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98 Politická Činnosť Vojtecha Tuku Od Návratu Na Slovensko Na Jeseň

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98 Politická Činnosť Vojtecha Tuku Od Návratu Na Slovensko Na Jeseň ACTA HISTORICA NEOSOLIENSIA, 19/2, 2016 Politická činnosť Vojtecha Tuku od návratu na Slovensko na jeseň 1938 až po vyhlásenie slovenskej samostatnosti 14. marca 1939 MICHAL PROCHÁZKA Katedra histórie, Filozofická fakulta Univerzity Mateja Bela, Banská Bystrica Political activities of Vojtech Tuka from the return to Slovakia in autumn 1938 until the declaration of Slovak independence on 14 March 1939 Abstract: Main theme of this article devotes to activities and decisions of Vojtech Tuka after his return from prison to Slovakia in autumn 1938. In spite of statement that he will works in politics no more, his diplomatic activities were essential in the contex of slovak statehood creation. From autumn 1938 to spring 1939 he engaged in several political meet- ings with significants nazi statesmen including Adolf Hitler, Hermann Göring or german secretary of foreign affairs Joachim von Ribbentrop. Although the establishment of the independent Slovak Republic was not the decisive point as regards the result of the activi- ties of Slovak politicians, but mainly due to the international situation in Central Europe and the decision itself Adolf Hitler and political activity, effort as well as its diplomatic connections were contributed to the final events of March 1939 that the Slovaks meant for the first time in the history of the era of national independence. Subsequently, during the existence of the Slovak Republic 1939-1945 Vojtech Tuka held political positions through which could make major policy decisions and heavily influence the affairs of state. Keywords: Vojtech Tuka, autonomy of Slovakia, Slovak Republic, slo- vak-german relations Okrem svojej politickej činnosti v rokoch 1939 – 1945 je osobnosť Vojtecha Tuku v našich dejinách spájaná predovšetkým so súdnym pro- cesom a jeho odsúdením 5. októbra 1929 na pätnásťročný trest odňatia slobody nepodmienečne v súvislosti s jeho protištátnou činnosťou. Až v priebehu roka 1937 mu bola udelená, aj s prispením tlaku HSĽS či do- bových slovenských periodík ako Slovák či Nástup, amnestia, ktorú mu po dohode s vtedajším ministrom spravodlivosti udelil prezident ČSR Edvard Beneš, pričom podmienku amnestie si mladá generácia sloven- ských politikov stanovila v súvislosti s prezidentskými voľbami a pod- porou pre E. Beneša už v roku 1935. Podmienkou prepustenia v roku 1937 však ostalo aj to, že V. Tuka 98 Politická činnosť Vojtecha Tuku od návratu na Slovensko... sa aj naďalej musí zdržiavať na českom území, pod stálym ochranným dozorom, v konkrétnom byte a musí vykonávať len tú prácu, ktorá mu bude presne určená. Aby som bol konkrétny, tak išlo o byt v zamest- naneckej kolónii väzenia v Plzni. Pre Tuku táto zmena znamenala mož- nosť väčšej slobody, na rozdiel od jeho predchádzajúceho pobytu v Leo- poldove či na Pankráci v Prahe. Čo sa však týka jeho pobytu v českom väzení, tak predovšetkým ešte v priebehu roka 1937 mal viacero návštev významných slovenských politikov, z ktorých asi najviac vyčnievala práve tá od Karola Sidora, ktorý si vybavil povolenie na návštevu u predsedu krajského súdu Dr. Dostála, pričom sa na neho dokonca obrátil s výčitkou ohľadom slabého osvetlenia Tukovej väzenskej cely. Sidor sa pravdepodobne snažil získať