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LETOUZEY & ANÉ ÉDITEURS 87, Boulevard Raspail PARIS` Ja qu _s L`RIEND et Michel QUESNEL P_.. sF. saintes T°rofear d cntare p,,! i itut b.tthokiq„ :e'P^-^s ^1^ i_ t-A^:i t r:î ,.A% 2E C'E TIJDEDE1JNSDIIL Rï; (I q! I:ÂTOIRU ASS '_ LT r_U "tT^ {': LETOUZEY & ANÉ ÉDITEURS 87, boulevard Raspail PARIS` VIe 2002 359 SUMER - SUSE 360 grand dieu de tout Sumer, le dieu Enlil. On peut donc alluviale mésopotamienne ; à l'inverse, si l'observateur se bien, dès lors, parler d'un peuple. trouve en Basse Mésopotamie, il percevra cette même Qui sont les héritiers de ce peuple ? Ceux, naturelle- Susiane comme la première marche d'un obstacle qui le ment qui ont vécu après eux sur la même terre. Mais on a sépare des ressources indispensables des hauts plateaux vu la difficulté de distinguer, dès une très haute époque, d'Iran. Ce premier constat reflète à sa manière toute l'am- ce qui appartenait à la tradition sumérienne de ce qui biguïté du parcours historique de Suse et de sa région. appartenait à la tradition akkadienne. On a vu aussi (X) Mais les limites de la Susiane ne se laissent pas déter- que les scribes akkadiens avaient désappris de recopier miner facilement. Par commodité plus que par conviction, des oeuvres appartenant à un corpus sumérien qui avait on considère le plus souvent que ce terroir est enserré sombré pour plusieurs millénaires (sauf des textes litur- entre la plaine deltaïque et les marais de Basse Mésopota- giques en usage dans les temples). Dans ces conditions, mie d'une part, les monts Zagros et la rive Nord du golfe les héritiers des Sumériens, pour leur littérature, ne Persique d'autre part. Ce territoire immense est coupé, du seraient-ils pas ceux et celles qui, aujourd'hui après un nord-ouest au sud-est, par une ride anticlinale, connue, à peu plus d'un siècle de labeur, ont ressuscité cette littéra- hauteur de Suse, sous le nom de Kuh-e Mu"stak et qui se ture et l'ont reçue comme un magnifique cadeau venu des confond avec la ligne où la plaque arabique plonge et temps anciens ? Mais ce n'est pas seulement à la littéra- continue de glisser sous la plaque iranienne (Ehlers 1980, ture des Sumériens que nous avons accès ; si, comme il a carte 1), phénomène qui est à l'origine de la formation du été dit, l'âme d'un peuple est dans sa langue, c'est désor- Zagros (cf. Sanlaville 1990, p. 5). mais l'âme sumérienne qui nous est accessible. De part et d'autre de ce plissement on distingue deux régions bien différentes, mais qui ont en commun une tec- Addendum tonique active depuis le Pliocène final (Lees et Falcon Il y a près de cinq ans que le chapitre ci-dessus a été 1952, p. 27-33 ; mais voir aussi Larsen 1975). Au nord-est rédigé. Depuis, rien n'est venu, semble-t-il, bouleverser du Kuh-e Mustak, jusqu'au front montagneux du Zagros, l'état de la question. Pour d'utiles compléments, on on trouve une plaine bien irriguée, mais entrecoupée par . notera toutefois .les travaux suivants : 1) Josef Bauer, trois autres rides plus ou moins parallèles : l'anticlinal dit Robert K. Englund, Manfred Krebernik, Mesopotamien. du Chaour, celui de Haft Tépé et celui de Dizful ; c'est le Spiituruk-Zeit und Frühdvnastische Zeit, OBO 16011, Fri- « Haut Khuzistan » de Trichet (1989, p. 8) dont l'altitude bourg-en-Br. 1998 (Pascal Attinger et Marcus Wafler oscille entre 25 m au nord d'Ahwaz et quelque 100 m aux éds). Il s'agit d'une synthèse en 627 p. (avec index alentours de Dizfûl. Ces terres fertiles seraient occupées détaillés) sur ce qu'apportent les sources écrites d'Uruk par l'homme depuis la seconde moitié du Vill e millénaire tardif, de Para, d'Abu-Salahikh et de Lagash présargo- (Tchogha Bonut, cf. Alizadeh 1996-1997). La pluviosité y nique. 2) Julian Reade, « Sumerian Origins », dans est évaluée entre 250 et 400 mm par an ce qui est déjà I.L. Finkel et M.J. Geller (éds.), Sumerian Gods and their mieux que les 250 mm, au plus, mesurés dans la région Representations, Cuneiform Monographs 7, Styx Publi- située au sud-ouest du Kuh-e Mustak et qui comprend en cations, Groningen 1997, p. 221-227. grande partie la plaine deltaïque du Kàriin, prolongée par On complétera ce qui est dit plus haut sur KI.EN.GI par : une zone estuarienne. C'est le « Bas Khuzistan » de Tri- Horst Steible, Fatma Yildiz, « KI'ENGI aus der Sicht von chet (1989, p. 8) dont une partie importante paraît avoir été Shuruppak. Erne frühdynastische Regio nach Fara-zeitli- submergée par les eaux du Golfe, selon l'hypothèse d'un chen Urkunden », Istanbuler Mitteilungen 43, 1993, ancien rivage (voir maintenant Sanlaville 1989 et 1990). p. 17-26. Cette étude met en évidence le lien entre d'une Cette plaine deltaïque ne semble occupée qu'à partir des part les villes d'Uruk, Adab, Nippur, Lagash, Shuruppak Sassanides (Adams 1962, p. 110). et Umm, et d'autre part la notion exprimée par le mot KIENGI. A.2. LE RÉSEAU FIYDROGRAPffiQUE On se contentera ici de-survoler quelques aspects du «Haut Khuzistan » qui constitue l'environnement plus rapproché de Suse ; son réseau hydrographique, dense pet Sommaire pérenne, comprend, d'ouest en est, la.Karkheh, le Chaour (le plus problématique de ces cours d'eau), 1' Ab-e- Diz et le A. Lé cadre géographique, M.