants and Cannibals 108 3.1 Local Scale Maps by Europeans 111 3.2 Maps with non European Influence 115 3.3 Regional Scale Maps by Europeans 122 3.4 World and Hemispheric Scale Maps by Europeans 135 3.5 European Maps for Euro-American Spaces 147 3.6 Conclusions 152 Chapter 4: Europe. Reformation and the Emergence of leyenda negra 155 4.1 Eastern Europe, Orthodoxy and the Great Turk 162 4.2 Map Signs for Scotland, England and for Spanish Protestantism 171 4.3 Protestant Europe and the Spanish Empires 180 4.4 Conclusions 197 Chapter 5: Spain. The Blending of Conversos, Moriscos and Luteranos 202 5.1 Spain to the North 211 5.2 Spain to the South 220 5.3 Generic Spain at Varying Scales 250 5.4 Northern Protestants and Moriscos 258 5.5 Conclusions 260 Conclusion 262 Appendix 1: Chronological List of Maps (1500-1600) 272 Appendix 2: Permissions for Reproduction 279 Bibliography 282 CV 292 iv List of Figures and Tables: Table 1.1: Common Map Signs and Their Meanings. p. 15 Fig. 1.1: Lucas Cranach. "Antichrist". Passional Christi und Antichristi (1521). 40 Fig. 1.2: Melchoir Lorichs. Sketch of Turkish Buildings (Late 16th Century). 40 Fig. 1.3: Melchoir Lorichs. Sketch of water vendor (Late 16th Century). 40 Fig. 1.4: Melchoir Lorichs. Sketch of Turkish burial site (Late 16th Century). 40 Fig. 1.5: Gerard de Jode. Jerusalem (1571). 43 Fig. 1.6: Paolo Forlani. Spain (c. 1560). 43 Fig. 1.7: D. Piacenza. (Reproduction) Jerusalem (1588). 45 Fig. 1.8: Christian van Adrichem. Jerusalem, c. 1584 (1590). 45 Fig. 1.9: Christian van Adrichem. Jerusalem, c. 1584 (1590). 46 Fig. 1.10: F. Hogenberg and G. Braun. Jerusalem (1590). 46 Fig. 1.11: Pedro de Medina. Gibraltar (1549). 49 Fig. 1.12: Hartman Schedel. Spain (1493). 49 Fig. 1.13: Anon. Suleyman's Mosque at Istanbul (Late 15th Century). 53 Fig. 1.14: Anon. Suleyman's Mosque at Istanbul (c. 1582). 53 Fig. 1.15: Selection of map signs used by J. Martinez (c. 1591). 53 Fig. 2.1: (Reproduction) Beatus Map (11th Century). 80 Fig. 2.2: F. Hogenberg and G. Braun. Azaamurum, Morocco (1572). 80 Fig. 2.3: F. Hogenberg and G. Braun. Casablanca, Morocco (1572). 80 Fig. 2.4: F. Hogenberg and G. Braun. Tzaffin, Morocco (1572). 80 Fig. 2.5: F. Hogenberg and G. Braun. Sala, Morocco (1572). 81 Fig. 2.6: F. Hogenberg and G. Braun. Tanger, Morocco (1572). 81 Fig. 2.7: F. Hogenberg and G. Braun. Septa, Morocco (1572). 81 Fig. 2.8: F. Hogenberg and G. Braun. Algiers, Algeria (1575). 81 Fig. 2.9: F. Hogenberg and G. Braun. Alexandria, Egypt (1575). 83 Fig. 2.10: Heinrich Bunting. Alexandria, World Map (1581). 83 Fig. 2.11: F. Hogenberg and G. Braun. Cairo, Egypt (1572). 85 Fig. 2.12: F. Bertelli. Cairo, Egypt (1575). 85 Fig. 2.13: F. Hogenberg and G. Braun. Tunis, Tunisia (1575), after Vermeyen. 86 Fig. 2.14: F. Hogenberg and G. Braun. Tunis, Tunisia (1575), after Italian version. 86 Fig. 2.15: F. Hogenberg and G. Braun. Tunis, Tunisia (1575), after Italian version. 87 Fig. 2.16: Christian van Adrichem. Jerusalem, c. 1584 (1590). 87 Fig. 2.17: F. Hogenberg and G. Braun. Mahdia, Tunisia (1575). 89 Fig. 2.18: Sebastian Miinster. Algiers, Algeria (1550). 89 Fig. 2.19: A. Wyngaerde. Pefton Velez de la Gomera (1564), before. 90 Fig. 2.20: A. Wyngaerde. Pefton Velez de la Gomera (1564), after. 90 Fig. 2.21: F. Hogenberg and G. Braun. Mombaza, Kenya (1572). 91 Fig. 2.22: F. Hogenberg and G. Braun. Kilwa, Tanzania (1572). 91 Fig. 2.23: Johannes Honter. South Africa (1546). 93 Fig. 2.24: Sebastian Munster. South East Africa (c. 1552). 93 Fig. 2.25: G. Gastaldi. North West Africa (1548). 94 Fig. 2.26: G. Gastaldi. North Africa (1550). 94 Fig. 2.27: Anon. North Africa (1535). 95 Fig. 2.28: Anon. South Africa (1535). 95 Fig. 2.29: M. Waldseemtiller. South Africa (1522). 97 Fig. 2.30: G. Gastaldi. West Africa (1550). 97 Fig. 2.31: A. Ortelius. East Africa (1570). 99 Fig. 2.32: Sebastian Munster. Africa (1542). 99 Fig. 2.33: Sebastian Munster. Africa (1542). 101 Fig. 2.34: Andre Thevet. Africa (1575). 101 Fig. 2.35: G. Gastaldi. Africa (1554). 102 Fig. 2.36: Arnoldo di Arnoldi. Africa (c. 1600). 102 Fig. 2.37: Ortelius. Africa (1570). 104 v Fig. 2.38: Angelino Dulcent. Europe and Africa (1339). 104 Fig. 2.39: Nicolaus de Caverio. World (before 1506). 105 Fig. 2.40: Mateo Prunes. World (1563). 105 Table 2.1: African Map Signs. 106 Fig. 3.1: F. Hogenberg and G. Braun. Mexico City (1572). 112 Fig. 3.2: Benedetto Bordone. Mexico City (1528). 112 Fig. 3.3: Hernan Cortes. Mexico City (c. 1524). 113 Fig. 3.4: Francisco Lopez de Gomera. Cuzco, Peru (1554). 113 Fig. 3.5: Diego de Landa. Izamal, Yucatan (c. 1566). 115 Fig. 3.6: Anon. Muchitlan, Puebla (1582). 115 Fig. 3.7: Anon. Cholula, Puebla (1581).
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