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Reframing the Urban Transformation of Çinçin Through Muhtars, Houseworkers, the Usta, and the Kabadayi

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Reframing the Urban Transformation of Çinçin Through Muhtars, Houseworkers, the Usta, and the Kabadayi DIVERSE LANDSCAPES, DIVERSE WORKS: REFRAMING THE URBAN TRANSFORMATION OF ÇİNÇİN THROUGH MUHTARS, HOUSEWORKERS, THE USTA, AND THE KABADAYI A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY GÜLŞAH AYKAÇ IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHİLOSOPHY IN ARCHITECTURE MARCH 2020 Approval of the thesis: DIVERSE LANDSCAPES, DIVERSE WORKS: REFRAMING THE URBAN TRANSFORMATION OF ÇİNÇİN THROUGH MUHTARS, HOUSEWORKERS, THE USTA, AND THE KABADAYI submitted by GÜLŞAH AYKAÇ in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Architecture Department, Middle East Technical University by, Prof. Dr. Halil Kalıpçılar Dean, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences Prof. Dr. Cânâ Bilsel Head of Department, Architecture Prof. Dr. Güven Arif Sargın Supervisor, Architecture, METU Examining Committee Members: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ela Alanyalı Aral Architecture, METU Prof. Dr. Güven Arif Sargın Architecture, METU Prof. Dr. Namık Günay Erkal Architecture, TEDU Prof. Dr. Helga Rittersberger-Tılıç Sociology, METU Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nurbin Paker Kahvecioğlu Architecture, ITU Date: 13.03.2020 I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Surname: Gülşah Aykaç Signature: iv ABSTRACT DIVERSE LANDSCAPES, DIVERSE WORKS: REFRAMING THE URBAN TRANSFORMATION OF ÇİNÇİN THROUGH MUHTARS, HOUSEWORKERS, THE USTA, AND THE KABADAYI Aykaç, Gülşah Doctor of Philosophy, Architecture Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Güven Arif Sargın March 2020, 241 pages This dissertation presents the sociospatial analysis of a radically transformed gecekondu (squatter housing) zone, Çinçin, through the work experiences of two groups of social actors, muhtars (neighbourhood heads) and houseworkers, and two well-known personalities referred to as the usta (expert craftsman) and the kabadayı (social bandit). Çinçin was one of the first marginal districts of Ankara occupied by Persian Roma in the 1920s; it became a part of the dense urban fabric of gecekondus during the urbanisation period and has faced radical urban transformation since 2005. The methodology varies, including auto- ethnographic mapping, in-depth and biographical interviewing, and literature analysis in order to combine collective spatial narratives and historical data. The concept of coupling diverse landscapes and diverse works is employed to draw a threefold interpretative framework: (I) the history of the land is the history of labour; (II) the division of land is also the division of labour relations; and (III) there is a dialectical relationship between work and urban transformation. Diverse works conceptualised by informants open a discussion about social actors in the making of diverse landscapes, unemployment, and the changing legitimacy of work. The stories of regular actors (muhtars and houseworkers) v and radical actors (the usta and the kabadayı) support the threefold framework of the study by unfolding the contradictions of urban transformation and the changing dimensions of work as a biopolitical and sociospatial construct. Ultimately, this research suggests that we need to analyse the dialectical relationship of urban transformation and work considering a multitude of actors in order to propose labour- and community- centred urban design strategies in our era of urban crisis, which is also a crisis of labour relations. Keywords: Urban Transformation of Çinçin, Work, Muhtars and Houseworkers, Usta and Kabadayı vi ÖZ MUHTELİF İŞLER, MUHTELİF PEYZAJLAR: ÇİNÇİN’İN KENTSEL DÖNÜŞÜMÜNÜ MUHTARLAR, EV İŞÇİLERİ, USTA VE KABADAYI ÜZERİNDEN YENİDEN ÇERÇEVELEMEK Aykaç, Gülşah Doktora, Mimarlık Tez Danışmanı: Prof. Dr. Güven Arif Sargın Mart 2020, 241 sayfa Bu tez Ankara’nın radikal bir biçimde dönüşmüş bir gecekondu bölgesi olan Çinçin Bağları’nı (kısaltılmış ve yaygın kullanımıyla Çinçin'i), farklı sosyal aktörlerin muhtelif iş deneyimleri üzerinden sosyomekânsal olarak araştırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu aktörler iki grup altında ele alınmıştır: Muhtarlar ile ev işçileri ve bir usta ile bir kabadayı. Ankara’nın ilk kıyı yerleşim alanlarından birisi olan Çinçin'de 1920’li yıllarda İranlı Romanlar gayri resmi olarak ikamet etmiş, bu alan kentleşme döneminde yoğun bir gecekondu alanına dönüşmüş ve 2005 yılından itibaren de köklü bir dönüşüm geçirmeye başlamıştır. Kolektif mekânsal anlatılarla tarihsel veriyi bir araya getirmeye çabalayan tezin metodolojisi