The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State D

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Cambridge University Press 0521563585 - The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State D. T. Potts Index More information

INDEX

A’abba, 179 Aleppo, 169, 170 Apollophanos, 364, 369 Aahitek, 207, 208 Alexander, the Great, 348–50, apples, 137 Abadan, 14 355; I Balas, 373, 383, 387, 388 Arahir, 136 Aba-Enlilgim, 140 al-Hiba, 92, 95 Aramaic, 384, 399, 424 Abalgamash, 105, 106 Ali Kosh, see Tepe Ali Kosh Arashu, 285 Abbashaga, 135, 140 Allabria, 263 Arawa, 89; see also Urua Ab-i-Diz, see Diz Allahad, 168 Arbimazbi, 140 Ab-i-Marik, 22 almond, 155 Archalos, 349 Abiradu, 328 Altyn-depe, 118 archons, at Susa, 363 Abu Fanduweh, 55 Alumiddatum, 136, 138, 141 Ardashir, 410–16, Fig. 11.2 Abu Salabikh, 58, 88, 242 Amar-Sin, 135, 137, Areia, 323 Abulites, 348–50 ambassadors, 138–9 Argishti-henele, 301 Aburanum, 137 amber, 33 Ariaramnes, 287 accountancy, 59–60 Amedirra, 283 Arjan, 124, 303–6, 412 Achaemenes, 287 Amel-Marduk, 293 armour, 203, 277 Açina, 317–18 Ammiditana, 171 aromatics, see incense Acropole, see Susa, Acropole Ammisaduqa, 165, 189 Arrapha/Arraphe, 242 Acts, Book of (2.9), 3 Amorites, 167 arrowheads, copper/bronze, 95 Adab, 121 Ampe, 391 Arsaces, 376–7, 388, 391, 392 Adad, 347 Ampirish, 306 Arsames, 287 Adad-erish, 204 Amurru, 193 arsenic, 218 Adad-nirari III, 263 Amygdalus, 23 Artabanus I, 391; II, 391; III, 369; Adad-rabi, 177 An(?)turza, 347 IV, 401, 412 Adad-sharru-rabu, 191 Anahita, 383 Artaxerxes I, 335, 337, 318; II, 7, Adad-shuma-iddina, 231 Anarak, 33, 34 335, 337, 359; III, 339 Adad-shuma-usur, 208, 231, 235 Andia, 263 Artemis, 383, 392 Adamdun, 135, 136, 138, 143, Anigi, see Itnigi Artemisia, 20 145 Annales, xx asafoetida, 37 adda lugal, 163, 164 Anni-ilha, 306 Ashkar Mukram, 412

A-DU3-a, 89 Anni-Shilha, 306 Ashuhash/Ashuhish, 242 Afghanistan, 169; see also Bactria Anshan, 4, 106, 125, 135–9, 143, Ashur-nadin-shumi, 270, 274, Agapit, 431 149, 285, 311; see also Anzan 275 Agapta, 424 Antigonus, 355, 374–5 Aspasine, 378–9, 390; see also agate, 236 antimony, 33 Hyspaosines Aginis, 391 Antioch (on the Orontes), 418 Assarabad, 33 Ahasuerus, 7, 330 Antiochia-in-Persis, 357, 394 as-Silh, 387 Ahuramazda, 317, 318, 326–7, Antiochus I, 357, 369; III, 355, Assur, 117, 118, 132, 135, 167, 346; see also Zoroastrianism 357, 369, 374, 380, 382, 383, 227, 230, 392 Ahu-Wer, 140 386; IV, 355, 383–4, 390; VI, Assurbanipal, 227, 230, 236, 277, Ahwaz, 10, 14, 15, 395, 412, 415 387; VII, 391 280, 282–3, 285, 287, 289, 370 Ainsworth, W.F., 12 Anubanini, 318 Assurnasirpal II, 263 akinakes, 342, Pl. 9.7 Anzan, 272–3 Assyria, 168 Akkadianization, 111, 126 Anzaze, 392, 394, 399 Astyages, 295, 311 Akrna, 347 Apadana, see Susa, Apadana Atamaita, 318, 348 Akshak, 108, 124 Apamea, 382, 387 Atameta, see Atamaita Aksi-marti, 306 Aphrodite, 383 Atamrum, 168 Al Untash-Napirisha, see Choga Aple, 391 Athena, 371, 392 Zanbil Apollo, 397 Athibu, 204 AL.UR.KA, 123 Apollodoros, 357, 365, 369 Atta-hamiti-Inshushinak, 283, alabaster, 210 Apolloniatis, 380 297, 318, 348, Pl. 8.1

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521563585 - The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State D. T. Potts Index More information

