ECE 120: Introduction to Computing Write Output Using Printf Use

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

ECE 120: Introduction to Computing Write Output Using Printf Use 9/7/2016 Allowing Input from the Keyboard, Output to the Monitor University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering To control input and output (I/O), we use two functions from the standard C library. ECE 120: Introduction to Computing Put this line at the top of your C program: #include <stdio.h> This directive tells the C compiler that your Basic I/O in C program uses the standard C I/O functions. ECE 120: Introduction to Computing © 2016 Steven S. Lumetta. All rights reserved. slide 1 ECE 120: Introduction to Computing © 2016 Steven S. Lumetta. All rights reserved. slide 2 Write Output Using printf Use Backslash to Include Special ASCII Characters To write text onto the display, use printf. Certain ASCII characters The “f” means “formatted.” ◦ control text appearance, and ◦ When using the function, ◦ are hard to put between quotes. ◦ you must specify the desired format For example between quotation marks. ◦ ASCII’s linefeed character (or lf, sometimes called newline) Example: ◦ starts a new line of text. printf ("Here is an example."); To include linefeed, write \n between quotes. The function call above writes the text The backslash indicates a special ASCII between the quotes to the monitor. character. Use \\ for one backslash. ECE 120: Introduction to Computing © 2016 Steven S. Lumetta. All rights reserved. slide 3 ECE 120: Introduction to Computing © 2016 Steven S. Lumetta. All rights reserved. slide 4 9/7/2016 One Can Include Many Linefeeds Use Format Specifiers to Print Expressions Example: printf also prints expression values printf("This\ntext\\has\nlines!\n"); For example, specifies what and how to print The call above prints the three lines below printf ("Integers: %d %d %d\n", (at the left of the screen). 6 * 7, 17 + 200, 32 & 100); Output: [followed by ASCII linefeed] This text\has Integers: 42 217 32 lines! The expressions to print The next printf also starts on a new line ◦ appear after the format specification, and (because of the linefeed at the end of the format). ◦ are separated by commas. ECE 120: Introduction to Computing © 2016 Steven S. Lumetta. All rights reserved. slide 5 ECE 120: Introduction to Computing © 2016 Steven S. Lumetta. All rights reserved. slide 6 Many Format Specifiers are Supported These Tables Suffice for Our Class Format Specifier Interpretation Format Specifier Interpretation %c int or char as %u unsigned int ASCII character as decimal %d int as decimal %x integer as lower-case %e double as decimal hexadecimal scientific notation %X integer as upper-case %f double as decimal hexadecimal %% one percent sign See man pages on a lab machine for more. ECE 120: Introduction to Computing © 2016 Steven S. Lumetta. All rights reserved. slide 7 ECE 120: Introduction to Computing © 2016 Steven S. Lumetta. All rights reserved. slide 8 9/7/2016 Format Specifiers Print Only the Expression Values Pitfall: Passing the Wrong Type of Expression If you want spacing, include it Be sure that your expressions (and in the format. ordering) match the format. an int Example: Example: a double printf("%d%d%d", 12, -34, 56); printf("%d %f", 10.0, 17); prints may print (output is system dependent) 12-3456 0 0.000000 Except for format specifiers and special ASCII characters like linefeed, characters print A C compiler may be able to warn you exactly as they appear. about this kind of error. ECE 120: Introduction to Computing © 2016 Steven S. Lumetta. All rights