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SANDSTONE FEATURES ADJACENT to LAKE CAHUILLA Stephanie SANDSTONE FEATURES ADJACENT TO LAKE CAHUILLA and Stephanie Rose and Cheryl Bowden-Renna the KEA Environmental, Inc. surr 1420 Kettner Blvd, Ste. 620 qu ie San Diego, CA 92101 insic two arc~ the ABSTRACT and that Recent investigations at the Salton Sea Test Base revealed a number of features, including 110 this hearths or fire-affected rock clusters, 22 fish traps, and 198 rock enclosures. All of these features are located at very low elevations, ranging from 20 to 225 feet below sea level. Excavations in and around these features provided information on their structure and composition, as well as their possible function. as Ie Although little was recovered from the hearths and fish traps, units excavated at the rock enclosures ft le\ contained fish bone, sometimes in substantial quantities. OCCl was bo n ~ INTRODUCTION together at 16 sites, and a single site consisted of lake a hearth feature with no visible associated cultural Investigations at Salton Sea Test Base material. Subsurface examinations were (S STB) , on the west side of the Salton Sea, conducted in 40 hearths. Only about 30% of recorded 170 archaeological sites. These sites these had positive results, generally consisting of contained a total of 336 prehistoric features, a thin layer of charcoal flecks and a small amount of including 110 hearths, 22 rock constructions fish bone. Little additional cultural material was foun interpreted as fish traps, and 198 sandstone rock recovered subsurface. of tl­ enclosures. Subsurface data were provided by east. 135 shovel test pits and 25 units, placed at 159 of featL the features. Radiocarbon dates from charcoal FISH TRAPS cons recovered from 15 features suggest that most, if cobl: not all, of these features were used during the late A total of 22 stone features were recorded as vertic prehistoric and protohistoric periods, coinciding fish traps at five sites on SSTB. Found along the high, with the recessional episodes of the ancient Lake shorelines of Lake Cahuilla, these structures were east, Cahuilla (Schaefer 1986, 1994; Laylander 1994). generally "v" or "u" shaped, made of the local dime Ethnographical data supports the use of Lake sandstone stacked one to three courses high, acro~ Cahuilla for fishing during this period (Gifford oriented with the wide opening up slope, and heigt 1931 : 29-94; Treganza 1945; 285-294). narrowing to an apex downslope. They range in the a size from 2.9 to 7.0 m long and 1.8 to 3.7 m wide. numt The traps are found in clusters , numbering to a r H EARTH S between 2 and 8, within sites and always in per I association with hearths or rock enclosures, thesE At 39 sites, 110 featu res were recorded as suggesting that fish were caught and then curvE hearths. Most of these were characterized by fire­ processed immediately nearby. The elevations of open reddened sandstone conce ntrations, although an the traps ranged from 70 ft to 130 ft below sea with additional 14 sparse scatters of a few pieces of level. Withi n the cl usters, elevations were about presE fire-affected rock (FAR) were also noted. The the same, indicating that those clu stered were were hearths ran ge from approximately 50 cm up to 6 m probably used at the same ti me. Excavations degrc in diameter. Associated fl aked stone tools or con ducted at six of th e fish traps revealed little the s debitage were found at all but th re e of the sites subsu rface deposit, with the on ly cl early related with hearths, and ceramics we re found at 23. cu ltural item, a quartzite flake tool , recovered fro m Rock enclosures and hearths were found 0-1 0 cm at CA-I MP-7578. shovi 28 Ethnographic evidence suggests that nets conducted at 104 of the 198 rock enclosures. and baskets were often used in conjunction with Fish bone was by far the most prevalent form of the fish traps (Bean et aI. 1991). As Wilke cultural material, found in 61 enclosures (58.6%). surmised (1988:8) the traps were used to provide Ninety percent of the excavation units yielded fish quiet spots that would attract spawning fish. Once remains. inside, they would be easy to catch with nets. The two types of fish most commonly found in the Additional cultural material associated with the archaeological record, the razorback sucker and rock enclosures include sparse scatters of the bonytail chub, both spawn between late winter debitage, tools and ceramics. Excavation and early summer (Moyle 1976). The implication is recovered 88 pieces (17.3%) of debitage from 18 that the inhabitants were using the traps during enclosures, 20 (6.7%) pieces of ceramic from 7 this same time period. enclosures, and charcoal in varying amounts from 49 of the