482 index

Atta-hushu, 162–5, 174, 177 Behistun, 287, 315–318, 345, 373, Carchemish, 170 Atta-merra-halki, 164 Pl. 9.3 Carians, 328 Attametu, 281 Bel, 383 Carmania, see Karmania Attar-kittah, 205, 207, 209, 211, Belala, 212 carnelian, 33, 135, 328 223, 236 Belânum, 170 carts, 277, Fig. 8.3 Attata-ekal-likrub, 238 Belapaton, 421 Caspian, Gates 375; Sea, 11, 38, Attata-mitik, 238 Beli-arik, 135, 140 40, 103, 141 Aurelian, 421 Bel-ibni, 282–3 Chanhu-Daro, 118 Avva, 302 Belilit, 223 Characene, see Mesene Awal, 124, 242, 243 Bel-iqisha, 276 charcoal, 22 Awan, 85, 87, 88, 92–3, 97, 102, Beltibanitis, 367, 370 chariot, 177, 201–3, Fig. 6.6; 103, 105, 109, 111, 122–3, 127, Beltiya, 210 burials, 95; tyres of, 201 135, 138, 143, 145, 236, 248, Benjamin of Tudela, 8 Chatleh, 16 268, 284, 299, 328, 428 Beth Huzaye, 424, 430–1 cheese, 137 Ayapir, 299, 303 Beth Lapat, 421–3, 430–1 Chenopodiaceae, 20 Aza, 147 bezoar, 33 Chigha Sabz, 306 Azahar, 136, 141 Bilalama, 146, 162 chlorite, 33; see also Âzâr Sâbur, 395 Billatu, 269 Intercultural Style, série Azar, 395 Bishapur, 415–16, Fig. 11.7 ancienne, série récente Azara, 103, 141, 392, 395 Bit Hulmi, 238 Choga Gavaneh, 174 azurite, 33 Bit Turni, 238 Choga Mish, 55, 60, 67, 175, 337 Bit-Burnaki, see Bit-Burnakka Choga Pahan East, 173, 206, 232 Baba Jan, 97, 335 Bit-Burnakka, 271, 285 Choga Zanbil, 205, 222–30, 236, Bab-Duri, 266 Bit-Dakkuri, 266, 275 248, 284 Babdusha, 140 Bit-Imbi, 265, 283 Chogha Kal, 419 Babylon, 124, 140, 171, 208, 252, Bit-Jakin, 263, 268, 274 Chorasmia, 328 265, 284, 379 Bit-Karkudî, 377, 388 Christianity, Nestorian, 418, Bactria, 37, 118, 120, 169, 178, Bit-Karziabku, 253 421–4 181, 328, 357 bitumen, compound, 33, 67, 90, chromite, 33 Badakê, 272, 355 218; vessels of, 108, 175, Pl. Chronicle, Babylonian, 263, 269, Badatma, 140 6.1, Fig. 6.5 274–5; Dynastic, 262; Bafq, 34 Bitum-rabium, 138 Nabopolassar, 289 Bakhtiyari mountains, 16, 253, borax, 33 Cincikhri, 317 375, 382 Borsippa, 265 climate, 15, 19–22 bala, 135; see also tax bow, Elamite, 263, 290, 345 cobalt, 33 Balahute, 242, 299 bowmen, Elamite, 267, 268, 277, coinage, Elymaean, 397, 401, Balippiti, 236 435; Elymaean, 380, Fig. 10.7 Table 10.3; Parthian, 391; Baluchistan, 24, 103 Brdatka, 347 Sasanian, 428; Seleucid, 355, Bama, 299 brick, glazed, 209, 224–6, 240, 371, 383 Banana, 138, 140 264, 326–7, 330, Pl. 9.5; colonies, Uruk, 56–57, 67 Bandar Abbas, 15 moulded, 240, Fig. 7.11 copper, 32–33, 105, 135, 177, 248 Band-e Kaisar, 418 bronze, 135, 177, 203, 218, 227, coral, 33 Banesh, see Tal-i Malyan, Banesh 248, 299, 428; see also couriers, 137 phase metallurgy, metalwork courte durée, 436–7 Bani Surmah, 93, 97, 119 Bubilu, 283 crystal, 428 Banu Ka’b, 19 buckles, belt, 95 Cyaxares, 290 Barahshum, 89, 102, 103, 105, bullae, 63, 428, Table 3.1, Fig. Cyrus I, 287, 306; II, 287; III, 287, 106–7; see also Marhashi 3.11; see also envelopes 295, 311–314; Cylinder, 287, Baraz, 419 Bulma, 138, 141 306; tomb of, 23 Barbarranamba, 136 Bunban, 102 Cyrus the Great, see Cyrus III Bard-e Nechandeh, 382–4, 395, Burna-Buriash II, 207–8, 230 397 Burujird, 16 Daba, 136 Bard-i But, 402 Bushire, 10, 14–15, 37, 106, 173, Dada, 137 barley, 36, 155, 347, 358 180, 209, 212; see also Liyan Dadusha, 168 Barsine, 355 Buzua, 147 daggers, 95; Elamite, 342, Pl. 9.6 Bar-Uli, 240 Buzurg-Sabur, 416 Dagu, 102 Bashime, see Pashime Byblos, 118 Dahst-i Lut, 24 Bâtiment de Suse I, see Susa, Dalta, 267 Bâtiment de Suse I Cambyses I, 287; II, 287, 313–4, Damghan, 33 bdellium, 37 321 Danhili, 136 Be Lapat, 421 camel, 252 Daniel, Book of (8.2), 3 Behbehan, 15, 16, 303 caravanserai, 137 Dar Tanha, 97