reserved. slide 9 ECE 120: Introduction to Computing © 2016 Steven S. Lumetta. All rights reserved. slide 10 Pitfall: Too Few/Many Expressions Read Input Using scanf If you pass more expressions than format To read values from the keyboard, use scanf. specifiers, the last expressions are The “f” again means “formatted.” ignored. scanf also takes If you pass fewer expressions than format ◦ a format in quotation marks, and specifiers, printf prints … bits! ◦ a comma-separated list of variable addresses (In other words, behavior is unspecified.) Example: int A; memory address of variable A Again, a C compiler may be able to warn scanf ("%d", &A); you about this kind of error. reads a decimal integer, converts it to 2’s complement, and stores the bits in A. ECE 120: Introduction to Computing © 2016 Steven S. Lumetta. All rights reserved. slide 11 ECE 120: Introduction to Computing © 2016 Steven S. Lumetta. All rights reserved. slide 12 9/7/2016 scanf Ignores White Space Typed by User Other Characters in Format Must be Typed Exactly Example: int A; If format includes characters int B; ◦ other than format specifiers and white space scanf ("%d%d", &A, &B); ◦ user must type them exactly with no extra The user can separate the two numbers with spaces. Rarely useful. spaces, tabs, and/or linefeeds, such as … Example: intA;intB; 5 42 /* A is 5, B is 42 */ scanf ("%d<>%d", &A, &B); 5 /* two lines -> same result */ Type “5<>42” and A==5, B==42. 42 But type “5 <>42” and A==5, while B is The user must push <Enter> when done. unchanged (no initializer, so B contains bits). ECE 120: Introduction to Computing © 2016 Steven S. Lumetta. All rights reserved. slide 13 ECE 120: Introduction to Computing © 2016 Steven S. Lumetta. All rights reserved. slide 14 Conversion Specifiers Similar to printf Conversion Specifiers Similar to printf Format Specifier Interpretation Format Specifier Interpretation %c store one ASCII %u convert decimal character (as char) integer to %d convert decimal unsigned int integer to int %x or %X convert hexadecimal %f convert decimal real integer to number to float unsigned int %lf convert decimal real number to double ECE 120: Introduction to Computing © 2016 Steven S. Lumetta. All rights reserved. slide 15 ECE 120: Introduction to Computing © 2016 Steven S. Lumetta. All rights reserved. slide 16 9/7/2016 More Pitfalls for scanf than for printf printf Returns the Number of Characters Printed scanf has the same pitfalls as printf Function calls are expressions. ◦ Be sure to match format specifiers (and Both printf and scanf return int ordering) to variable types. (the calls evaluate to values of type int). ◦ Be sure to match number of specifiers to printf returns the number of characters number of addresses given. printed to the display. And more! Writing a printf followed by a semicolon ◦ Don’t forget to write “&” before each ◦ evaluates the expression (calls printf ), variable. (Behavior is again undefined, but ◦ then discards the return value. can be quite difficult to find the bug.) The return value of printf is rarely used. ECE 120: Introduction to Computing © 2016 Steven S. Lumetta. All rights reserved. slide 17 ECE 120: Introduction to Computing © 2016 Steven S. Lumetta. All rights reserved. slide 18 scanf Returns the Number of Conversions scanf returns the number of conversions performed successfully, or -1 for no conversions. The return value is important for checking user input. For example, if (2 != scanf ("%d%d", &A, &B)) { printf ("Bad input!\n"); A = 42; B = 10; /* defaults */ } ECE 120: Introduction to Computing © 2016 Steven S. Lumetta. All rights reserved. slide 19.