enclosures. The fish traps have been recorded at SSTB as low as 130 ft below sea level, well below the -99 Little internal structure was revealed during ft level Wilke (1978) noted as the lowest observed the investigations of the enclosures. Most of the occurrence of traps. Previous to KEA's work. it enclosures contain sparse cultural material in a was assumed that the humpback sucker and the relatively shallow deposit. Three of the bonytail could not survive in the increasingly saline enclosures displayed slightly more substantial lake below the -99 foot level. deposits, with strata of 10 to 20 em consisting of dense charcoal and fish bone beneath an over ere burden of 10 to 50 cm of aeolian silt (Feature 6 at of ROCK ENCLOSURES CA-IMP-7526, Feature 1 at CA-IMP-7620, and lof Feature 1 at CA-IMP-7632). Because these strata lof Most of the 198 prehistoric rock enclosures appear to slope gently down towards the center of itas found on SSTB are associated with outcroppings the enclosure, a basin-shaped living or working of the Brawley formation which dominates the surface is implied. There is further evidence of a eastern portion of the base. Typically, these somewhat subterranean use in the form of features are circular or semi-circular in shape, and charcoal staining at 60 em below surface in constructed of the local sandstone slabs or Feature 1 at CA-IMP-7586. The high winds could cobbles (Figure 1). These are stacked either account for the poor preservation found at some las vertically or horizontally, one to three courses enclosures, by scouring out the lightweight ~he high, with a well defined opening generally to the charcoal and faunal remains, and the good tere east, away from the prevailing winds. Interior preservation at others by burying the deposit with Qca.l dimensions ranged from 50 cm to about 6 m sand/silt shortly after abandonment. igh, across, with the average between 2-3 m. The and height of the courses did not exceed 75 cm, with Investigation concerning the possible a in the average height of between 20 and 40 cm. The functions of the rock enclosures in the area has iide. number of rocks used ranged from a minimum of 7 been limited. The excavation of three enclosures Iring to a maximum of more than 200. Forty to fifty rocks by Rosen (1985) resulted in the interpretation that s in per enclosure was most typical. Variations of the two smaller enclosures were hearths while the Ires, these include features that resembled slightly larger example was a facility for processing the nen curved lines of stacked stones. those with local fish. Other, still larger enclosures were stated is of openings to the south, north or west, and those to be either roasting pits or the remains of shelters sea with no visible opening at all. The state of (Rosen 1985; Rogers n.d.). The enclosures bout preservation was likewise variable. While some excavated during the recent work at the Salton ilere were intact, many others exhibited some form of Sea indicate a focus on the processing of fish. lions degradation, with a few barely discernable from This is based on the depth of the deposit, the little the surrounding rocky environment. sheer volume of both burned and unburned fish ated bone, and the nearly total absence of other faunal from Subsurface investigations, consisting of 90 remains. Charcoal was present in at least small shovel tests and 20 excavation units, were amounts in most of the enclosures, indicating that 29 Beall fires were built within them. The structures were 35 em in length and weighs less than 0.5 kg oriented away from the prevailing wind from the (Moyle 1976). Regardless of the elevation from ~·':'4~ west/northwest and may have anchored brush which they were recovered, both fish appear to 1: which acted as a windbreak for the fire. Those have only reached about 30 cm in length (Gobalet II rock enclosures of larger dimensions may have 1996). allowed for the accommodation of people as well as hearths. CONCLUSION Ninety-seven percent of the faunal material recovered from the SSTB consists of fish remains Based on the information gathered on SSTB, (Figure 2). A total of 4,118 specimens of questions were raised concerning further possible identifiable fish remains were recovered from 44 uses of these features as related to the sites, in 61 rock enclosures (99%), three hearths procurement and processing of the ancient lake «0.01%), and one fish trap «0.01%). In all, five resources. A change of technology is indicated species, from 31 sites, were identified and by continued fishing after the apparent analyzed by Kenneth Gobalet and Richard abandonment of fish traps below the -130 foot Huddleston. Of the identifiable fish remains, contour.
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