Index 483

Darab, 10, 416 Ebla, 88, 95 fauna, 25–31 Darius I, 287, 314–35, 340, 359; II, ed-Dur, 392 figurines, 116, 175–7, 194, 203, 337; III, 348–9; of Parthia, 391 Egibi, 313, 337 226, 392, Fig. 10.1 Darvazeh Tepe, 252 Egyptians, 328 Firdawsi, 444 Darwand, 119 Ekallate, 238 Firuzabad, 415 Daryacheh-i Niriz, 15 Ekallatum, 167 flax, Susian, 91; see also linen Dasht-i Kavir, 24 Ekalli, 244 flint, 81, 226 Dasht-i Lut, 125 Ekbatana, 374, 383–4, 401; see flour, 198, 202, 347 dates, 358 also Hamadan Flower, S., 5 Dauraq, 247, 412 Ekikuanna, 172, 174 frataraka, 355 deforestation, 22–23 Elam Major, 8 Fravartish, 317 Deh Luran, 15, 92, 119 Elam Minor, 8 frit, 226 Deh-e Now, 55, 206, 209, 232–3, ELAM(.MAki), 3 237, 264 Elam, metropolitan of, 430–1 Gabae (Gabai/Tabae), 371, 380 Demawend, 33–5, 37 Elamatum, 179 Gabiane, 371, 380 Demetrius I, 383; II, 358, 383–4, Elamite, Linear, 123; Old, 75 galbanum, 37 388, 391 Elamtu, 1 Gamasab, 16 Der, 88, 167, 242, 263–5, 271, elephants, at Susa, 426 Gambulu, 266, 276, 280 273, 277, 290 Ellipi, 263, 272 Gandhara, 328 diamond, 33 elûm, 1 Ganj Dareh, 24, 38, 40–41 Dieulafoy, M. and J., 330 Elymaea, 380 garasˇ-a-ab-ba, 130 Digidihum, 140 Elymaeans, 375–406 gardens, 334 Dilbat, 299, 306, 337 Elymaei, see Elymaeans garlic, 137 Dilmun, 179–80 Elymais, 375–406 garmsir, 19 Dimindan, 34 Emahsini, 109 Garnene, 136, 140 Diogenes, 384 Emutbal, see Yamutbal Garta, 136, 141 Diophantos, 364 Enannatum, 92 Gasur, 243 diorite, 105 Endingirmu, 140 Gaubaruva, 318 Dirtaq, see Tartaq Eninnu, 25 Gaud-i-Ahmer, 33 Diyala, 124 Enki, 123 Gaumata, 314, 317 Diz, 15–16, 396, 418 Enlil, 123, 138; temple of, 201 Genesis, Book of (10.22, 14.1), 3 Dizful, 14–15, 418 Enlilla, 140 Geoy Tepe, 118 Donjon, see Susa, Donjon Enlil-nadin-ahi, 236–7 Gilan, 38 Doriscus, 339–40 Enmebaragesi, 87, 88 GÌR.NÍTA, 102, 107, 109, 116, Drehem, see Puzrish-Dagan envelopes, 65, Fig. 3.11; see also 122, 123, 125, 146 dress, 277 bullae Girkinam, 136 Dudu, 108, 140 Enzag, 179 Girnamme, 144, 147 Dugga, 140 Epirmupi, 107, 109, 116 Girsu, 125, 160 Dum Gar Parchineh, 50 equids, 155, 252 Gisha, 136 Dunanu, 280 Eran-xwarrah-Shapur- Gizili, 136 Dunna-Sah, 208 Shahrestan, 419, 424–6, 428 Godin Tepe, 60, 92–4, 97–8, 155, Dura Europus, 406 Eridu, 48, 145 174, 335 Dur-Athara, 266 Erythraean Sea, satrapy of, 357 gold, 33, 105, 135, 167, 170, 177, Dur-Jakin, 267 erythrite, 33 202–3, 209–10, 218, Dur-Katlimmu, 288 Esagila, 252; see also Babylon Gondeisos, 396, 421 Dur-Kurigalzu, 236 Esarhaddon, 269, 274–6 Gondisapor, see Gundeshapur Dur-Ladini, 265–6 Eshnunna, 124, 142, 149, 162, Gordian, 416 Dur-Nabu, 266 168–9, 171, 174, 233; see also Gotarzes I, 391; II, 391, 397 Dur-Papsukkal, 263 Tell Asmar grapes, 155, 358 Dur-Untash, 284 Eshpum, 106, 107 grasses, 23 dushû-stone, 105 ESˇSˇANA, 191, 248 graves, 95, 115, 117, 176–7, 228, Duwairij, 272 Esther, Book of (1.1), 3, 330 284, 302, 392 ethnicity, 45 Greek, use of at Susa, 360–70, É.DÙ.A, 195, 198, 201–2 ethnogenesis, 45, 440–1 Fig. 10.4 É.KUR, 201 Eumenes, 355 gú/gún, 132, 150; see also tax Ea-gamil, 189, 191 expansion, Uruk, 56–57 Gu’abba, 90, 91 Eanna, 46, 52, 370 Eyana, 347 Gudea, 125 Eannatum, 89–90, 92 Ezekiel, Book of (32:24), 294 Gundeshapur, 416, 419–24 Ea-sunkir, 212 Gungunum, 149, 162–3 Ebabbar, 166, 339 Famiya, 387 Gunilaha, 102 Ebarat (Ebarti) I, 144, 146–7; II, Fars, 10, 15, 38, 103, 106 Gupin, 103, 105 146–7, 151, 162, 164 fat, 137 Gurashimmu, 282

484 index

Guti, 116, 167 horns, on buildings, 69, 284, Pl. Ibni-Adad, 177 Gutium, 121–122, 171 3.2 Idaddu I, 144–7; II, 146–7 Hozki/Hozki, 374 Idaddu-napir, 144, 146, 148 Habuba Kabira, 60 Hu’urti, 135, 138 Idaddu-temti, 144, 148 hadish, 335, 337 Huban, 303 Idadu, 148 Haft Tepe, 182, 192–3, 196–205, Huban-kitin, 297, 299 Iddin-Dagan, 149, 162 198–99, 206, 230, Pl. 7.1, Figs. Huban-nukash, 263 Iddiyatum, 170 7.3–4 Huban-tahra, 297 Idnin-Sin, 140 Haidala, see Hidalu Hudhud, 283 Igibuni, 151–2 Hakalan, 50 Hudimiri, 287 Igi-Enlishe, 140 Haldash, 348 Huhnur, 124,135–6, 138, 143, Igi-halki, 205–7, 209, 211, 232 Halkatash, 297 145, 205, 299 Igihalkids, 191, 207 Hallushu, 268–71 Humbahaldashu, see Humban- Ilaba, 111 Hallutash-Inshushinak, 269, 297 haltash I, 274 Ili’ishmani, 107, 109–110, 116, Hallutush-Inshushinak, 220, 232, Humban, 111, 223, 347–8 Fig. 4.5 269 Humban-haltash I 274; II, 274–6; Ili-barna, 203 Halule, 272 unspeciﬁed, 297, 348 Ilshu-rabi, 106, 107 Hama, 95 Humban-immeni, 208 IM, 212, 223 Hamadan, 10, 14, 16, 33; see also Humban-kidin, 276 Imazu, 145–7, 149 Ekbatana Humban-nikash III, 280–1 Imbappa, 268, 283 Hammurabi, 165, 169, 171; law Huban-nukash, 264 Imtaa, 121 code, 233, 235 Humban-numena I, 205–7, 209, Inanna, 223 Hamrin, Jabal, 15, 88, 93, 124 211–12, 232, 237–8; II, 255, incense, 37 Hanbate, 242 264; III, 272–3 Indabibi, 282 Hanî, 351 Humban-undasha (Huban- Indada, 303 Hanni, 254, 301, 303, 307 Untash), 273 Indassu, 168 Hantallak, 238 Hundasha-naprisha, 206, 208 Indasu, 141 Hapatre, 242 Hung-i Kamalvand, 402, 407 Indattu, 148 Hapiradush, 328 Hung-i Nauruzi, 388, 402, 407 India, 328 Harpocration, 341 Hung-i Yar-i ‘Alivand, 402, 407 Indus Valley, objects from, 120; Harshi, 4, 137–8 Hupan’ahpi, 348 see also weights, Harappan; Hasanlu, 335 Hupanna, 295 Mohenjo-Daro Hasina, see Açina Hupapanu, 269 Inneri, 170 halHatamti, 1 Hupsana, 123 Inshushinak, 57–8, 111, 123, Hatra, 416 Hupum, 136 173–4, 182, 192, 201, 209–12, haute terrasse, see Susa, haute Hurtum, 123 223; temple of, 132, 172, 174, terrasse Husan, 136 180, 218, 225, 237–8, 240, 247, Hawiza, see marshes Hussi, 242 297, 299 Haya-Addu, 170 Hutelutush-Inshushinak, 206, Inshushinak-shar-ilani, 192, 205 Hazâr, 395 240, 247–8, 252, 255, 264 Intaea, 140 Hazor, 169 Hutran, 111 Intercultural Style, 98; see also Hazur, 347 Hutran-tepti, 147,297 série ancienne Hedyphon, 394 Hutrara, 348 Inzak, see Enzag Hedypnus, see Hedyphon Hutum, 136 Ionians, 328 Helmand, 33 Huza, 415 ippir, 163–5 Heni, 102 Huzi-x, 103 Irmakka, 299 Hibarsh, 347 Huziya, 415 iron, 32, 34, 218, 299, 428; see Hidali, 347 Hyakinthos, 373 also oxide, iron Hidalu, 269, 272, 276, 282, 285 hydrology, 15; see also irrigation irrigation, 18, 22, 155, 396, 418–9 Hidarida-..., 102 Hyrcania, 388 Isaiah, Book of (21:2), 290 Hilim, 282, 285 Hyspaosines, 390–1, Fig. 10.10; Isfahan, 12, 38 Hilmu, 269 see also Aspasine Ishara, 111 Hindaru, 266 Hystaspes, 287 Ishbi-Erra, 139, 142–3, 145, 149, Hindian (Zureh), 15 162 Hiritu, 281 Iab/pib/pum, 136 Ishhi-Dagan, 170 Hishibrashini, 88, 102, 109 Iabrat, 136 Ishkibal, 191 Hishmitik, 223 Iabulmat, 138 Ishme-Dagan, 169 histoire totale, xx, 436–7, 441–2 Iapru, 136 Ishmekarab, 172; see also Hita, 111 Iapulmat, 136 Ishnikarab Hormizd Ardashir, 412, 422–3 Ibata, 347 Ishnikarab, 212, 223, 227, 237, Hormizd II, 421 Ibbi-Sin, 137–8, 142–3, 157 247, 264 Hormuz, 34 Ibnahaza, see Nibhaz Ishnikarabat, 240