oto-etnografik haritalama, derinlemesine ve biyografik görüşmeler ve literatür analizine dayanmaktadır. Muhtelif işler ve muhtelif peyzajlar kavram ikilisi üçlü bir teorik çerçeve oluşturmak üzere kullanılmaktadır: (I) Yerin tarihi emeğin tarihidir; (II) kentin bölüşümü emeğin bölüşümüdür; (III) kentsel dönüşüm ve iş arasında diyalektik bir ilişki vardır. Katılımcıların betimlediği ve iş olarak kabul ettiği muhtelif işler sosyal aktörler, işsizlik, işin sosyal rolü ve değişen meşruiyeti ve de ev işçilerinin iş yerleri üzerine bir tartışma zemini yaratmaktadır. Alışıldık sosyal aktörlerin (muhtarlar ve ev işçileri) ve sıra dışı aktörlerin (bir usta ve bir kabadayı) anlatıları tezin ana iddiası olan kentsel vii dönüşüm ve iş arasında diyalektik bir ilişki olduğunu; kentsel dönüşümün çelişkileri, işin biyopolitik ve sosyomekânsal boyutları üzerinden açarak desteklemektedir. Sonuç olarak bu araştırma, kentsel dönüşüm ve iş arasındaki diyalektik ilişkinin kentsel mekâna müdahale etmeden önce araştırılması gerektiğini vurgulamaktadır. Kentsel dönüşüm ve iş arasındaki diyalektik ilişkinin araştırılması aynı zamanda bir emek ilişkileri krizi olan kentsel kriz çağında, işin ve çoklu sosyal aktörlerinin kapsamlı kavranışı üzerinden emek odaklı kentsel süreçler önermek için eleştirel bir zemin inşa edebilir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Çinçin’in Kentsel Dönüşümü, İş, Muhtarlar ve Ev İşçileri, Usta ve Kabadayı. viii To Doğa, Tuğba and Selma … ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work is an attempt to seek the possibilities of working and living together. First, I would like to thank the people I’ve met and worked with in Çinçin for being more than just participants in the fieldwork. Doctoral research is much more meaningful with solidarity and collectivity; foremost, I would like to express my deep and sincere gratitude to my research supervisor, Prof. Dr. Güven Arif Sargın, for providing invaluable and labour-intensive guidance throughout the five years of this research, and also space of critical and collective thinking for our graduate group. I would also like to thank my dissertation committee, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ela Alanyalı Aral and Prof. Dr. Namık Günay Erkal, for their critical commitment. I am indebted to Prof. Dr. Helga Rittersberger-Tılıç for her help and crucial comments, and to Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nurbin Paker Kahvecioğlu for her excellent suggestions in the examination committee. I also want to thank Prof. Dr. Semra Aydınlı for always being supportive ever since my master’s studies. During this research, I met various inspiring people. I am grateful to Dr. Burak Erdim for his motivating criticisms during my Fulbright visit to NCSU. I would like to thank Dr. Hülya Demirdirek for being an intensive reader of the core of my research and sharing the excitement of the defence exam during the impending crisis of pandemic. I want to thank all my friends, but I have limited space to mention only a few. Thanks to dearest Esra Sert for making this journey livelier. I will always remember our long discussions about the crossings of life and knowledge, through which we regenerated strength and motivation despite all difficulties and the hardening conditions in Turkey and the world over the last five years. Thanks to Özgür Ceren Can, Derya Yılmaz, and Zeynep Ertekin for being intimate companions in the PhD life. Deepest thanks to Besim Can for gently sharing this period of life with me and unfolding all of its dimensions whenever I needed. x Finally, I would like to thank the three women in my life, Zeynep Doğa Çongur, Tuğba Aykaç Çongur, and Selma Aykaç, who have been the closest people to me throughout my life beyond being a family. xi TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................ v ÖZ ............................................................................................................................ vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................... x TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................... xii LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................. xvi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................. xviii CHAPTERS 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 1 1.1. Research: Muhtars, Houseworkers, the Usta, and the Kabadayı ...................... 1 1.2. Methodology: How Will I Work? ................................................................... 13 1.2.1. Maps and mapping: From historical data to the field ............................... 17 1.2.2. Invisible maps: On the ethnographical data ............................................
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