Tukovu dôveru, čo sa mu pravde- podobne čiastočne podarilo, keďže ten sa mu počas ich vzájomného stretnutia otvoril a zdôveril, čo ho ťaží. Sidor ho taktiež informoval o krokoch, ktoré slovenská strana podniká na jeho prepustenie. Násled- ne začal o ňom uverejňovať články v periodiku Slovák, ktoré mali vzbu- diť aj v radoch verejnosti otázku jeho amnestie. Ešte v priebehu januára 1937 poslanecký klub HSĽS, aj v dôsledku Sidorovej činnosti, schválil návštevu vlastnej deputácie na čele s A. Hlinkom, ktorého mali sprevá- dzať ďalší členovia strany, a to konkrétne Buday, Sidor a Tiso. K stretnutiu došlo 21. januára, aj keď napokon bol k Tukovi na základe rozhodnutia Dr. Dostála pripustený len A. Hlinka.1 Podľa svedectva K. Sidora medzi ním a Tukom údajne došlo k otvorenému a úprimnému rozhovoru, kde mu predseda HSĽS vyjadril svoju podporu, pričom túto podporu pre neho žiadal aj zo strany členov HSĽS.2 Zdá sa však, že záu- jem strany o Tukovu osobnosť vzrástol najmä v dôsledku opätovného zosilnenia politického boja za slovenskú autonómiu. V priebehu druhej polovice 30-tych rokov, najmä po parlament- ných voľbách v roku 1935 totiž na Slovensku vzrástla popularita auto- 1 SIDOR, K. – VNUK, F.: Andrej Hlinka. Bratislava : Lúč, 2008, s. 845. 2 „Pán predseda bol u Tuku skoro pol hodiny. Čakal som ho so senátorom Pázmánom pred budovou. Vyšiel zamyslený. Obaja vraj slzili. Hlinka si zistil, čo som bol ja hovoril, že totiž pankrácky kňaz tvrdil: „Tuka, nepřetvarujte se tady, nepřistupujte tak často k svatému přijímaní, vy jste špión, aj Hlinka to o vás tvrdí.“ Hlinka takéto tvrdenie pred Tukom vyhlásil za lož. V klube pán predseda referoval o svojej návšteve: „Bol som ako sprostý, nevedel som, čo mu mám povedať, ale ani Tuka.“ Vyzval poslancov, aby Tuku navštevovali.“ SIDOR, K.: Denníky 1930 – 1939. Bratislava : Ústav pamäti národa, 2010, s. 265. 99 Michal Procházka nomistického bloku3 a teda aj opätovného otvorenia úpravy štátopráv- neho postavenia medzi Čechmi a Slovákmi v ČSR. V. Tuku pritom slo- venskí politici zrejme chceli využiť ako symbol martýrstva dlhoročného boja slovenskej strany za vytvorenie autonómie v rámci republiky. Z väzňa na Pankráci sa tak razom stával nástroj v rukách ľudovej strany, ktorým sa hnutie snažilo pre svoje politické ambície získať predovšet- kým podporu širokej verejnosti. Reakciu na takéto ponímanie politické- ho boja priniesli ešte v priebehu januára 1937 aj noviny Ľudová politika, kritické najmä voči osobe A. Hlinku, ktorý by mal miesto politickej reha- bilitácie V. Tuku riešiť oveľa akútnejšie problémy. Treba však dodať, že išlo o periodikum, ktoré bolo v rukách Československej lidovej strany na čele s J. Šrámkom, teda politickej strany, ktorá rozhodne nerazila proslo- venský kurz. 4 Predstavitelia HSĽS však v misii vyslobodiť V. Tuku z českého vä- zenia pokračovali aj naďalej, keď 18. februára prijal A. Hlinku a K. Sido- ra minister spravodlivosti I. Dérer. Hlinka na tomto stretnutí už priamo žiadal Dérera o udelenie milosti, pričom ten sa k celej veci postavil až nečakane pozitívne a prisľúbil celú vec postúpiť prezidentovi E. Benešo- vi. Následne v priebehu marca dokonca sám navštívil V. Tuku vo väze- ní, kde mu oznámil, že táto záležitosť bola vybavená priaznivo a pos- lednou vecou, čo ešte musí urobiť, je spísanie formálnej žiadosti o am- nestiu. Aj napriek tomu, že tak okamžite urobil, I. Dérer nebol s ňou spo- kojný a žiadal ho, aby v nej uznal svoju vinu, vyjadril ľútosť a zároveň sľub viac sa politicky neangažovať. 