-J. Stevè, E Vallat et Kàrûn ; beaucoup plus -au sud-est et fort éloignés de.Suse H. Gasche. se trouvent le Jarrahi et le Zoreh... - B. La topographie de Suse, idem. La pente moyenne de cette plaine est sensiblement plus C. Les noms de Suse, idem.. forte que celle -du « Bas Khuzistan » . et, surtout, de la D. Le cadre stratigraphigiùe et chronologique, idem. Basse Mésopotamie voisine..Les cours d'eau du « Haut E. La découverte de Suse : les données archéologiques, Khuzistan » sont ainsi incisés dans le paysage et leurs idem. tracés ont peu varié au cours des siècles ; c'est l'inverse de F. Suse dans l'histoire, idem. ce qui se passe en Basse Mésopotamie où le déplacement G. Les religions à Suse - G.I. La religion suso-élamite, F. Vallot. - G.2. Le zoroastrisme à Suse, M.-J. Steve. - permanent des fleuves a créé des conditions beaucoup plus G.3. Suse et le Judaïsme de la déportation orientale, complexes pour la reconstitution de l'environnement M.-J. Steve. - G.4. Le christianisme à Suse et en Susiane, ancien. C. et F. Julien. L'Ab-e Diz et le Kàriin traversent les trois anticlinaux H. Bibliographie du Chaour, de Haft Tépé et de Dizfll, mais les interrup- tions dans la ride du Kuh-e Mustak - limite entre le « Haut » et le « Bas Khuzistan » - permettent aujourd'hui A. LE CADRE GÉOGRAPHIQUE à la Karkheh de rejoindre les marais d'al Hawizeh et au A.1. LE RELIEF Kiirûn (augmenté des eaux de l'Ab-e Diz) de poursuivre Si un observateur se place dans les monts Zagros, la vers le Shattel-Arab ainsi qu'au Jarrahi et au Zoreh de se Susiane sera perçue comme un prolongement de la plaine jeter dans le Gelfe. 361 SUSE 362 La Karkheh, l'Àb-e Diz et le Kin - plus proches de Quelque 30 ans plus tard, un attaché de la mission Dieu- Suse - évoluent chacun depuis longtemps dans leur propre lafoy, Ch. Sabin, dressa un plan plus précis des trois prin- chenal ; quant au Chaour, son cours serpente dans le large cipales collines, avec courbes de niveau et indication des chenal de la Karkheh, le long de son front oriental. fouilles, mais aussi, en surcharge, avec unereconstitution, Les photographies aériennes de la fin des années 1940 sans fondement réel, de l'appareil défensif achéménide montrent clairement que le Chaour est un cours d'eau imaginé par Marcel Dieulafoy. Au sortir de la Seconde mineur qui prend sa source à hauteur d'Ivan-e Kerkha, à Guerre, R. Ghirshman confia à l'un de ses architectes, une vingtaine de km seulement au nord de Suse. Son débit A. Jullien, la tâche ingrate d'un nouveau lever des quatre est alors rapidement augmenté par des canaux dérivés de collines de Suse avec reports des fouilles anciennes, mais la Karkheh. Arrivé à Suse, il contourne la ville par l'ouest aussi de leurs déblais qui masquent à bien des endroits le et poursuit son cours sur une quarantaine de km avant relief originel (MDP xxxvi, plan 1). d'obliquer vers le sud-est où il s'engage entre les rides anticlinales de « Haft Tépé » et du «Chaour ». B.1. ÉLÉMENTS DE TOPOGRAPHIE HISTORIQUE Ce faible cours d'eau ne peut pas être confondu avec ce Aucune prospection détaillée de la surface du site n'a que les anciens appelaient la « rivière de Suse » qui, en été réalisée au cours d'un siècle d'activité archéologique, réalité, était la Kerkha, l'Ulaï du livre de Daniel (vln, 2) mais le nombre important de chantiers ouverts permet déjà attesté dans un texte de Sutruk-Nahhunte (Scheil d'établir les premiers éléments d'une occupation de Suse 1911, p. 17-18). C'est l'Eulaios des Grecs qui le dénom- aux différentes époques de son histoire (fig. 4). On notera, mèrent ainsi par assonance avec l'une de leurs rivières de à toutes les époques, la présence d'un blanc entre les trois Macédoine. collines occidentales du site où aucun vestige archéo- Nous n'allons pas proposer d'identifier le nom ancien logique n'a jamais été attesté.
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