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Reproductions Supplied by EDRS Are the Best That Can Be Made from the Original Document DOCUMENT RESUME ED 444 352 FL 026 341 AUTHOR Dimitriadis, Alexis, Ed.; Lee, Hikyoung, Ed.; Siegel, Laura, Ed.; Surek-Clark, Clarissa, Ed.; Williams, Alexander, Ed. TITLE Current Work in Linguistics. University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics, Volume 4, Number 3. INSTITUTION Pennsylvania Univ., Philadelphia. Penn Linguistics Club. PUB DATE 1997-00-00 NOTE 215p. AVAILABLE FROM PWPL, 619 Williams Hall, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6305 ($12). PUB TYPE Collected Works Proceedings (021) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC09 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Case (Grammar); Dialects; English (Second Language); Grammar; Homosexuality; Irish; Korean; *Language Research; *Linguistics; *Pronunciation; Second Language Instruction; Second Language Learning; Sociolinguistics; Stereotypes; Syntax; Uncommonly Taught Languages IDENTIFIERS Ethiopians; German (Pennsylvania); Tigrinya ABSTRACT This issue contains the following articles: "Was Mir Wisse: A Review of the Literature on the Languages of the Pennsylvania Germans" (David Bowie); "Tigrinya Root Consonants and the OCP" (Eugene Buckley); "Duration of Onset Consonants in Gay Male Stereotyped Speech" (Sean Crist); "PRO, the EPP and Nominative Case: Evidence from Irish Infinitivals" (Heidi Harley, 2ndrew Carnie); "Palatalization and Umlaut in Korean" (Soonhyun Hong); "Exceptional Case Marking in the Xtag System" (Seth Kulick); "Functional and Pair-List Embedded Questions" (Yael Sharvit); and "The Perfect, Contingency, and Temporal Subordination" (Beverly Spejewski). (KFT) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA Working Papers in Linguistics Volume 4, Number 3 Current Work in Linguistics Pr's U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND Office of Educational Researchand Improvement DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION BEEN GRANTED BY yphCENTER (ERIC) / Is document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization originating it. a 0 Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality. TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES Points of view or opinions stated in this INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) document do not necessarily represent 1 official OERI position or policy. 1997 2, 1::EST COPYAVAITABILIE University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics Volume 4.3 (1997) Current Work in Linguistics Edited by: Alexis Dimitriadis, Hikyoung Lee, Laura Siegel, Clarissa Surek-Clark and Alexander Williams Table of Contents About the PWPL series Was Mir Wisse: A Review of the Literature on the Languages of the Pennsylvania Germans 1 David Bowie Tigrinya Root Consonants and the OCP 19 Eugene Buckley Duration of Onset Consonants in Gay Male Stereotyped Speech 53 Sean Crist PRO, the EPP and Nominative Case: Evidence from Irish Infinitivals 71 Heidi Harley and Andrew Carnie Palatalization and Umlaut in Korean 87 Soonhyun Hong Exceptional Case Marking in the Xtag System 133 Seth Kulick Functional and Pair-List Embedded Questions 153 Yael Sharvit The Perfect, Contingency, and Temporal Subordination 181 Beverly Spejewski Contents of Volume 4 207 iii 4 About the PWPL series The University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics (PWPL) is an occasional series published by the Penn Linguistics Club, the graduate student organization of the Linguistics Department of the University of Pennsylvania. The series has included volumes of previously unpublished work, or work in progress, by linguists with an ongoing affiliation with the Department, as well as volumes of papers from the NWAVE conference, and the Penn Linguistics Colloquium. The current PWPL series editors are Alexis Dimitriadis, Ron Kim, Hikyoung Lee, Christine Moisset, Laura Siegel, Sharon Sturtevant, Clarissa Surek- Clark, and Alexander Williams. This volume presents a cross-section of current work in linguistics at the University of Pennsylvania. On behalf of both the editors and the authors whose work appears in this volume, we wish to thank the reviewers of these papers for their important contribution. The Editors Publication in the University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics (PWPL) does not preclude submission of papers elsewhere; all copyrightis re- tained by the author(s) of individual papers. Comments on the papers should be sent directly to the authors, at the address provided at the end of each paper. The PWPL editors can be contacted at the following addresses: U. Penn Working Papers in Linguistics 619 Williams Hall University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 19104-6305 working-papers@ babel. ling. upenn. edu For more information, please consult our web site: