GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

THE TURKISH GENOCIDE HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

“Denial is an integral part of atrocity, and it’s a natural part after a society has committed genocide. First you kill, and then the memory of killing is killed.” — Iris Chang, author of THE RAPE OF NANKING (1997), when the Japanese translation of her work was canceled by Basic Books due to threats from Japan, on May 20, 1999.

“Historical amnesia has always been with us: we just keep forgetting we have it.” — Russell Shorto HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

1825

Ever since the 14th Century, Turkey had been impressing the sons of Christian families into a special yeni chéri or “new army” branch of its armed forces. The size of this special religiously and ethnically segregated brigade of “janissaries” had reached 135,000, and it had become politically powerful, and it had become obnoxious to Muslims. The Sultan therefore had his faithful Muslim officers surround this Christian brigade with Muslim formations of overwhelming size, and after a brief struggle all 135,000 were slaughtered.1

1. The same sort of thing would happen at the conclusion of the Iran/Iraq war in our contemporary era. Iran had placed liberal secular young men in a special formation, and had placed this special formation in charge of a given sector of the frontier for the duration of the long war against Iraq. But at the end of the war, faced with the specter of having to reincorporate these liberal secular men into the Khomeini revolution, the religious leadership decided to trick them, disarm them, charge them with treason for not having behaved with sufficient martyr spirit (that is, basically, the treason of still being alive at the end of the war), and machine-gun them right there in the positions they had defended for nine years on the Iraqi border. But this only involved a slaughter of some 10,000, order of magnitude, not 135,000, and when the matter was reported in the Western press, it sank without a bubble because, of course — these men had no Western constituency. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

1895

October 8, Sunday: Viscount Miura, Japanese representative in Korea, hired a gang of thugs who murdered the queen of Korea.

The Turkish government implemented a planned attack against the Armenian population of the nation, beginning on this day with a massacre at Trabzon and Akhisar. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

1896

August 27, Thursday: Lev Sergeyevich Termen (Leon Theremin) was born in St. Petersburg, the initial of 2 children born to Sergei Emilievich Termen, a lawyer, and Yevenia Antonova Orzhinskaya, of noble birth.

Russia and China agreed to terms of the building of a railroad in eastern China.

United Kingdom v. Zanzibar, the shortest war so far, beginning at 9AM and ending at 9:45AM. (Even an intercontinental exchange of nuclear warheads would need longer than this!)

At 3:30AM after lengthy negotiations with European embassies, Armenian radicals occupying the Ottoman Bank in Constantinople were dispatched toward safety in France (this would be used as a pretext for 3 days of Muslim mayhem and slaughter, in which 6,000 Armenians would be killed in the district of the city in which the Armenian citizens had their homes). HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

1903

January 15, Thursday: Mehmed Ferid Pasha replaced Küçük Mehmed Said Pasha as Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

1906

May 3, Thursday: Britain obliged the Ottoman Empire to surrender the Sinai to Egypt. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

1908

July 5, Sunday: Turkish army units in Macedonia rebelled, under the leadership of Ahmed Niyzai.

Claude Debussy signed a contract with the Metropolitan Opera in New York City, to produce his opera project “La Chute de la Mainson Usher.”

July 21, Tuesday: The Committee of Union and Progress (Young Turks, Jöntürkler) demanded that Sultan Abdul Hamid II restore the constitution, or 100,000 troops would march on Constantinople and depose him.

Great Britain laid claim to part of the Antarctic continent from 20°W to 80°W. South Georgia, the South Shetland Islands, the South Sandwich Islands, South Orkney, and Graham Land were all placed under the dependency of the Falkland Islands.

Dance rhapsody for orchestra by Frank Bridge was performed for the initial time, at the Royal College of Music, directed by the composer.

July 22, Wednesday: Küçük Mehmed Said Pasha replaced Mehmed Ferid Pasha as Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire.

July 23, Thursday: The Committee of Union and Progress (Young Turks, Jöntürkler) led by Enver Bey proclaimed a revolution in favor of a new constitution, at Salonika. Turkish troops stationed there joined the rebellion.

July 24, Friday: Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II restored the constitution of 1876. He retained the titles of Sultan and Caliph but has no more effective political power.

August 6, Thursday: Kibrisli Mehmed Kamil Pasha replaced Küçük Mehmed Said Pasha as Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire.

December 17, Thursday: The 1st legislature of the Ottoman Empire since the restoration of the constitution met, with a large majority for the Committee of Union and Progress (Young Turks, Jöntürkler). HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

1909

April 13, Tuesday: A counter-revolution against the 9-month-old liberal constitution broke out among army units in Constantinople. Troops surrounded Parliament, deposing Grand Vizier Hilmi Pasha.

The Superintendent of Public Buildings and Grounds for Washington DC initiated the purchase of 90 “Fugnezo” Japanese Cherry Trees from Hoopes Brothers and Thomas Co., West Chester, Pennsylvania. The trees were planted along the Potomac River from the present site of the Lincoln Memorial south toward East Potomac Park. After planting the trees were determined to be not Prunus serrulata “Fugenzo” but instead the cultivar “Shirofugen” — these have since disappeared.

April 14, Wednesday: The Ottoman government began wholesale massacre of the Armenian Christians in the Adana region. During the initial 2 days of this more than 2,000 would be slaughtered.

April 19, Monday: The Ottoman Empire officially recognized the independence of Bulgaria.

A Sonata for Violin and Piano by Karol Szymanowski was performed for the initial time, in Warsaw.

Into the Twighlight for orchestra by Arnold Bax was performed for the initial time, in Queen’s Hall, London.

April 23, Friday: Troops of the Committee of Union and Progress (Young Turks, Jöntürkler) movement entered Constantinople and, after some fighting, put down a counterrevolution that had begun 10 days earlier.

The Second Symphony of Mily Balakirev was performed for the initial time, at the Free School of Music, St. Petersburg.

April 24, Saturday: Army units loyal to the new constitution subdued counter-revolutionaries in Constantinople.

April 25, Sunday: Committee of Union and Progress (Young Turks, Jöntürkler) troops arrived in Adana and began again to massacre Armenian Christians. 2,000 more were killed. Moslems set fire to the Mouseghian School in which not only students but also thousands of others had sought refuge. They either burned to death or were slain as they attempted to escape the flames. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

April 27, Tuesday: Sultan Abdulhamid II of the Ottoman Empire was overthrown by unanimous vote of both houses of Parliament and replaced with his brother Mehmed V, who had supported the recent counterrevolution. Celebrations broke out through the streets of Constantinople. Massacre of Armenians in the Adana region was halted after, in the course of a couple of weeks, 25,000 had been slaughtered.

The Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy recognized the independence of Bulgaria.

Phantasy in c minor for piano trio by Frank Bridge was performed for the initial time, in London. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

1910

January 12, Wednesday: Ibrahim Hakki Pasha replaced Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha as Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

1911

September 28, Thursday: Italy announced to the Ottoman Empire its intentions to seize Libya.

September 29, Friday: Turkey responds to Italy that it would accede to all Italian demands short of territorial cession. Italy declares war on the Ottoman Empire. Within hours Italian ships sank a Turkish torpedo boat in the harbor of Prevesa (this conflict would see the 1st use of airplanes in warfare).

October 4, Thursday: Küçük Mehmed Said Pasha replaced Ibrahim Hakki Pasha as Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire.

October 23, Monday: The 1st use of an aircraft in warfare, by the Italian Captain Carlo Piazza in a Blériot airframe (overviewing Ottoman positions in Tunisia and Libya).

While marching through Mechiya oasis outside Tripoli, Italian troops were set upon by Turks and Arabs and suffered heavy losses. Irritated by this, the Italian troops slaughtered 4,000 residents of the oasis indiscriminately.

The Parliament of Crete again voted for unification with Greece.

November 1, Wednesday: Francisco Indalecio Madero González replaced Francisco León de la Barra as president of Mexico.

The Chevrolet Motor Company was incorporated in Detroit by William Durant and Louis Chevrolet.

The British expedition under Robert F. Scott departed their base camp on McMurdo Sound making for the South Pole.

Giulio Gavotti became the 1st person to deliver explosives by means of an airplane — he tossed 4 grenades out of the cockpit onto Ottoman troops at Taguira Oasis and Ain Zara. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

1912

Kahlil Gibran’s novel BROKEN WINGS was published in New York in Arabic. He began a correspondence with the Syrian/Egyptian intellectual and writer, May Ziadeh. He relocated from Boston to New York. He met and sketched `Abdu’l-Baha (1844-1921), leader of the Baha’i faith, but was not impressed by the Baha’i emphasis on peace, arguing that before there could be universal peace there was time left for a few good fights — for instance, Syria and the Lebanon needed to free themselves from the Ottoman Empire.

April 18, Thursday: Because of Italian bombardment, the Ottoman Empire closed the Dardanelles.

May 18, Saturday: Eugene V. Debs and Emil Seidel became the Socialist candidates for the US presidency.

The Dardanelles were reopened by the Ottoman Empire.

Evocations op.15 for alto, tenor, baritone, chorus and orchestra by Albert Roussel to words of Calvocoressi, was performed for the initial time, at the Salle Gaveau, Paris.

July 22, Monday: Gazi Ahmed Muhtar Pasha replaced Küçük Mehmed Said Pasha as Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire.

July 30, Tuesday: Albanian rebels demanded that the Turkish government unite the Albanian provinces into a single autonomous state within the Ottoman Empire.

August 3, Saturday: The Ottoman government agreed to limited autonomy for Albanians but not for Albania.

Faced with a popular uprising in Nicaragua, the foreign minister in the US-backed Conservative government of that nation, Diego Chamorro, requested that US Minister George Weitzel extend a protectorate over that nation.

September 9, Monday: Riots began in Athens protesting the treatment of Greeks within the Ottoman Empire.

October 17, Thursday: The Ottoman Empire declared war on Bulgaria and Serbia. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

October 18, Friday: A treaty was signed by Italy and the Ottoman Empire at Ouchy, near Lausanne, ending their war. Italy obtained Tripoli and Cyrenaica and agreed to evacuate the Aegean.

Bulgaria, Greece, and Serbia declared war on the Ottoman Empire, as forces from all 3 nations attacked simultaneously.

October 22, Tuesday: Bulgarian forces attacked Turks along a line from Lulu Burgas (Lüleburgaz) to Visa (Vize) and after a 2-day battle would send them into wholesale flight toward Constantinople, to the southeast. Greek forces defeated Turks at Sarandoporus.

October 23, Wednesday: Bulgarians defeated Turks in a 2-day battle at Kirk Kilissia (Kirklareli), northwest of Constantinople, as Serbians defeated the Turkish defenders of Kumanovo, northeast of Skopje.

October 29, Tuesday: Kibrisli Mehmed Kamil Pasha replaced Gazi Ahmed Muhtar Pasha as Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire.

December 3, Tuesday: After almost 2 months of war, an armistice was signed between Turkey and the Balkan allies Bulgaria, Serbia, and Montenegro. The Ottoman Turks had been driven from Europe, except for the area directly around Constantinople.

December 20, Friday: The Conference of Ambassadors representing the great powers recognized Albania as autonomous within the Ottoman Empire, disregarding Albania’s declaration of independence. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

1913

April 15, Tuesday: Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire agreed to a cessation of hostilities.

May 30, Friday: Peace was concluded between the Ottoman Empire and the Balkan States, in London.

The separation of Crete from the Ottoman Empire was recognized. Greece also gained Macedonia, Ioannina, and some Aegean islands.

June 12, Thursday: Said Halim Pasha replaced Mahmud Sevket Pasha as Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire.

The state of Illinois granted the voting franchise to its female citizens. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

1914

February 8, Sunday: Bernardino Luis Machado Guimarães replaced Afonso Augusto da Costa as prime minister of Portugal.

In Constantinople, the Ottoman Empire agreed to the Armenian Reform Agreement forced upon them by the European powers. Europeans would oversee and inspect the implementation of reforms.

Irish Rhapsody no.4 “The fisherman of Lough Neagh and what he saw” by Charles Villiers Stanford was performed for the initial time, in Amsterdam.

Vorspiel zu einem Drama for orchestra by Franz Schreker was performed for the initial time, in Vienna.

February 21, Saturday: A Turkish boycott of Armenian businesses was declared by the Ittihadists. Dr. Nâzim Bey traveled throughout the provinces to implement this boycott.

February 26, Thursday: British sailors and marines landed at Sedd el Bahr to destroy Turkish guns and searchlights.

The police spy “David” notified Reshad Bey, Chief of the Political Section of the Constantinople Police Department, that he was providing names, biographies, pictures, and speeches about reform, as well as other data, in regard to 2,000 leading Armenians.

March 2, Monday: Parliamentary elections were held in Turkey and only candidates approved by the Committee of Union and Progress (Young Turks, Jöntürkler) were able to win seats in the assembly.

March 14, Saturday: 3 British ships trapped SMS Dresden while it was anchored at Juan Fernandez Island. The crew blew up the ship and accepted internment in Chile.

Vers la flamme op.72, a piano work by Alyeksandr Skryabin, was performed for the initial time, in Kharkov, with the composer at the keyboard.

An Ittihadist, Mustafa Abdulhalik Renda, was appointed as the Turkish governor-general of Bitlis Province. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

July 28, Tuesday: A jury in Paris ruled that the killing of Gaston Calmette (editor of Le Figaro) by Henriette Caillaux (wife of the French Finance Minister) had been an understandable act of passion, and found her not guilty.

Harry Fox danced a new dance at the New Amsterdam Roof Garden in New York City — the “foxtrot.”

Minister of the Navy Winston Churchill sent the British fleet into Scapa Flow.

The Russian Council of Ministers ordered a partial mobilization on the Austrian border.

Italy ordered all its vessels to home ports.

At noon, Emperor Franz Josef II signed a declaration of war on Serbia. WORLD WAR I

Negotiations were initiated between the Turkish and German Imperial governments.

August 2, Sunday: By this point all the male inhabitants of the Villa Medici (all Prix de Rome winners) had been mobilized into the French army. The only female inhabitant, Lili Boulanger, having left a month earlier, the villa stood empty except for its servants. All theaters, movie houses and music halls in France were closed.

A secret treaty of military alliance was signed between the Ottoman Empire and Germany that virtually placed the Turkish armed forces under German command. READ THE FULL TEXT

Adolf Hitler received permission to enlist, and joined the 16th Reserve Infantry Regiment in München.

German forces completed their occupation of Luxembourg. By 7PM, the German minister in Brussels handed over a note which demanded that Belgium “remain neutral” and not oppose German advances into Belgian territory to face a “French threat.” Germany promised to pay for any damages incurred during the intrusion. 9PM King Albert of Belgium met with his Council of State. They agreed to oppose any German incursion. With Germany’s demand for free passage through Belgium, World War I began. WORLD WAR I

THE FUTURE IS MOST READILY PREDICTED IN RETROSPECT

“Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project Armenian Genocide HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

August 3, Monday: 7AM. A Foreign Ministry courier delivered a note to the German minister in Brussels. Belgium unexpectedly advised Germany that it was “firmly resolved to repel by all means in its power every attack upon its rights.” Belgium had rejected Germany’s demand for free passage through Belgium in its attack upon France.

3PM The British Parliament convened to hear a speech by Foreign Minister Sir William Grey advocating armed support for Belgium, after which the members rose and cheered. Sir Edward Grey remarked to a friend, “The lamps are going out all over Europe; we shall not see them lit again in our lifetime.”

6:30PM Germany declared war on France. WORLD WAR I

Gabriel Fauré wrote to his wife from Geneva that “I have just spent three appalling days with my blasted luggage.” Traveling home from Ems he had found the French border closed so he had taken a circuitous route through Switzerland. Trains in all three countries were being used for mobilization.

A visitor to Bayreuth, Ernest MacMillan, asked the US consul in Nürnberg, Charles Winans, what he should do in the current political situation. (the British consul having already left the country) Winans told him to return to Bayreuth to see what happens.

German forces captured Kalish, Chenstokhov, and Bendzin in Russian Poland.

Italy declared neutrality in the European war.

The Turkish government sent out sealed envelopes containing a general mobilization order to district and village councils, with strict instructions that they were not to be opened until further notice. A fortnight later, with the approval of the Ittihad Committee, the instruction would go out, for the councils to open these envelopes.

August 4, Tuesday: In the early morning, Germany declared war on Belgium. At 8:02AM forces under General Von Kluck crossed the border along a 24-kilometer front at Gemmerich, heading for Liège (they would reach the Meuse at Visé by nightfall). At noon, King Albert asked for military support from the guarantors of Belgian neutrality. Belgium declared war on Germany. Great Britain delivered an ultimatum to Germany to halt the invasion of Belgium by midnight. A Berlin mob stoned the windows of the British embassy. At 3PM Chancellor Bethmann Hollweg advised the Reichstag stated that German troops were in Luxembourg and maybe already in Belgium. Although this act was illegal, he stated, it would be made right by Germany as soon as their military objectives were achieved. The members voted a war credit of 5,000,000,000 marks and then dissolved for 4 months.

Italy declared that since Austria’s attack on Serbia was an act of aggression, it was absolved from treaty obligations under the Triple Alliance. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

2 German warships bombarded Philippeville (Skikda) and Bone (Annaba), Algeria.

President Woodrow Wilson proclaimed United States neutrality in the European conflict. 2 days after signing a secret alliance with Germany, the Ottoman Empire also declared its neutrality.

President Hermes da Fonseca of Brazil declared his country’s “rigorous neutrality” in the European war.

At 11PM, their ultimatum to Germany unanswered, Great Britain declared itself at war with Germany. Kitchener became Secretary of War. WORLD WAR I

August 8, Saturday: The first of twelve Liège forts, Ft. Barchon, fell to the Germans. Serbia went to war against Germany.

French troops entered Mulhouse without opposition.

The Defence of the Realm Act approved by the British Parliament granted the government wide powers to do whatever seemed necessary to ensure a successful outcome in the war. WORLD WAR I

Censorship of all telegraphic communication was imposed by the Turkish government.

August 10, Monday: The Russian Army invaded the Austrian province of Galicia and began to push the Austrians back to the Carpathians.

The German battle cruiser Goeben and light cruiser Breslau entered the strait of the Dardanelles under Ottoman protection (these ships were to be turned over to Turkey).

France declared war on Austria-Hungary.

German forces pushed the French out of Mulhouse.

Amy Beach wrote from München that despite the excitement, she considered herself safe.

A German-American weekly, The Fatherland, began publication in New York City. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

August 18, Tuesday: King Albert ordered a general withdrawal from the Gette to Antwerp and moved his headquarters from Louvain to Malines.

French forces captured Château Salins near Morhange.

In a day of attacks and counterattacks, the Austrians were stopped by Serbian forces at Sabac. WORLD WAR I

Looting was reported in Sivas, Diyarbekir, and other provinces of Turkey, under the guise of collecting war contributions. Stores owned by Armenian and Greek merchants were vandalized. 1,080 Armenian-owned shops were burned by Turks in the city of Diyarbekir, Turkey.

August 22, Saturday: Owing to the condition of Russians reporting for military duty, Tsar Nikolai II ordered that for the duration of the war there would be prohibition (vodka being a state monopoly, he thus eliminated a third of his government’s income).

A furious battle in the Ardennes ended with 27,000 Frenchmen dead, and masses of survivors fleeing southward in disorder (this would be recognized as the costliest day in French military history).

Belgian defenders fled from Namur.

German troops occupied Lunéville, Lorraine.

Austria-Hungary declared war on Belgium.

A day after sacking Tamines, Belgium, German soldiers herded 400 residents of the town into the main square, where they were shot or bayoneted.

French, British, and native forces attacked the Germans on the Chra River, just north of Nuatja, Togoland. The attack failed but during the night the Germans would retire. WORLD WAR I

Riders to the Sea: Symphonic Prologue for orchestra by Henry F. Gilbert was performed for the initial time, in Peterborough, New Hampshire, and was conducted by the composer himself (this was a revision of a prologue written for Synge’s play).

All males of the Ottoman Empire between the ages of 20 and 45 were conscripted into that nation’s armed forces.2 MILITARY CONSCRIPTION

“NARRATIVE HISTORY” AMOUNTS TO FABULATION, HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

THE REAL STUFF BEING MERE CHRONOLOGY

Armenian Genocide “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project

2. It seems not to be well known that the Turks of the Ottoman Empire accomplished the liquidation of the young-male segment of the Armenian population largely by means of the military draft. Official Turkish accounts acknowledge, however, that through concentrating the young men by means of this general conscription, the slaughter of about 800,000 male Armenians was enabled. Refer to Vahakn Dadrian, THE HISTORY OF THE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE: ETHNIC CONFLICT FROM THE BALKANS TO ANATOLIA TO THE CAUCASUS (Providence RI: Berghahn Books, 1995, page 226).Henry Morgenthau would report that: In the early part of 1915, the Armenian soldiers in the Turkish army were reduced to a new status. Up to that time most of them had been combatants, but now they were all stripped of their arms and transformed into workmen. Instead of serving their country as artillerymen and cavalrymen, these former soldiers now discovered that they had been transformed into road labourers and pack animals. Army supplies of all kinds were loaded on their backs, and, stumbling under the burdens and driven by the whips and bayonets of the Turks, they were forced to drag their weary bodies into the mountains of the Caucasus. Sometimes they would have to plough their way, burdened in this fashion, almost waist high through snow. They had to spend practically all their time in the open, sleeping on the bare ground — whenever the ceaseless prodding of their taskmasters gave them an occasional opportunity to sleep. They were given only scraps of food; if they fell sick they were left where they had dropped, their Turkish oppressors perhaps stopping long enough to rob them of all their possessions — even of their clothes. If any stragglers succeeded in reaching their destinations, they were not infrequently massacred. In many instances Armenian soldiers were disposed of in even more summary fashion, for it now became almost the general practice to shoot them in cold blood. In almost all cases the procedure was the same. Here and there squads of 50 or 100 men would be taken, bound together in groups of four, and then marched out to a secluded spot a short distance from the village. Suddenly the sound of rifle shots would fill the air, and the Turkish soldiers who had acted as the escort would sullenly return to camp. Those sent to bury the bodies would find them almost invariably stark naked, for, as usual, the Turks had stolen all their clothes. In cases that came to my attention, the murderers had added a refinement to their victims’ sufferings by compelling them to dig their graves before being shot. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

August 28, Friday: Austria went to war against Belgium.

After cutting off the Russian line of retreat, the Germans commenced their major blow at Tannenberg (Stebark) northwest of Warsaw.

In 3 days of fighting, the French staved off furious German assaults south of Sedan.

Ministers of the United States, Mexico, and Sweden visited Louvain and witnessed the death and devastation. The news would be sent around the world. WORLD WAR I

Turkish troops were garrisoned in Armenian schools and churches in the Sivas Province. In the city of Sivas, Armenia, 56,000 soldiers of the 10th Army Corps were quartered in and around the Christian districts.

