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Calcium Signaling in Plant Programmed Cell Death

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Calcium Signaling in Plant Programmed Cell Death cells Review Calcium Signaling in Plant Programmed Cell Death Huimin Ren 1,†, Xiaohong Zhao 1,†, Wenjie Li 1, Jamshaid Hussain 2, Guoning Qi 1,* and Shenkui Liu 1,* 1 State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; [email protected] (H.R.); [email protected] (X.Z.); [email protected] (W.L.) 2 Department of Biotechnology, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, University Road, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (G.Q.); [email protected] (S.L.) † These authors contribute equally to this work. Abstract: Programmed cell death (PCD) is a process intended for the maintenance of cellular home- ostasis by eliminating old, damaged, or unwanted cells. In plants, PCD takes place during devel- opmental processes and in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. In contrast to the field of animal studies, PCD is not well understood in plants. Calcium (Ca2+) is a universal cell signaling entity and regulates numerous physiological activities across all the kingdoms of life. The cytosolic increase in Ca2+ is a prerequisite for the induction of PCD in plants. Although over the past years, we have witnessed significant progress in understanding the role of Ca2+ in the regulation of PCD, it is still unclear how the upstream stress perception leads to the Ca2+ elevation and how the signal is further propagated to result in the onset of PCD. In this review article, we discuss recent advancements in the field, and compare the role of Ca2+ signaling in PCD in biotic and abiotic stresses. Moreover, we discuss the upstream and downstream components of Ca2+ signaling and its crosstalk with other 2+ signaling pathways in PCD. The review is expected to provide new insights into the role of Ca signaling in PCD and to identify gaps for future research efforts. Citation: Ren, H.; Zhao, X.; Li, W.; Keywords: programmed cell death; calcium signal; hypersensitive response; abiotic stress; develop- Hussain, J.; Qi, G.; Liu, S. Calcium Signaling in Plant Programmed Cell ment; signal crosstalk Death. Cells 2021, 10, 1089. https:// doi.org/10.3390/cells10051089 Academic Editor: 1. Introduction Stanislaw Karpinski Programmed cell death (PCD) is a process that plays a fundamental role in plant development and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses [1,2]. According to the differ- Received: 21 March 2021 ences in the expression of the conserved PCD-inducing genes, two main types of plant Accepted: 28 April 2021 PCD are distinguishable; developmental PCD (dPCD) regulated by internal factors, and Published: 2 May 2021 environmental PCD (ePCD) induced by external stimuli [3]. The basic features of PCD include protoplast and nucleus shrinkage, chromatin condensation, cleavage of DNA and Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral vacuolization [4]. The occurrence of PCD is meant to eliminate infected cells, thus limiting with regard to jurisdictional claims in the proliferation of pathogenic bacteria [5]. published maps and institutional affil- It is reported that calcium (Ca2+), a universal second messenger, is critical for PCD iations. in plants [6]. Transient changes in cytosolic Ca2+ level are rapidly induced by diverse stimuli in plants [7,8]. Substantial evidence indicates that Ca2+ plays an important role in cell death regulation [9]. The emptying of intracellular Ca2+ stores and/or alteration in intracellular Ca2+ levels has been shown to modulate cell death in almost all cell types. Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Ca2+ permeable channels and Ca2+ sensor CaM, CBL-CIPK and CDPK are involved in Ca2+ Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. signal transduction and PCD. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and 2. The role of Ca2+ in PCD conditions of the Creative Commons 2.1. Biotic Stresses Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ Plants are constantly challenged by various pathogens like viruses, bacteria, and fungi. 4.0/). To inhibit the spread and restrict the growth of pathogens, rapid PCD takes place at the Cells 2021, 10, 1089. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10051089 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/cells Cells 2021, 10, 1089 2 of 20 initial infection site. Two innate immune systems play a fundamental role in PCD; PTI (pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity) and ETI (effector- triggered immunity) [10,11], with the former getting more focus and hence has been better explored. The classic example of plant PCD is the hypersensitive response (HR) [12–14]. It is now well established that the Ca2+ signal is indispensable for the induction of HR. In soybean and tobacco, HR was prevented by Ca2+ channel blocker La3+ or EGTA, showing that Ca2+ was necessary for the induction of HR. Similarly, in Arabidopsis, Pseudomonas syringae-induced HR was preceded by an increases in cytosolic Ca2+, and was blocked by LaCl3 [15]. During the reciprocal evolution of gene-for-gene interactions, the plant’s resistance (R) gene