Index 485

Ishnikarab-huhun, 247 Kartir, 415 Kudurru, 276, 280 Ishpabara, 267 Karun, 8, 15–16, 106, 253, 418 Kudu-zulush I, 164; II, 165, 170,

Ishtar, 123, 294; of Agade, 275 kasˇ4, 137 173, 189 Ishtaran, 167 Kashan, 33 Kuganaka, 317–18 Ishtar-hundu, 264; see also Kashkan, 16 Kuh-i Bul, 15 Shutruk-Nahhunte II Kashshu, 339–40, 374 Kuh-i Kharman, 15 Ishtar-Kititum, 175 Kashtiliashu IV, 189, 212, 231, Kuh-i Pinar, 15 Ishtar-nandi (Shutruk- 235 Kuh-i Taraz, 402, 407 Nahhunte), 276 Kassites, 374; see also Kashshu Kuh-i-Rang, 19 Isin, 122, 124, 149, 162, 231; kaunakes, 176, 182 Kuk-Kirmash, 162, 164, 174 Second Dynasty of, 242, 264 Kawadh I, 419 Kukkumanzu, 170 Ispubarza, 392 Kawand, 33 Kuk-Nahundi, 164 Istakhr, 410, 415 Kazallu, 124, 143 Kuk-Nashur I, 164; II, 165, 171, Itaddu, 147 Kazerun, 312 182, 189; III, 165, 189; III? 173; Itnigi, 4, 136 Kedor-Laomer, 3, 237 IV, 165; IV? 173 ivories, 338, Fig. 9.9 Kerman, 10, 33, 35, 103, 328 Kuk-sharum, 147 Izeh, 178, 195, 253, 299, 388, Kermanshah, 10, 14–15, 21, 242 Kuk-Simut, 145–7 395, 402, 419; see also Kesh, 145 Kuksiyari, 170 Malamir Khafajah, 60, 87, 88, 93–4, 124 Kuku-sanit, 164 Kheit Qasim I, 93–4 Kul-e Farah, 253–5, 302–3, 306, Ja Nishin, 395 Khorassan, 33, 38 Pls. 7.9–11 Jabal Aruda, 60 Khorramabad, 14, 21, 306 Kullaba, 46 Jabru, 138 Khorsabad, 265 Kültepe, 118, 177 Jadbaru, 266 Khusrau I, 419; II, 419, 428 Kumdupum, 102 Jamdat Nasr, 94 Khwasak, 401, 412, Fig. 10.14 Kunaramika, 299 Jameh Shuran, 22 Kidinanu, 289 KUR elammatum, 1, 4 Jarrahi, 395 Kidin-hudurudish, 206, 230 Kur River basin, 15, 22, 51, 69, Jéquier, G., 330 Kidin-Hutran I, 205, 207, 211, 252 Jeremiah, Book of (49.35–39), 3, 230; II, 206–7, 230–1; III, 207, Kurangun, 182, Fig. 6.8 290–1 231; son of Kurlush, 303 Kurash, 287, 306, 340 jujube, 18 Kidinu, 172–3, 189, 191 Kurdistan, 34, 38 juniper, 22 Kidinuids, 191 Kurigalzu I, 207, 208, 212; I or II, Kifri, 244 235 Kabinak, 201 Kilah shupir, 223 Kurigugu, 174 Kabnak, 193, 196–205 Kimash, 4, 123, 135–8, 140 Kurlush, 303 Kabnashkir, 384 Kindadu, 147 Kushans, 416 Kadashman-Enlil I, 192–3 Kindattu, 142–5, 147, 149–50 Kut al-Amara, 135, 387 Kadashman-dKUR.GAL, 192–3 kinglist, of Awan and Shimashki, Kutir-Huban, 240, 248 Kaftari, see Tal-i Malyan, Kaftari 111, 144–5; see also Sumerian Kutir-Nahhunte I, 164, 174, 180, period King List 206, 233, 238, 247; II, 271–2 Kalleh Nisar, 119 Kiprat, 242 Kutir-Shilhaha, 164 Kamarij, 34 Kipri, 242 Kutu, 138 Kammashkiri, 376, 387 Kiririsha, 209–210, 212, 218, 223, kypasseis, 341 Kamnaskiri, 378 227, 237–8, 247, 348 Kamniskires I Nikephoros, 384, Kirwashir, 191–2, 223 labdanum, 37 386–7, 395, 399; II, 392, 394–5, Kish, 87–8, 92, 94–5, 118–19, Lagamal, 237 399 143; First Dynasty of, 87 Lagash, 90–1, 121, 125, 137, 142, Kamniskiri, 390–1 Kishsik, 267 160 Kandalanu, 289 Kismar, 88, 124, 242 Lahiru, 266 Kanesh, 177 Kissia, 319, 339–40 Lallar, 299 Kangavar, 10, 92–3, 265 Kissians, 339–40, 351, 373 Lankuku, 164 Kara Hasan, 117 Kissioi, see Kissians Laodicea-in-Persis, 357 Kara Su, 16 Kitdada, 300 lapis lazuli, 135, 203, 328 Karaindash, 233 Kitepatin, 297 Lapui, 51 Karda, see Garta Kitikka, 299 Laristan, 10, 37–8 Kardede, 102 Kossaea, 375 Larsa, 162, 166–7, 171, 175 Kar-Dur-Apil-Sin, 253 Kossaeans, 373–375, 384 Layard, A.H., 6 Karka d’Ledan, 422–3, 431 Kudur-Mapuk, 167, 223 lazulite, 34 Karkheh, 8, 15, 19–20, 180, 236, Kudur-Nahhunte, 236 lead, 34, 218 253, 263, 266, 272, 302 Kudur-nahundu, see Kutir- legumes, wild, 23 Karmania/ns, 328, 373 Nahhunte II lentils, 36, 155 Karta, see Garta kudurru, 233, 235, 276 Libanugshabash, 138

