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Place and Protest: the “Occupy Gezi Movement” in Ankara

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Place and Protest: the “Occupy Gezi Movement” in Ankara PLACE AND PROTEST: THE “OCCUPY GEZI MOVEMENT” IN ANKARA A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY GÖKHAN ŞENSÖNMEZ IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN THE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY JULY 2016 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences Prof. Dr. MelihaAltunışık Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. Prof. Dr. Sibel Kalaycıoğlu Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. Assist. Prof. Dr. Katharina Bodirsky Supervisor Examining Committee Members Prof. Dr. Helga Rittersberger-Tılıç (METU, SOC) Assist. Prof. Dr. Katharina Bodirsky (METU, SOC) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Bülent Batuman (BILKENT UNI, LAUD) I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name : Signature : iii ABSTRACT PLACE AND PROTEST: THE “OCCUPY GEZI MOVEMENT” IN ANKARA Şensönmez, Gökhan M.S., Department of Sociology Supervisor: Assist. Prof. Dr. Katharina Bodirsky July 2016, 179 pages This thesis analyzes the occupy movement within the example of Gezi in terms of place and protest. The term occupy movement indicates a contradictory couple of static and dynamic strategies. While the literature attends this new wave of mobilizations through the lens of ‘occupy’ alone, the essential component ‘movement’ is neglected. Accordingly, the existing works on Gezi mainly study Gezi Park that overshadows the experiences of a movement spread to nation-scale. To be able to shed light to these experiences, the movement and changing dynamics of protest and identity in place, this thesis studies the contention at Ankara, namely at Kızılay Square, Kuğulu Park and various neighborhoods. Key Terms: Gezi, Occupy, Movement, Place, Identity, Protest iv ÖZ MEKAN VE PROTESTO: ANKARA’DA GEZİ İŞGAL HAREKETİ Şensönmez, Gökhan Yüksek Lisans, Sosyoloji Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Yrd. Doç. Dr. Katharina Bodirsky Temmuz 2016, 179 sayfa Bu tez işgal hareketlerini Gezi’deki mekan ve protesto üzerinden incelemektedir. İşgal ve hareket terimleri dinamik ve durağan stratejilerin çelişkili görünen bir birliketliğine işaret eder. Literatür bu yeni hareket dalgasının işgal kısmına yoğunlaşırken hareket çoğu zaman görmezden gelinmiştir. Buna uygun olarak, Gezi literatürü de çoğunlukla Gezi Parkı’yla ilgilenmiş, ve bu durum ülke düzeyinde tecrübe edilen hareketi gölgelemiştir. Bu araştırma, gölgelenen tecrübelere ışık tutmak, hareket ve dinamik mekan – protesto ve mekan - kimlik ilişkisini açığa çıkarmak amaçlarıyla Gezi İşgal Hareketini Ankara’nın Kızılay Meydanı’nda, Kuğulu Parkı’nda ve çeşitli mahallelerinde inceler. Anahtar Kelimeler: Gezi, İşgal, Hareket, Mekan, Kimlik, Protesto v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Assist. Prof. Dr. Katharina Bodirsky for her guidance, advice, criticism, encouragements and insight throughout the research. I would also like to thank Berat Uygar Altınok and Şeref Anıl Kahvecioğlu for their creative comments that helped me to develop my ideas. Special thanks also to Bilal İnci who provided assistance with his expertise on English language and to Merve Üstaş who accompanied me during intense periods of work. This thesis project or other academic accomplishment would not have been possible without the permanent support of my family. And lastly, this thesis is completed with the infinite support and endless patience of Ceren Kulkul which I am forever grateful for. Her academic criticisms as well as emotional assistance made this thesis possible. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS PLAGIARISM .......................................................................................................... iii ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................. iv ÖZ............................................................................................................................... v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................ vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................... vii LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................... ix CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................... 1 1.1 Prologue .................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Occupy – Gezi – Movement ..................................................................... 3 1.3 Accumulation of Dissent and the First Episode of Gezi ........................ 10 1.4 The Second Episode: Gezi Park and Beyond ......................................... 15 1.5 Research Problem and Design ................................................................ 20 1.6 A Brief Roadmap .................................................................................... 25 2. THE GEZI LITERATURE AND THEORETICAL ORIENTATIONS ...... 26 2.1 The Taksim Commune .......................................................................... 26 2.2 Gezi Park: Carnival at the Heart of Istanbul ......................................... 29 2.3 Identifying the Protesters with Class and Political Alignment ............. 33 2.4 Locating the Research in Gezi Literature .............................................. 38 2.5 Space ..................................................................................................... 39 2.6 Place ...................................................................................................... 44 2.7 Mobility ................................................................................................. 41 2.8 Identity and Becoming .......................................................................... 48 3. KIZILAY SQUARE ..................................................................................... 52 vii 3.1 Physical Structure and Protest History .................................................. 52 3.2 Kızılay Square During Occupy Gezi Movement ................................... 58 3.3 Protest Performances and Place-Making in the Square ......................... 64 3.4 Identity Dynamic at the Square ............................................................. 71 3.5 On Ethem ............................................................................................... 79 4. KUĞULU PARK .......................................................................................... 83 4.1 Physical Structure and Protest History .................................................. 83 4.2 Kuğulu Park During Occupy Gezi Movement ...................................... 85 4.3 Place-Making at Kuğulu ........................................................................ 89 4.4 Identity Dynamic at the Park ................................................................. 99 4.5 The Soil of Gezi Park .......................................................................... 105 5. MOBILITY AND NEIGHBORHOODS IN ANKARA ............................ 109 5.1 Neighborhood Mobilizations ............................................................... 111 5.2 Neighborhood as the Basis of Identity ................................................ 119 5.3 Kennedy Street: An Ankara Obstinacy ............................................... 123 5.4 Movement in the Urban Scale of Ankara ............................................ 125 6. CONCLUSION .......................................................................................... 129 6.1 Epilogue ............................................................................................... 134 REFERENCES ....................................................................................................... 135 APPENDICES A. VIDEOS...................................................................................................... 160 B. TURKISH SUMMARY ............................................................................. 172 C. TEZ FOTOKOPİ İZİN FORMU ................................................................ 179 viii LIST OF FIGURES FIGURES Figure 1 Yoga Classes at Gezi Park ......................................................................... 30 Figure 2 Taksim AKM building during Gezi ........................................................... 34 Figure 3 Kızılay Square during 60s and 2013 .......................................................... 53 Figure 4 Image of Güvenpark .................................................................................. 54 Figure 5 One kilometer radius of protest ban around TMBB .................................. 57 Figure 6 Protesters arriving at Kızılay Square ......................................................... 61 Figure 7 Bird-eye view of Kızılay............................................................................ 62 Figure 8 Police barricade in front of the Government Quarter ................................ 63 Figure 9 Coexistence of tear-gas and dancing people .............................................
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