product function as a signalling adaptor for the pathogen’s avirulence (avr) gene product, leading to refinement of HR. A study focusing on the early events in HR observed a sustained Ca2+ elevation downstream of the avrRpm1/RPM1 gene-for-gene interaction in Arabidopsis challenged by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato [16–18]. Overall, these studies illustrate that the Ca2+ signal is one of the prerequisites for the induction of HR in plants. After the perception of different biotic and abiotic stimuli, spatial and temporal 2+ 2+ changes in cytosolic free Ca concentrations ([Ca ]cyt) are frequently observed as an immediate response [19,20]. The stress-induced increases in cytosolic Ca2+ is mediated by Ca2+ transporters, such as cyclic nucleotide gated channels (CNGCs), two-pore Ca2+ channels (TPCs), Ca2+-ATPases and glutamate receptors (GLRs) [21]. CNGCs mediate Ca2+ influx and generate the Ca2+ signal, which play a fundamen- tal role in HR induced by pathogens. It was found that CNGC2 (also called DND1), is required for the induction of HR in Arabidopsis. cAMP-and cGMP-dependent Ca2+ ele- vation and induction of HR were impaired in cngc2 loss-of-function mutant (also known as dnd1)[22,23]. CNGC4 is also implicated in pathogen defense; loss-of-function mu- tant of AtCNGC4 (dnd2/hlm1) showed remarkably similar autoimmune phenotypes to dnd1, including defects in HR [24–26]. Moreover, heteropolymerization of CNGC2 and CNGC4 is necessary for the pathogen-induced intracellular Ca2+ influx. Loss of function of both CNGC2 and CNGC4 disrupts the downstream Ca2+-dependent pathogen signaling leading to HR [27]. Two other CNGC channels AtCNGC11 and AtCNGC12 also play a significant role in plant PCD by mediating Ca2+ fluxes [28,29]. Using electrophysiology, Zhang (2019) showed that CNGC12, but not CNGC11, is an active Ca2+-permeable channel in Xenopus oocytes. CNGC11 and CNGC12 knockout mutant plants exhibited partially decreased resistance to an avirulent oomycete pathogen Hyaloperonospora parasitica as well as the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae [30–32]. Interestingly, a 3 kb deletion across AtCNGC11 and AtCNGC12 resulted in a novel, but functional chimeric AtCNGC11/12. The mutant, named constitutive expresser of PR genes 22 (cpr22), exhibited increased resistance to pathogen infection in the hemizygous state and conditional lethality in the homozygous state [32,33]. Furthermore, HR-like spontaneous lesion formation in cpr22 was shown to be Ca2+-dependent [34]. Moreover, Ca2+ channel blockers Gd3+ and La3+ sup- pressed AtCNGC11/12-induced PCD. Overall, these results shed light on the critical role of CNGC11 and CNGC12 in PCD. Furthermore CNGC20, a hyperpolarization-activated Ca2+ permeable channel, regulates bak1/serk4 cell death. Notably, CNGC19, the closest homolog of CNGC20, makes a quantitative genetic contribution to bak1/serk4 cell death only in the absence of CNGC20 in Arabidopsis [35]. As 20 CNGC members have been reported in Arabidopsis, other CNGCs might also be possibly involved in the regulation of PCD in plants. In addition, the heterologous combination of CNGCs increases and enriches the regulation of PCD in plants. Besides CNGCs, other Ca2+ transporters also play key roles in controlling intracellular Ca2+ during HR triggered by pathogens. It has been demonstrated that tonoplast-localized Ca2+ pumps ACA4/ACA11 are main players in regulating Ca2+ spike induced by bacterial elicitor peptide flg22. The double-knockout aca4/11 mutants exhibited higher basal Ca2+ levels as well as amplitude of Ca2+ signal than wild-type. These data demonstrate the important role of tonoplast-localized Ca2+ pumps in maintaining Ca2+ at homeostatic Cells 2021, 10, 1089 3 of 20 levels and for the initiation of proper PTI responses [36]. Similarly, Boursiac et al. (2010) discovered that silencing the expression of two vacuolar-localized Ca2+-ATPases resulted in spontaneous HR-like lesions and a faster pathogen response in Arabidopsis thaliana [37]. The overexpression of a rice putative voltage-gated Ca2+ permeable channel, OsTPC1, resulted in hypersensitivity to the Trichoderma viride xylanase (TvX) elicitor, with downstream events including oxidative burst, activation of OsMPK2, and hypersensitive cell death. On the other hand, these events were severely impaired in the insertional mutant, suggesting that OsTPC1 determines sensitivity to the elicitor and is a key regulator of hypersensitive cell death [38]. Glutamate receptors (GLRs) are also important transporters involved in mediating HR-induced intracellular Ca2+ influx. The increase of intracellular Ca2+, induced by HR, was impaired in the glr2.7/2.8/2.9 triple mutant, which exhibited sensitivity to pathogens. These data indicate that GLR2.7/2.8/2.9 play an important role in PTI [39]. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced PCD is an important response path- way in plant HR. Ca2+ pumps on the ER membrane play an important role in this process. During the bacterial blight of rice, XA10, a kind of endogenous inducer of PCD, inhibits the ER-Ca2+, leading to the production of ROS in the chloroplast, and eventually leading to cell death.
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