September 8, Tuesday: The French moved 6,000 men 60 kilometers from Gagny, near Paris, to the front, by use of a convoy of 600 taxicabs. WORLD WAR I

British forces attacked across the Petit Morin River, forcing the Germans to abandon Montmirail.

Alban Berg sent the 1st and 3d of his Three Orchestral Pieces op.6 to Arnold Schoenberg, hoping to dedicate them to him.

The Turkish government abrogated the Capitulations (the commercial and judicial rights of the Europeans in the Ottoman Empire). HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

September 11, Friday: Australians captured New Pomerania (New Britain) in the Bismarck Archipelago from Germany.

Austro-Hungarians retreated from the Russians almost as far west as Krakow.

French troops advanced as far as Compiègne and Châlons-sur-Marne.

British troops from Northern Rhodesia (Zambia) attacked and scattered the Germans on the Lumi River. WORLD WAR I

The Armenian National Assembly, composed of civil and religious representatives, met in Constantinople and advised Armenians in the provinces to remain calm in the face of provocation.

September 27, Sunday: Japanese forces attacked the outer defenses of Tsingtao.

Russian forces invaded Hungary.

The German garrison at Douala, Kamerun, surrendered to British and French forces offshore. WORLD WAR I

Frédéric Masson of the French Academy published an article urging his countrymen to banish Wagner from the country “by violence if need be.”

On German orders, the Turks closed the Dardanelles to foreign shipping.

News reached Constantinople about the demand made by the Turkish government to the Armenian population in Zeitun, to turn in its weapons, including any and all types of knives.

September 30, Wednesday: British and French troops from Douala attacked the Germans at Tiko, driving them off. WORLD WAR I

Publishers Breitkopf and Härtel announced that the International Music Society had been discontinued on account of war.

Ezra Pound wrote to Harriet Monroe, the publisher of Poetry magazine, alerting her about “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock”: “[T.S. Eliot] has sent in the best poem I have yet had or seen from an American.”

Turkish authorities distributed arms to the Muslim residents of the town of Keghi in Erzerum Province on the excuse that the Armenian Christians there were unreliable. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

October 1, Thursday: All foreign postal services in Turkey were closed on government order.

Nazaret Chavush, the most notable Armenian leader in Zeitun, was murdered on the order of Haidar Pasha, governor of Marash.

The end of the world according to the Jehovah’s Witnesses. In fact, they viewed the entirety of World War I as 3 the Battle of Armageddon (Skinner, Stephen. MILLENNIUM PROPHECIES. Stamford CT: Longmeadow Press,

3. Armageddon = the place (possibly to be identified with Har Megiddo, the Mount of Megiddo, near Tel Aviv, near which many battles were fought) designated in REVELATION 16:16 as the scene of the final battle between the kings of the earth at the end of the world. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

1994, page 102).

MILLENNIALISM HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

October 7, Wednesday: Japan took the Micronesian islands of Yap and Ponape from Germany.

News reached Constantinople of looting under the guise of war contributions in Shabin-Karahisar, Armenia.

German artillery began to shell Antwerp. WORLD WAR I October 10, Saturday: German forces defeated Russian forces at Grojec, south of Warsaw.

The remaining Belgian troops in Antwerp surrendered as the Germans completed occupation of the city.

There was news that “the war contribution” looting of Armenians by Turks was continuing in Diyarbekir Province. In Zeitun, Armenia, all the Armenian notables were called to a meeting. About 3 score attended — and were immediately detained.

Follow the Colours, in the version for male chorus, by Edwar Elgar to words of Stretton, was performed for the initial time, at the Royal Albert Hall, London. Also premiered was Elgar’s song A Soldier’s Song: Roll Call to words of Begbie.

Margot, a comedia lírica by Joaquín Turina to words of Martínez Sierra, was performed for the initial time, in Madrid.

King Carol I of Romania died in Sinaia, succeeded by his nephew, Ferdinand I.

A meeting of revolutionary leaders in Aguascalientes agreed to back Eulalio Gutiérrez as President of Mexico.

In Berlin, Ferruccio Busoni wrote in his diary, “Today Antwerp ‘fell’...What to they actually intend to do with Belgium? Hand it back a little damaged.” WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

October 13, Tuesday: German forces captured Ghent and Lille as the British occupied Ypres.

The Belgian government relocated in Le Havre.

An article entitled “An Appeal to the Civilized World” was published in the Paris Le temps. Later called the “Manifesto of 93,” this was a statement from the elite of German art and science (including Engelbert Humperdinck) denying all charges of barbarism by the allies against Germany and refuting the allied cause for the war.

A (presumably anarchist) bomb went off in St. Patrick’s Cathedral in New York, producing minor damage.

The British occupied Ypres. WORLD WAR I

News of requisitions imposed on Armenian businesses as “war contributions” for Turkey reaches Constantinople from every province.

News reaches Constantinople of starvation and the spread of disease in the Sivas Province because of the desperate conditions created by the “war contributions” campaign conducted against the Armenians.

October 17, Saturday: Roving bands of Moslem chete paramilitaries began looting the property of Armenians, violating women and children, and murdering wholesale in Erzerum Province.

In Erzerum, leaders of the Armenian nationalist Dashnak party organization were arrested.

The 1st 20,226 men of the Australian Expeditionary Force sailed from Albany for France.

Jean Sibelius withdrew from a project to turn Juhani Aho’s novel Juha into an opera. This was the closest he would ever come to writing an opera.

October 22, Thursday: Ismail Enver Pasha authorized the combined German/Turkish navy to carry out a stealth attack upon the nation of Russia, without any prior declaration of war. Hostilities were opened between Turkey and Russia by the shelling of the Russian Black Sea coast, by Ottoman naval vessels under German command. WORLD WAR I

(The line contested by the Russians and Ottomans between the Black and Caspian Sea ran along the heights of the Caucasus mountains. General Paul von Hindenburg urged the Turkish commanders to pull their men off the heights before winter but they would not and many of their men froze. His consideration was that this had happened only because of their “policy of massacre of the Armenians.”)

November 18, Wednesday: The Jihad Proclamation was read in all the provinces of the Ottoman Empire. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

November 19, Thursday: Mass executions of Armenian soldiers in the Turkish army took place in various public squares while, with voluntary contributions, Armenian Christians were building several hospitals for the use of the Turkish army through the Red Crescent Society.

5 Bolshevik Duma members were arrested and sent to Turkestan for urging citizens to fight their own government rather than the Germans. WORLD WAR I

November 20, Friday: Orders were sent out from Constantinople for provincial administrators to oust all Armenian functionaries in the service of the Ottoman government.

November 21, Saturday: In Mush, Ittihadist agents distributed arms to the Turkish Moslem population while arousing them with false stories of Armenian Christian outrages.

December 22, Thursday: An attack by the Ottoman 3d Army corps opened the Battle of Sarikamish on the Caucasian Front.

December 23, Friday: Foreign missionaries abandoned the interior of Turkey as the crosses atop missions were being broken off by the Turks and replaced by Moslem crescents.

Turkish forces began an offensive against the Russians toward Kars.

November 2, Monday: Harry S Truman’s father died.

Russia formally declared war upon the Ottoman Empire. WORLD WAR I

November 5, Thursday: France declared war on the Ottoman Empire. Great Britain declared war on the Ottoman Empire and annexed Cyprus. Great Britain declared the entire North Sea to be a controlled military area. British subjects in Germany began to be sent to the Ruhleben race course near Berlin for internment. British women would be repatriated in October. WORLD WAR I

Incidental music to Masefield’s play Philip the King by Gustav Holst was performed for the initial time, in Covent Garden, London. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

November 6, Friday: Australian forces occupied the German island of Nauru.

Japanese troops breached the final German defenses at Tsingtao.

France declared war on the Ottoman Empire.

Russian forces made advances toward Koprukeui, east of Erzurum. Meanwhile, Russian ships mined the entrance to the Bosporus and bombarded Zonguldak, Turkey. WORLD WAR I

Austria-Hungary launched a major offensive across the Drina into Serbia.

Four of the songs for voice and piano op.137 by Max Reger were performed for the 1st time, in Meiningen: Dein Wille, Herr, geschehel, Am Abend, Klage vor Gottes Leiden and O Jesu Christ, wir warten dein. The composer performed at the piano.

The Camp was Hushed...Reposez vous, vous chevaliers! for men’s chorus by Arthur William Foote to words of Aldrich, was performed for the initial time, in Boston.

Carl Hans Lody was executed by firing squad in a wooden chair at the end of a 100-foot target practice shed at the Tower of London, the 1st German spy to be shot during the war and, it has been said inaccurately, the 1st person executed on the grounds of the Tower of London itself as opposed to such venues as Tower Hill, since 1601, when Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex had been the 7th of 7 with royal connections (including Anne Boleyn, Catherine Howard, and Lady Jane Grey), to get the axe — inaccurately, because in fact during 1743 various Scottish deserters had been done in at the Tower by firing squad. In all, 11 German spies would be executed at the Tower during World War I: Carl Hans Lody, Haicke Janssen, Willem Roos, Francis Buschman, Carl Muller, Ernst Melin, Augusto Roggen, George Breeckow, Irving Ries, Albert Meyer, and Ludovico Hurowitz-y-Zender (the shed and its chair to which they were strapped for execution are of course no longer in existence):

November 9, Monday: When HMAS Sydney forced the raider SMS Emden aground at the Cocos Islands, the Germans lost 111 crew members (although some did escape).

News from the interior of Turkey reached the community of Constantinople that persecutions already exceeded earlier actions against the Armenians.

Austrians crossed the Sava east of Belgrade but were stopped by Serbian forces. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

November 11, Wednesday: German forces counterattacked against Russians along the Vistula River, crashing through the defenders north of Lodz.

In a blinding rainstorm German troops broke through British lines in Belgium, but the hole was plugged by the last possible reserves. This marked the end of a month of fighting during which both the German advance and an Allied counterattack ground to a standstill in the vicinity of the city of Ypres. WORLD WAR I

A Proclamation of Jihad, directed against England, France, and Russia, was issued in Constantinople and legitimated the formation of armed paramilitary chete bands made up largely of desperate Moslem Turks released from prison.

November 12, Thursday: The Ottoman Empire declared war on Great Britain, France, and Russia. Turkish defenders defeated the Russians at Koprukeui, east of Erzerum.

South African troops attacked and defeated Boer rebels at Mushroom Valley, northeast of Bloemfontein. WORLD WAR I

From Death to Life, a symphonic poem by Hubert Parry, was performed for the initial time, in Brighton.

In the course of the afternoon President Woodrow Wilson threw a delegation of blacks out of the Oval Office. William Monroe Trotter, owner of the Boston newspaper The Guardian, an 1895 graduate of Harvard, and a Wilson supporter, had brought the delegation to discuss with the President the racial segregation of employees in agencies of the national government: black employees needed to eat at tables separate from white employees, change their clothing in different locker rooms, and use segregated “public toilets in government buildings.” They pointed out that this was happening in the Treasury Department, the Bureau of Engraving and Printing, the Navy Department, the Interior Department, the Marine Hospital, the War Department, and the Sewing and Printing Divisions of the Government Printing Office. Trotter said “Have you a ‘New Freedom’ for white Americans and a new slavery for your Afro-American fellow citizens? God forbid!” The President responded that segregation was a benefit to blacks as it “would prevent any kind of friction between the white employees and the Negro employees.” He instructed the delegation that “I want to say that if this association comes again, it must have another spokesman.” He spoke of feeling he was being blackmailed. “You have spoiled the whole cause for which you came.” Here is the exchange in somewhat greater detail: William Monroe Trotter: Mr. President, we are here to renew our protest against the segregation of colored employees in the departments of our National Government. We [had] appealed to you to undo this race segregation in accord with your duty as President and with your pre-election pledges to colored American voters. We stated that such segregation was a public humiliation and degradation, and entirely unmerited and far-reaching in its injurious effects.... President Woodrow Wilson: The white people of the country, as well as I, wish to see the colored people progress, and admire the progress they have already made, and want to see them continue along independent lines. There is, however, a great prejudice against colored people.... It will take one hundred HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

years to eradicate this prejudice, and we must deal with it as practical men. Segregation is not humiliating, but a benefit, and ought to be so regarded by you gentlemen. If your organization goes out and tells the colored people of the country that it is a humiliation, they will so regard it, but if you do not tell them so, and regard it rather as a benefit, they will regard it the same. The only harm that will come will be if you cause them to think it is a humiliation. William Monroe Trotter: It is not in accord with the known facts to claim that the segregation was started because of race friction of white and colored [federal] clerks. The indisputable facts of the situation will not permit of the claim that the segregation is due to the friction. It is untenable, in view of the established facts, to maintain that the segregation is simply to avoid race friction, for the simple reason that for fifty years white and colored clerks have been working together in peace and harmony and friendliness, doing so even through two [President Grover Cleveland] Democratic administrations. Soon after your inauguration began, segregation was drastically introduced in the Treasury and Postal departments by your appointees. President Woodrow Wilson: If this organization is ever to have another hearing before me it must have another spokesman. Your manner offends me.... Your tone, with its background of passion. William Monroe Trotter: But I have no passion in me, Mr. President, you are entirely mistaken; you misinterpret my earnestness for passion.

Once he had calmed down the President would be able to recognize only that they had trapped him into a lapse in etiquette that was going result in poor media coverage: “When the Negro delegate threatened me, I was a damn fool enough to lose my temper and point him to the door. What I ought to have done would have been to listened, restrained my resentment, and, when they had finished, to have said to them that, of course, their petition receive consideration. They would then have withdrawn quietly and no more would have been heard about the matter.” RACISM

November 13, Friday: A strike by the Western Federation of Miners in Butte, Montana was crushed by the state militia.

Unfounded accusations were launched against the Armenians, that they had revolted and were preparing to join the Russian invading forces. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

November 14, Saturday: A “Christmas ship,” the Jason, sailed from New York harbor with $3,000,000 worth of gifts for European war victims. WORLD WAR I

British and Indian troops began to fight their way up the Shatt-al-Arab against Turkish opposition.

The village of Otsni in Erzerum Province was attacked at night by chete forces. The local Armenian priest and many other Armenians were killed. Every house was looted. The 1st attacks by chete forces on the Armenian villages of Erzerum were reported.

The sheikh-ul-Islam, leader of Sunni Muslims, announced in Constantinople a jihad against any and all Christians (except of course their friends the Germans and Austro-Hungarians).

After a convention of Mexican revolutionary leaders broke down, 2 of them, Emiliano Zapata and Pancho Villa, joined to force a 3d, Venustiano Carranza, out of Mexico City. The 2 victors set up their own government in the capital, while Carranza retired to Veracruz to plot revenge.

November 18, Wednesday: The Jihad Proclamation was read in all the provinces of the Ottoman Empire.

November 19, Thursday: Mass executions of Armenian soldiers in the Turkish army took place in various public squares while, with voluntary contributions, Armenian Christians were building several hospitals for the use of the Turkish army through the Red Crescent Society.

5 Bolshevik Duma members were arrested and sent to Turkestan for urging citizens to fight their own government rather than the Germans. WORLD WAR I

November 20, Friday: Orders were sent out from Constantinople for provincial administrators to oust all Armenian functionaries in the service of the Ottoman government.

November 21, Saturday: In Mush, Ittihadist agents distributed arms to the Turkish Moslem population while arousing them with false stories of Armenian Christian outrages. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

November 23, Monday: British Indian troops captured Basra from the Turks.

Previously undisturbed Armenian schools and churches in Sivas Province, together with many private residences, were requisitioned by the Turkish army for use as barracks. The carts, horses, and other travel equipment of the Armenian villagers in the provinces were confiscated.

The Portuguese parliament authorized the government to declare war on Germany if necessary. WORLD WAR I

By order of President Wilson, American forces departed from Vera Cruz, Mexico.

November 26, Thursday: Robbery and looting on a large scale was reported in Van Province.

The War Ministry distributed explosives, rifles, and other equipment to the irregular forces of the Special Organization (Teshkilati Mahsusa).

Enver’s uncle, Halil Pasha, the military governor of Constantinople, began organizing Special Organization paramilitary bands by enrolling criminals released from prison (chetes, these would be called).

November 29, Sunday: Halil “I have endeavored to wipe out the Armenian nation to the last individual” Kut instructed the governor of Izmid (Izmit) to identify leaders for Special Organization units and to release criminals from prisons to join these bands, for the purpose of the extermination of the Armenian nation. The vice-governor of Izmid (Izmit) armed the Special Organization with weapons supplied by the War Ministry. Chete forces consisting of intentionally released convicts were armed by the government in Van Province. In the region of Van requisitions took the form of open robbery and looting.

November 30, Monday: Germans and Russians engaged at Lowicz-Sanniki. WORLD WAR I

Soleá for voice and guitar by Manuel de Falla was performed for the initial time, in Teatro Lara, Madrid, as part of Martínez Sierra’s play La pasión.

Having completed his job organizing the Special Organization in Artvin, Behaeddin Shakir was instructed to move on to Trebizond.

The central command of the Special Organization sent instruction for supplying chete bands with money, vehicles, and others equipment, for the purpose of the extermination of the Armenian nation. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

December: The beginning of a series of isolated murders to terrorize the Armenian population.

December 1, Tuesday: Austro-Hungarian forces attacked advancing Russians at Limanowa, southeast of Krakow.

Austro-Hungarian troops occupied Belgrade. WORLD WAR I

Reports reached Constantinople that raids by irregular chete forces on the Armenian villages of Erzerum Province were continuing.

December 2, Wednesday: Turks looted the properties of subjects of Allied nations.

December 3, Thursday: The Ittihad Inspector of Balikesir sent a message to Dr. Mehmed Nazim4 of the central committee of the Special Organization via Midhat Shukri, the Central Secretary of Ittihad, that the Interior Ministry and the Ittihad Committee, in accordance with issued orders, were busy organizing the irregular chete bands.

Serbian forces launched an unexpected counterattack against Austria. WORLD WAR I

Irving Gifford Fine was born in Boston, the 1st of 3 children born to George Fine, a lawyer, and Charlotte Friedman.

String Quartet in e minor by Ethel Smyth was performed for the initial time, in Aeolian Hall, London.

4. The Armenian Genocide was masterminded by the Central Committee of the Committee of Union and Progress (Young Turks, Jöntürkler) which was dominated by Mehmet Talât Pasha, Ismail Enver Pasha, and Ahmed Djemal Pasha. This was a group of racists whose ideology was being articulated by Zia Gökalp, Dr. Mehmed Nazim, and Behaeddin Shakir. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

December 5, Monday: Reports continued to reach Constantinople, that the chete raids on the Armenian villages of Erzerum Province were continuing.

December 9, Wednesday: After 6 days of fighting, British and Indian troops capture Qurna, north of Basra, from the Turks.

Serbian forces recapture Lazarevac and Uzice. WORLD WAR I

December 13, Sunday: British submarine B-11 cruised through 5 rows of mines in the Dardanelles and sank the Turkish battleship Messudieh in Sari Sigla Bay. The sub escaped submerged. WORLD WAR I

December 14, Monday: Virgie Ileen Peake was born in Jasper, Arkansas.

French commander Joseph Joffre had schemed to break out of the current trench warfare stalemate on the Western Front by means of a major offensive against the Germans, stretching throughout the Artois and Champagne regions of France from Nieuport in the north to Verdun in the south. In the 1st Battle of Champagne, the 8th infantry Brigade at Wytschaete attempted to advance in winter weather in the face of well entrenched machine gun battalions, and the attack of course failed with heavy casualties. WORLD WAR I

At Baylor University in Waco, Texas, a private Baptist institution of higher education, the student body voted on whether the buffalo, eagle, antelope, bookworm, or bear might best do service as their campus mascot. The North American Black Bear won by a few more than half the 406 votes. There is now a Bill & Eva William Bear Habitat near campus, and a Bear Program with a Lead Team elected by the members of the Baylor HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

Chamber of Commerce. Since 1914 a succession of more than 50 such ursines have been able to consider Waco their home away from home.

At the Hotel Savoy in Buenos Aires, Lisandro de la Torre and others founded El Partido Demócrata Progresista (PDP).

The Turkish Cabinet charged Ismail Enver Pasha with command of the offensive on the Caucasian front, and assigned Mehmet Talât Paşa5 as Acting Minister of War while continuing him in his position as Minister of the Interior.

December 16, Wednesday: Italian troops occupied Vlorë, Albania. WORLD WAR I

The Ottoman Empire renounced the Armenian Reform Agreement of February 8th that had guaranteed the rights of Armenian through the European powers.

Prelude and Fugue op.81 for piano by Amy Cheney Beach was performed for the initial time, in Boston.

5. This man would become the principal architect of the Armenian Genocide. Born in Edirne (Adrianople), he had become a telegrapher at a young age. He was active in the Young Turk movement seeking to overthrow Sultan Abdul Hamid (Abdulhamit) II. He joined the Committee of Union and Progress (Young Turks, Jöntürkler) and quickly emerged a leader in the secret organization. His profession gave him access to the principal means of communication in his era and his assignment as Chief Secretary of Posts and Telegraphs in Salonika (now Thessaloniki, Greece) placed him at the hub of Turkish revolutionary plotting. After the 1908 Young Turk Revolution, Talaat became one of the most influential politicians of the Ottoman Empire. In 1909 he was appointed Minister of the Interior and then Minister of Posts. By 1912 he was Secretary General of the CUP, which the following year seized complete power in the Ottoman Empire. The 1913 coup saw the rise of the so-called Young Turk triumvirate consisting of Talaat as Minister of the Interior, Enver as Minister of War, and Jemal as Minister of the Marine. Talaat was one of the main advocates of the Turkification of the Ottoman Empire. As Minister of the Interior, he assumed primary responsibility for planning and implementing the Armenian Genocide. He employed the system of provincial administration subordinate to his direct authority as the main instrument for carrying out the deportations. The 1915 orders for the eviction of the Armenians from their homes carried his signature, much as subsequent orders clarifying the originally disguised intentions of the deportations as annihilation also bear his name. Talaat personally supervised the process and his ability to operate a telegraph machine enhanced his capacity to carry out the policies of his government through direct and secret communications to other CUP cohorts specifically assigned provincial administrative posts to receive and carry out the orders. This method of operation circumvented the machinery of the central government and permitted a handful of CUP fanatics to subvert the state in order to carry out their criminal conspiracy. The organized and scheduled depopulation of Armenians from one town after another carried out with complete surprise and minimal cost, their systematic liquidation once moved to remote locations, and the methodical plunder of their properties demonstrated Talaat's capacity for calculated cruelty and only increased his power and prestige in the CUP. Talaat went so far as to expressly order the destruction of young Armenian orphans. In February 1917 Talaat became Grand Vizier, earning him the title Pasha. He resigned his post in October 1918 as the empire neared total defeat. Aware of the consequences he faced because of the declared intentions of the Allied Powers to hold him and his associates responsible for the extermination of the Armenians, Talaat fled to Germany where he lived under an assumed name. During the tribunal convened in Constantinople by the post-war Ottoman government, Talaat was tried in absentia, found guilty of capital crimes, including massacre, and was condemned to death. Whereas Germany refused to extradite him, Talaat was identified and gunned down in Berlin in 1921 by Soghomon Tehlirian, an Armenian whose extended family had disappeared from its native town of Erzinjan. Talaat's assassination caused a furor, and Tehlirian's trial became a major media event exposing the knowledge of the German government about the Armenian massacres, which had been kept from the German public during the war. The jury, hearing the eyewitness testimony of German officers, acquitted Tehlirian. As for Talaat's remains, they were returned to Istanbul in 1943 by Nazi Germany and given burial with full honors. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

December 22, Thursday: An attack by the Ottoman 3d Army corps opened the Battle of Sarikamish on the Caucasian Front.