http://ling.upenn.edu/papers/pwpl.html Volumes of the PWPL are available at $12 per copy, pre-paid. (See information at the end of this volume). Multi-issue subscriptions and copies of previous issues are also available. We invite other student organizations to set up an exchange of publications with us. 5 Was Mir Wisse: A Review of the Literatureon the Languages of the Pennsylvania Germans' David Bowie 1. Introduction In North Americaand particularly in the United Statesminority languages generally die out rather quickly to make way for the surrounding language. Certain pockets of immigrant languages, however,can still be found; one of the best known of these is the language that has become known variouslyas Pennsylvania Dutch, Pennsylfawnisch, and Pennsylvania German (the preferred term in the scholarly literature, hereafter abbreviated PG),a dialect of German which has been spoken continuously in North America' since the end of the seventeenth century by a group of people which havecome to be known as the Pennsylvania Germans.3 PG is spoken by various groups of people, primarily by Anabaptist "plain people"that is, the conservative Amish, Mennonite, and Hutterite groups. (While the language was spoken by other groups of German origin as recently as fifty years ago, it is only rarely heard now among those populations.) The area in which the language is spokencovers a roughly diamond-shapedareawithcornersinsouthernOntario,southeastern Pennsylvania, southern Maryland, and at the Indiana-Illinois border, and throughout the area PG is in some degree of contact with North American English.This has given rise to what is generally describedas a stable I This paper is the initial printed result of an ongoing effort to developa bibliography of linguistic treatments of Pennsylvania German; the Pennsylvania German in the title means "What we know."I would be remiss without giving thanks to the many people whose help has led in someway to this paper, among them particularly Gillian Sankoff, Hikyoung Lee, Zsuzsanna Fagyal, andan anonymous reviewer. 2 The other main surviving North American German languagesare generally called Mennonite Low German, Texas German, and Wisconsin German, withsome disagreement over whether Wisconsin German is actually separate from PG. Mennonite Low, Texas, and Wisconsin German deserve treatment separate from PG, and therefore will not be dealt with in thispaper. Reed (1971) has suggested the blanket term "American colonial German" to cover all of these languages,a term which (unfortunately, in my opinion) has not gained widespread acceptance. 3 This is actually a somewhat inexactusage; technically, one must not be a speaker of PG to be called a Pennsylvania German.The correlation is close enough, however, for present purposes, although as will beseen, some of the studies described in this paper do not hold to sucha definition. U. Penn Working Papers in Linguistics, Volume 4.3, 1997 UCI 2 DAVID BOWIE bilingual situation, with all or nearly all speakers of PG beingfluent in North American English; therefore, studies of PG speakers donot have to be limited to PG, but can also look at the English spoken by PGspeakers, comparative fluency in the two languages, etc. This paper will attempt to give an overview of the researchwhich has been done on the languages of the Pennsylvania Germansover the past 125 years. To accomplish this end, the paper will lookat the evolution of the field of study, starting with the studies of PG made in the latenineteenth century, followed by the dialectological surveys of PG and the Pennsylvania Germans done in the first half of the twentieth centuryas reflected primarily in articles published in American speech at that time, followedby studies done since the time of the 1968 Tenth Germanic Languages Symposiumat the University of Texas at Austin, which focused in greatpart on the German languages spoken in North America and how to maintain theirpresence. These divisions will allow a glimpse of theway in which the study of the languages of the Pennsylvania Germans has developed, froma focus on structural descriptiontodialectologytolanguage death and language maintenance; they also allow highlights of the field and its developmentto be presented, as the numbers of studies which have been publishedis much larger than the number that could even begin to fit intoa paper of this length. 2. The Nineteenth Century The nineteenth century saw the end of the Anabaptist migrationto North America (in about 1860), and the first widespread realization thata large group of people in North America were maintaining their German language. The first records we have of this are occasional entries in the traveljournals of German-speaking tourists and occasional general-interest bookspublished about PG (Yoder 1971); these are, however, notvery important for present purposes, whereas the scholarly literature
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