486 index

Libur-beli, 116 Marduk-shum-ibni, 276 Na’id-Marduk, 274–5 Lila-irtash, 164, 174, 240 Marduk-zakir-shumi, 267 Nabbazabba, 347 Linear Elamite, 125 Marhashi, 4, 98, 108, 135–8, 140, Nabium, 223 linen, 202; see also ﬂax 142, 171; see also Barahshum Nabonidus, 294 Lishtamar, 170 Mari, 60, 117–8, 168–71 Nabopolassar, 289–90, 295, 301, litharge, 34 Marlik, 230, 285 370 Liwwir-mittashu, 138 marriage, interdynastic, 136–9, Nabu, 212, 223, 293 Liyan, 173, 180, 212, 237–8; see 212, 230 Nabu-apal-iddina, 208 also Bushire Marrut, 238 Nabu-bel-shumate, 282–3, 285 Loftus, W.K., 6, 330 Marshai, 150 Nabu-damiq, 276 longue durée, xx, 436–7 marshes, Hawiza, 18, 19 Nabu-damiq-ilani, 267 Louvre, 444 Martiya, 317–8 Nabu-shum-eresh, 276 LÚ.SU, 138, 141; see also Martu, 142 Nabu-shum-ishkun, 273 Shimashki Marun, 15 Nabu-ushallim, 275 Lu’ena, 90 Mashkan-sharrim, 124 Nabu-zer-kitti-lishir, 274 Lu-dingirra, 140 Masjid-i Solaiman, 371–3, Fig. Nagite, 268 Lugalanda, 90, 91 10.5 Nahhunte, 212, 223 dlugal-aratta, 87 Massabatene, 380 Nahhunte-Utu, 237, 240, 247 Lugalidda, 116 massif funéraire, see Susa, massif Namma, 236 dlugal-NIM, 87 funéraire Namri, 242, 263 Luhishan, 88, 102 Masti, 303 Nanaya, 285, 365–7, 369–70, 383 Lullubi(um)/Lullubum, 107, 136, Matka, 242 Nanna, 149 318 Matum-niatum, 149 Napir, 303 Lumatur, 92 Maturban, 323 Napir-Asu, 210, 218, 220, Pl. 7.3 Luristan, 15, 33, 45, 50 Mazaros, 349 Napirisha, 182, 209, 218, 223, Lu-uh-ish-shan, see Luhishan Mazdagush, 347 226, 247, 347–8 Lydia, 328 Mazziat, 111 Napirisha-hundash, 206 Lysimachus, 364 Medes, 294, 311, 328, 339, Napirisha-Untash, 206–7, 231 373–4 Napratep, 212, 223 Ma, 365 Media, 290, 295, 306, 313, 357, Naqsh-i Rustam, 5, 182, 311, Maccabees, I and II, 382–3, 435 380, 383 342, 410, 416, Fig. 6.9 macehead, 130 Mega, 140 Naram-Sin, 107, 111, 126, 233, Mada, 263 Mekubi, 145 235 Madaktu, 269, 282, 283, 285, Mekubi, 147 Narunte, 123 355, 349–50, Fig. 8.2; see also Meli-shihu, 207–8, 233, 235 Nazi-Maruttash, 235 Badakê, Tepe Patak Meluhha, 103, 105 Nazit, 212 Madites/Medates, see Madates Menanu, 272–4 Nearchus, 16, 354–5, 380 Magan, 108, 180–1; booty of, 180; mercury, 34 Nebuchadnezzar I, 231, 236, see also Oman Merodach-Baladan II, 263–4, 265, 252–3; II, 290–5, 297, 334 Magdalu, 288 266–8, 274 NE-duhu(l)ni, 136 Magnesia, 382 Mesag, 110 Nemed-Laguda, 267 Mahidasht, 21–2, 24, 92, 288 Mesanepada, 88 Nergal, 200 Makran, 37 Mesene, 379, 387, 416 Nergal-nasir, 268 Malamir, 192–3, 253, 299, 301, Meshed, 33 Nergal-Ushezib, 269–70 340, 388, 395 Meskani, 33 Neriglissar, 293 Malayer, 16 metallurgy, 50, 81 Nesu, 281 Malgium, 171 metalwork, 116, Table 4.11 Neyriz, 21 Mangisi, 281 Miles, 424 Niabru, 140 Mani, 421 Miletus, 346 Nibe, 267 Manishtusu, 106, 233, 235 Milki-El, 179 Nibhaz, 302 Mankisum, 169 Milku-danum, 179 Nibulmat/Iapulmat, 141 Manna, 263 Mirabad, Lake, 21 Nicolaos, 364 Manzat, 222–3, 237; temple of, Mishime, 89–90 Nidintu-Bel, 317 232 Mishimruh, 209, 212 Niebuhr, C., 5 Manzat-Ishtar, 206, 209 Mithra, 383 Nikandros, 364 Mar(a)da, 124 Mithridates I, 388; II, 391; III, 391 NIM, 1, 3, 4, 87 Marad, 231 Mohenjo-Daro, 118 Nimrud, 288 Mar-biti-apla-usur, 262 Molon, 355, 357, 384 NIN.DAR.A, 222, 232–3 marble, 34 Moses of Khorene, 7 NIN.É.GAL, 223 Marduk, 295, 297, 382 Murashu, 337 Ninenimma, 167 Marduk-apla-iddina, 235 Musa, 391 Nineveh, 284–5, 301 Marduk-balassu-iqbi, 263 MUshezib-Marduk, 269, 273–4 Ningal, 132