December 23, Friday: Foreign missionaries abandoned the interior of Turkey as the crosses atop missions were being broken off by the Turks and replaced by Moslem crescents.

Turkish forces began an offensive against the Russians toward Kars.

December 26, Monday: Armenians were put to use as porters of army supplies in Erzerum, Trebizond, and Sivas Provinces under the worst of winter conditions — hopefully they would soon die of overwork and exposure.

December 31, Saturday: Sahag Vartabed Odabashian, newly elected Armenian Christian Prelate of Erzinjan, was traveling from Constantinople via Sivas to Erzinjan where he was to be installed in office, when he was slain in the village of Kanli-Tash, near Shabin-Karahisar, by 6 chetes seemingly organized by Ahmed Muammer Bey, governor-general of Sivas Province. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

1915

Kahlil Gibran began to hope for a united Arab military front aided by a general Allied attack, to liberate the Levant from the oppressive Ottoman hegemony. (The Greater Syria region was only at that time beginning to be divided into Lebanon, Palestine and Syria.) He called on Muslims and Christians to fight side by side against the Turks. He fancied himself a romantic fighter and political hero leading his country to liberation, despite his paralyzed left shoulder — until Mary Haskell poured cold water all over this wet dream. He became depressed. He wrote widely about the prospect of an Arab uprising against the Ottomans — the sort of helpful hopeless thingie in which T.E. Lawrence “of Arabia” would in fact become involved. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

JANUARY

January 1, Friday: German submarine U-24 sank the battleship HMS Formidable in the English Channel. WORLD WAR I

The 2/4 Field Ambulance of the Royal Army Medical Corps, containing orderly Ralph Vaughan Williams was relocated from Chelsea to Dorking.

The 1st issue of The Musical Quarterly was published in New York City.

Variations and Fugue on a Theme of Mozart op.132 for orchestra by Max Reger was performed for the initial time, in Wiesbaden, the composer conducting.

The Ittihad representative of Bursa reported to the Ittihad Central Committee that local criminals and bandits had been registered in the Special Organization.

Nuri, the vice-governor of Gavar District in Van Province, received orders from the military governor to kill all Armenian soldiers in the Turkish Army who were stationed in his district.

January 5, Tuesday: The Turkish government publicly accused the Armenian bakers in the army bakeries of Sivas of poisoning the bread. The bakers were cruelly beaten despite the fact that a group of doctors were able to demonstrate the charge to be false by themselves consuming the bread in question. The government would not rescind the accusation.

January 8, Friday: Turkish Sunni Muslims and Kurdish paramilitary chetes (Halil Pasha’s “First Corps”) attacked Armenian and Assyrian villages in northwest Persia. They would remain around the city of Tavriz (Tabriz) and the city of Urmia until January 29th. From Urmia alone more than 18,000 Armenians, together with many Assyrians and even Persian Shi’ite Muslim victims of this ethnic cleansing, fled to the Caucasus Mountains.

French forces attacked Germans near Soissons. WORLD WAR I

Meanwhile, in Wiesbaden, “Eine vaterländische Ouvertüre op.140 for orchestra” was being performed for the initial time, with the composer Max Reger himself conducting. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

January 12, Tuesday: A measure to extend voting rights to women was defeated in the US House of Representatives.

In order to make future defense impossible for the Armenians, Ahmed Muammer, the Turkish governor- general of Sivas Province, ordered the destruction of Tavra-Koy and other strategically located villages around the city of Sivas. Inside the city of Sivas strategically-located buildings were requisitioned.

A German/colonial attack on the Indian garrison at Jassin, German East Africa, failed.

British troops landed on Mafia Island off the coast of German East Africa, capturing its German and colonial garrison of 52. WORLD WAR I

January 16, Saturday: The last actions of the Battle of Sarikamish were reported: the Turkish army had lost 70,000 out of 85,000.

January 19, Tuesday: Ismail Enver Pasha arrived in Sivas by automobile from Erzerum after his calamitous defeat at Sarikamish. He instructed that hereafter the Turkish Army was to accept only his orders, none from German commanders. He conscripted at once all those deferred in the 20-to-40 age group, along with all males between the ages of 18 and 20 and all males between the ages of 45 and 52.

January 22, Friday: Ismail Enver Pasha arrived in Constantinople by automobile from Sivas. In a speech he congratulating Armenian soldiers for having admirably been doing their duty on the Caucasian Front and elsewhere (this would soon be understood to have been merely an attempt to lull the Armenian Christians of Constantinople who, because of the presence of a large European community of observers in the city, had not yet begun to experience the general persecutions in the isolated provinces).

January 23, Saturday: Ismail Enver Pasha, who had again become actively the Turkish Minister of War, issued a general order that any person who resisted his orders was to be shot. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

FEBRUARY

February: Ezra Pound’s “Imagism and England.”

In Turkey, the vice-governor of Mush ordered 70 policemen to attack the village of Koms to kill the Armenian journalist Rupen Zartarian who had belonged to the Dashnak Party and all persons with him (Rupen and his companions would be able to escape into the Caucasus region, but would be killed on August 16th).

February 2, Tuesday: Mehmet Talât Paşa advised German Ambassador Count Hans von Wangenheim that the present war was the only propitious moment to conclude the Armenian Question.

February 10, Wednesday: President Woodrow Wilson sent simultaneous protests to Great Britain and Germany — Britain for its January 31st authorization for misuse of the American flag, and Germany for its February 4th declaration of a war zone.

The Russians were defeated by the Germans in the Battle of Masurian Lakes. WORLD WAR I

S. Pasdermadjian, the 2d Director of the Ottoman Bank, was murdered in the presence of German Major- General Posseldt — who would report to his government that no investigation was carried out by the Turks, nor was any attempt made by the authorities there to apprehend the guilty parties.

Ismail Enver Pasha’s brother-in-law Hafiz Hakki died of typhoid fever and was replaced by Mahmud Kamil as Commander of the 3d Army (Erzerum).

February 14, Sunday: Tahir Jevdet, governor-general of Van Province, was reported as urging that the Turkish government needed to begin at once, in the finishing off of the Armenian Christians in Van.

February 19, Friday: Mehmet Talât Paşa, Osman Bedri, and other Ittihadists leaders decided in a meeting that should Allied naval ships force the Dardanelles, the Turks would react by burning Constantinople, blowing up the Hagia Sophia, and slaughtering local Christians. Kerosene was therefore distributed to all police stations in Constantinople for ready use in such an eventuality.

February 21, Sunday: An attack by chetes on the Christian village of Purk near Shabin-Karahisar resulted in looting, murder, and rapine. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

February 25, Thursday: The Allied fleet destroyed the outer forts of the Dardanelles. WORLD WAR I

After a 5-day hiatus because of bad weather, British ships resumed their bombardment of the Dardanelles forts. Turkish and German forward artillery batteries abandoned their positions.

British ships began a blockade of German East Africa (Tanzania).

By this date all Armenians in the army of the Ottoman Empire had been removed into labor battalions.

February 26, Friday: Vramian, an Armenian parliamentary deputy from Van, wrote to Mehmet Talât Paşa advising him to remove the large number of chetes in Van Province.

February 27, Saturday: In Sivas Province a general attack by Turkish Moslems was reported on many Armenian Christian villages accompanied by raping, looting, and an increasingly larger number of killings.

In the village of Chomaklu in Kayseri Province, and in other places, the government authorities demanded that the Armenians surrender all weapons. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

MARCH

March: Ezra Pound’s “Provincia Deserta.”

A traveling commission of parliamentary deputies toured all the cities of Anatolia. The commission included Dr. Fazil Berki, parliamentary deputy from Chankri, Ubedulla, parliamentary deputy from Smyrna (modern İzmir), and Behaeddin Shakir, member of the Ittihad Central Committee. In the mosques, they addressed the Muslim population of Turkey, characterizing the Armenian Christians of Turkey as internal enemies who must be destroyed.

In Sivas Province, the population in all the Armenian villages was disarmed.

Omer Naji, a circulating Ittihad propagandist, traveled to Aleppo, Adana and nearby towns to arouse the Muslims.

Azadamart, the leading Armenian newspaper in Constantinople, was closed by a government order issued through the office of Osman Bedri, Police Commissioner of that city. The petty cash box, containing some 300 Turkish pounds, was stolen. The printing presses were removed to the Ittihad Press, where the organ Tanin was published by the CUP, with Huseyin Jahid (Yalchin) as editor-in-chief and Ahmed Emin as associate editor.

March 1, Monday: The Turkish government suspended the Parliament in order to facilitate the extermination of Armenians.

In Marash, Armenians in the Turkish Army were stripped of uniforms and arms.

Russian forces took Dilman (Salmas), 150 kilometers west of Tabriz.

Great Britain announces a total blockade of merchant shipping to and from Germany. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

March 3, Wednesday: D.W. Griffith’s feature-length film The Birth of a Nation opened in New York City. The darkies were a laughing, happy folk, trusting and supportive of their betters, until they were freed, at which point they became tricky, violent, and sex-obsessed. The scholarship of Woodrow Wilson was the major source of historical realism for this film. Wilson would arrange for a special White House screening.

(deathmask) US CIVIL WAR Germans used liquid fire for the 1st time, at Vosges.

Sergei Prokofiev arrived in Rome for his 1st foreign performing engagement, expenses paid by Sergei Diaghilev.

In Van Province, regular gendarmes and chetes were reported attacking many villages inhabited by Armenians and Assyrians. A dispatch from the Ittihad Central Committee was released announcing the decision to exterminate the Armenians. Armenian soldiers in the Erzerum army area were deprived of their uniforms and arms.

The British decided to make an amphibious assault on the strait of the Dardanelles. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

March 7, Sunday: A search for weapons was conducted in Iskenderun (Alexandretta) and a mass arrest of Armenians carried out.

Sergei Prokofiev performed abroad, in Rome, for the 1st time, his Second Piano Concerto. Audience reaction was strongly divided.

March 8, Monday: Sergei Diaghilev, Sergei Prokofiev and Leonide Massine traveled from Rome to Naples to talk to the Futurists about a ballet. Diaghilev was impressed with Prokofiev’s talent, but not the ballet he had brought, Ala i Lolli.

March 9, Tuesday: When chetes and regular Army units attacked Zeitun, 6 Turkish policemen were killed by individuals resisting the attack. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

March 12, Friday: Massacres and robberies were carried in Alashkert District as part of a general campaign led by chete bands against the Armenian villages of the district.

Mass arrests of Armenians were carried out in Dortyol and a public announcement was made that those arrested would be sent to work on road construction near Aleppo (they were never be heard of again).

Ismail Enver Pasha6 left for Berlin to see Kaiser Wilhelm II.

Charles T. Griffes signed a contract with G. Schirmer to publish his piano pieces op.5 & 6.

Britain and France announced their agreement that Russia might annex Constantinople and the Dardanelles.

Turkish paramilitary attacks began against several Armenian areas in the Alashkert district, with murdering, raping and looting. Mass arrests and deportations of Armenians began in Dortyol.

German forces counterattacked at Neuve-Chapelle but the British held. The battle for Neuve-Chapelle had to that point cost 26,000 casualties. The line stabilized in the sector. WORLD WAR I

March 14, Sunday: Sahag, the Catholicos of Cilicia, advised Armenians in Zeitun that they should not under any circumstances offer any resistance to the Turks.

6. İsmail Enver Paşa was an instigator of the Armenian Genocide. A military officer, Enver was the principal proponent of Germanophile policies in the Young Turk government. Enver demonstrated organizational and leadership skills at an early age. He was one of the organizers of the 1908 Young Turk Revolution. In 1911 he organized the defense of Libya against Italy and in 1913, after leading the January 23 coup which installed the Committee of Union and Progress (Young Turks, Jöntürkler) in power, he reversed the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in the First Balkan War by recapturing Edirne (Adrianople) from the Bulgarians. By 1914 he was married into the Ottoman imperial family and was Minister of War. He steered the Ottoman state into war on the side of the Central Powers by entering into an alliance with Germany. While nominal command of the Ottoman armies was exercised by Turkish officers, planning, strategizing, and financing devolved to the large German military mission serving out of the War Ministry. In pursuit of his quest for a Pan-Turkic empire stretching to Central Asia, Enver personally led the first major campaign against Russia which resulted in a disastrous defeat at the border outpost of Sarikamish in the Armenian highlands. Enver played a major role in the Armenian Genocide. He took the first steps to implement the CUP blueprint for genocide by ordering the Armenian recruits in the Ottoman forces to be disarmed and reassigned to labor battalions before their summary executions. While these instructions were explained on the basis of accusations of treasonous activity, the defeat of his army only provided the pretext for escalating a campaign of extermination whose instruments had already been forged and which now were unleashed against the civilian population also. Within the Ministry of War, Enver had at his disposal a secret outfit called the Special Organization (SO), Teshkilâti Mahsusa in Turkish. The SO was led by Behaeddin Shakir, a medical doctor, and its cohorts in the field were commanded by CUP confidants whose singular assignment was the execution of the Armenian population. These mobile killer units carried out the systematic massacres of the deported Armenians. Upon the collapse of the Russian front in 1918, the advance of the Ottoman armies into the Caucasus, under the command of Enver's brother, Nuri, provided further opportunity for the SO operatives to instigate atrocities against Armenians in Azerbaijan. At the end of the war Enver took refuge in Germany. A post-war tribunal in Constantinople tried him in absentia and condemned him to death. Many officers of the Special Organization were arrested by the British occupation authorities after the Ottoman surrender. While some were eventually put on trial and found guilty of crimes, most eluded justice when Mustafa Kemal Atatürk negotiated their release in exchange for British prisoners. As for Enver, in 1920 he traveled to Russia and offered his services to the new Soviet regime which sent him to quell rebellion among the Muslims of Central Asia, only to see him join the Basmaji revolt as soon as he arrived in Bukhara. He was killed in action by Soviet forces. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

March 15, Monday: Paraphrases of the National Anthems of the Allied Nations, by Alyeksandr Glazunov was performed for the initial time, at one of the “patriotic concerts” at Petrograd Conservatory, directed by the composer.

March 16, Tuesday: Absinthe was outlawed in France.

Russian forces advanced between Urmia and Tavriz. WORLD WAR I

March 18, Thursday: An Allied attack on the Dardanelles began. The British-French task force almost made its way through the strait but was at the last turned back by furious fire from defending Turks. 3 battleships were sunk and 3 damaged by mines. Hundreds of allied sailors were killed. The forts at Chanak and Kilid Bahr were destroyed. WORLD WAR I

In Zeitun, Turkish forces arrested many of the remaining Armenian notables and intellectuals, whom they would torture and then kill.

The Orquesta Filarmónica de Madrid offered its inaugural performance. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

March 19, Friday: To terrify the Armenian population, 6 Armenian soldiers from the town of Gurun were publicly hanged in Sivas.

Many ethnic Greeks drafted into the army were executed near Smyrna (modern İzmir) by the Turks.

Pergamum Thyatira

Smyrna Sardis Philadelphia Ephesus Laodicea Patmos

The Seven Churches of Asia

After serving 2 months solitary confinement in Nürnberg for being an unregistered enemy alien, Ernest HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

MacMillan was taken to an internment camp at Ruhleben.

The Piano Sonata no.6 by Alyeksandr Skryabin was performed for the initial time, in Moscow.

The orchestral suite Adventures of a Perambulator by John Alden Carpenter was performed for the initial time, in Orchestra Hall, Chicago. It was instantly popular.

March 20, Saturday: South African forces invaded South West Africa.

Prométhée, le poème du feu, for orchestra, piano, organ, chorus and light machine by Alyeksandr Skryabin, was performed for the initial time with the light machine, in Carnegie Hall, New York. The composer was at the piano.

March 21, Sunday: 2 German Zeppellins dropped high explosives and incendiary bombs on Paris, killing 1 and injuring 8. WORLD WAR I

March 24, Wednesday: John Albee died in his home in Washington DC. Although his 2d marriage had produced 4 children, they had all predeceased.

Idyll: The Maiden with the Daffodil for piano by Arnold Bax was performed for the initial time, in Aeolian Hall, London.

Chetes and policemen attacked Armenians in the towns of Bayburt (Papert) and Terchan in Erzerum Province, and in Bitlis.

March 26, Friday: Sahag, Catholicos of Cilicia, renewed his instruction to the Armenians of Zeitun not to resist the Turkish authorities.

30 more Armenian community leaders were arrested by Turkish authorities in Zeitun.

March 28, Sunday: Armenian Dashnak leader Murad resisted arrest by Turkish authorities in Sivas and fled to the mountains. After many daring escapes he would reach the Caucasus.

Hamid, governor-general of Diyarbekir Province, was removed for opposing the order of massacre and replaced by Dr. Reshid.

Edgard Varèse was ordered to appear for induction. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

March 29, Monday: In Aleppo, capital of the Turkish province, Jemal Pasha falsely announced that the Armenians of Zeitun were in revolt and therefore he was instructing the military authorities, to the exclusion of the civilian government, to take measures to punish them. Artillery and 3 regiments of the regular army were sent to Zeitun as reinforcements for the 3 battalions that had arrived in the town in January and February.

Edgard Varèse was inducted into the French army. He would serve as a bicycle messenger. He would be discharged in June upon contracting pneumonia.

March 30, Tuesday: Turks inflicted mass beatings and tortures on the Armenians of Chomaklu.

March 31, Wednesday: In Marash, Turks announced a mass meeting to prepare a massacre. Acting under the terms of the March 29th order, the government forbade civilians from taking matters into their own hands.

Deportation of Armenians from Zeitun began. Some of the inhabitants were sent toward the Konia Desert in central Anatolia. The rest were sent toward Der-el-Zor (Deir el-Zor) in the Syrian Desert.

At some point toward the end of the month, although perhaps not on this exact day, the Turkish government forbade American Ambassador Henry Morgenthau from sending any coded messages to the American consuls, and deprived him of his diplomatic prerogative of receiving uncensored communications. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

APRIL

April 1, Thursday: The mass arrest of Armenian political leaders was carried out in Sivas and other provinces.

When French pilot Lt. Roland Garros shot down a German Albatros with a newly outfitted forward-firing machine gun, the era of the dogfight began. WORLD WAR I

April 2, Friday: Both regular and paramilitary units carried out attacks against Armenian villages in Sivas province.

Guirlandes op.73/1 for piano by Alyeksandr Skryabin was performed for the initial time, at Petrograd Conservatory by the composer.

Sergei Diaghilev, Sergei Prokofiev and Leonide Massine arrived in Milan where they met Igor Stravinsky. Prokofiev’s former negative opinion of Stravinsky’s music has changed over the last couple of years. The 2 got along and Stravinsky invited Prokofiev to Switzerland.

General robbery and arrests of Armenians were reported throughout Bitlis and Erzerum Provinces.

In Sivas Province, battalions of gendarmery and 4,000 chetes began regular attacks on Armenian villages with increasing brutality.

April 3, Saturday: (Easter week) Mass arrests of Armenians and a search for weapons were carried out in Marash and Hadjin (Hajen), with the seizure of all arms, including household knives. During the house searches there were numerous rapes.

Russia granted autonomy to Polish urban areas.

April 5, Monday: In Marash, in an excuse to loot, Turks demanded 5,000 jackasses from the Armenians.

Selections from Canciones amatorias for voice and piano by Enrique Granados were performed for the 1st time, in Barcelona.

The 1st of the 3 Myths op.30 for violin and piano, La Source d’Arethuse, by Karol Szymanowski was performed publicly for the 1st time, at the Kupicki Club, Kiev. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

April 8, Thursday: Turkish emigrants from Bosnia were resettled by the government in the formerly Armenian villages of Zeitun District 8,000 Turkish regulars were reported in Zeitun.The Armenian monastery of Zeitun was burned by the Turks.

Sergei Diaghilev commissioned a new ballet to be called Chout from Serei Prokofiev.

Evangelio op.12, a symphonic poem by Joaquín Turina, was performed for the initial time, in Teatro Real, Madrid.

April 14, Wednesday: The governor-general of Van, Tahir Jevdet, invited the Armenian parliamentary deputies from Van and the Dashnak leader Ishkhan to attend a conference.

April 15, Thursday: Armenian refugees from villages surrounding the city of Van arrived and notified the inhabitants that 80 villages in Van Province were already obliterated and that 24,000 Armenians had been killed in 3 days.

In Petrograd, Alyksandr Skryabin played the final recital of his life.

While at an internment camp at Ruhleben, Germany, Ernest MacMillan completed the oratorio England: an Ode and sent it to his examiners for the DMus at Oxford. WORLD WAR I

El amor brujo, a ballet by Manuel de Falla to a story by Martínez Sierra, was performed for the initial time, at the Teatro Lara, Madrid. It received a mixed response.

New York’s Barge Canal’s Lower Aqueduct at Crescent was demolished, in preparation for the opening of the new section between Waterford and Rexford, set for the following month.

April 16, Friday: On orders from Governor-general Tahir Jevdet, chetes killed Armenian leaders Vramian and Ishkhan during the night in the Kurdish village of Hirj.

Sergei Prokofiev arrived home in St. Petersburg from Italy having traveled through Greece, Bulgaria, and Romania to Kiev.

April 17, Saturday: Friendly Kurds informed the inhabitants of Van of the assassinations of Armenian leaders Vramian and Ishkhan.

The Armenians organized a defense against the sudden attack by Turkish forces on the city of Van. (They would hold out until advance units of the Russian Army consisting of Armenian volunteers were able to come to their rescue on May 23d). HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

April 18, Sunday: Until the end of April 32,000 more Armenians would be slain in the villages of Van Province, including inhabitants of remote villages.

In Erzerum, Turkish civilians declared an intention to hold a meeting. The Army forbade this. Similar gatherings in other centers were also forbidden, on the grounds that the Army was the agency responsible for handling the Armenians.

The Governor-general of Van Province demanded that the Armenians of the city of Van surrender their weapons. The Armenians refused as chete units were harassing the surrounding villages.

April 19, Monday: Turkish soldiers along with Kurds attacked Armenians in Van and Bitlis killing all they could find. Some estimates of the dead were as high as 50,000.

House searches were made in Diyarbekir and widespread persecution took place. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

April 20, Tuesday: The deportation of the 25,000 Armenians of Zeitun was completed.

The 1st large-scale arrests of Armenians were made in Diyarbekir upon the orders of Governor-general Reshid.