Recommended publications
  • Dictation Presentation.Pptx
    Dictaon using Apple Devices Presentaon October 10, 2013 Trudy Downs Operang Systems • iOS6 • iOS7 • Mountain Lion (OS X10.8) Devices • iPad 3 or iPad mini • iPod 4 • iPhone 4s, 5 or 5c or 5s • Desktop running Mountain Lion • Laptop running Mountain Lion Dictaon Shortcut Words • Shortcut WordsDictaon includes many voice “shortcuts” that allows you to manipulate the text and insert symbols while you are speaking. Here’s a list of those shortcuts that you can use: - “new line” is like pressing Return on your keyboard - “new paragraph” creates a new paragraph - “cap” capitalizes the next spoken word - “caps on/off” capitalizes the spoken sec&on of text - “all caps” makes the next spoken word all caps - “all caps on/off” makes the spoken sec&on of text all caps - “no caps” makes the next spoken word lower case - “no caps on/off” makes the spoken sec&on of text lower case - “space bar” prevents a hyphen from appearing in a normally hyphenated word - “no space” prevents a space between words - “no space on/off” to prevent a sec&on of text from having spaces between words More Dictaon Shortcuts • - “period” or “full stop” places a period at the end of a sentence - “dot” places a period anywhere, including between words - “point” places a point between numbers, not between words - “ellipsis” or “dot dot dot” places an ellipsis in your wri&ng - “comma” places a comma - “double comma” places a double comma (,,) - “quote” or “quotaon mark” places a quote mark (“) - “quote ... end quote” places quotaon marks around the text spoken between - “apostrophe”
    [Show full text]
  • TITLE of the PAPER 1. First Steps 2 1.1. General Mathematics 2 1.2
    TITLE OF THE PAPER STEVEN J. MILLER ABSTRACT. The point of these notes is to give a quick introduction to some of the standard commands of LaTeX; for more information see any reference book. Thus we concentrate on a few key things that will allow you to handle most situations. For the most part, we have tried to have the text describe the commands; though of course we cannot do this everywhere. You should view both the .tex code and the output (either .pdf or .dvi) simultaneously. CONTENTS 1. First Steps 2 1.1. General Mathematics 2 1.2. One Line Equations 3 1.3. Labeling Equations 4 1.4. Multi-Line Equations: Eqnarray 5 1.5. Lemmas,Propositions,TheoremsandCorollaries 6 1.6. Using Subsubsections 7 1.7. Tables 10 1.8. Matrices and Shortcuts 10 2. Environments I 13 2.1. Shortcut Environments 13 2.2. Enumeration, Itemizing, and General Latex and Linux Commands 13 3. Graphics and Color 14 3.1. Inserting Graphics 14 3.2. Color 14 4. Environments II 15 4.1. Lists 15 4.2. Emphasize and Bolding 15 4.3. Centering Text 15 4.4. Refering to Bibliography 15 4.5. Font sizes 15 5. Documentclassandglobalformatting 16 6. Further Reading 16 Acknowledgements 17 Date: October 14, 2011. 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification. 11M06 (primary), 12K02 (secondary). Key words and phrases. How to use TeX. The author would like to thank to Daneel Olivaw for comments on an earlier draft. The author was supported by a grant from the University of Trantor, and it is a pleasure to thank them for their generosity.
    [Show full text]
  • The Not So Short Introduction to Latex2ε
    The Not So Short Introduction to LATEX 2ε Or LATEX 2ε in 139 minutes by Tobias Oetiker Hubert Partl, Irene Hyna and Elisabeth Schlegl Version 4.20, May 31, 2006 ii Copyright ©1995-2005 Tobias Oetiker and Contributers. All rights reserved. This document is free; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. This document is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this document; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Thank you! Much of the material used in this introduction comes from an Austrian introduction to LATEX 2.09 written in German by: Hubert Partl <[email protected]> Zentraler Informatikdienst der Universität für Bodenkultur Wien Irene Hyna <[email protected]> Bundesministerium für Wissenschaft und Forschung Wien Elisabeth Schlegl <noemail> in Graz If you are interested in the German document, you can find a version updated for LATEX 2ε by Jörg Knappen at CTAN:/tex-archive/info/lshort/german iv Thank you! The following individuals helped with corrections, suggestions and material to improve this paper. They put in a big effort to help me get this document into its present shape.