Index 487

Ninhursag, 123; temple of, 132, Pasitigris, 16 Qalah Karafto, 373 239 pearls, 34 Qaleh, 193, 252 Ninkarrak, 111 Pepi, 147 Qara Dagh, 32 Ninlil, 167 Peptar-siyan-sit, 239 Qasr-i Shirin, 318 Ninmara, 167 periphery, 437–9 Qatna, 169 dnin-sˇusˇinak, 87 Perraperra, 239 Qishm, 34 Ninurta, 111; temple of, 136, 140 Persepolis, 5, 177, 290, 306, 342, Quercus, 20 Ninuruamugub, 132 355; fortiﬁcation texts, 295, Nippur, 52, 60, 132, 136–7, 142, 318, 320–5 Rabibi, 172 145, 201, 237, 270, 276, 337 Persians, 311, 373 rainfall, 12, 14, 18 Nisa, 370 Persica, 318 Ram Hormizd, 422–3 Nishama, 347 Persis, 21, 288, 317, 320, 357, Ram Hormuz, 15, 178, 395 Nishapur, 35 375, 416 Raphia, 374 Nishgamelum, 136 Philip the Arab, 416 Rapiqu, 246 Niusha, 140 Philoxenos, 348 Rashi, 138, 266, 271 notation, numerical, 59–60, 63 Phraataces, 391 Rawlinson, H.C., 330 NUN-ESˇSˇANA, 212 Phraates II, 391; III, 391; IV, 391, Raznavatish, 347 Nur-Sin, 147 396; ?, 363, 400 realgar, 34 Nush-i Jan, 335 pigments, 32, 33 resin, 37 Nushku, 223 Pihiranu-dU, 207 resources, natural, 32–42 Nushushmar, 136, 138, 141 Pillatu, 282, 285 Rev-Ardashir, 419, 428 Nuza, 242 Pillet, M., 330 rice, 358 Nuzi, 242, 244 Pinigir, 209, 212, 223, 227, 239; Rim-Adad, 177 temple of, 297, 299 Rim-Sin, 167, 168 oak, 20, 21; see also Quercus Pinikir, 111; see also Pinigir Rimsin-Enlilkurgalani, 168 obsidian, 34, 210 Pinriri, 297 Rimush, 103–106 oil, sesame, 137 Pirna, 299 Rishap-La, 209, 212 oils, volatile, 37 Pirri, 306 ‘Royal Road’, 10, 88, 321 Okkonapses, 387 pistachio, 18, 20, 23, 155 Ru’ua, 266 Old Persian, 5, 326–7 Pitava, 347 Ruhurater, 223 olibanum, 37 Pittit, 379, 391 ruhushak, 163, 166; see also Oman, 180–1; see also Magan Pizlume, 287 ‘sister’s son’ onions, 137 plaques, glazed, 232, 248, Fig. Opis, see Upi 7.13 Sabum, 132, 135, 137 opoponax, 37 plaster, 81 Sabur, 416 Orodes, 386, 392, 399; I, 391; II, polis, 369 Sad-Sabur, 416 391, 399; III, 400 pollen, 21 Saimarreh, 106 orpiment, 34 poplar, 22 sal ammoniac, 34 Oxathres, 348 priest-king, 50, 67, 69, Fig. 3.12 salle à quatre saillants, 334 oxide, iron, 34 propylaeum, 335 salt, 34 Proto-Elamite, 71–79, 125, Pls. Salulikki, 247 Pa’e, 285 3.4–5 Sam’una, 266 Pahir-ishshan, 205, 207, 211, 236 Proto-Lurs, 45 Samati, 306 ‘palace hypogeum’, 228, 248 Pul-e Kaisar, 418 Sanam-shimut, 102 palaeoclimate, 19–22 Pulma, 136 Sapum, 4, 102, 141; booty of, 142 Pala-ishshan, 164, 236 Pulvar, 15 sarcocolla, 37 Palak, 347 Puqudu, 266 Sardant, 118 Palmyra, 401 Pusai, 426 Sardis, 328 Papak, 410 Push, 140 sardsir, 19 Paraetaceni, 380 Pusht-i Kuh, 92, 93, 97, 106, 122, Sargon, of Agade; 100–103, 235; Paraitakene, 380 127 II, 265–7 Parparrahupa, 136 Pusht-i Qal’eh-i Abdanan, 93, 96 sarhadd, 19 Parsa, 288, 311 Puzrish-Dagan, 132, 135, 138–9 Sar-i Pol, 318–319 Parsirra, 299 Puzur-Inshushinak, 122–127 Sarlagab, 121 Parsua, 263, 272, 288 Puzur-Ishtar, 147–8 Sarpanitum, 293, Fig. 8.6 Parsumash, 287, 288, 306 Puzurnumushda, 143 sarru, 191 Parthia, 288 Sasan, 410 Paru, 276, 280 Qabinashkiri, see also satrap, 318–319 Pasargadae, 23, 311–313, 355 Kammashkiri, Kamnaskiri, Sawyer, Lt. Col. H.A., 18 Pasargadai, 311 379, 392 scammony, 37 Pashime, 89, 106, 136–8, 142 Qablitum, 89, 105, 106 scarlet ware, 94 Pasiru, 272 Qal’eh Tal-e Kabud, 262 schist, 218