In Constantinople, 20 Armenian Social Democratic Hnchak Party members were brought to the Central Prison to face court martial (they would be publicly hanged on June 2d).

Armed Turks attacked Armenians in Van but were repulsed with 18 killed. Outside the city, all Armenian- owned property was destroyed and the Turks laid siege. Large-scale arrests of Armenians began in Diyarbekir.

None of this was of the slightest concern to President Woodrow Wilson, who was making a speech at New York City’s Waldorf Astoria hotel urging strict US neutrality.

(deathmask) In Moscow, with a rising temperature due apparently to the growing pimple on his upper lip, Alexander Skryabin took to his bed, canceling a Moscow concert set for April 24th.

British and French troops captured Mandera, Kamerun. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

April 24, Saturday: German troops used gas again, driving the Canadians back past St. Julien toward Ypres. However, French, Belgian, and Canadian troops regained most of the losses. WORLD WAR I

«La guerre est une série de catastrophes qui produisent la victoire.» — Georges Clemenceau

The Turkish Interior Ministry ordered the arrest of any Armenian suspected of nationalist sentiments.

Ottoman authorities arrested 250 Armenian intellectuals and community leaders in Constantinople and transported them to Chankri and Ayash prisons in European Turkey where they would later be killed. Thousands would be arrested throughout the country over the following few weeks.

Camille Saint-Saëns departed Bordeaux for New York. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

The editors and staff of Azadamart, the leading Armenian newspaper of Constantinople, were arrested, and on June 15th would be slain in Diyarbekir, where they had been transported and imprisoned.

The Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople and Zohrab, Armenian deputy in the Ottoman Parliament, petitioned the Grand Vizier, Said Halim, the Minister of the Interior Mehmet Talât Paşa, and the President of the Senate, Rifat, on behalf of the arrested Armenian of Constantinople. Though approached separately, all three give identical answers; that the government was isolating the Armenian leadership and dissolving the Armenian political organizations.

A map of the Armenian genocide:

http://www.24april1915.com/eng/images/Armenian_Genocide_(arm1).jpg

April 26, Monday: In Mush 3 Armenians were hanged publicly without trial.

The Armenian intellectuals arrested on April 24th were placed in two prisons near Ankara. Over the next few months most of them would be killed.

Alyeksandr Skryabin’s swelling has been reduced remarkably during the night and he feels well enough to desire to compose. But pleurisy due to blood poisoning has already set in. A lung specialist was summoned.

The British force at Y beach on Gallipoli evacuated after suffering 700 casualties during the night.

German troops attacked the South African-Rhodesian invasion force at Trekkopjes, South West Africa (Namibia), but were repulsed. Meanwhile, South Africans defeated Germans at Gibeon, South West Africa, 90 kilometers south of Windhoek. WORLD WAR I

In London an Italian delegation signed a secret Treaty of London. They agreed to declare war on the Central Powers within a month in exchange for the South Tyrol, Gorizia, Istria. and most of Dalmatia.

String Quartet in C op.2 by Paul Hindemith was performed for the initial time, in Frankfurt-am-Main. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

April 27, Tuesday: 8:05AM. Alyeksandr Nikolayevich Skryabin died of septicaemia in Petrograd at the age of 43.

When Austian submarine U-5 torpedoed the French cruiser Leon Gambetta, 547 French sailors were killed.

Allied ships continued to try to land more Anzac troops and supplies at Gallipoli under intense Turkish fire. No headway could be made out of the beachhead. WORLD WAR I

In Helsinki, 2 works for male chorus by Jean Sibelius were performed for the 1st time: Herr Lager och Skön fager (Mr. Lager and the Fair One) op.84/1 to words of Fröding, and På berget (On the Mountain) to words of Gripenberg.

A 2d meeting in Erzerum to organize a communal massacre was disbanded by the government as interference in the affairs of the Army.

In Marsovan (Merzifon), 26 Armenian leaders were arrested. A 2-week-long search for weapons was started accompanied by acts of violence and the abuse of women.

Russian citizens of Armenian origin were arrested in Constantinople.

April 29, Thursday: Funeral services for Alyeksandr Skryabin were held in the Church of the Miracle Worker in Moscow. Because of the great desire of the public to attend, tickets were issued. Among those attending were his sometime rival, Sergei Rakhmaninov. Rakhmaninov would play a number of recitals of Skryabin’s music for the benefit of his widow.

German Zeppelin LZ-38 bombed Ispwich and Bury Saint Edmunds. WORLD WAR I

In a Vodka Shop and The Princess’ Rose Garden for piano by Arnold Bax were performed for the 1st time, in Grafton Galleries.

The disarming of the Armenians of Constantinople was carried out with many outrages. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

April 30, Friday: The vice-governor of Erzinjan began the persecution of the Armenians with the arrest of many intellectuals. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

MAY

May 1, Saturday: American steamer Gulflight was torpedoed off the Scilly Isles by a German submarine, with the loss of 3 lives. WORLD WAR I

The Cunard liner RMS Lusitania left New York harbor for the final time. As the boat was exiting the harbor, the Master at Arms discovered 3 Germans still on board who should have left the ship. The Germans had a camera with them. Captain Turner confiscated the camera and ordered that the Germans were to spend the voyage in the ship’s brig (in the vessel’s forward hold was a large consignment of live artillery shells).

The arrest of the Armenian professors and teachers of the American Euphrates College in Kharput began.

During the late morning, French troops, with British artillery support, attacked the Germans at Ypres. The attack failed miserably, with heavy losses. Allied troops began a withdrawal to new defensive positions east of Ypres.

At 10PM, Turkish troops attacked the invaders at Cape Helles but make no headway.

A German zeppelin bombed London. WORLD WAR I

Meeting in the Hague, Netherlands, 1,200 delegates to the International Congress of Women adopted resolutions calling for women’s suffrage and peaceful negotiations of international disputes. The delegates represented 12 countries including many of the warring powers and the United States.

The Moscow journal Musika informed its readers that Igor Stravinsky, currently in Switzerland, was working on a new project that was neither an opera nor a ballet, called “Svadebka (Les Noces).” HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

May 2, Sunday: 6AM. Germans and Austro-Hungarians began a massive offensive against the Russians. Bombardment began all along the line stretching from the Carpathian Mountains to the Vistula River. German troops captured Gorlice southeast of Krakow. WORLD WAR I

In Barcelona, 2 works for cello and piano by Enrique Granados were performed for the initial time: “Madrigal” and “Trova.”

British South Africa troops under General Botha captured Otymbingue in German Southwest Africa.

Halil Pasha’s forces, defeated by the Russian Army in the Caucasus and in northern Iran, retreated to Van, Bitlis, and Mush — where they participated in the massacre of Armenians.

3,000 English and French civilians were taken into custody in Constantinople.

May 3, Monday: House searches were made in Aleppo.

Macedonian Turkish immigrants were installed in Zeitun by the government.

The Turkish authorities began mass deportations of Armenians from Erzerum province.

British troops captured Ndupe, Kamerun.

German and Austro-Hungarian forces destroyed 3 Russian divisions between Gorlice and Tarnow leaving a 20-kilometer gap in the line. They were able to advance 13 kilometers. WORLD WAR I

May 4, Tuesday: Prime Minister Salandra of Italy sent private messages to Germany and Austria denouncing the Triple Alliance.

British troops captured Wum Biagas, Kamerun. WORLD WAR I

Mass arrests of Armenian leaders in Aintab began. 200 Armenian leaders in Erzerum were arrested.

A British and French assault on the Turkish defenders of the heights near Krithia failed. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

May 5, Wednesday: Arrests and persecutions began in Kharput. ETHNIC CLEANSING

South African troops moved into Karibib, South West Africa (Namibia), northwest of Windhoek, without opposition.

Gabriele d’Annunzio arrived back in Italy and in Genoa began a series of nationalistic speeches in order to whip up support for war against Germany and Austria. He was being secretly funded by Prime Minister Salandra. WORLD WAR I

May 6, Thursday: Austro-Hungarian forces took Tarnow east of Krakow, in the process capturing 30,000 Russian prisoners. WORLD WAR I

George Perle was born in Bayonne, New Jersey.

Allied nationals in Beirut (Beyrut) were deported to Damascus and dispersed from there.

The New York Times reported that the Committee of Union and Progress (Young Turks, Jöntürkler) had decided to ethnically cleanse the Turkish Muslim nation of its Armenian Christians.

May 9, Sunday: Lord Grey, British Minister of Foreign Affairs, sent a message to İsmail Enver Paşa of Turkey, holding him personally responsible should anything happen to his 3,000 captive English and French civilians.

British forces went over the top against the Germans at Neuve-Chapelle. The attackers sustained more than 11,000 casualties. Simultaneous with the British assault, French forces attack the Germans at 3 points: the River Scarpe east of Arras, Lorette, and Vimy Ridge. The French advanced 5 kilometers in 90 minutes before German reserves plugged the hole. WORLD WAR I

British cellist and conductor Lieutenant Edward Mason was killed in action at the age of 37.

Charles Villiers Stanford wrote to Horatio Parker telling him he would not be able to travel to Connecticut for the premiere of his Piano Concerto no.2. He booked passage to sail May 15th on the RMS Lusitania. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

May 10, Monday: 950 prominent Armenians were arrested in Diyarbekir on orders from Dr. Mehmed Reshid, governor-general of Diyarbekir Province.

The Armenian refugees from Zeitun found in Marash, who had previously been spared deportation, were removed into the Syrian Desert.

German and Austro-Hungarian forces overwhelmed the Russians near Sanok southwest of Lemberg (Lvov).

Anton von Webern wrote to Arnold Schoenberg that he has been transferred to Windisch Feistritz, south of Marburg, and promoted to corporal.

North Country Sketches for orchestra by Frederick Delius was performed for the initial time, in Queen’s Hall, London.

A German Zeppelin LZ-38 bombed Southend, London. WORLD WAR I

May 12, Wednesday: Vartkes, an Armenian deputy in the Ottoman Parliament, visited Mehmet Talât Paşa to protest the arrests of April 24th.

During the early morning a Turkish destroyer put 3 torpedoes into the British battleship Goliath in Morto Bay. The Goliath sank in 2 minutes, taking with it 500 crewmen. WORLD WAR I

South African forces captured Windhoek, capital of German South West Africa without opposition.

French troops took Clarency.

After a triumphal procession from Genoa, Gabriele d’Annunzio arrived in Rome for 2 days of nationalistic harangues in the city, all secretly funded by Prime Minister Salandra to gain public support for war against Germany and Austria. Meanwhile, the prime minister postponed the opening of Parliament until May 20th to change the minds of the members, most of whom were opposed to a declaration of war.

May 14, Friday: A 5-man military junta took temporary control of the government of Portugal.

38 leaders of the Armenian community in Chomaklu, Turkey’s Kayseri province, were executed by the Turkish authorities.

English and French civilian prisoners were deported to the interior of Anatolia. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

May 15, Saturday: Studies by Raymond Dodge and Francis G. Benedict on the effects of ethanol consumption on task performance were published by the Carnegie Nutrition Laboratory of Boston. Dodge, an experimental psychologist, would present some of this work at the National Academy of Sciences on November 2d in a paper “Neuromuscular Effects of Moderate Doses of Alcohol.”7

The Armenian community leaders in the town of Bayburt were arrested by Turkish authorities and subsequently killed in Urbajioghli-Dere.

Armenians were deported from the northern villages of Erzerum Province.

String Quartet no.2 by Darius Milhaud was performed for the initial time, in Paris. The composer played the violin part.

Frederic Coolidge died in New York, of the effects of syphilis contracted accidentally during a surgery he had performed. His wife, Elizabeth Sprague Coolidge, was at his side.

At 11:30PM British and Indian troops attacked at Festubert, north of Arras. The night attack produced complete confusion. No strategic objectives were met. WORLD WAR I

May 18, Tuesday: Turkish military courts martial were set up in Marash to try the Armenian leaders who had shortly before been arrested there.

Russian-Armenian soldiers reached Van and lifted the siege by the Turkish army. The Russians believed that 55,000 Armenians had been killed in and around Van.

Austrian troops crossed the San River and took Sieniawa. WORLD WAR I

The British suspended their assault at Neuve-Chapelle, having made little progress.

May 19, Wednesday: Advance troops of the Russian Army in the Caucasus led by Armenian volunteers reached Van and lifted the siege of city.

Moslem Turks began massacres of Armenian Christians in the Khnus region of Erzerum province.

Fokker demonstrated a machine gun synchronized with an aircraft propeller near Berlin. Germans almost immediately began sending them to the front. WORLD WAR I

7. Street, W.R. A CHRONOLOGY OF NOTEWORTHY EVENTS IN AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGY. Washington DC: American Psychological Association, 1994 HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

May 21, Friday: Armenian parliamentary deputy Vartkes visited Police Commissioner Osman Bedri to protest the arrests of the Constantinople Armenian community leaders.

Regular troops of the Russian army reached Van. They began cremating the corpses of 55,000 Armenians slaughtered by Turks, that had been lying in and around the city. 55,000 corpses would be identified as Armenian. WORLD WAR I

May 22, Saturday: Turkish refugees were settled in the emptied Armenian villages of the Tortum District of Erzerum Province.

Quatre poèmes do Léo Latil op.20 for voice and piano by Darius Milhaud was performed for the initial time, in Paris.

Camille Saint-Saëns reached San Francisco from New York, with stops in Philadelphia and Chicago.

May 24, Monday: A note was sent by the Allied Powers to the Turkish Cabinet holding it responsible for the massacres of the Armenians.

Morning. Alfredo Casella left his Paris home and ventured out into the city. He found joy and delirium everywhere as Parisians celebrated the entry of Italy into the war. On hearing the news, Casella reported to the Italian consulate to find out what was required of him.

Germans renewed their offensive at Ypres making small gains. The British, nearly out of artillery shells, failed to counterattack. Thus the Second Battle of Ypres ended. The Germans had successfully reduced the allied salient, while 105,000 men were dead or wounded.

German forces pushed east of the San River. WORLD WAR I

May 25, Tuesday: China acceded to 16 of the 21 Japanese demands for economic concessions.

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi created his ashram at Sabarmati near Ahmedabad.

Armenian parliamentary deputies Zohrab and Vartkes were arrested in Constantinople (they would be murdered while in custody in Kara-Kopru).

May 26, Wednesday: The German Zeppelin LZ-38 once again bombed Southend, killing 3 and injuring 3. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

May 27, Thursday: German Marshal Otto Liman von Sanders reported that the deportations of Armenians from Turkey were planned by the Committee of Union and Progress (Young Turks, Jöntürkler), and had been received the approval of all the ministries, and that the execution of the plans had been placed in the hands of the governors-general, their subordinates, and the police.

The Temporary Law of Deportation was proclaimed in the Ottoman Empire on this day, months after the depopulation of Armenian settlements was initiated. Although this law mentioned no group by name, it provided for the forced deportation of all Armenians within the borders of the Empire.

Turkish authorities deported 2,000 Armenians from Marash. 300 Armenians arrested on May 10th in Diyarkebir were slaughtered while in custody.

Sonata for two violins and piano op.15 by Darius Milhaud was performed for the initial time, in Salle des agriculteurs, Paris. The composer plays one of the violin parts. Also premiered were two works by Charles Koechlin, the composer at the keyboard: La jeune Tarentine op.23/1 for voice and piano to words of André Chénier, and Sonata for viola and piano op.53. The viola soloist was Darius Milhaud.

May 29, Saturday: Mehmet Talât Paşa was being reported to have commented that he was “going to give to the Armenians a new and final residence.”

630 Armenians had been arrested on May 10th in Diyarbekir, and on this day while in custody they were slaughtered in the village of Bisheri and their bodies cast into the Tigris River.

President Manuel José de Arriaga Brum da Silveira e Peyrelongue of Portugal resigned, replaced ad interim by Joaquim Teófilo Fernandes Braga.

Lewisohn Stadium, New York was officially dedicated and opened.

May 31, Monday: British and Indian troops broke through the Turkish lines at Qurna (Al Qurnah), north of Basra.

Navidad for double quintet of winds, strings and piano by Enrique Granados was performed for the initial time, in Madrid.

German Zeppelins bombarded the suburbs of London. WORLD WAR I

Two weeks of outrages, perpetrated against the Armenians of the town of Chomaklu under the guise of forcing the Armenians to give up their arms, came to their completion.

German Ambassador Hans von Wangenheim advised his government against attempting to interfere with the deportations from Turkey. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

JUNE

June: Talat Pasha, in a conversation with Dr. Mordtmann of the German Embassy, stated that: Turkey was taking advantage of the war in order to thoroughly liquidate (grundlich aufzaumen) its internal foes, i.e., the indigenous Christians, without being thereby disturbed by foreign intervention. ETHNIC CLEANSING

June 2, Wednesday: Robert Moffat Palmer was born was Syracuse, New York.

Botho Sigward, Count of Eulenberg, German composer of orchestral and vocal music, was killed in action in Galicia.

In Constantinople, 20 Armenian social democrat leaders were publicly hanged.

British troops took the village of Qal’at Salih on the Tigris.

Serbia invaded Albania against little resistance. WORLD WAR I

June 3, Thursday: German forces retook Przemysl, west of Lemberg (Lvov), after heavy fighting.

British and Indian troops captured Al-Amarah, north of Basra. WORLD WAR I

A federal court in New Jersey found United States Steel not guilty of antitrust violations.

2 new orchestral works were premiered at the Norfolk Festival in Connecticut: Tam O’Shanter, a symphonic ballad by George Whitefield Chadwick and the Piano Concerto no.2 op.126 of Charles Villiers Stanford.

Recessional for chorus, trumpet, and 3 trombones by Arthur William Foote to words of Kipling was performed for the initial time, in Boston.

Ayub Bey, an arch-assassin, left Adana for Aleppo in connection with the organizing of massacres of the Armenians. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

June 4, Friday: Ismail Enver Pasha issued a circular dispatch classified secret and urgent, concerning the deportations of the Armenians.

Anzac troops attack at Cape Helles making small gains and causing 15,000 total casualties.

On this day, and the 2 following ones, German aircraft were bombing English towns. WORLD WAR I

June 7, Monday: British composer Charles Denis Browne was killed in action at Gallipoli.

The 1st convoy of Armenian deportees left Erzinjan toward Kemakh on their way into the Syrian Desert.

The Armenian Prelate of Shabin-Karahisar, Vaghinag Vartabed, was assassinated.

The Armenians of Constantinople appealed to the German and the Austrian Embassies to prevent the deportations and associated outrages, but received no satisfactory reply.

The Armenians arrested in Sivas on April 1st and transported to Angora Province were murdered in the woods of Meshedler-Yeri. The mass slaughter was witnessed by Greek woodcutters who report the news to the Armenians of Sivas.

June 8, Tuesday: The 2d convoy of Armenian deportees from Erzinjan departed for the Syrian Desert.

Anton von Webern was promoted to cadet aspirant (sergeant) at Frohnleiten, near Bruck. He was placed in charge of training recruits aged 37-42.

British and Rhodesian troops captured Bismarcksburg, German East Africa (Tanzania), at the southern end of Lake Tanganyika. WORLD WAR I

June 9, Wednesday: The 3d convoy of Armenians departed from Erzinjan.

3 Armenian medical officers, Dr. Hairanian, Dr. Baghdasar Vartanian, and Dr. Maksud, serving in the Turkish Army, were murdered in the city of Sivas. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

June 10, Thursday: The German garrison at Garoua, Kamerun, southwest of Fort Lamy (N’Djamena), surrendered to a combined British-French force. WORLD WAR I

Beginning on this day, through June 13th, 25,000 Armenians deported from Erzerum province were massacred by Turks at Kemakh. A law enacted by the Ottoman government mandated how the property of arrested Armenians was to be dispositioned.

Francisco Jerónimo de Jesús Lagosw Cházaro replaced Roque Gonzálex Garza as acting President of Mexico.

June 10, Thursday to June 13, Sunday: Over a period of 4 days the Armenians deported from the towns and villages of Erzerum Province would be being slaughtered in a major massacre at Kemakh.

June 13, Sunday: German forces went on the offensive in Galicia. WORLD WAR I

The Turkish War Ministry ordered the seizure of all the domestic animals of the Armenians. The Ministry warned that the permits they had granted to individual Armenians exempting them from the deportations, and safety certificates, were merely temporary and provisional. Instructions concerning procedures for the deportations, urging extreme strictness, were sent to provincial governors. Subhi Bey, assistant to the Undersecretary of the Interior Ministry, asked for a list of Armenians working in the shipyards, docks, and arsenals of the Ministry of the Marine.

25,000 Armenians had been murdered by the 4th day of the Kemakh massacre. The 86th Cavalry Brigade with its officers and the 2nd Reserve Cavalry Division of the Turkish Army had participated in the slaughter.

The 3d convoy of Armenian deportees exited the town of Bayburt.

300 Armenian community leaders were arrested in Shabin-Karahisar.

June 15, Tuesday: 20 members of the Armenian Social Democratic Hnchak Party were publicly hanged in Constantinople, as a signal to the provinces of the Ottoman Empire to intensify their measures. The editors and staff of the leading Armenian newspaper in Constantinople were killed in Diyarkebir (they had been taken into custody on April 24th). 12 leaders of the Armenian community in Sivas were publicly hanged. The Armenians of Shabin-Karahisar organized a defense against chete forces and the regular Turkish Army.

Allied aircraft bombed Karlsruhe, Baden to retaliate against German air raids earlier in the month.

German successes in their Galicia offensive at Lubaczow and Mosciska created a new front line from Zolkiev to Rava-Russka to Lemberg (Lvov). WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

June 16, Wednesday: 3,500 Armenian men were seized in a mass arrest in Sivas Province.

French forces began another offensive in Artois. The 1st day was generally a failure although Moroccan troops did seize the crest of Vimy Ridge. WORLD WAR I

June 17, Friday: The Italian assault begun June 11th halted with no advance.

The German army reached Magierow. WORLD WAR I

Talaat was reported to have declared that he would uproot the internal enemy.

1,213 Armenian men were arrested in Marsovan (Merzifon).

8,500 Armenians withdrew into the ruined castle of Shabin-Karahisar to defend themselves against the Turks.

June 18, Friday: French forces suspend their Artois campaign after capturing 13 square kilometers and losing 100,000 soldiers.

160 Armenian families were deported from Erzinjan by Turkish authorities.

June 19, Sunday: A work composed on commission from the Panama-Pacific International Exposition, Hail! California, by Camille Saint-Saëns, was performed for the initial time, at the exposition in San Francisco, conducted by the composer.

A 2d convoy, composed of 300 Armenian families, exited the city of Erzerum.

June 20, Monday: South African troops entered Omaruru, South West Africa (Namibia), northeast of Windhoek, that had been evacuated by the Germans. WORLD WAR I

June 21, Monday: The governor-general of Aleppo, Jelal Bey, resigned in protest against the deportation order and the massacres of the Armenians.

Talaat sent instructions to prevent the populace from robbing the abandoned goods of the Armenians.

French troops attacked the Turks at Kereves Dere. They gained 180 meters and sustained 8,500 casualties.

