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1. Einleitung View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Hochschulschriftenserver - Universität Frankfurt am Main INHALT 1. EINLEITUNG ........................................................................................................................................................ 1 2. DESKRIPTIVITÄT UND VERWANDTE KONZEPTE ................................................................................... 2 2.1. ANNÄHERUNG AN DEN BEGRIFF: ENTWICKLUNG EINER ARBEITSDEFINITION ..... 2 2.1.1. EIN ÜBERBLICK ÜBER DEN BEGRIFF IN DER LITERATUR ............................................................ 2 2.1.1.1. Amerikanistik: Sapir, Mithun. ...................................................................................................... 2 2.1.1.2. Indogermanistik: Gamkrelidze & Ivanov ..................................................................................... 4 2.1.1.3. Ethnobiologie / linguistische Anthropologie: Berlin, Brown ....................................................... 4 2.1.2. ARBEITSDEFINITION ......................................................................................................................... 5 2.2. „DESKRIPTIVITÄT“ IN ANDEREN ZUSAMMENHÄNGEN ...................................................... 6 2.3. DESKRIPTIVITÄT IN DER SEILERSCHEN TRADITION ........................................................... 6 2.3.1. DER DESKRIPTIVITÄTSBEGRIFF VON SEILER (1975) ................................................................... 6 2.3.2. DAS MESSEN VON DESKRIPTIVITÄT : ULTAN (1975, 1976); MOSHINSKY (1976) .................... 8 2.4. VERWANDTE KONZEPTE ................................................................................................................. 9 2.4.1.A RBITRARITÄT UND RELATIVE MOTIVIERTHEIT DES SPRACHLICHEN ZEICHENS ...................... 9 2.4.2. TRANSPARENZ UND OPAZITÄT ..................................................................................................... 10 2.4.3. KOMPOSITIONALITÄT UND FORM -BEDEUTUNGS -ISOMORPHISMUS ......................................... 10 2.4.4. ABWEICHUNGEN VOM KOMPOSITIONALITÄTSPRINZIP : SEMANTISCHE LEXIKALISIERUNG UND IDIOMATISIERUNG ................................................................................................................. 11 2.4.5. METAPHORIK , METONYMIE UND KONZEPTUALISIERUNG – KOGNITIVE ASPEKTE ................ 14 2.4.6. DER ZUSAMMENHANG ZUR LEXIKONORGANISATION UND LEXIKONERWEITERUNG ............ 17 2.5. ABGRENZUNGSPROBLEME ........................................................................................................... 18 2.5.1. DESKRIPTIVITÄT VS . ONOMATOPOIIE .......................................................................................... 18 2.5.2. DESKRIPTIVITÄT VS . POLYSEMIE ................................................................................................. 19 2.5.3. DESKRIPTIVITÄT UND DERIVATION ............................................................................................. 20 2.6. VORSCHLAG EINER DEFINITION ................................................................................................ 22 2.7. TYPOLOGIE DESKRIPTIVER AUSDRÜCKE ............................................................................... 24 2.7.1. FORMAL ........................................................................................................................................... 24 2.7.2. FUNKTIONAL ................................................................................................................................... 26 2.8. DAS MESSEN DES DESKRIPTIVITÄTSGRADS EINER SPRACHE ....................................... 26 2.8.1. AUSWAHL DER ZU UNTERSUCHENDEN SPRACHEN ..................................................................... 27 2.8.2.G RUNDWORTSCHATZ ...................................................................................................................... 27 2.8.2.1. Festsetzung der zu ermittelnden Formen ................................................................................... 27 2.8.2.2. Vorgehensweise bei der Ermittlung der Daten .......................................................................... 28 2.8.2.3. Methodische Probleme bei der Zuweisung des Deskriptivitätsstatus ........................................ 30 2.8.2.3.1. Semantische Lexikalisierung……………………………………………………………………30 2.8.2.3.2. Produktivität….. ................................................................................................................ 31 2.8.2.3.3. Fehlen freier zugrundeliegender lexikalischer Einheiten…... ........................................... 31 2.8.2.3.4. Weitere kleinere Fragen…… ............................................................................................. 32 2.8.2.4. Ergebnisse .................................................................................................................................. 32 2.8.3. TEXTFREQUENZ .............................................................................................................................. 33 2.8.3.1. Verwendete Texte ....................................................................................................................... 33 2.8.3.2. Methodisches ............................................................................................................................. 34 2.8.3.2.1. Type- /Token-Unterscheidung…… ..................................................................................... 34 2.8.3.2.2. Polysynthetische Probleme…… ......................................................................................... 35 2.8.3.3. Ergebnisse .................................................................................................................................. 37 2.8.5. AUSWERTUNG ................................................................................................................................. 38 3. DESKRIPTIVITÄT ALS VARIABLE DES SPRACHWANDELS ................................................................ 39 3.1. RELEVANTE SPRACHWANDELPROZESSE AUS THEORETISCHER SICHT .................... 39 3.1.1. LEXIKALISIERUNG .......................................................................................................................... 39 3.1.1.1. Ein Überblick über den Begriff .................................................................................................. 39 3.1.1.2. Lexikalisierung in der historischen Linguistik ........................................................................... 40 3.1.1.2.1. Reguläre Wortbildungsprozesse als Lexikalisierung. ........................................................ 40 3.1.1.2.2. Lexikalisierung als Nichvorhersagbarkeit eines Lexems nach allgemeinen Regeln .......... 41 3.1.1.2.3. Lexikalisierung als Demorphologisierung und Demotivation ............................................ 42 3.1.2. SPRACHKONTAKT : LEHNWÖRTER , LEHNÜBERSETZUNGEN , SUBSTRATEINFLUSS .................. 43 3.1.3. VOLKSETYMOLOGIE ....................................................................................................................... 45 3.1.4. KULTURELLE GRÜNDE ................................................................................................................... 45 3.1.5. SPRACHINTERNE GRÜNDE / TYPOLOGICAL SHIFTS ..................................................................... 46 3.2. PRAKTISCHE ANWENDUNG .......................................................................................................... 47 3.2.1. WEGEN MANGELNDER DATEN NICHT WEITER UNTERSUCHBARE FÄLLE ................................. 47 3.2.2. SICH NEUTRAL VERHALTENDE FÄLLE ......................................................................................... 47 3.2.3. DESKRIPTIVITÄT DEZIMIERENDE PROZESSE ............................................................................... 47 3.2.3.1. Onomasiologischer Wandel ....................................................................................................... 47 3.2.3.2. Entlehnung, Sprachkontakt ........................................................................................................ 48 3.2.3.3. Ausfall der Ableitungstechnik oder des zugrundeliegenden Lexems .......................................... 48 3.2.3.4. Lexikalisierung ........................................................................................................................... 48 3.2.4. DESKRIPTIVITÄT GENERIERENDE PROZESSE ............................................................................... 50 3.2.4.1. Onomasiologischer Wandel ....................................................................................................... 50 3.2.4.2. Explizitheitsmaximierung ........................................................................................................... 50 3.2.5. GESAMTENTWICKLUNG ................................................................................................................. 50 4. EXKURS ............................................................................................................................................................... 51 4.1. DESKRIPTIVITÄT UND LEXIKALISIERUNG IN DER TOPONYMIE ................................... 51 4.2. DESKRIPTIVITÄT UND LEXIKALISIERUNG BEI DER GENESE VON KREOLSPRACHEN ..................................................................................................................................... 51 5. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG UND AUSBLICK – UNIVERSALE
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