488 index

Scythian, 5 211, 230, 232, 238–48, 252; II, sit shamshi, 239–40 Sealand, 282; First Dynasty of, 276, 299 Sitacenê, 380 191; Second Dynasty of, 236 Shilhina-hamru-Lagamar, 240, Sitinrupum, 136 seals, cylinder, 116; impressions, 255, 264 Sitti-Marduk, 253 50, 55, 125; stamp, 50, 175, Shimashki, 4, 92, 98, 103, 111, Si-ù-um, 121 Fig. 3.5 123, 135–6, 140–2, 144, 145, Siwe-palar-huppak, 1, 164, 169, secondary state, 127 162 173, 236 Seistan, 24, 33 Shimbar, 382 slavery, 370 Seleucia-by-the-Eulaios, 357, Shimbishu, 125 Sogdia, 328 364–9, 397 Shimpi’ishhuk, 122, 123, 125 soils, 18 Seleucia-by-the-Hedyphon, 357, Shimut, 111, 212, 223, 247, 303, Soloce, 394 401, 412 347–8 Sosan/Sosanik, 7 Seleucia-in-Elymais, 394 Shiraz, 10, 14, 15, 38, 106 Sostra, 412 Seleucus I, 355, 357, 369; IV, 383 Shirihum, 102; see also Su people, see Shimashki, LÚ.SU Sellas, 387 Sherihum SU.GU, 123 Semnan, 34 Shiruk-tuh, 164, 168, 180 Suash-takal, 107–8 Senandaj, 288 Shogha, 252 Subartu, 89, 171 Sennacherib, 268–9, 272–3, 370 Shu’irhum, 135 Suhu, 168 série ancienne, 98, Fig. 4.4 Shubat-Enlil, 169 sukkal, 137, 162–5, 173 série récente, 120 Shudda-bani, 138 sukkalmah, 144, 160, 162–5 sesame, 358 Shuhshipa, 239 sulphur, 35 Setrushteh, 35 Shu-ilishu, 146, 149 Sumerian King List, 87, 88, 90, Sha Hala, 242 Shulgi, 130, 132, 136–8, 370 108, 121, 127 Shagarakti-Shuriash, 235, 236 Shu-mama, 140 Sumuabum, 163 Shah Nameh, 444 Shurimku, 148 Sumuel, 162 Shahdad, 103, 117, 118, 125 Shuruhtuh (Shiruk-tuh), 168 Sunkir risharra, 223 Shahr-i Sokhta, 81 Shush i er-kar, 426–30 Surkh Dum-i Luri, 306 Shala, 223 Shushan, 6, 7, 330, 430 Surraq, 247 Shali’amu, 102 Shushmusi, 223 Susa, 15, 102; Acropole, 46–47, Shalla, 192 Shushshi, 191 71, 95, 115, 206, 239, 247, Shalmaneser III, 263; V, 263 Shushtar, 6, 402, 412, 418, 422–3, 297, 301, 330; Apadana, 46, Sham-Agunu, 302 431 49, 52, 115, 171–2, 240, 262, Shamash, 123 Shu-Sin, 135–8, 141, 150 265, 300, 325, 328, 330, 334–5, Shamash-ili, 170 Shutrukids, 191, 232 358–9, 392, 426; Bâtiment de Shamash-shum-ukin, 281–2 Shutruk-Nahhunte I, 108, 206–8, Suse I, 46; Donjon, 46, 95, Shami, 395 220, 232–6, 254, 264, 303; II, 117, 118, 335, 337, 358; Shamshi-Adad I, 165, 167, 169; V, 255, 265 foundation of, 46; haute 242, 263 Shutruru, 302 terrasse, 71; massif funéraire, Shamshi-illat, 132 Shutrurura, 302 47; period I, 45–50; Period II, Shapur I, 415, 418–9, 421; II, Shutur-Nahhunte, 297, 303, 307 52–69; Period III, 71–79, 418–9, 424–8 Siah Mansur, 418 81–83; size of, 46; Ville des Shar-GA-PI, 105 Sidga’u, 89, 102, 105–6 Artisans, 46, 301, 358–9, 392; Sharkalisharri, 107, 108, 121, Sig(i)rish, 136; see also Shigrish Ville Royale, 46, 58, 115, 151, 122, 136 silver, 135, 170, 177, 202–3, 210, 171–3, 193–5, 205, 254, 262, Shati, 348 218, 236, 248, 268, 284, 299, 426 265, 325, 358–9, 392, 426 Shati-Dudu, 348 Simut-wartash I, 164; II, 165; I? Susanu, 289 Shati-Kitin, 348 II? 180 Susis, 21, 358, 380 Shatilu, 136, 138, 141 Sin, 123, 212 Sykes, Sir P., 16 Shati-Shimut, 348 Sinatruces, 391 Shati-Tikash, 348 Siniddinam, 166 Tabriz, 33 Shaur, 325, 337, 392 Sin-iqisham, 167 tachara, 325 Shazibi/Shaziga, 136 Sinkashid, 167 Tahhi, 254, 303 Shehala, 242 Sin-muballit, 168 Takht-i Khan, 117 shells, objects of, 120 Sippar, 233, 236, 275, 339 Takht-i Sulaiman, 33, 34 Sherihum, 106 Sirahupitir, 182 Tal-i Bakun A, 50–52 Shig(i)rish, 4, 138, 141 Siri, 136 Tal-i Iblis, 35 Shihak-Inshushinak, 205 Sirjan, 10 Tal-i Kureh, 69 Shikaft-e Salman, 253, 301, 303 Sirtuh, 165 Tal-i Malyan, 8, 38–42, 22, 106, Shilatini, 140 Sisirtum, 136 141, 151–2, 157, 174, 177, 182, Shilhaha, 147, 162, 164, 165, sissoo , 328 193, 247–52, 285; Banesh phase 247 ‘sister’s son’, see also ruhushak, (Early), 69–71; Banesh phase Shilhak-Inshushinak I, 206, 207, 164–5 (Middle and Late), 79–81; city