Governor John Slaton of Georgia commuted the death sentence of Leo Frank to life in prison, one day before his scheduled execution (Slaton believed Frank to be innocent). HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

June 23, Wednesday: The Interior Ministry advised provincial governors that the Commission on Abandoned Goods will have charge of the resettlement of Turkish Muslim immigrants.

The Interior Ministry advised taking the precaution of separating the convoys of Armenian deportees by a distance amounting to 5 hours travel.

The wholesale arrest of 1,500 Armenian men was carried out in Sivas Province.

The 1st large-scale massacre of Armenian men was transacted outside the town of Harput, a town that stands on a hill in a plain to the east of the Euphrates.

Wholesale arrests were made in Bitlis of the scattered remnant Armenians who had escaped the previous series of massacres.

Massacres of Armenia Christians, Maronites, Nestorians, Europeans, Catholics, and other non-Muslim people in the city of Mardin were carried out under the direct order of Dr. Reshid, the governor-general of Diyarbekir Province.

Italy attacked Austria along the Isonzo River from the Adriatic to Monte Santo (1st Battle of the Isonzo).

British, Indian and African troops captured Bukoba on Lake Victoria and, with the permission of their commander, proceeded to pillage the town.

June 24, Thursday: Roger Sessions was allowed to graduate from Harvard University, although he would not finish his requirements for a Bachelor of Arts until the following year.

The Armenian notables of Trebizond were sent by boat toward Samsun and on the way were heaved, tied together into bundles, into the Black Sea.

June 25, Friday: The massacre of the Armenians in Bitlis by Turkish authorities was carried out under the direct orders of Mustafa Abdulhalik Renda.

The Ottoman Empire issued a decree instructing the 30,000 Armenians in Trebizond to depart from that city within 5 days. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

June 26, Saturday: Turkish authorities ordered the removal of all Armenians from the Harput area. All remaining Armenian men in Sivas were arrested.

A decree issued in Erzerum ordered all Armenians to leave for Syria.

An decree issued in Samsun ordered all Armenians to depart within 15 days.

The Montenegrins entered Scutari, Albania. WORLD WAR I

June 28, Monday: The previously arrested Armenian educators and community leaders in Kharput were taken from prison to be murdered.

British troops captured Ngaundere, Kamerun in the midst of a tornado.

When British forces attacked at Gully Spur, Gallipoli, they advanced a kilometer and lost 3,800 of their number.

June 29, Tuesday: Vartkes and Zohrab, 2 Armenian deputies in the Ottoman Parliament, deported from Constantinople, arrived in custody in Aleppo.

German forces reached Tomaszow. WORLD WAR I

June 30, Wednesday: 6,000 Armenians from Zeitun arrived in the Konia Desert and nearby malarial marshes.

Leslie A. Davies, United States Consul in Harput, wrote a letter to the US Ambassador in Turkey, detailing his 1st-hand knowledge of the genocide of Armenians (on this day 3,000 Armenians deported from the city of Erzerum were being slaughtered).

After a week-long artillery barrage along the Isonzo River front, Italian infantry went on the attack. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

JULY

July: In response to high wartime prices wheat farmers had turned the sod of millions of acres of grassland across the homesteaded plains of what would become America’s Dust Bowl. US yields for the 1st time topped 1,000,000,000 bushels of wheat, despite $100,000,000 damage by newly arrived Hessian flies.

In the course of a vacation in the mosquito-free mountains of Virginia, wealthy unhappily married National Museum entomologist Harrison Gray Dyar, Jr., a specialist in the family Culicidae, became intrigued with a rather unattractive middleaged spinster kindergarten schoolteacher of Washington DC, Miss Wellesca “Aseyeh” Pollock. He would name a newly discovered moth species in her honor — Parasa wellesca:

In Turkey, Behaeddin Shakir, chief of the Special Organization of Erzerum Province, sent a telegram to Nazim HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

Bey Resneli via Sabit Bey, governor-general of Kharput Province, desiring to be informed whether the Armenians he was deporting were being exterminated or merely convoyed.

Behaeddin Shakir ordered the governor-general of Kastamonu Province to begin deportation of the Armenians there.

Mehmet Talât Paşa informed the Ittihad party organization in Malatia that half the loot taken from Armenian families was reserved to the Central Committee of Ittihad in Constantinople, with only the other half distributed to chetes. (On December 12, 1918 the newspaper Sabah would report that each chete in the Malatia area had received 15,000 Turkish pounds.)

Governor-general Reshid Pasha reported to the Interior Ministry that deportation of Armenians from Kastamonu Province had been completed.

Behaeddin Shakir sent a cipher telegram to the governor-general of Adalia Province, Sabur Sami Bey, asking him what steps he was taking at a time, when in Erzerum, Van, Bitlis, Diyarbekir, Sivas, and Trebizond Provinces, not a single Armenian remained because they have all been sent in the direction of Mosul and Der- el-Zor (Deir el-Zor). Sabur sent a copy of the telegram to Talaat to show that he had received these indirect instructions.

The vice-governor of Yozgat District, in Angora Province, reported to the Interior Ministry that 68,000 Armenians had been slain there.

Sabit, the governor-general of Kharput Province, informed the Interior Ministry that the roads were filled with the bodies of women and children but time could not be found to bury them.

“MAGISTERIAL HISTORY” IS FANTASIZING: HISTORY IS CHRONOLOGY

Armenian Genocide “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

July 1, Thursday: 2,000 Armenian soldiers in the Turkish Army being used as laborers near Harput were put to death near the city of Kharput.8

The 1st convoy of Armenian deportees departed from the seaport of Trebizond heading south.

The governor-general of Sivas announced that the 1st convoy of deportees from the city was to leave by July 5th, in groups according to street residence. A total of 48,000 persons were to be deported. The governor, commissioner of police, two parliamentary deputies, the qadi (the chief religious judge), and the mufti (the religious chief) advised the Armenians that they were being resettled for the duration of the war in order to forestall any resistance.

Horatio Parker’s opera Fairyland op.77, to words of Hooker, was performed for the initial time, in Los Angeles. It was the winner of a $10,000 prize from the National Federation of Women’s Clubs.

8. It seems not to be well known that the Turks of the Ottoman Empire accomplished the liquidation of the young-male segment of the Armenian population largely by means of the military draft. Official Turkish accounts acknowledge that concentrating the young men through this conscription enabled the slaughter of about 800,000. Refer to Vahakn Dadrian, THE HISTORY OF THE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE: ETHNIC CONFLICT FROM THE BALKANS TO ANATOLIA TO THE CAUCASUS (Providence RI: Berghahn Books, 1995, page 226). Henry Morgenthau described one such episode in which some 2,000 Armenian “amélés” (“such is the Turkish word for soldiers who have been reduced to workmen”) were dispatched from the city of Harpoot, ostensibly for a road-construction project: The Armenians in that town understood what this meant and pleaded with the Governor for mercy. But this official insisted that the men were not to be harmed, and he even called upon the German missionary, Mr. Ehemann, to quiet the panic, giving that gentleman his word of honour that the ex-soldiers would be protected. Mr. Ehemann believed the Governor and assuaged the popular fear. Yet practically every man of these 2,000 was massacred, and his body thrown into a cave. A few escaped, and it was from these that news of the massacre reached the world. A few days afterward another 2,000 soldiers were sent to Diarbekir. The only purpose of sending these men out in the open country was that they might be massacred. In order that they might have no strength to resist or to escape by flight, these poor creatures were systematically starved. Government agents went ahead on the road, notifying the Kurds that the caravan was approaching and ordering them to do their congenial duty. Not only did the Kurdish tribesmen pour down from the mountains upon this starved and weakened regiment, but the Kurdish women came with butcher’s knives in order that they might gain that merit in Allah’s eyes that comes from killing a Christian. These massacres were not isolated happenings; I could detail many more episodes just as horrible as the one related above. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

July 2, Friday: German troops occupy the fortress at Zamosc but Russian defenders of Krasnik hold off an Austrian attack. WORLD WAR I

The British Parliament passed the Munitions of War Act, which required compulsory arbitration of labor disputes, banned strikes and lockouts, limited profits and placed other restrictions on management and labor.

Turkish and Kurdish paramilitaries began attacks on convoys of Armenians being deported south through Erzinjan.

A bomb destroyed a reception room in the United States Senate. It had been placed by Erich Muenter (AKA Frank Holt), a German instructor at Cornell University.

Bands of 4,000 chetes operating out of the mountains around Erzinjan began daily raids against the southward- bound convoys of Armenian deportees.

A deportation decree was issued in the city of Mush.

Our national birthday, Sunday the 4th of July: An “Americanization Day” was celebrated in Kansas City, Missouri, with 220 new citizens singing “America” and other patriotic songs.

At the foot of the Statue of Liberty, Margaret Wycherly read an “Appeal for Liberty” to a gathering of women suffrage activists.

In San Francisco, California, William Jennings Bryan delivered himself of some thoughts about “Universal Peace.”

From Independence Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the Liberty Bell was leaving on a 6-month tour, at the end of which it was to be put on display at the Panama-Pacific Exposition.

In Paris, 9 members of the French Cabinet attended an Independence Day banquet the American Chamber of Commerce (this was a first). CELEBRATING OUR B-DAY

South African forces took Tsumeb, freeing 600 prisoners of war.

In Turkey, Neshed Pasha went out from Sivas with 3 regiments and artillery to subdue Armenians who were resisting in Shabin-Karahisar. For the record, German diplomats lodged an official protest of the ongoing genocide against the Armenian Christians with the Grand Vizier of Turkey (the Turkish government would make no response whatever to this protest). HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

On this day a telegram was sent, that has survived into our present era in the possession of the Armenian patriarchate of Jerusalem. This archive has never been made accessible to historians but, at the end of the 1960s, its documents would be photographed by an Armenian Catholic monk, Krikor Guerguerian. In a decipherable Turkish Interior Ministry code made up of 4-digit numbers in Arabic lettering, entered on paper with an Ottoman letterhead, this telegraphic record originating with Behaeddin Shakir, a high-level official of the Ottoman Empire in the Turkish city of Erzurum, inquires as to the following: “Are the Armenians who were deported from there [eastern Anatolia] being liquidated? Are the troublesome individuals whom you have reported as having been exiled and expelled been eliminated or merely sent off and deported? Please report honestly.”

July 5, Monday: In Diyarbekir 2,000 Armenian soldiers working in labor corps were slaughtered.

The 1st convoy of Armenian deportees departed from the city of Sivas. Every day for 16 days an average of 400 families would depart, the overwhelming majority to be done to death on route to the Syrian Desert. The final convoy would depart from the city on July 20th.

July 6, Tuesday: By this date up to 1,000 Armenian families had left Trebizond in convoys headed south.

South African troops capture Namutoni, South West Africa (Namibia), 400 kilometers north of Windhoek.

British ships successfully run German shore batteries on the mouth of the Rufiji River, German East Africa (Tanzania), 145 kilometers south of Dar-es-Salaam. WORLD WAR I

On doctor’s advice, Frederick Delius and his wife depart England for Bergen, Norway.

Polonia, a symphonic poem composed by Edward Elgar for the benefit of the Polish Relief Fund, was performed for the initial time, in Queen’s Hall, London.

Erich Muenter (AKA Frank Holt) killed himself while in custody in New York.

July 7, Wednesday: All males of 800 Armenian families in the town of Kharput were slaughtered.

July 8, Thursday: Zaven, Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople, appealed to the Minister of Justice, Ibrahim Bey, about the treatment of the Armenians, and he replied that he couldn’t intervene in matters concerning the War Ministry. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

July 10, Saturday: Turkish soldiers massacred 2,700 Armenians in a 2d massacre at Mardin.

July 11, Sunday: The beginning of a 4-day Turkish massacre in Mush under the combined orders of parliamentary deputy Elias, vice-governor Servet, and Governor-general Mustafa Abdulhalik Renda, Mehmet Talât Paşa’s brother-in-law.

The Interior Ministry directed that the Armenian villages be settled with Muslim immigrants.

British ships destroyed the German battle cruiser Königsberg on the Rufiji River, German East Africa (Tanzania). WORLD WAR I

July 12, Monday: The Turkish government advised all governors-general that Der-el-Zor (Deir el-Zor) District was saturated and that the remainder of the Armenian deportees should therefore be routed to Kirkuk District in northern Iraq, to the south of Aleppo, and to the east of Syria.

Instructions were issued to distribute Armenian orphans to Turkish homes.

July 13, Tuesday: The Muslim holy month of Ramadan began. During this month of Muslim religious observance the greatest concentration and universalization of massacring and murdering of Armenian Christians would occur in every province of Turkey.

The final convoy, containing all the remaining Armenians in Kharput, departed.

Zaven, Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople, was declined an audience with Mehmet Talât Paşa.

July 14, Wednesday: On the 1st Bastille Day since the beginning of the current war, the ashes of Rouget de Lisle, composer of La Marseillaise, were brought to Napoléon’s tomb at Les Invalides in Paris. WORLD WAR I

Ahmed Jemal Pasha,9 Commander of Aleppo’s 4th Army Corps, protested to Dr. Reshid, the governor-general of Diyarbekir Province, about the dumping of dead bodies into the Euphrates River, and advised sanitary burial. From June 22d to July 17th, a period of 25 days, a steady stream of bodies of massacred Armenians had been floating down the Euphrates River.

July 16, Friday: The bodies of Armenians from Kharput Province and Erzerum Province floated down the Euphrates to Jerablus, at which location they were seen and identified by German officers. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

July 18, Sunday: In the region of Dersim, 3,000 Armenian Christians were slaughtered by Turkish Moslems. Almost all of the large Kurdish population of Dersim refused to participate, and sheltered a number of Armenians.

German forces took Krasnostav.

During the early afternoon Italian forces began the 2d Battle of the Isonzo but made only small gains. WORLD WAR I

July 21, Wednesday: 1st day of the Turkish attack on Musa Dagh (Musa Ler in the Armenian language).

Austrians retook Monte San Michele from the Italians.

July 23, Friday: The Italian consul at Trebizond reported about Turkish atrocities against the Armenians that he had personally witnessed.

The 7th anniversary of the 1908 restoration of the liberal Constitution of 1876 was celebrated.

9. Ahmed Jemal [Djemal, Cemal] Pasha (1872-1922) was the overseer of the Armenian Genocide. A graduate of the War Academy, Jemal was posted in 1898 to the Third Army in Salonika where the new captain joined the underground movement of Ottoman officers known as the Committee of Union and Progress (Young Turks, Jöntürkler), which was opposed to the regime of Sultan Abdul-Hamid (Abdulhamit) II. He used his position as a military inspector and staff officer to spread the CUP network in Thrace. By the time of the 1908 Young Turk Revolution, Jemal was one of the leaders of the movement and was soon on the executive committee of the CUP. He rejoined his military unit to help suppress the April 1909 counter-revolution. Thereafter he served in a succession of military and administrative posts as the CUP’s main trouble-shooter across the Ottoman Empire. In August 1909 he was appointed vali (governor-general) of Adana after the massacre of Armenians in the province. He came to prominence with the January 1913 CUP coup d'etat, which he helped engineer. Thereupon he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant-general, given command of the First Army based in Istanbul and made military governor of the city, where he also brutally suppressed the liberal opposition. In December 1913 he joined the CUP cabinet as Minister of Works. His appointment as Minister of the Navy in February 1914 placed the key Ottoman ministries in the hands of the CUP and signaled the complete consolidation of power by the Young Turk dictatorial triumvirate of Enver, Mehmet Talât Paşa and Jemal. From the time of the Ottoman entry into WWI in November 1914 until December 1917, Jemal was stationed in Damascus as commander of the Fourth Army and served simultaneously as military governor of Syria including the regions of Palestine and Hijaz (Arabia). He led unsuccessful campaigns in 1915 and 1916 against the British in Egypt by advancing on the Suez Canal. Before the British turned the tide, Jemal’s administration of Syria had devastated the civilian population in the region. Arab nationalists were summarily hanged, Zionists were persecuted and steps taken to remove Jewish settlements, grain requisitions in Lebanon had driven the populace to the brink of starvation. These calamities, however, paled in comparison to the destruction of the deported Armenian population carried out in Syria during Jemal's rule. By virtue of the fact that he controlled all the resources and the agencies of government in Syria, Jemal had oversight over the final leg of the deportation of the Armenians and the extermination of the surviving population. By mid-1915 Syria was dotted with concentration camps where the weaker members of the Armenian population were starved to death and where the still able-bodied were employed as virtual slave laborers on construction projects, the most notorious being the Baghdad rail line then still to be laid through the mountain passes of northern Syria. Lastly, the infamous killing sites of Rakka, Ras ul-Ain, and Deir el-Zor were locations in his jurisdiction. In this respect, of the Young Turk triumvirs who conspired and executed the Armenian Genocide, Jemal held responsibility as the final enforcer of the secret plan of extermination. With the surrender of the Ottomans in 1918, Jemal joined Enver and Talaat in flight, first to Berlin, then to Switzerland and Russia. He made contact with the Bolsheviks in Moscow who facilitated his travel to Afghanistan, where he reorganized the Afghan army to carry on the fight against the British. In the meantime he was tried in absentia by a military tribunal in Istanbul, found guilty of war crimes and sentenced to death. While in Moscow, he also established contact with Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and assisted Enver's uncle, Halil, who negotiated on Kemal's behalf for a supply of arms, ammunition and gold from the Bolsheviks. Jemal was assassinated in Tbilisi in 1922 by two Armenians on his trail. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

July 24, Saturday: Mehmet Talât Paşa sends instructions to Urfa, Der-el-Zor (Deir el-Zor), and Diyarbekir to bury the bodies of Armenians who fell by the roadside rather than throw them into ditches, lakes, or rivers.

Between this day and August 1st, the registration and classification of Armenian prisoners from Sivas would be being carried out. This was done in accordance with a Turkish directive in general circulation.

British and Indian troops captured An Nasiriya northwest of Basra, in fierce hand-to-hand fighting.

Paul Hindemith signed a contract as violinist in the Frankfurt Opera.

When the topheavy Eastland, a chartered Great Lakes excursion steamer, rolled over in the Chicago River, of the 2,572 Western Electric employees and their family members aboard, 812 died.

TIMELINE OF ACCIDENTS

One reason why this vessel was so top-heavy was that just recently it had been equipped with lifeboats.

July 28, Wednesday: A 4th British-French assault on Turkish defenders near Krithia failed.

An angry mob stormed the French legation in Port-au-Prince, Haiti and forcibly removed President Sam, whom they discovered hiding under a bed. The president was thrown over a wall to Haitian citizens who literally tore him to shreds, making his various body parts the central attraction of a parade through the streets of the capital. American admiral William B. Caperton disembarked from his gunboat, USS Washington, in Port-au-Prince harbor, and at the head of a contingent of US Marines, took control of the government, beginning what would turn out to be our longest and least satisfactory Caribbean intervention (until August 15th, Wednesday, 1934). US MILITARY INTERVENTIONS

The governor-general of Erzerum Province reported widespread looting and rape of Armenians. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

The Interior Ministry issued a circular telegram instructing that Muslims be settled in the large Armenians villages.

The deportation of the Armenians of the town of Aintab began.

The deportation of the Armenians of the town of Kilis began.

The deportation of the Armenians of the town of Adiaman began.

Professor Kakig Ozanian of the American College and others from Marsovan (Merzifon), together with the Armenians community leader Dikran Diranian and others from Samsun, were transported to the prisons of Sivas to be killed.

July 30, Friday: The withdrawal of the Russian Army from the city of Van began.

Arthur Honegger began his training for the Swiss armed forces.

There was a mass arrest of Armenians in the city of Angora (Ankara). Those detained would be slaughtered by the Turkish authorities on the following day at a place 6 hours distance from the city.

Haicke Janssen and Willem Roos, German spies, were executed by firing squad in the moat area of the Tower of London. Janssen was strapped into the wooden chair at 6AM and his corpse had been removed and replaced by the living body of Roos by 6:10AM. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

July 31, Saturday: The Armenians arrested on the previous day in Angora (Ankara) were on this day slaughtered by the Turkish authorities at a place 6 hours distance from the city.

Alongside of them, the Armenian community leaders of Constantinople who had been imprisoned in Ayash and Chankri were likewise slaughtered.

Suite Característica for strings by Heitor Villa-Lobos was performed for the initial time, at a concert of the Sociedade de Concêrtos Sinfônicos, Rio de Janeiro. Reviews were generally positive. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

AUGUST

August 1, Sunday: The deportation of 25,000 Armenians from Adabazar, near Constantinople, began.

20,000 Armenian deportees arrived in Aleppo.

Mass torture was inflicted on 500 Armenians in the prisons of Adabazar.

August 2, Monday: Ambassador Henry Morgenthau would report that on this day Mehmet Talât Paşa told him that the Ittihad Committee had carefully considered in all its details the matter of crushing the Armenians, and that the policy which was being pursued was that which had been officially adopted. He also told Morgenthau that the deportations were not the result of hasty decisions but of careful and prolonged deliberation. Talaat, moreover, indicated that 3/4ths of the Armenians had already been disposed of, none being left alive in Bitlis, Van, or Erzerum.

During the 6 following nights, the Armenian prisoners, most of them intellectuals, who were being held in Gok-Medrese in Sivas (a Seljuk structure in use as a temporary prison), would be being taken out and killed.

August 3, Tuesday: 150,000 Armenian deportees arrived in Aleppo from various unspecified places.

4,500 Armenian deportees from Seghert and 2,000 deportees from Mezre arrived near Aleppo.

15,000 Armenians arrived in Der-el-Zor (Deir el-Zor).

In response to unofficial German protests about large-scale murders, rapes, and tortures inflicted on the Armenian deportees on the highways, which was making a bad impression among the Americans, a circular telegram was sent advising against the attack or rape of Armenians while they were near highways.

Officials were instructed to not appropriate the “abandoned goods” of the Armenians for their personal use.

60,000 Armenian deportees from unspecified places arrived near Aleppo.

The 2d Battle of the Isonzo was broken off as both sides run out of artillery ammunition. There was no strategic result. WORLD WAR I

Harry Partch entered high school in Alberquerque, New Mexico. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

August 4, Wednesday: Russian troops evacuated Warsaw but took up defensive positions on the north side of the Vistula River. WORLD WAR I

Mehmet Talât Paşa sent a circular telegram to all governors and officials, that he was expecting accountability for all Armenian “abandoned goods.”

August 6, Friday: Dr. David Starr Jordan’s “The Long Cost of War” appeared in Science (Vol. 42, No. 1075, New Series: 189-190).

In the afternoon, British and Anzacs attacked at Cape Helles causing 11,000 casualties but making no appreciable gains. Simultaneous Anzac attacks from Anzac Cove brought modest success with 10,000 total casualties. At 10PM, British troops landed at Suvla Bay (Büyük Kemiki Burun) on the west of the peninsula and began moving inland without opposition. WORLD WAR I

18 Armenians were publicly hanged in the town of Everek near Kayseri.

August 8, Sunday: At the entrance to the Gulf of Riga, Russians defeated a German fleet of 9 battleships and 12 cruisers. WORLD WAR I

British submarine E-11 sank Turkish battleship Barbarossa Harradin in the Dardanelles.