5 Československej vláde zrejme išlo o to, urobiť z Tuku politickú mŕtvolu, nakoľko si jej predstavitelia boli veľmi dobre vedomí, že práve on vždy patril k najvýznamnejším zástan- com idei slovenskej autonómie, ktorá by mohla v daných politických pomeroch ohroziť celistvosť republiky, čím by sa jej postavenie oslabilo 3 V parlamentných voľbách v roku 1935 získal autonomistický blok až 30,12 % voličských hlasov a aj napriek tomu ich Milan Hodža ako nový ministerský predseda odmietol prijať ako súčasť ústrednej vlády. 4 „Tuka si žije ako milosťpán na Pankráci, len s tým obmedzením, že nemôže sa voľne pohybovať... Koľko z desaťtisícov nezamestnaných robotníkov atď., atď. by sa cítilo v desiatom nebi, keby malo to, čo poskytuje pankrácka väznica V. Tukovi.“ Hlinkovi denník vyčítal, že nenarieka nad nezamest- nanými, ale nad Tukom, lebo vraj chce z Tukovej veci vykuť politický kapitál.“ SIDOR, K. – VNUK, F.: Andrej Hlinka, s. 846. 5 SIDOR, K. – VNUK, F.: Andrej Hlinka, s. 847. 100 Politická činnosť Vojtecha Tuku od návratu na Slovensko... aj v medzinárodnom kontexte. V. Tuka napokon svoju žiadosť o milosť podpísal podľa inštrukcií ministra Dérera, v mene ktorého text žiadosti upravil právnik Dr. Ottlyk, ktorý mal V. Tuku za úlohu presvedčiť tiež o správnosti samotného obsahu textu.6 V konečnom dôsledku bol V. Tuka prepustený z väzenia 3. júna 1937, aj keď jeho manželka Božena ho v Prahe čakala už od 31. mája. V deň prepustenia ho pred bránami väznice okrem nej čakalo aj niekoľ- ko priateľov, vrátane K. Sidora. Následne bol autom prevezený na Bory do Plzne, kde sa ocitol v domácej internácii. Ešte v priebehu júna dokon- ca poslal ďakovný list aj prezidentovi Benešovi. 7 Tuka sa ocitol pod stá- lym ochranným dozorom, pričom boli jasne stanovené aj podmienky jeho podmienečného prepustenia. Bol mu zakázaný pobyt v Prahe, ako aj na Slovensku, pričom bol následne zamestnaný ako pracovník na po- dateľni spisov na Krajskom súde v Plzni s mesačným platom približne 2600 korún. 8 Podľa iných tu však nepracoval ako zamestnanec krajského súdu, ale vo väzenskej knižnici. Na druhej strane si však počas života v Plzni užíval aj v spoločnosti manželky pokojný život, ktorý bol naru- šený len incidentom z 26. júla 1937, keď ho pri vystupovaní z električky zrazil motocykel, pričom utrpel otras mozgu a pár menších poranení, ktoré si vyžiadali dokonca aj krátku hospitalizácia v nemocnici. 9 Či už v priebehu roka reálne uvažoval o návrate na Slovensko resp. do aktív- neho politického života sa môžeme asi len domnievať. Isté je však len to, že jeho meno sa na Slovensku skloňovalo aj naďalej, aj keď predovšet- kým v duchu snáh HSĽS a jej predstaviteľov v jeho osobe ako politické- ho nástroja naďalej živiť ideu vzniku slovenskej autonómie. Taktiež je evidentné, že s jeho podmienečným prepustením sa viacerí členovia ústrednej vlády nestotožňovali, vrátane ministra spravodlivosti I. Dére- 6 Čo sa týka presného znenia žiadosti, tak v nej bolo uvedené aj nasledovné: „Kajúcne sa priznávam k svojmu poblúdeniu, chcel som sa pokúsiť o násilné prebudovania ústavy, nedbajúc vo svojej zaslepenosti na nebezpečenstvá, ktoré by som bol na svoj národ a štát eventuálne uvalil atď.“ SIDOR, K. – VNUK, F.: Andrej Hlinka, s. 848. 7 „Zahrnutý Vašimi dobrodeniami a hlboko dojatý Vašou veľkodušnosťou, dovoľujem si Vám, pán prezident, čo najúctivejšie vysloviť svoje vrelé vďaky.
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