Index 489

wall, 81; ﬁgurines, 116; Kaftari Tepe Aliabad, 93–6, 117 Umbahabua, 283 period, 151–2, 193, 252 Tepe Baula, 95 Umbakidinu, see Humban-kidin Tal-i Mushki, 50 Tepe Bormi, 196, 212, 287 Umma, 121, 142 Tal-i Qarib, 69 Tepe Deylam, 212 Ummanaldash, 277, 284–5 Tal-i Shogha, 252 Tepe Djafarrabad, 47 Ummanana, 348 Tal-i Teimuran, 252 Tepe Farukhabad, 40–41, 93–6, Ummanappa, 276, 280–1 Tall-i Ghazir, 60, 81, 196, 287 115, 178, 195 Ummanigash (Huban-nukash), Talmesi, 33 Tepe Gallegah, 358 263, 276 tamarisk, 18 Tepe Gawra, 118 Ummanigash, see Humban- Tamerlane, 431 Tepe Ghabristan, 50 nikash III Tammaritu I, 276, 277, 280; II, Tepe Giyan, 117 Ummanini, 299 282–5 Tepe Gotvand, 212 Ummanunu, 307 Tang-i Butan, 382, 402, 407 Tepe Goughan, 196 Umpura, 347 Tang-i Sarvak, 382, 386, 395, 402, Tepe Guran, 95 Umu, temple of, 299 Figs. 10.15–17 Tepe Khazineh, 95, 117 Undashi, see Untash Tangistan, 10 Tepe Musiyan, 93–6 Unpahash-Napirisha, 205, 207, Tannanu, 268 Tepe Patak, 196, 272, 355 211, 230 Tan-Ruhurater I, 144–9; II, 191 Tepe Sabz East, 95 Unsak, 299, 306 Tan-Uli, 165, 173, 189, Pls. 6.4–5 Tepe Sharafabad, 55, 195 Untash, 281 Taram-Shulgi, 138 Tepe Sialk, 50, 81, 97 Untash-Napirisha, 205–7, Tartaq, 302 Tepe Yahya, 33, 81 209–211, 218, 220, 223–31, 236 Taspak, 347 Tepti, 303 Unukaka, 299 Tata, 164 Tepti-ahar, 192–3, 195, 196–205 Unzi-kilik, 306 Tawag, 419 Tepti-Huban-Inshushinak, 299 Upadarma, 317 tax, 132, 135, 314, 320 Tetep-mada, 164, 182 Upi, 169, 236, 242 Tazitta, 144, 147 Tettum, 239 Upper Sea, 141 Teheran, 10 Te-Umman, 276–81, 295 Upurkubak, 212, 247 Teheran, 38 Tiglath-Pileser III, 263 Uqnu, see Karkheh Teimuran, 252 Tigraios, 387 Ur, 94, 95, 145, 149–50, 267; Teispes I, 287, 306, 340; II, 287 Tigrash, 347 Third Dynasty of, 130, 142, Tell ‘Aqar, 263; see also Der Tigris, 16 145 Tell Agrab, 93 Ti-ir-mi-um, 136 Ur’a, 379 Tell Ahmad al-Hattu, 93 Tikni, 236 Urash-ana-bitishu, 339 Tell al-‘Ubaid, 117 Til-Tuba, 277, 281 Urkununna, 140 Tell al-Wilayah, 119 Timarchus, 383 Urmia, Lake, 33 Tell Asmar, 93–4, 174; see also timber, 38–42, 236 Ur-Namma, 122, 124–7, 130; Eshnunna tin, 32, 169, 170, 177, 218 code of, 132 Tell Billa, 117 Tiridates, 396 Urri, 136 Tell Brak, 58, 60 Tirigan, 121 Ursum, 169–70 Tell ed-Der, 49 Tirutur of Shilhite, 303 Urtak, 275–6, 280 Tell Hasan, 174 Tirutur, 303 Uru’aza, 89–90 Tell Ischali, 175 Tod treasure, 125 Urua, 132, 135 Tell Mumbaqa, 117 tokens, 65 Uruk, 45, 58, 145, 167, 175, 289, Tell Razuk, 93–4 tombs, see graves 370 Tell Shaikh Hamad, 288 Trans-Elam, 98, 100, 125 Urukagina, 90, 91, 160 Tell Sheikh Hassan, 58 Troy, 118 Urum, 140 Tell Shemshara, 168 Tublijas, 266 Urutuk-Elhalahu, 240 Tell Sinker, 108 Tukin-hatta-migrisha, 138, 143 URUxA, 101, 102; see also Tell Suleimeh, 243 Tukulti-Ninurta I, 231 Arawa, Urua Tell Zubeidi, 230 turquoise, 35, 328 U-tik, 220 Tello, 117, 118, 174 Turukkeans, 167–8 Utu-ehihhi-Pinigir, 240 Tem-Enzag, 179 Tutub, see Khafajah Utuhegal, 121 Tem-sanit, 164 Utuk-dHute-kasan, 247, 255 Temti-Agun, 164, 165, 174 Udjahorresnet, 328 u-va-ja, 350 Temti-halki, 165, 173, 174, 189 Ugarit, 169 Uxians, 348–50, 374 Temti-pitet, 247 Ukka-napsa, 387 Uxii, see Uxians Temti-raptash, 165 Ulai, 236, 277; see also Karkheh Uxioi, 415 Temti-turkatash, 240 Ulam-Burash (Ulam-Buriash), 189 Uzii, 350 Tenel Ramon, 95 Ulul, 102 Tepe Abdul Hosein, 23–4, 32, Ulum/Ullium, 136 Valerian, 416, 418, Pl. 11.1 38–41 Umbadara (Huban-tahra), 263, Vanta, 347 Tepe Ali Kosh, 23, 24 276 Vardanes I, 391

490 index

Verethragna, 373 Xenophon, 314 Zenda Rud, 16 Ville des Artisans, see Susa, Ville Xerxes, 7, 287, 335, 339–40 Zeribar, Lake, 20, 21 des Artisans Zeus, 382 Ville Royale, see Susa, Ville Yamutbal (Emutbal), 167 Zibir-Anshan, 170 Royale Yantin-Addu, 170 Zidahri, 140 vitriol, 35 Yatar-Addu, 170 Zidanum, 138 Vologases, 401 Yazd, 33 ziggurat, 223–6, 239, 284, Pl. 7.6, Vrataka, 347 Yazdaidad, 424 Fig. 7.7 Zila-Humban, 347 Walagashi, 401 Zab, Lower, 242, 299 Zimri-Lim, 168–171 Walkisha, 174 Zababa-shuma-iddina, 233 Zimudar, 124 wands, copper/bronze, 95 Zabshali, 4, 135–8, 141–3, 150, Zina, 102 War Kabur Mihr, 117 168 zinc, 35, 218 Warad-Sin, 167 Zagros, 12,15, 16, 20, 22, 167, Zinjan, 33 Weh Amid-i Kavadh, 419 242, 268, 350, 374–5, 380 Zinnum, 143 weights, Harappan, 120 Zagrus, Mount, 374 Zitanu, 4, 136 wheat, 36, 155, 358 Zahara, 89, 103, 105–6, 141 Zohak, 444 wheels, 277 Zamaspes, 396 Zoroastrianism, 345–6, 382, 418 wine, 170, 347 Zambija, 166–7 Zosimus, 416 woods, 38–42 Zamua, 263 Zuhreh (Hindian), 15, 16 Worod, 401; see also Orodes Zana, 348 Zulushuna, 347 Zariqum, 132 Zurbati, 136 Xenophilus, 355 Zaul, 136