Baron von Wangenheim, German ambassador to Turkey, protested the Armenian massacre to Minister of the Interior Mehmet Talât Paşa, to no avail.

Anzacs reached the summit of Chunuk Bair, which overlooked their positions on Gallipoli, but were forced to withdraw. That night the British in Suvla Bay attacked but were beaten back.

Pianist Maria Janotha, who had for some years based her career in Britain, was deported as a German.

August 8 to August 12: The Armenian intellectuals imprisoned in the Sifahdiye Medrese (a Muslim religious school) in Sivas were being taken out from the city and murdered. There were 36 extermination centers in the area of Sivas. 5,000 Armenian intellectuals imprisoned in the Gok Medrese and the Sifahdiye Medrese, both Seljuk structures in use as temporary prisons, were taken to these 36 execution centers and murdered. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

August 10, Tuesday: A surprise Turkish counterattack from Sari Bair on Gallipoli forced the Allies to withdraw with 12,000 casualties. Among the dead soldiers lay the corpse of physicist Henry Moseley, who had made fundamental discoveries about the structure of the atom. WORLD WAR I

All the Armenians of Chorum were deported via Boghazli and Bozanti with the Syrian Desert, purportedly, as their ultimate destination.

A circular telegram called for the registration of all Muslim creditors of the Armenians.

CHANGE IS ETERNITY, STASIS A FIGMENT

August 11, Wednesday: Instructions were issued that some Turkish settlers be sent via Angora, Sivas, and Kayseri to Kharput, and others be sent via Konia (Konya) and Adana to Diyarbekir.

Armenian women married to Turks were deprived of the right of inheritance.

The last of 84 Armenian intellectuals, who were brought to the Ayash prison and who over the course of the weeks had been being taken out at various times in small groups to be murdered, was murdered. The longest- held had been in prison in Ayash for 105 days before being taken out to be murdered.

In New York State, the Peace Pipe, a cantata for baritone solo, chorus, and orchestra by Frederick S. Converse, was performed for the initial time.

August 12, Thursday: OF HUMAN BONDAGE by W. Somerset Maugham was published in London.

This was the end of the Muslim holy month of Ramadan. It was the 1st day of the 3-day holiday of Bairam. Since these were 3 days set aside for rest, no massacres would be carried out until August 15th. Enver filed a report that to date 200,000 Armenians had been massacred. In Aleppo Province 200,000 Armenian deportees were reported as being in transit to the desert.

Boghos Nubar, a leading Armenian from Egypt who had never been in Turkey, but who had been instrumental in Paris in pressing Turkey to introduce reforms in the Armenian provinces, was tried for treason in absentia by a Turkish court martial and sentenced to death.

Deportation of the Armenians of Izmid (Izmit), Baghchejik (Bardizag), Bursa, and Adabazar began. Instructions were issued to prevent such deportees from coming to rest near any military installation. Armenian Genocide “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

August 13, Friday: Between this day and August 17th, 15,000 Armenians would be taken out of the Central Prison of the city of Sivas, where many Armenian intellectuals, political leaders, and leading men of the villages surrounding Sivas had been imprisoned, and massacred in the 36 extermination centers of the region.

Instructions were sent out to the Turkish Moslem committees that were in charge of liquidating the “abandoned goods” of the Armenian Christians, as to precisely how to deposit the funds obtained through such activities.

August 14, Saturday: The 3d and final day of the public holiday of Bairam among the Turkish Moslems of Azerbaijan.

Alban Berg reported for an Army medical examination in Vienna and was found fit to serve. WORLD WAR I

August 16, Monday: Armenian journalist Rupen Zartarian of the Dashnak Party was killed.

50,000 Armenian deportees were observed on the road from Bozanti to Aleppo.

Alban Berg reported for military service in Vienna. WORLD WAR I

When a large number of men invaded the prison at Milledgeville, Georgia and abducted the Jewish prisoner Leo Frank, they were not resisted by the prison guards.

August 18, Wednesday: The New York Times reported on a plan for the destruction of the entire Armenian nation.

Alma (Schindler) Mahler, the widow of Gustav Mahler, got married with the architect Walter Gropius, now a lieutenant in the German army, in Berlin. On the following morning he would return to the front.

German forces took Kovno. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

August 19, Thursday: 250 Armenians were killed in the city of Urfa in a massacre by Turks inaugurating the first attempt to uproot the Armenians of Urfa. The Armenians of Urfa began the defense of their city.

Lord Bryce reported that 500,000 Armenians had been murdered in Turkey.

German forces captured Kaunas.

German forces captured Novo-Georgiewsk (Modlin) and 90,000 Russian prisoners.

Turks attacked the Armenians of Urfa, killing 250 despite the fact that the Armenians put up a defense.

The White Star liner Arabic was sunk by a German submarine off Fastnet Rock, the most southerly point of Ireland, with the loss of 44 of the 423 passengers and crew, 2 of whom were American citizens. WORLD WAR I

August 20, Friday: For the 2d time in 4 years, Italy declared war on the Ottoman Empire. WORLD WAR I

(Not because of the Armenians, just because, you know, Turkey.)

August 21, Saturday: The War Ministry requisitioned for the military 41 kinds of articles of merchandise from the Armenians.

A general order was issued for the liquidation of the inventories of the closed commercial stores of the Armenians.

British troops attacked Scimitar Hill while combined British-Anzac troops attacked W Hills on Gallipoli. Both failed. WORLD WAR I

August 22, Sunday: Nearer, my God, to Thee, for winds by Carl Nielsen, was performed for the initial time, the composer conducting (the work honored the memory of those lost in the sinking of the Titanic).

August 23, Monday: Eleftherios Kiriakou Venizelos replaced Demetrios Gounarisas Prime Minister of Greece.

Massacres of Armenians by Turks happened for a 2d time in Urfa. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

August 25, Wednesday: German occupying forces established a Polish government in Warsaw. General Hans Hartwig von Beseler was named governor-general.

Brest-Litovsk, a Russian fortress, was captured by the Austro-Germans. WORLD WAR I

The War Ministry requisitioned all soap found in the homes and stores of the deported Armenians.

August 26, Thursday: German forces captured Brest-Litovsk. WORLD WAR I

President Woodrow Wilson reversed earlier policy to begin to allow private loans to belligerent nations.

The overture to Ethel Smyth’s unperformed opera “The Boatswain’s Mate” was performed for the initial time, in Queen’s Hall, London.

Armenian poet Daniel Varoujan, together with the poet physician Rupen Sevak and others, incarcerated in the Ayash prison, were murdered by chetes operating on orders from Jemal Oguz. They were taken into a woods and tied naked to trees. Then they were cut up slowly with knives. Their screams could be heard from a great distance.

60,000 deported Armenians in the Aleppo area were ordered to depart toward Hawran, an Arab district in northern Trans-Jordan.

The Armenian Catholics in Angora were arrested.

Instructions were issued forbidding the purchase of property from Armenian deportees. The Turkish War Ministry requisitioned for its military supply depots all wood, coal, and copper found in the homes and stores of deported Armenians.

August 28, Saturday: Ferruccio Busoni ended his 4th tour of the United States, sailing for Europe.

The Armenian students of the Sanasarian Academy in the city of Sivas were murdered by the Turks of the town of Gemerak some 30 miles southwest of Sivas.

Italian forces reached Cima Cista, to the north-east of Trent. WORLD WAR I

August 31, Tuesday: Lutsk, a Russian fortress, was captured by the Austrians. WORLD WAR I

Talaat advised German ambassador Prince Ernst Hohenlohe-Langenburg that “the Armenian Question” was no longer a question (Hohenlohe had assumed the German ambassadorship on July 20th). HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

SEPTEMBER

September: During this month Ezra Pound would mention in a letter that he was starting work on what would eventually become his CANTOS: “I am also at work on a cryselephantine poem of immeasurable length which will occupy me for the next four decades unless it becomes a bore.”10

General Vehib Pasha would, in the course of a postwar courts martial, reveal that during this month Behaeddin Shakir had assembled murderous cutthroats and deployed them in the 3d Army Zone, that is, in the 6 eastern or Armenian provinces of Turkey.

September 2, Thursday: German forces took Grodno (Belarus), west of Minsk, and attacked Vilna (Vilnius). WORLD WAR I

4,750 Armenians were murdered in Jezire.

September 3, Friday: 10,000 survivors from the Armenians deported from Bursa and Izmid (Izmit) arrived in Konia (Konya).

The New York Times reported that Izmid (Izmit) had been put to the torch and the Armenians massacred.

15,000 Armenian deportees were reported at Eskishehir, 5,000 at Alayund, and 2,000 at Chai.

September 6, Monday: At Pless, Germany, Bulgaria signed a pact committing it to enter the war on the side of the Central Powers, for which it was to receive Serbian Macedonia and part of Serbia as well as a port on the Adriatic and small concessions from Turkey.

US newspapers published secret documents captured by the British, outlining Austrian and German plans for sabotage against US industries.

Czar Nicholas of Russia assumed command of the Russian armies. Grand Duke Nicholas was transferred to the Caucasus. WORLD WAR I

In Marsovan (Merzifon), of the group of 62 Armenian girls who had been rescued by American missionaries, by this date only 21 remained (21 others having been abducted by Muslim Turks).

10. His CANTOS became an epic poem, in 120 sections. Its approximately 800 pages are a blend of personal experiences and reminiscences with historical detail, politics, and economics, intertwingled with classical allusions to Greek mythology, to the Italian Renaissance, and to the history of China. Its topics include his personal pet hobby horses — the pernicious influence of organized religion, the monopoly by Western banks of credit and interest rates, and, unfortunately, his antisemitic conspiracy theories. If you don’t have the time and motivation to make an exceedingly close study of such materials, perhaps it would be better if you simply kept yourself away from them. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

The Interior Ministry ordered all Armenian schools to be placed at the disposal of Turkish authorities.

Massacres of Armenians were carried out in Yozgat District.

The War Ministry instructed that the goods requisitioned from the Armenians were to be distributed to the Third, Fourth, and Iraq Armies.

The second Liquidation Commission of Armenians in Kayseri was organized.

September 7, Tuesday: Turks carried out massacres of Armenians in Yozgat district.

September 8, Wednesday: 5,000 Armenian deportees were reported at Bozanti.

British troops gave up their attempt to take Mora, Kamerun.

The United States loaned $500,000,000 to Great Britain and France. WORLD WAR I

September 10, Friday: On the 53rd day of the Armenian defense in Musa Dagh, 4,058 persons were rescued by 3 English and 1 French warship, that would transport the survivors to Port Said in Egypt.

September 11, Saturday: 6,000 Armenian deportees in transit left Adana in the direction of Der-el-Zor (Deir el-Zor).

September 12, Sunday: A 5th Army notice advised that Islamization of Armenian soldiers was the responsibility of the civilian authorities.

11,000 Allied troops began a march from Ali al Gharbi to take Kut in temperatures reaching 50 degrees. WORLD WAR I

A study of prisoners in Jackson, Mississippi by Dr. Joseph Goldberger proved that the cause of pellagra was dietary and that it was not contagious.

September 13, Monday: The Turkish Red Crescent Society asked that all cotton goods, and other necessities, be granted to the organization from the “abandoned goods” of the Armenian deportees. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

September 14, Tuesday: Professor Ezra Ripley Thayer, 50-year-old father of 11-year-old Ethel Randolph Thayer (Polly Thayer Starr), disappeared from the family home at 77 Bay State Road, Cambridge.

The New York Times reported the slaughter of 350,000 Armenians. The survivors of Musa Dagh arrived in Port Said.

September 15, Wednesday: In a circular letter Mehmet Talât Paşa explained that the real intention of sending the Armenians to the Der-el-Zor (Deir el-Zor) Desert had been to annihilate them.

The Czech External Committee was established in Paris. WORLD WAR I

Lament for orchestra by Frank Bridge was performed for the initial time, in Queen’s Hall, London, the composer conducting.

September 16, Thursday: The body of Ezra Ripley Thayer, father of 11-year-old Ethel Randolph Thayer (Polly Thayer Starr), was found in the Charles River not far from the family home at 77 Bay State Road. This would be regarded as suicide, since he had been suffering for several years from such insomnia and acute depression that he had not been teaching his classes at the Harvard Law School or attending to his duties as its Dean (fellow Professor Roscoe Pound would take up his deanship and an Ezra Ripley Thayer Professorship would be created in his memory).

The nation of Haiti in the Caribbean, in effect in receivership due to disfunction, was by treaty transformed into a virtual protectorate of the United States. Sorta like Cuba.

The Russian Duma was prorogued.

German troops captured Pinsk. WORLD WAR I

Talaat sent instructions by circular telegram to mete out the same fate to Armenian women and children, that had been being meted out to Armenian men. A circular dispatch was issued advising caution against the looting of the property of foreigners, making special mention of the property of the Singer Sewing Machine Company. A telegram went out to Ali Suad Bey, Governor of Der-el-Zor (Deir el-Zor), explaining his responsibilities.

September 17, Friday: A circular telegram instructed all Turkish district attorneys to sign and seal the account books cataloging the properties seized from Armenians.

September 18, Saturday: German forces captured Vilna (Vilnius), taking 50,000 casualties. WORLD WAR I

In Aleppo, Nuri and Ali Bey consulted about the prospective massacre of the few Armenians who were still surviving in the harsh conditions of the Syrian Desert at Der-el-Zor (Deir el-Zor). HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

September 21, Tuesday: A Turkish circular telegram authorized the seizure of all Armenian schools and authorized their placement under the control of local education committees.

French artillery bombardment began in Champagne. WORLD WAR I

September 22, Wednesday: King Ferdinand ordered the mobilization of the Bulgarian army. WORLD WAR I

The Turkish government requested weekly updates on the number of Armenians killed.

The War Ministry requisitioned for the use of the Turkish army all wood and coal in the homes and stores of Armenian deportees.

September 23, Thursday: The Turka massacred some 300 Armenians at Urfa.

11,000 Armenian deportees from 26 different villages were observed at Afiyon-Karahisar.

September 24, Friday: The vice-governor of Bolu, Mufid, wired the Interior Ministry that the Armenians of Bolu were about to be deported.

The local Turkish Ittihad Secretary informed the Interior Ministry that 61,000 Armenians had been deported up to that point from Chankri and Angora. He also reported that the Turkish Muslims of Angora Province were worshiping the Ittihad Party and its government for their committed deeds and that the same could be achieved in Bolu if such measures were taken there as well. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

September 27, Monday: 2d Lieutenant John Kipling, only son of Rudyard Kipling, was mortally wounded at Loos.

Sergeant Léo Latil of the French 67th Infantry, a budding poet, was killed in action in Champagne. At that moment his good friend Darius Milhaud was crossing the Place de Villiers and felt a sharp pain and thought of Léo. Milhaud would dedicate his String Quartet no.3 to the memory of Léo Latil. WORLD WAR I

The Turkish Interior Ministry by circular telegram ordered the deportation of all Armenian women, children, and the sick.

September 28, Tuesday: The German ambassador in the United States of America, Johann Heinrich Count von Bernstorff, suggested that the stories about massacres in Turkey could only be fabrications.

A circular telegram advised that all Armenian property now belonged to the Turkish government.

The Turkish governor-general of Diyarbekir Province, Dr. Reshid, reported to the Interior Ministry that more than 120,000 Armenians had been deported from Diyarbekir Province.

French troops reached the German reserve lines in Champagne west of Tahure but could not break through. WORLD WAR I

September 25, Saturday: At 7AM British forces sent 150 tons of chlorine toward the Germans, then went over the top at Loos. They managed to push the Germans back to their secondary defense line. At 9:15AM French forces attacked along a 30-kilometer front in Champagne.

At noon French forces attacked along a 30-kilometer front in Artois. The combined assault makes small gains, capturing Souchez, but then was pushed back with vigor.

Fritz Jürgens, 27-year-old German composer, was killed in action in Champagne. WORLD WAR I

Robert Rudolph Hindemith, father of Paul Hindemith, died in Belgium.

In Kayseri alone, 24 Armenians schools were requisitioned in 4 days.

The Sanitation Division of Turkey’s War Ministry requisitioned all the medical implements and pharmaceuticals held by Armenians (cleanliness is next to extermination).

September 26, Sunday: A Law on Abandoned Goods was ratified by the Ottoman Senate legalizing ex post facto the looting by the government of the properties of the Armenians.

British forces continued to attack at Loos across open fields into German machine gun fire. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

September 29, Wednesday: By this date 10,000 Armenian deportees had arrived at Afiyon-Karahisar, 50,000 had arrived at Konia (Konya), and 10,000 had arrived at Intille (Intili), while 150,000 were reported at Katma.

After a 3-day battle, British and Indian troops took Kut al Imara (Al Kut), southeast of Baghdad.

A socialist conference in Zimmerwald, Switzerland calls for and end to the imperialist war.

Rudi Stephan, a 28-year-old German neo-classical composer, was killed in action on the Russian front near Tarnopol. WORLD WAR I

Robert Brownell died in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. The body was placed in section 17 of the East Harrisburg Cemetery (no stone bearing his name is to be seen).

September 30, Thursday: The Armenian deportees from Yalova, Angora, and Kastomuni (Kastamoni) were numbered at 250,000.

French commanders suspended attacks in Champagne and Artois. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

OCTOBER

October 1, Friday: French troops make slight gains attacking Vimy Ridge, south of Souchez. WORLD WAR I

US Secretary of State Robert Lansing delivered a note to German Ambassador Bernstorff relating to the massacres of the Armenians.

The governor-general of Sivas Province, Ahmed Muammer, traveled to Amasia and elsewhere to inspect the completion and effect of the massacres of Armenians in preparation for Talaat’s inspection trip.

600 Armenian orphan boys were Turkified in Herek.

October 4, Monday: William Grant Still, a student at Wilberforce College, got married with Grace Bundy.

The Turkish Interior Ministry advised against the opening of orphanages and thereby needlessly prolonging the difficult and painful lives of Armenian children. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

October 7, Thursday: By this date the number of deported Armenians still living was estimated at 360,000 minimum, and the number of Armenians dead was estimated at 800,000 minimum.

$75,000 was collected in the United States for relief for the Armenian deportees.

In the British House of Lords a general discussion of the Armenian situation took place. Lord Bryce, Lord Crewe, and Lord Cromer condemned the Turkish barbarities.

Austro-Hungarian and German forces attacked across the Danube into Serbia. WORLD WAR I

Unhappy with the pro-Allies policy, King Konstaninos replaced Eleftherios Kiriakou Venizelos with Alexandros Thrasivoulou Zaimis as Prime Minister of Greece.

October 8, Friday: Mehmet Talât Paşa requested that provincial officials provide him with the documents that would prove Armenian “treason” in “justification” of the Turkish massacres.

October 10, Sunday: 45 Armenians were arrested in Adrianople (Edirne) by Turkish authorities, and 1,600 deported. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

October 12, Tuesday: 6AM. In Belgium, Germans executed English nurse Edith Cavell by firing squad, whose only crime had been tending to wounded British soldiers and helping them get back home. Executed next to her was Philippe Baucq, an architect who had assisted her.11 WORLD WAR I

Orders were issued forbidding Turkish men to intermarry with Armenian women.

October 13, Wednesday: Over the following 4 days, 9,600 Armenians would be transported by rail from Konia south to detention camps. In Berlin it was announced that a story that was going around, a story having to do with “Armenian massacres,” was merely an Allied fabrication.

London was bombarded by Zeppelins killing 55 and injuring 114. WORLD WAR I

October 17, Sunday: France declared war on Bulgaria. WORLD WAR I

Over the following 5 days 9,850 Armenians would be being transported by rail from Konia south to detention camps.

October 18, Monday: A 3d battle along the Isonzo River began with an Italian artillery barrage. WORLD WAR I

The Turkish governor-general of Sivas Province, Ahmed Muammer Bey, inspected the carrying out of his orders for the deportation and destruction of the Armenians in the province, in anticipation of Talaat’s inspection trip which was shortly thereafter to occur.

A large public gathering to protest the massacres of the Armenians by the Turkish government was held in the Century Theater in New York. Rabbi Wise, B. Cochrane, Dr. Barton, and H. Holt were the main speakers.

Mufti Zade Zia, a Turkish propagandist, writing in New York City, characterized the Armenians as traitors.

October 22, Friday: The German advance in Serbia was brought to a halt. WORLD WAR I

Representatives of the Bohemian National Alliance and the Slovak League signed the Cleveland Agreement calling for the union of Czechs and Slovaks in an independent federative state.

The Turkish Embassy in Washington DC accused the Armenians of treason against the Ottoman Empire.

11. Some would consider helping wounded men get back home to be an unproblematic hobby. Some would consider shooting nurses and architects to be unsportsmanlike. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

October 25, Monday: Halil Bey of Menteshe, the Vice-President of the Turkish Chamber of Deputies and president of the State Council, became Minister of Foreign Affairs.

Instructions were issued requesting that within the week documents be sent to the Interior Ministry indicting the Armenian people as traitors.

Italians broadened their front and drove toward Gorizia. WORLD WAR I

October 27, Wednesday: 20,000 Armenian deportees were reported in Konia (Konya) on this date.

William Morris Hughes replaced Andrew Fisher as prime minister of Australia.

October 28, Thursday: Eine Alpensinfonie by Richard Strauss was performed for the initial time, in Berlin, the composer conducting. The critics don’t like it.

Numerous Armenian families were deported from Adrianople (Edirne) at midnight without prior notice upon the order of Turkish Acting Governor-general Zekerie.

Per earlier instructions sent by Mehmet Talât Paşa, 80,000 Armenian deportees left the Konia (Konya) station for Bozanti on this date on their way to their “final destination.” These 80,000 were deportees from cities near Constantinople and from the Armenian communities in the western parts of Turkey.

October 31, Sunday: Marche militaire for piano by Enrique Granados was performed for the initial time, in Barcelona.

A bulletin was issued to point out that the Turkish special measures being taken against the Armenians should be conducted only in places that were out of sight of foreigners — and especially, out of sight of those United States consuls, with their attitudes.

Instructions were issued for the Turkish trial by court martial of any Armenian reporting the events of the deportations to any foreigner. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

NOVEMBER

November 3, Wednesday: Doctor Schacht, a German army physician stationed near the village of Der-el-Zor (Deir el- Zor), reported counting 7,000 severed Armenian heads (skulls) in Sabgha District near the Euphrates River.

A combined British-French force took Tibati, Kamerun, northeast of Yaounde.

Arnold Schoenberg was once again called up for military service.

November 4, Thursday: The German consul in Mosul reported that Halil Pasha’s soldiers had massacred the Armenians north of Mosul and were preparing to massacre the Armenians in the city of Mosul.

The Champagne and Artois campaigns came to a halt. Total casualties: 176,000.

The 3d Battle of the Isonzo ended without strategic result. Total casualties: 109,000.