    [Show full text]
  • HTML URL Encoding
    HHTTMMLL UURRLL EENNCCOODDIINNGG http://www.tutorialspoint.com/html/html_url_encoding.htm Copyright © tutorialspoint.com URL encoding is the practice of translating unprintable characters or characters with special meaning within URLs to a representation that is unambiguous and universally accepted by web browsers and servers. These characters include: ASCII control characters - Unprintable characters typically used for output control. Character ranges 00-1F hex 0 − 31decimal and 7F 127decimal. A complete encoding table is given below. Non-ASCII control characters - These are characters beyond the ASCII character set of 128 characters. This range is part of the ISO-Latin character set and includes the entire "top half" of the ISO-Latin set 80-FF hex 128 − 255decimal. A complete encoding table is given below. Reserved characters - These are special characters such as the dollar sign, ampersand, plus, common, forward slash, colon, semi-colon, equals sign, question mark, and "at" symbol. All of these can have different meanings inside a URL so need to be encoded. A complete encoding table is given below. Unsafe characters - These are space, quotation marks, less than symbol, greater than symbol, pound character, percent character, Left Curly Brace, Right Curly Brace , Pipe, Backslash, Caret, Tilde, Left Square Bracket , Right Square Bracket, Grave Accent. These character present the possibility of being misunderstood within URLs for various reasons. These characters should also always be encoded. A complete encoding table is given below. The encoding notation replaces the desired character with three characters: a percent sign and two hexadecimal digits that correspond to the position of the character in the ASCII character set.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Symbols (2286)
    1 Symbols (2286) USV Symbol Macro(s) Description 0009 \textHT <control> 000A \textLF <control> 000D \textCR <control> 0022 ” \textquotedbl QUOTATION MARK 0023 # \texthash NUMBER SIGN \textnumbersign 0024 $ \textdollar DOLLAR SIGN 0025 % \textpercent PERCENT SIGN 0026 & \textampersand AMPERSAND 0027 ’ \textquotesingle APOSTROPHE 0028 ( \textparenleft LEFT PARENTHESIS 0029 ) \textparenright RIGHT PARENTHESIS 002A * \textasteriskcentered ASTERISK 002B + \textMVPlus PLUS SIGN 002C , \textMVComma COMMA 002D - \textMVMinus HYPHEN-MINUS 002E . \textMVPeriod FULL STOP 002F / \textMVDivision SOLIDUS 0030 0 \textMVZero DIGIT ZERO 0031 1 \textMVOne DIGIT ONE 0032 2 \textMVTwo DIGIT TWO 0033 3 \textMVThree DIGIT THREE 0034 4 \textMVFour DIGIT FOUR 0035 5 \textMVFive DIGIT FIVE 0036 6 \textMVSix DIGIT SIX 0037 7 \textMVSeven DIGIT SEVEN 0038 8 \textMVEight DIGIT EIGHT 0039 9 \textMVNine DIGIT NINE 003C < \textless LESS-THAN SIGN 003D = \textequals EQUALS SIGN 003E > \textgreater GREATER-THAN SIGN 0040 @ \textMVAt COMMERCIAL AT 005C \ \textbackslash REVERSE SOLIDUS 005E ^ \textasciicircum CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT 005F _ \textunderscore LOW LINE 0060 ‘ \textasciigrave GRAVE ACCENT 0067 g \textg LATIN SMALL LETTER G 007B { \textbraceleft LEFT CURLY BRACKET 007C | \textbar VERTICAL LINE 007D } \textbraceright RIGHT CURLY BRACKET 007E ~ \textasciitilde TILDE 00A0 \nobreakspace NO-BREAK SPACE 00A1 ¡ \textexclamdown INVERTED EXCLAMATION MARK 00A2 ¢ \textcent CENT SIGN 00A3 £ \textsterling POUND SIGN 00A4 ¤ \textcurrency CURRENCY SIGN 00A5 ¥ \textyen YEN SIGN 00A6
    [Show full text]