String Quartet no.2 by Frank Bridge was performed for the initial time, in Aeolian Hall, London.

November 5, Friday: The Germans surrendered Banyo, Kamerun, north of Yaounde, to the British.

Bulgarian forces captured Nis, Serbia.

The 1st concert of the Sociedad Nacional de Música took place in Buenos Aires.

Nish, the Serbian war capital, was captured by the Bulgarians. WORLD WAR I

On this date 10,000 Armenian deportees were reported in Bozanti, 20,000 in Tarsus, 40,000 in Islahiye, and 50,000 in Katma. 150,000 were reported scattered between Adana and Aleppo crossing the Amanos Range. 20,000 were reported in Adana.

November 6, Saturday: German forces took Krusvac.

After a month of training camp in the Austro-Hungarian army at Bruck an der Leitha, Alban Berg suffered acute asthma attacks and a bronchial catarrh. He was immediately hospitalized.

Sinfonietta op.5 for orchestra by Sergei Prokofiev was performed for the initial time, in Moscow. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

November 7, Sunday: Stephanos Skouloudis, a neutralist, replaced Alexandros Thrasivoulou Zaimis as Prime Minister of Greece.

German forces took Aleksinac, Serbia.

A German or Austrian U-boat sank the Italian ocean liner Ancona off Cape Carbonara, Sardinia, killing 272.

November 8, Monday: Turkish authorities again made preparations to deport the 200,000 Armenians of Constantinople.

November 10, Tuesday: A 4th battle along the Isonzo River began between Italian and Austro-Hungarian forces, between Plava and Doberdo.

Etudes by Claude Debussy were performed for the 1st time, at the Société National de Musique, Paris.

November 11, Thursday: Jemal Pasha, as Turkish commander of Syria, sought to court-martial the dean of the Realschule in Aleppo and other German signatories of the protest of October 15th, for having publicized the Armenian events in Cilicia.

British and colonial forces took Zor, advancing on Baghdad.

November 12, Friday: Great Britain annexed the Gilbert and Ellice Islands (Kiribati and Tuvalu).

November 13, Saturday: A London court determined that THE RAINBOW, by D.H. Lawrence, was obscene.

Several works by Heitor Villa-Lobos were performed for the initial time, in the Salão Nobre da Associção do Empregados do Comércio, Rio de Janeiro, in the 1st concert made up entirely of his music: Valsa Scherzo op.17 for piano, Berceuse op.50 for violin or cello and piano, the Sonata Fantasia no.2 for violin and piano, and five songs for solo voice and piano: Confidência to words of Bastos de carvalho, Mal secreto to words of Correa, Fleur fanée to words of Gallay, A virgem to words of de Quental, and A cegonha to words of Teôfilo. Although reviews were mixed, this was the 1st major performance of the works of Villa-Lobos and catapulted him onto the national musical scene.

20,000 Armenian deportees were reported in the Hawran District of Trans-Jordan. (On November 15, 1918, only 450 of this group of 20,000 were reported alive.)

On this date, 10,000 Armenian deportees were reported in Intille (Intili) and 150,000 deportees were reported in Katma living under terrible conditions, disease-wracked and starving. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

November 14, Sunday: The Anglican and the Orthodox Churches asked President Woodrow Wilson to pressure the German government to intervene with the Turkish government to stop the massacre of the Armenians.

The Czech External Committee became the Czech National Council in Paris. It would be recognized by the Allies as the authority to speak for the Czech people.

Enrique Granados played what would prove to be his final public performance at his home in Barcelona. He played the a minor piano concerto of Edvard Grieg.

November 15, Monday: Winston Churchill resigned as First Lord of the Admiralty.

German Charge d’affaires Baron Konstantin von Neurath welcomed the new ambassador, Paul, Count von Wolff-Metternich, who would represent Imperial Germany until October 3d, 1916. The Charge d’affaires had been in charge of the German diplomatic representation in Turkey since October 2, 1915, when Prince Ernst zu Hohenlohe-Langenburg had departed.

November 16, Tuesday: The fields in Bakche District were reported littered with the corpses of many thousands of Armenians who had starved while being deported through here.

November 17, Wednesday: Sir Robert Cecil protested the Turkish charge that the massacres were a response to an Armenian revolt, and charged that they were the result of a premeditated plan on the part of the Turkish government.

Italian artillery began to shell the city of Görz (Gorizia). HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

November 18, Thursday: In Haiti, US Marine Major Smedley D. Butler led an attack on Fort Riviere. This would produce a 2d Congressional Medals of Honor.

Major Butler would be proud of himself until he got thoroughly sick of himself.

A circular telegram was sent ordering the deportation of Armenian children.

Mehmet Talât Paşa left Constantinople for an inspection tour in Anatolia. He would return on December 18th.

Piano Sonata no.8 op.66 by Alyeksandr Skryabin was performed for the initial time, in Petrograd.

Apple-Blossom-Time for piano by Arnold Bax was performed for the initial time, in Steinway Hall, London.

November 25, Thursday: British and colonial troops were forced to retreat from Ctesiphon to Lajj.

William J. Simmons and 16 other Protestant white men clambered up Stone Mountain, Georgia to set a large cross on fire and proclaim the rebirth of the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan. They dedicated their revitalized organization, among other desiderata, to “Americanism” and “white supremacy.”

Up to this date, 500,000 Armenian deportees were estimated to have passed through Bozanti (northwest of Adana).

November 26, Friday: 1,010 Armenians were deported from the village of Mamure (Mamura) in Adana District. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

November 30, Tuesday: After 3 days of terrible weather including hurricane force winds, freezing temperatures, snow, and sleet, the Allies on Gallipoli counted 200 men drowned, 5,000 with frostbite, and 5,000 with other sickness. WORLD WAR I

Afonso Augusto da Costa replaced José de Castro as prime minister of Portugal.

A Trio for violin, viola and cello by Max Reger was performed for the initial time, in München.

Enrique Granados and his wife boarded the Montevideo in Cádiz for a trip to the United States to premiere Goyescas at the Metropolitan Opera. The ship was stopped and searched for 7 hours by a French warship looking for German spies. It would also be searched for 5 hours by a British warship. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

DECEMBER

December 1, Wednesday: After a concert of Skryabin’s piano works by Sergei Rakhmaninov (during which a disturbance by Skryabin partisans broke out), Sergei Prokofiev and Rakhmaninov had an icy exchange, thus ending whatever good relations they had.

Lee de Forest published an article entitled “Audion Bulbs as Producers of Pure Musical Tones,” describing the musical properties of sounds produced by vacuum tubes.

Because of numerous reports and rumors of espionage, President Woodrow Wilson demanded the recall of the German military attaché Franz von Papen, naval attaché Karl Boy Ed, head of the German trade mission Heinrich Albert and the Austrian ambassador Konstantin Dumba. WORLD WAR I

The fields around the village of Mamure (Mamura) were reported littered with several thousand corpses of starved or murdered Armenian deportees who had been traveling through.

December 4, Saturday: Henry Ford, with a large party of peace advocates, sailed for Europe on a steamer he had chartered, the Oscar II. WORLD WAR I

10,000 Armenian bachelors had been deported from the city of Constantinople up to this date. A list was prepared of 70,000 additional Armenians, by name, to be deported from Constantinople.

An article by A. Walter Kramer appeared in Musical America entitled “A New Note in Our Piano Music.” It was a laudatory review of Charles T. Griffes and would go a long way to introducing the music of Griffes to the public. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

December 5, Sunday: Poème sur un cantique de Camargue op.13 for voice and orchestra by Darius Milhaud was performed for the initial time, in Paris.

Charles Ephraim Burchfield found himself confirmed by something in Waldo Emerson’s essay on “SELF- RELIANCE”: Some time ago on a walk with H———, I asked him if any knew just what a prayer was and declared that if I stopped to admire or sketch a tree, it was more of a prayer than meaningless phrases mumbled in a church. I was delighted a moment ago to find the same thought in Emerson’s Self-Reliance.

Presumably Burchfield was referring to the following context: In what prayers do men allow themselves! That which they call a holy office is not so much as brave and manly. Prayer looks abroad and asks for some foreign addition to come through some foreign virtue, and loses itself in endless mazes of natural and supernatural, and mediatorial and miraculous. Prayer that craves a particular commodity, –any thing less than all good,– is vicious. Prayer is the contemplation of the facts of life from the highest point of view. It is the soliloquy of a beholding and jubilant soul. It is the spirit of God pronouncing his works good. But prayer as a means to effect a private end is meanness and theft. It supposes dualism and not unity in nature and consciousness. As soon as the man is at one with God, he will not beg. He will then see prayer in all action. The prayer of the farmer kneeling in his field to weed it, the prayer of the rower kneeling with the stroke of his oar, are true prayers heard throughout nature, though for cheap ends.

December 6, Monday: Sonatina op.80 for violin and piano by Jean Sibelius was performed for the initial time, in Helsinki.

A Turkish circular telegram instructed that no Armenian was to be left alive in the eastern provinces. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

December 7, Tuesday: Turkish forces surrounded retreating British and colonial troops in Kut al Imara.

Claude Debussy underwent an operation for cancer. The doctors found that it had spread too far to be cured.

King Petar, General Radomir Putnik, other staff officers, and the Russian ambassador to Serbia reached Skadar (Scutari), Albania across the mountains.

Austrian troops captured Pec, Serbia.

President Woodrow Wilson asked Congresss to began a massive 5-year naval building program and increase the army by 40%. WORLD WAR I

German ambassador Wolff-Metternich went to the Sublime Porte in connection with the Turkish massacres of Armenians and was there advised that nothing could be discussed with him until the return of Mehmet Talât Paşa.

December 9, Thursday: Orders were issued in Aleppo Province for the deportation of 400 Armenian orphans who had previously been placed in an orphanage.

Álvaro Figueroa y Torres Mendieta, conde de Romanones replaced Eduardo Dato y Iradier as Prime Minister of Spain.

December 12, Sunday: 180,000 Armenian refugees from Turkey who had reached Tiflis (Tbilisi) were reported to be in dire conditions.

Chinese President Yüan Shih-k’ai accepted the role of emperor.

December 14, Tuesday: Evige Eros (Eternal Eros) op.84/4 for baritone and male chorus by Jean Sibelius to words of Gripenberg was performed for the initial time, at Helsinki University.

Ottoman Empire orders were issued for the killing of Armenian priests. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

December 15, Wednesday: General Sir Douglas Haig succeeded Field Marshal Sir John French as Commander-in- Chief of British forces in France. WORLD WAR I

Arnold Schoenberg entered military service in the Hoch-und Dettschmeister Regiment in Vienna.

Enrique Granados and his wife arrived in New York City after a rough Atlantic crossing during which the ship had been searched twice.

A Turkish circular telegram instructed that the true purpose of the deportations of Armenians from the Ottoman Empire was annihilation.

December 16, Thursday: Instructions were issued to the Turkish local authorities advising against slowing the deportations and urging the dispatch of the Armenians into the desert.

December 18, Saturday: The widower President Woodrow Wilson re-married, with Edith Bolling Galt, in a ceremony at her home in Washington DC.

Professor Albert Einstein was elected as a corresponding member of the Royal Society of Göttingen.

Edgard Varèse boarded ship for America, supposing he would be remaining only a few weeks, with $80, letters of introduction, and no hope of performances or employment.

Kurt Weill played a Chopin nocturne and Liebestraum nr.3 by Franz Liszt at a concert to benefit the Society for Germans Abroad in the palace of Duke Friedrich II of Anhalt in Dessau.

“When Christ was born of Mary free,” a carol by Hubert Parry to anonymous words, was performed for the initial time, in Albert Hall, London.

When Mehmet Talât Paşa returned from Anatolia, he assured German Ambassador Wolff-Metternich that the Turks were not killing innocents.

December 22, Wednesday: Henry Ford left his peace party at Christiania and returned to the United States. WORLD WAR I

Orders were issued in the Ottoman Empire, forbidding the acceptance from any Armenian of an application of exemption from the deportations. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

December 24, Friday: Max Reger wrote “Now I, too, think and hope that the killing cannot last for much longer. It was really terrible! It seems that mankind lives in a downright frenzy of hatred, bloodthirstiness, etc. — This was the greatest mockery if one considers how our governments — and that of course also includes, in particular, the governments of our enemies — continue to toss around buzzwords such as ‘culture’ and ‘civilization.’ It was horrible! After all, it was only ten people who instigated this terrible tragedy!” WORLD WAR I

December 25, Saturday: It was Christmas Day. Orders were issued for the deportation from Turkey of all Armenian Christian children still living (except: those who had no memory of their parents).

British forces killed 300 Senussi tribesmen at Wadi Medwa, west of Matruh. WORLD WAR I

December 26, Sunday: After almost 5 years of marriage and 3 children, Anton von Webern and his wife, finally having achieved papal dispensation to marry as 1st cousins, have their union solemnized by the Catholic Church at the Parish of Ober St. Veit, Vienna. Father of the bride Gustav Mörtl and Arnold Schoenberg were witnesses.

December 27, Monday: The Russian army began an offensive against the Austrians on a front between the Prut River and Dniester River. WORLD WAR I

December 28, Tuesday: President Woodrow Wilson sent his personal emissary, Edward House, to Europe to suss out possibilities for peace. WORLD WAR I

December 29, Wednesday: Incidental music to Pearn’s play (after Blackwood) The Starlight Express by Edward Elgar was performed for the initial time, at the Kingsway Theater, London. The composer was not present because his wife was recovering from a taxicab accident.

Soir d’hiver for voice and orchestra by Nadia Boulanger to her own words was performed for the initial time, in Théâtre Sarah Bernhardt, Paris.

Edgard Varèse arrived in New York City from Europe intending a short stay. He would not return to France until 1922.

As of this date, of the estimated 210,000 Armenian refugees who had reached the Caucasus, only 173,000 were reported still living, almost 40,000 having died as a result of privations and disease. Of the remaining 173,000, 105,000 were from Van Province, 48,000 from Bayazid (Bayazit) District, and 20,038 from Mush District. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

December 30, Thursday: Another Turkish circular telegram, a follow-up on the telegram of December 15th, instructed that Armenians desiring to convert to Islam were to be notified that Islamization would need to wait, and take place only subsequent to their arrival at their final destination. In view of the earlier instructions clarifying that the purpose of the deportations was annihilation, the new instructions of course were meant to imply that no Armenians were to be allowed to escape annihilation. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

1916

At age 33, Kahlil Gibran’s feelings of Levantine nationalism and resentment of rule by the Ottoman Empire grew as famine ravaged the land of his birth. He helped raise funds in the US to aid the starving. Through his friendship with a Jungian, James Oppenheim, he became associated with a new literary journal, SEVEN ARTS, in which as a distraction from his wartime frustrations he was able to place several prose poems in English. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

JANUARY

January: A French translation was published, of a spurious book prepared by Mehmet Talât Paşa’s office charging the Armenians with treason and revolution.

January 1, Saturday: Chinese President Yüan Shih-k’ai became emperor.

Yaounde, capital of the German possession of Kamerun, surrendered to British and African troops from Nigeria. All German officials had fled the city.

The Armenian deportees concentrated in Suruj District, near Urfa, were sent out toward Der-el-Zor (Deir el- Zor) under very severe winter conditions, completely lacking food, shelter, and suitable clothing.

January 5, Wednesday: Mustafa Abdulhalik Renda sought to oust Ali Suad, the Arab governor of Der-el-Zor (Deir el- Zor) District, for lack of severity, by applying directly to Mehmet Talât Paşa.

January 8, Saturday: The immediate deportation to the desert of the Armenians working on the railroads or in railway construction was ordered.

A combined Austrian land and sea attack began on the fort at Kouk, Montenegro.

In the last fighting of the Kamerun campaign, German troops checked British and French forces until all German officials and dependents had escaped safely into Rio Muni (Equatorial Guinea). HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

January 4, Tuesday: A British force sent to relieve the defenders of Kut al Imara besieged by Turks started out from Ali al Gharbi up the Tigris River. WORLD WAR I

January 6, Thursday: The British relief force attacked Turks at Sheikh Saad without success. WORLD WAR I

January 7, Friday: British forces took the forward Turkish positions at Sheikh Saad.

With the British force down to 19,000 on Cape Helles, the Turks finally attacked but were cut down as they crossed 100 meters of open ground. WORLD WAR I

January 9, Sunday: 4AM. The last Allied troops left Gallipoli at W Beach. Moments later, mines they had left behind in their ammunition dumps went off. Cape Helles had been evacuated, again with no casualties. This was their only success in the entire Gallipoli campaign. The cost of their 10-month operation had been 500,000 casualties.

The Russian campaign in Galicia ended with only small gains at a cost of 50,000 casualties.

Turkish troops evacuated Sheikh Saad and the British occupied the village. WORLD WAR I

January 10, Monday: Russian forces surprised the Turks in an attack at Koprukeui, east of Erzurum.

Montenegrin defenders of the fort at Kouk abandoned their positions in the face of Austrian bombardment. WORLD WAR I

As part of a campaign of revenge for President Woodrow Wilson’s recognition of Venustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa and his men stopped a train in Santa Ysabel, Sonora, and killed 16 American engineers on board. The men had been traveling to reopen a mine.

January 11, Tuesday: The Greek island of Corfu was occupied by the French. WORLD WAR I

Instructions were sent to prevent foreign officers from photographing dead Armenians.

Russian forces began an offensive into Armenia.

Austro-Hungarian troops captured Cettinje, the capital of Montenegro. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

January 13, Thursday: German astronomer Karl Schwarzschild’s “On the gravitational field of a mass point according to Albert Einstein’s theory,” in which we find the initial description of “black holes.”

Cettinje, the capital of Montenegro, was occupied by the Austrians. WORLD WAR I

US.Ambassador Henry Morgenthau during his farewell visit with the Turkish government under Mehmet Talât Paşa was advised of the pointlessness of inquiring about the Armenians.

January 15, Saturday: A 2d Turkish circular telegram was issued by the Interior Ministry to prevent the photographing of Armenian corpses.

January 17, Monday: The Turkish governor-general of Aleppo was instructed to send Armenians deported from the northern provinces directly to their final destinations.

January 19, Wednesday: Russian forces defeated Turks at Koprukeui, driving them back to Erzerum.

The Hispanic Society of America made Enrique Granados a member, presenting him with a silver medal.

January 21, Friday: A British assault against Turkish positions in the Hanna defile was repulsed with heavy losses.

Giovanni Abbondio, former lawyer for Ruggero Leoncavallo, began legal proceedings against the composer to retrieve payment for his legal services. Leoncavallo’s finances had not been good in recent years.

January 23, Sunday: The Turkish governor-general of Aleppo informed Mehmet Talât Paşa that but 1 out of each10 of the Armenian deportees remained alive and that measures were being taken to dispose of this remainder as well.

January 23, Sunday to March 10: During this period of 47 days, of 486,000 Armenian deportees, 364,500 were reported to have been killed by the Turks or to have perished during the hardships of the deportations.

January 24, Monday: The War Ministry ordered all Armenian soldiers remaining alive in the Turkish armies to convert to Islam and undergo circumcision.

The Turkish governor-general of Aleppo ordered the vice-governor of Aintab to deport the remaining Armenian women in Aintab. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

January 28, Friday: A Turkish circular telegram ordered the destruction of Armenian orphans.

January 29, Saturday: 50,000 Armenian remnants were reported concentrated at Intille (Intili).

The Interior Ministry provisionally exempted from deportation Armenians needed for the running of the railways — their families and children, however, were to be deported to the desert.

The Interior Ministry ordered that as soon as road construction was complete, the Armenians being used for such construction projects were to be deported.

January 31, Monday: The vice-governor of Aintab District informed the governor-general of Aleppo Province that the Armenian women and children there had been handed over to the Kurds.

In a period of two and a half days, 1,029 Armenians died of the rigors of the deportations in the town of Bab, to the northeast of Aleppo. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

FEBRUARY

February: Marshal Otto Liman von Sanders claimed to have stopped the deportation of many Armenians from Adrianople (Edirne).

Tahir Jevdet, Enver’s brother-in-law, the governor-general of Van Province, traveled via Ras-el-Ain (Ras ul- Ain) to Adana, where shortly before he had been appointed governor-general, replacing Ismail Hakki.

February 3, Thursday: According to Lord Bryce, 486,000 Armenian deportees were still living: 100,000 were locatable between Damascus and Maan, 12,000 at Hama, 20,000 at Homs, 7,000 at Aleppo, 4,000 at Maara, 8,000 at Bab, 5,000 at Munbij (Munbuj), 20,000 at Ras-el-Ain (Ras ul-Ain), 10,000 at Rakka, and 300,000 at Zor.

A Turkish circular telegram instructed that Armenian orphans who did not remember their parents were to be send from Aleppo to Sivas. Those who confided that they remembered their parents were to be send to Der- el-Zor (Deir el-Zor) where no expenditures were to be made for their continued existence.

February 4, Friday: The French periodical La Renaissance published opinions as to whether the music of Wagner should be permitted in France after the war — 5 favored this but there were 16 opposed.

Marshal Liman von Sanders replaced Marshal Colmar von der Goltz as Commander of the Turkish Caucasian, or Eastern, Front. WORLD WAR I

February 9, Wednesday: A combined British-Belgian force of 6 ships sank the German ship Hedwig von Wissmann on Lake Tanganyika.

Edward House, personal envoy of President Woodrow Wilson, began meetings with British officials in London.

Mustafa Abdulhalik Renda, governor-general of Aleppo Province and the Aleppo Commissioner of Police, began to remove 10,000 Armenian deportees from the environs of Aleppo.

The commander of the Armenian labor battalions for the railroad in Cilicia was instructed to deport the wives of the workers and tell them that their husbands would follow them. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

February 10, Thursday: Trois poèmes en prose de Lucile de Chateaubriand op.10 for voice and piano by Darius Milhaud was performed for the initial time, in Paris.

Tango of the Green Eyes for piano by Enrique Granados was performed for the initial time, in New York.

A British conscription law went into effect. WORLD WAR I MILITARY CONSCRIPTION

The deportation commissioner in Aleppo requested funds from the Interior Ministry to cover to the expenses of destroying Armenian orphans.

Erzberger, a German Reichstag representative, visited Enver and Mehmet Talât Paşa, to protest the massacres and the excesses of the deportations of Armenians.

February 11, Friday: Emma Goldman was taken into custody for having delivered a lecture on birth control.

Russian forces began a new offensive at Erzerum in Turkey. WORLD WAR I

The Baltimore Symphony Orchestra gave its inaugural concert.

February 14, Monday: 50,000 Armenians were reported to have been slaughtered by Turks at Intille (Intili).

On this date 50,000 Armenian deportees were reported at Ras-el-Ain (Ras ul-Ain). HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

February 16, Wednesday: The worst rail disaster in Tasmania occurred when the Launceston/Hobart express crashed near Campania, killing its driver and 6 passengers.

An American application to send relief to the Armenians was rejected by Turkey.