  • Unified English Braille (UEB) General Symbols and Indicators
    Unified English Braille (UEB) General Symbols and Indicators UEB Rulebook Section 3 Published by International Council on English Braille (ICEB) space (see 3.23) ⠣ opening braille grouping indicator (see 3.4) ⠹ first transcriber‐defined print symbol (see 3.26) ⠫ shape indicator (see 3.22) ⠳ arrow indicator (see 3.2) ⠳⠕ → simple right pointing arrow (east) (see 3.2) ⠳⠩ ↓ simple down pointing arrow (south) (see 3.2) ⠳⠪ ← simple left pointing arrow (west) (see 3.2) ⠳⠬ ↑ simple up pointing arrow (north) (see 3.2) ⠒ ∶ ratio (see 3.17) ⠒⠒ ∷ proportion (see 3.17) ⠢ subscript indicator (see 3.24) ⠶ ′ prime (see 3.11 and 3.15) ⠶⠶ ″ double prime (see 3.11 and 3.15) ⠔ superscript indicator (see 3.24) ⠼⠡ ♮ natural (see 3.18) ⠼⠣ ♭ flat (see 3.18) ⠼⠩ ♯ sharp (see 3.18) ⠼⠹ second transcriber‐defined print symbol (see 3.26) ⠜ closing braille grouping indicator (see 3.4) ⠈⠁ @ commercial at sign (see 3.7) ⠈⠉ ¢ cent sign (see 3.10) ⠈⠑ € euro sign (see 3.10) ⠈⠋ ₣ French franc sign (see 3.10) ⠈⠇ £ pound sign (pound sterling) (see 3.10) ⠈⠝ ₦ naira sign (see 3.10) ⠈⠎ $ dollar sign (see 3.10) ⠈⠽ ¥ yen sign (Yuan sign) (see 3.10) ⠈⠯ & ampersand (see 3.1) ⠈⠣ < less‐than sign (see 3.17) ⠈⠢ ^ caret (3.6) ⠈⠔ ~ tilde (swung dash) (see 3.25) ⠈⠼⠹ third transcriber‐defined print symbol (see 3.26) ⠈⠜ > greater‐than sign (see 3.17) ⠈⠨⠣ opening transcriber’s note indicator (see 3.27) ⠈⠨⠜ closing transcriber’s note indicator (see 3.27) ⠈⠠⠹ † dagger (see 3.3) ⠈⠠⠻ ‡ double dagger (see 3.3) ⠘⠉ © copyright sign (see 3.8) ⠘⠚ ° degree sign (see 3.11) ⠘⠏ ¶ paragraph sign (see 3.20)
    [Show full text]
  • The Bank of America Celebrated National Punctuation Day with Week-Long Celebrations and Trivia Contests in 2005 and 2006
    The Bank of America celebrated National Punctuation Day with week-long celebrations and trivia contests in 2005 and 2006 Hi Jeff! We are excited about celebrating National Punctuation Day soon! Here is the document for our 2006 National Punctuation Day Contest. It is divided into pages — one for each day of National Punctuation Week and one for the following Monday with the final answer. Each day people will e-mail their answers to the day’s question to us. From the correct entries we’ll draw three names, and those people will be awarded a prize of Bank of America merchandise. To honor the day, we will wear your T-shirts and enjoy a fun week celebrating and learning good punctuation! Marie Gayed Thank you for providing us a light-hearted opportunity to teach punctuation! Happy National Punctuation Day! Karen Nelson and Marie Gayed Tampa (Florida) Legal Bank of America Karen Nelson 2006 contest Question for Monday, September 25 How many true punctuation marks are on the standard keyboard? (a) Fewer than 12 (b) 15 to 22 (c) 25 to 32 Question for Tuesday, September 26 What was the first widely used Roman punctuation mark? (a) Period (b) Interrobang (c) Interpunct Question for Wednesday, September 27 Who was known as the Father of Italic Type and was also the first printer to use the semicolon? He was the first to print pocket-sized books so that the classics would be available to the masses. Question for Thursday, September 28 Which of the following punctuation marks have no equivalent in speech? (a) comma and period (b) colon and semicolon (c) question mark and exclamation mark Question for Friday, September 29 What is the name of this symbol: "¶"? ANSWERS Monday, September 25: (b).
    [Show full text]
  • Symbols & Glyphs 1
    Symbols & Glyphs Content Shortcut Category ← leftwards-arrow Arrows ↑ upwards-arrow Arrows → rightwards-arrow Arrows ↓ downwards-arrow Arrows ↔ left-right-arrow Arrows ↕ up-down-arrow Arrows ↖ north-west-arrow Arrows ↗ north-east-arrow Arrows ↘ south-east-arrow Arrows ↙ south-west-arrow Arrows ↚ leftwards-arrow-with-stroke Arrows ↛ rightwards-arrow-with-stroke Arrows ↜ leftwards-wave-arrow Arrows ↝ rightwards-wave-arrow Arrows ↞ leftwards-two-headed-arrow Arrows ↟ upwards-two-headed-arrow Arrows ↠ rightwards-two-headed-arrow Arrows ↡ downwards-two-headed-arrow Arrows ↢ leftwards-arrow-with-tail Arrows ↣ rightwards-arrow-with-tail Arrows ↤ leftwards-arrow-from-bar Arrows ↥ upwards-arrow-from-bar Arrows ↦ rightwards-arrow-from-bar Arrows ↧ downwards-arrow-from-bar Arrows ↨ up-down-arrow-with-base Arrows ↩ leftwards-arrow-with-hook Arrows ↪ rightwards-arrow-with-hook Arrows ↫ leftwards-arrow-with-loop Arrows ↬ rightwards-arrow-with-loop Arrows ↭ left-right-wave-arrow Arrows ↮ left-right-arrow-with-stroke Arrows ↯ downwards-zigzag-arrow Arrows 1 ↰ upwards-arrow-with-tip-leftwards Arrows ↱ upwards-arrow-with-tip-rightwards Arrows ↵ downwards-arrow-with-tip-leftwards Arrows ↳ downwards-arrow-with-tip-rightwards Arrows ↴ rightwards-arrow-with-corner-downwards Arrows ↵ downwards-arrow-with-corner-leftwards Arrows anticlockwise-top-semicircle-arrow Arrows clockwise-top-semicircle-arrow Arrows ↸ north-west-arrow-to-long-bar Arrows ↹ leftwards-arrow-to-bar-over-rightwards-arrow-to-bar Arrows ↺ anticlockwise-open-circle-arrow Arrows ↻ clockwise-open-circle-arrow
    [Show full text]
  • Communication & Publications Guide
    Communication & Publications Guide A abbreviations and acronyms On a first reference use only widely recognized abbreviations and acronyms such as NASA and FBI. For others, list out the full name followed by the abbreviation or acronym in parentheses such as University Protection Agency (UPA) for the first mention and the acronym for subsequent references. accessible parking Parking for the disabled should be referred to as accessible parking. Handicapped parking is not appropriate terminology. academic degree Degrees are lowercase. Use an apostrophe in bachelor’s degree, a master’s, etc., but there is no possessive in Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Science, Master of Arts or Master of Science. Avoid using abbreviations such as B.A. or M.A. Capitalize only when referring to the official name of the degree. Examples: 1. bachelor’s degree in biology; master’s degree in education 2. Bachelor of Arts in Journalism; Master of Science in Emergency Management and Homeland Security 3. an associate degree 4. She earned her doctorate. 5. five master’s degree programs academic titles Academic titles should be capitalized when they precede a name but lowercased elsewhere. Spell out formal titles such as president. Examples: 1. Arkansas Tech University President Dr. Robin E. Bowen will speak at the event. 2. Dr. Robin E. Bowen, president of Arkansas Tech University, will speak at the event. 3. The university president will speak at the event. 4. The university recognized Dr. John Doe, professor of biology, for his accomplishments. ATU Communication & Publications Guide 1 addresses For formal publications, spell out street, avenue, boulevard as part of addresses and also spell out “Arkansas.” For informal publications and stationery, official USPS abbreviations are acceptable.
    [Show full text]
  • Percent Notation
    MAT 040: Basic Math Learning Unit 10: Handout Percent Notation Meaning of percent The word percent means hundredths. The symbol for percent is %. A percent can be written as a fraction or a decimal. Convert a percent to a decimal To convert a percent to a decimal, divide by 100. A short way to divide by 100 is to move the decimal point two places to the left. 1. Drop the % sign. 2. Move the decimal point two places to the left. Remember: The decimal point in a whole number is on the right of the number. Consider the whole number nine. 9 = 9. To move the point two places to the left, place a zero on the left of nine. You will get .09 if you move the point two places to the left. Percent to Decimal Examples Example 1 Convert 5% to a decimal. Drop the percent sign. Move the decimal point two places to the left. 5% = .05 Answer: .05 or 0.05 Example 2 Convert 20% to a decimal. Drop the percent sign. Move the decimal point two places to the left. 20% = .20 Answer: .20 or 0.20 or .2 or 0.2 Example 3 Convert 100% to a decimal. Drop the percent sign. Move the decimal point two places to the left. 100% = 1.00 Answer: 1.00 or 1 Page 1 of 9 MAT 040: Basic Math Learning Unit 10: Handout Example 4 Convert 200% to a decimal. Drop the percent sign. Move the decimal point two places to the left. 200% = 2.00 Answer: 2.00 or 2 Example 5 Convert 350% to a decimal.
    [Show full text]
  • Bana Braille Codes Update 2007
    BANA BRAILLE CODES UPDATE 2007 Developed Under the Sponsorship of the BRAILLE AUTHORITY OF NORTH AMERICA Effective Date: January 1, 2008 BANA MEMBERS American Council of the Blind American Foundation for the Blind American Printing House for the Blind Associated Services for the Blind and Visually Impaired Association for Education and Rehabilitation of the Blind and Visually Impaired Braille Institute of America California Transcribers and Educators of the Visually Handicapped Canadian Association of Educational Resource Centres for Alternate Format Materials The Clovernook Center for the Blind and Visually Impaired CNIB (Canadian National Institute for the Blind) National Braille Association National Braille Press National Federation of the Blind National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped, Library of Congress Royal New Zealand Foundation of the Blind. Associate Member Publications Committee Susan Christensen, Chairperson Judy Dixon, Board Liaison Bob Brasher Warren Figueiredo Sandy Smith Joanna E. Venneri Copyright © by the Braille Authority of North America. This material may be duplicated but not altered. This document is available for download in various formats from www.brailleauthority.org. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ENGLISH BRAILLE, AMERICAN EDITION, REVISED 2002 ....... L1 Table of Changes.................................................................. L2 Definition of Braille ............................................................... L3 Rule I: Punctuation Signs .....................................................L13
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction 1/9
    Jehol Diary: Introduction 1/9 Introduction 1. Editions This Yŏrhailgi ( 熱河日記 lit.Jehol Diary) editions comparisonis intendedtogaina standardcritical edition.The editions usedfor this aim can be divided intotwocatego ries. The ‘primary editions’ are important objects of studies in textual criticism. The most representative editions are selectedfrom the eachof all the three groups,whichare defined by Professor Kim Myŏngho ( 金明昊 http://skku.ac.kr/) in his published doc- toral dissertation(Kim 1990 see ‘References’ below ).The descriptions for the primary edi- tions below alsostem from it (pp.2843).Andthe ‘secondary editions’ are modernones, whichare basedonthe primaryeditions. The abbreviations for eacheditionconsisting of one capital letter like (C) or ( N) are givenbelow.Romanletters like (C) refer tothe ‘primary andsecondary editions’ and the ‘Korean translations’, whereas italic letters like (N) refer to ‘other editions men tionedinreferences andusedpartly for this comparison’.And (X) refers towhat I de- cide for or what I correct.Except these abbreviations capital letters are never usedfor searching convenience,eventhoughitviolatesEnglishorthography. 1.1. Primary editions 1. (C) Ch’ungnam Univ. edition ( 忠南大本/忠南大所藏筆寫本 ‘no year specification’ means ‘sine anno’): It is presumedtobe the closest editiontothe autograph andbe- longstothe “manuscriptgroup”( 草稿本系列).[pdf:http://clins.cnu.ac.kr/ ( 史.地理 類119)] 2. (K) Kwangmunhoe edition ( 光文會本/崔南善編新活字本 1911): The best-edited edition( 善本)inthemanuscriptgroup.[image:http://nl.go.kr/( 燕岩外集, 古0411/ 古25112530)] 3. (P) Pak Yŏngch’ŏl edition ( 朴榮喆本/朴榮喆編新活字本 1932): The best-edited editioninthe “modifiededitions group A” ( 改作A本系列).It seems tobe baseddi- rectly onthe standardor definitive edition( 定本). It is alsothe most circulatededi- tion.[html: http://minchu.or.kr/ ( 韓國文集叢刊 252); image: http://nl.go.kr/ ( 燕巖 集, 한古朝46가1145); book: http://staatsbibliothekberlin.de/ ( 北京圖書館出版社 1996,5A43946)] 4.
    [Show full text]