Mehmet Talât Pasha sent a circular letter to Urfa, Aintab, and Kilis requesting documents to indict the Armenians.

After 6 days of fighting in deep snow and intense cold, Russian forces captured Erzerum from Turkey. They found only a handful of Armenians still alive in the province.

US Secretary of State Robert Lansing asked German Ambassador Johann Heinrich Graf von Bernstorff to stop the Armenian Genocide.

February 17, Thursday: Russian troops captured Ilica taking 12,000 Turkish prisoners. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

February 22, Tuesday: French troops made weak but surprising counterattacks at Verdun. The Germans took Haumont but the French held Brabant on the Meuse.

Russian forces took Kermanshah, ending any thoughts of Persia joining the Central Powers.

Edward House, personal representative of President Woodrow Wilson, signed a peace proposal with British Foreign Secretary Sir Edward Grey (nothing would come of this).

After several stopovers along the way, Lili Boulanger, along with her mother and sister Nadia, reached the Villa Medici to complete her Prix de Rome year.

America First, a march by John Philip Sousa, was performed for the initial time, simultaneously in the New York Hippodrome and in Washington, to celebrate the birthday of George Washington.

Henry Morgenthau arrived in New York.

February 23, Wednesday: German forces made only small gains at Verdun, taking Brabant but not Beaumont and Samogneux.

The White Peacock op.7/1 for piano by Charles T. Griffes was performed for the initial time, at the Punch and Judy Theater, New York.

Count Wolff-Metternich, the German ambassador in Turkey, visited Mehmet Talât Paşa and Halil Bey, the newly-appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs, to discuss the Armenian Question with them because of the representations of the United States to the German government.

February 24, Thursday: Portugal confiscated 36 German ships in Portuguese ports.

Germans breached the French line at Verdun but could not capitalize on this.

February 28, Monday: The French defenders of Verdun brought the German offensive to a standstill, although fighting still continued.

The US Senate ratified the treaty with Haiti making that nation a United States protectorate.

Henry James died in London at the age of 72.

A few Armenian soldiers in the Turkish Army in Aleppo were forcibly converted to Islam. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

MARCH

March 1, day: With the help of Sophie Tucker, George Gershwin signed his 1st contract as a composer, with the Harry von Tilzer Publishing Company.

The 2d deportation of the Armenians of Adrianople (Edirne) began.

The authorities in Aleppo informed the Interior Ministry that the Armenians who had fled from Mardin had all been killed.

March 3, day: Russian forces capture Bitlis, 210 kilometers south of Erzurum, from the Turks.

March 5, day: A combined British-South African-Colonial force begins an offensive in the region of Mt. Kilimanjaro, making for the rail head at Moshi.

Rondo arlecchinesco op.46 for orchestra by Ferruccio Busoni was performed for the initial time, in the Augusteum, Rome.

March 7, day: Russian forces reach Rize, 50 kilometers from Trebizond.

At a gala event at the White House, Enrique Granados performs before President and Mrs. Wilson.

March 10, day: Russian forces invade Persia.

A report was sent to the Turkish Interior Ministry from Aleppo (Halab) that of the hundreds of thousands of Armenians sent into the Syrian desert, only about one-quarter were still alive.

Concertino for piano and orchestra by John Alden Carpenter was performed for the initial time, in Orchestra Hall, Chicago. Percy Grainger was the soloist.

March 14, day: British troops enter Sollum unopposed. They continue on to pursue the Senussi 40 kilometers into Libya.

Der Trompeter op.25/1, for chorus and orchestra by Hans Pfitzner to words of Kopisch, was performed for the initial time, in Strasbourg.

Clarinet Sonata op.129 by Charles Villiers Stanford was performed for the initial time, in Steinway Hall, London. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

March 15, day: Austria-Hungary declares war on Portugal.

William Walton was confirmed in Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford, where he was attending the choir school.

March 17, day: French soldier Guillaume Apollinaire was struck in the head by a shell fragment at Bois des Buttes near Berry-au-Bac.

British forces reach Bir Hakeim, Libya and liberate 91 sailors held by the Senussi since November.

March 23, day: Néère op.23/2 for voice and piano by Charles Koechlin to words of André Chéniers was performed for the initial time, at the home of Mme Herscher, Paris, the composer at the keyboard.

March 26, day: Russian forces continue the attack at Lake Naroch, without success.

March 27, day: Russian commanders suspend their offensive at Lake Naroch.

Otto Luening makes his concert debut as a flutist, in München.

March 28, day: Jerusalem, a choral song for chorus and orchestra by Hubert Parry to words of Blake, was performed for the initial time, in Queen’s Hall, London.

A concert version of Manuel de Falla’s ballet El Amor brujo was performed for the initial time, at the Sociedad Nacional de Musica, Madrid.

March 30, day: Two Pieces for violin or cello and orchestra op.77 by Jean Sibelius were performed for the 1st time, in Helsinki directed by the composer.

March 4, day: A Turkish circular telegram instructed that Armenians of military age were to be put to work only outside inhabited areas.

March 10, day: A report was send to the Interior Ministry from Aleppo informing that 3 out of every 4 of the Armenians previously in the desert had already died, with only 1 out of 4 still living.

March 14, day: Kerim Refi, described as a very savage Rumelian Turk, who was appointed vice-governor of Ras-el- Ain (Ras ul-Ain), arrived from Constantinople. He would speed up the massacres of the Armenian deportees concentrated in Ras-el-Ain (Ras ul-Ain), massacres which for some reason had gotten off to a slow start. The massacres would extend over a period of 5 months. Kerim Refi would utilize primarily chete forces, including one extremely wild tribe of Circassians. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

March 20, Monday: Professor Albert Einstein’s “Die Grundlage der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie” (“The Formal Foundation of the General Theory of Relativity”) appeared in the Annalen der Physik.

In the Armenian Genocide of Turkey, Mehmet Talât Paşa was informed from Aleppo that 95,000 Armenians had died from sickness and other causes in the past week: 30,000 in Ras-el-Ain (Ras ul-Ain), 35,000 in Bab and Meskene, 10,000 in Karluk (Karlik), and 20,000 in Dipsi, Abu Herir (Abuharar), and Hama.

Instructions were sent to entrap Armenian orphans under the pretext of giving them food — and then slaughter them.

That afternoon Ota Benga –the African pygmy who had been kicked out of the American Museum of Natural History in New York City for throwing a chair at a rich donor, and then kicked out of the Bronx Zoo for shooting arrows at its patrons, and had labored for years in a tobacco factory, using the name Otto Bingo, growing more and more homesick for Africa and unable to earn enough to purchase a steamship ticket across the Atlantic– at the age of 35 got his hands on a pistol, chipped the caps off his teeth, went out into the woods near Lynchburg, Virginia, built a ceremonial fire, performed a dance, and shot himself through the heart.

March 23: In Aleppo there was an attempt to force all Armenian soldiers in labor corps to become Muslims and give up their Armenian names.

March 29: The Turkish government officially rejected foreign relief for the Armenian deportees. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

APRIL

April 6, Thursday: A Quintet for clarinet and strings op.146 by Max Reger was performed for the initial time, in Stuttgart.

14,000 Armenian Christians were massacred in Ras-el-Ain (Ras ul-Ain) by Turkish Moslems. 24,000 Armenians deportees were reported as still alive there.

April 14, Friday: By this date, 70,000 Armenian Christians were reported massacred by Turkish Moslems at Ras-el- Ain (Ras ul-Ain).

Russian forces made one final attempt to dislodge the Germans at Lake Naroch. It failed. The offensive had cost them 130,000 casualties.

A combined Russian land and sea attack on Kara-dere sent Turkish troops into retreat toward Trebizond. WORLD WAR I

April 15, Saturday: The Russian Army occupied Trebizond. With the exception of a few Armenian orphans and widows secretly sheltered by Greeks, no Armenians were found in the city.

A battalion of the Turkish 4th Army Engineers arrived in Ras-el-Ain (Ras ul-Ain) from Damascus to assist in massacring Armenians.

19,000 Armenian deportees arrived near the Khabur River.

British troops again attacked the Turks at Beit Aisa, without success. The surrounded allies at Kut al Imara were beginning to face starvation.

A concert in Madrid to benefit the children of Enrique Granados was attended by Infanta Isabella.

April 16, Sunday: The New York Times reported that German Catholics had placed the number of Armenian Christians massacred by Turkish Moslems at 1,000,000 and that they were holding England to be responsible for this great crime. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

April 18, Tuesday: Russian forces captured Trebizond (Trabzon) on the Black Sea from Turkey without opposition. Of the large Armenian population there they found only a few surviving widows and orphans.

President Woodrow Wilson threatened Germany with a break in relations if submarine attacks on passenger ships were not stopped.

Two of the Trois Mélodies by Erik Satie to words of Godebska and Chalupt, were performed for the 1st time, at the Société Lyre et Palette, Paris.

April 19, Wednesday: President Woodrow Wilson issued another warning to Germany, that it had better not persist in its current submarine policy. WORLD WAR I

50 to 100 Armenian deportees were reported to be dying of starvation per day in Meskene, Abu Herir (Abuharar), Sabkha (Sebka), and Hammam (Hamam).

April 28, Friday: When the Irish Republican rebels abandoned the General Post Office in Dublin, the British troops following them down King’s Street indiscriminately shot or bayoneted any Irishman they could.

The Muslim government of Turkey again rejected the idea of foreign relief for Armenian Christians. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

MAY

May: 72,000 Armenian deportees were reported in Der-el-Zor (Deir el-Zor) District.

US naval forces began to maintain order in the Dominican Republic during a period of chronic and threatened insurrection ( to September 1924). US MILITARY INTERVENTIONS

At some point during the late spring or early summer of this year –according to a footnote in a sociological report at the Hay Library (not presently locatable)– in Duluth, Minnesota 4 blacks were lynched.12 COLDBLOODED MURDER

May 3, Wednesday: According to the New York Times, before the fall of Erzerum, 15,000 Armenians had been massacred in the nearby town of Mamakhatun, west of the city of Erzerum.

Padraic Pearse and 2 other Irish rebel leaders were executed by a British firing squad. 15 Irish rebels would be shot through May 12th.

German forces began a massive artillery bombardment of Côte, northwest of Verdun. WORLD WAR I

The 2d and 3d parts of The Spirit of England op.80, for solo voice, chorus and orchestra by Edward Elgar to words of Binyon, were performed for the 1st time, in Leeds, the composer conducting.

May 10, Wednesday: Milton Byron Babbitt was born in Philadelphia.

Khairi, the Shaikh-ul-Islam, a Turkish religious leader, resigned under pressure. Musa Kiazim, a Turkish war criminal, succeeded him as Shaikh-ul-Islam and as Minister of Pious Foundations.

May 12, Friday: 1,400 Armenian orphans were distributed to various places by the Ittihad Committees.

12. Presumably what we have here are two reports of the same event, one saying “May” and the other saying “Spring,” although I don’t have the evidence on that. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

May 16, Tuesday: Austrian forces took the Italian trenches at Soglio d’Aspio.

A secret agreement negotiated by Sir Mark Sykes and Georges Picot, representing Britain and France respectively, on the postwar division of the Middle East, was formally agreed to by the 2 nations (this agreement was in direct contravention of British assurances to Sherif Hussein of Mecca that Arabs would gain a restoration of land and autonomy, assurances brokered by T.E. Lawrence). France would be awarded Lebanon, Syria, and other smaller areas, while Britain would be awarded Mesopotamia, Haifa, and Acre. Russia would be awarded the Armenian and Kurdish areas. Lands not already doled out would become a confederation of Arab states under the influence of Britain and France. Palestine would have an international government.

Trois mélodies by Erik Satie to words of Fargue, Godebska and Chalupt, were performed for the 1st time, in Paris, on the eve of the composer’s 50th birthday.

May 19, Friday: Ismail Enver Pasha, one of the triumvirate rulers of Turkey, publicly declared: The Ottoman Empire should be cleaned up of the Armenians and the Lebanese. We have destroyed the former by the sword, we shall destroy the latter through starvation. In reply to US Ambassador Morgenthau, who was deploring the massacres against Armenians and attributing them to irresponsible Turkish local subalterns and underlings in distant provinces, Ismail Enver Pasha’s reply was categorical: You were greatly mistaken. We have this country absolutely under our control. I have no desire to shift the blame onto our underlings and I am entirely willing to accept the responsibility myself for everything that has taken place.

May 20, Saturday: Austro-Hungarian troops were forced to pause in their Trentino offensive after taking Cima di Leva and part of the Marcai Ridge.

Germans again failed to take Le Morte Homme at Verdun. WORLD WAR I

May 21, Sunday: Austrians took Monte Cost’alta and the Costesin Ridge south of Vezzana. WORLD WAR I

News was received concerning the fate of 19,000 Armenian deportees in one caravan, of whom 16,500 were reported killed on the banks of the Khabur River, northeast of Der-el-Zor (Deir el-Zor), and 2,500 survivors were reported having arrived at Mosul.

May 24, Wednesday: Austrian forces gave up trying to take Monte Pasubio from the Italians. WORLD WAR I

The New York Times reported that 80,000 Armenians had died of starvation around Damascus. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

May 30, Tuesday: 60,000 Armenians deportees were reported scattered between Hejaz District in central Arabia and Aleppo in northern Syria. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

JUNE

June: The Arab governor of Der-el-Zor (Deir el-Zor) District, Ali Suad, was sent to Baghdad for refusing to carry out the extermination of the Armenian deportees. He was replaced by Salih Zeki, the former vice-governor of Everek in Kayseri Province, reputed for his cruelty.

June 3, Saturday: The report of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions on the Armenian massacres at Erzerum was published.

June 7, Wednesday: All the Armenians remaining in the Aleppo area were ordered to leave for Der-el-Zor (Deir el- Zor).

June 20, Tuesday: The Armenians working in labor corps in Sivas were instructed to convert to Islam. At least 95% refused.

June 25, Sunday: 7,000 Armenian soldiers stationed in Sivas were imprisoned for 9 days in the old Seljuk buildings where formerly the civilian Armenian leaders and intellectuals had been imprisoned before being killed.

June 30, Friday: Ambassador von Wolff-Metternich reported to the German Chancellor that the Ittihad Party was devouring the remaining Armenian refugees.

On the argument that those who refused were going to be deported into the desert again, the proposal was made to the Armenian labor battalions in Damascus and to the civilian deportees that they convert to Islam. Precious few would accept.

Sarah Brown, one of the younger of John Brown’s 20 children, who had come west with her mother Mary Ann Day Brown and lived in Rohnerville for a number of years, died at her daughter’s home in Campbell, California.

Mexico released the 23 prisoners of war taken at Carrizal. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

JULY

July 1, Saturday: At 7:28AM a huge mine blew up the German positions near Beaumont-Hamel.

At 7:30AM the week-long bombardment of the Germans, consuming over 1.7 million shells, stopped. There was a moment of silence. Then 60,000 British and some French soldiers went over the top across a 25- kilometer front along the Somme River, 130 kilometers north of Paris just east of Amiens. 40,000 more would join the attack later in the day. They captured Montauban, two kilometers past the German line, but lost 60,000 casualties on the 1st day of battle, the greatest number of losses in any one day in the history of the British army. Germans loses totaled 8,000. British attacks at Gommecourt, Beaumont-Hamel, Thiepval, and La Boiselle were repulsed with extremely heavy casualties. The offensive would last five months.

Turkish forces captured Kermanshah.

Both north and south of the Somme River, the British and the French forces went on the attack. WORLD WAR I

Lord Bryce submitted to Lord Grey, British Secretary of Foreign Affairs, his book on THE TREATMENT OF THE ARMENIANS IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE.

The State of Georgia granted a new charter to the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

July 1916-March 1917: By March 1917, the Turkish Army on the Caucasian Front would have lost 60,000 of its current 80,000 effective fighting men to starvation, disease, and other causes, leaving effective only 20,000 soldiers of that army. Marshal Liman von Sanders would attribute these losses to the destruction of Turkish agricultural production consequent upon their deportations of the Armenian!

July 5, Wednesday: The massacre of the 7,000 Armenian troops imprisoned in Sivas began. The massacre would last for 21 days with an average of 1,000 killed during each 3 days. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

July 6, Thursday: The Russian Army occupied Bayburt and Erzinjan in Turkey.

Your Uncle Sam wanted to know what YOU were doing for “preparedness,” which consisted, apparently, in getting yourself psyched up to be sent off to some foreign country to kill people you had never met: HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

July 10, Monday: The US Congress proposes a day of commemoration for the collection of funds for the Armenians. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

July 19, Wednesday: The US House of Representatives adopted the resolution introduced in the US Senate establishing a day of commemoration for the Armenian victims.

July 23, Sunday: In order to further the Islamization and Turkification of the Armenian remnants in the Hawran District, all the Armenian clerics found there were murdered by the Turks.

Armenian medical personnel in the Turkish army at Sivas were asked to convert to Islam. Almost all refused and were immediately killed.

Anzac troops captured Pozières, behind the German line on the Somme, although the general attack failed. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

AUGUST

August 1, Tuesday: The Interior Ministry abolished the Armenian Patriarchate and the legal rights of the Armenian community (the Millet Ermeni), on the grounds that there was no Armenian community remaining in Turkey.

August 7, Monday: The newly-appointed US Ambassador to Turkey, Abram E. Elkus, left for Constantinople.

August 8, Tuesday: Italian forces captured Görz (Gorizia).

German troops recaptured Thiaumont at Verdun. WORLD WAR I

15,000 Armenian deportees were sent from Aleppo (Halab) into the Syrian desert.

August 12, Saturday: The Turkish government again refused aid to the Armenian deportees by a neutral commission.

Advancing Italians broke the Austrian lines on the Carso Plateau and took Nad Logem and Opacchiasella.

Turkish forces abandoned Bir el Abd and withdrew to El Arish.

Today’s issue of Musical America included a long article about newly arrived Ernest Bloch written by Bernard Rogers. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

August 13, Sunday: Salih Zeki, the governor of Der-el-Zor (Deir el-Zor), informed Mehmet Talât Paşa that he was changing the location of the Armenian deportees.

August 14, Monday: 200,000 Armenian deportees were reported killed in massacres by this date in the Zor District, at a delta formed by the juncture of the Khabur and Euphrates River near Suwar (Suvar), Marrat (Marat), and Elbusayra.

August 30, Wednesday: Germany declared war on Romania.

German businessman Auguste Bernau arrived in Meskene on a covert mission to bring aid to the Armenians. He had been aided by American diplomats. He estimated that in Meskene alone there were 60,000 Armenian dead.

August 31, Thursday: The Ottoman Empire declared war on Roumania. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

SEPTEMBER

September 3, Sunday: A British and French attack met heavy resistance and heavy casualties on the Somme front. The British advanced at Guillemont and the French took Foret and much of Clery.

German, Bulgarian, and Turkish forces attacked into the Dobrudja region of Romania.

British forces captured Dar-es-Salaam in German East Africa. WORLD WAR I

President Woodrow Wilson signed the Adamson Act mandating an 8-hour day for railroad workers.

A 5-member commission of Turks arrived in the Hawran District to convert the Armenian deportees to Islam.

September 5, Tuesday: The Ottoman Empire dictated that all Armenian orphans were to receive Turkish names.

September 7, Thursday: 60,000 more Armenian deportees were reported massacred in the Der-el-Zor (Deir el-Zor) area.

September 16, Saturday: Turkish authorities entered American consular offices to search for British records.

German troops attacked Russians on a line between Rasova and Tuzla. WORLD WAR I

French forces broke through the Bulgarian lines and captured Boresnica. The Bulgarians retreated toward Florina.

German forces counterattacked on the Somme. They made no headway but they did halt the British advance.

Romanian forces took Baraoltu.

Italian troops took Monte Rombon but were forced to withdraw. The Italian leadership called off the offensive.

Nikolaos Spirisonou Kalogeropoulos replaced Alexanderos Thrasivoulou Zaimis as Prime Minister of Greece. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

September 19, Tuesday: German forces began an offensive against Romania east of Hermannstadt (Sibiu) driving toward Petroseni. WORLD WAR I

Serbian troops took the eastern peak of Mount Kajmakcalan, Macedonia.

After 10 days of fighting Belgian troops entered Tabora, German East Africa (Tanzania), of Dar-es-Salaam.

September 29, Friday: German forces took Hermannstadt (Sibiu) sending the Romanians into headlong retreat.

The Roumanians began a retreat out of Transylvania. WORLD WAR I

The German Cabinet, in its 86th session, discussed the Turkish massacre of the Armenians. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

OCTOBER

October 3, Tuesday: Advancing Germans forced Romanians back across the Danube and to the Transylvania-Romania border.

Count Wolff-Metternich left his post as ambassador to Turkey, recalled by the German General Staff at the request of Enver because he had protested against the Armenian Genocide. Wilhelm Radowitz would be interim Chargè d’affaires for Germany until November 16 and the arrival of the new ambassador, Richard von Kuhlmann.

October 4, Wednesday: The German charge d’affaires in Constantinople, Wilhelm Radowitz, reported to Chancellor Theobald von Bethman Hollweg that 1,175,000 Armenians had been killed by the Turks, whereas 1,500,000 had been deported. He further stated that 325,000 Armenians were still alive and in Turkey.

A revised version of Ariadne auf Naxos, an opera by Richard Strauss to words of Hoffmannsthal, was performed for the initial time, at the Vienna Court Opera. This was at first received cautiously, but would soon replace the original.

Water Colors, a song cycle for voice and piano by John Alden Carpenter to words of Chinese poets, was performed completely for the 1st time, in Chicago, the composer at the keyboard.

October 5, Thursday: The Turkish government confiscated by a provisional law all the real estate of the Armenians.

October 8, Sunday-9, Monday: President Woodrow Wilson, acting on the resolution of Congress, proclaimed these 2 days “Armenian Relief Days.”

October 11, Wednesday: A highly secret Ittihad Party convention was convened in Constantinople to review existing policy toward the Armenians and to decide on a future course of action.

The Greek government acceded to the Allied demands of October 10th. WORLD WAR I

Unable to have children of their own, Charles and Harmony Ives formally adopted 2-year-old Edith Osborne.

Macmillan published Robinson Jeffers’s CALIFORNIANS. At about this point the poet was entering into negotiations with the War Department towards enlistment in the collective war effort, but he would discover his wife Una to be bitterly opposed to any such idea: As to my motives in offering (rather late) to become a soldier: I did feel a duty to protect the country that had protected me and my few possessions.... On the other hand I felt a duty to HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

stay home and help take care of year old sons ... I had no conscientious objection to fighting; it seems to me a natural condition of the race. But I was never deluded with ideas of a noble or crusading war; it seems to me an unavoidable spectacular madness. Throughout the call for troops my mind was perplexed and at conflict with itself. I felt quite sure that this conflict emotionally realized the external world for me and made much of the difference between my verses before the war and my verses since.

October 24, Tuesday: After 5 days of artillery bombardment, French troops went over the top at Verdun. They retook Fort de Douaumont and overran German lines around Fleury at Verdun. They captured 6,000 Germans.

Captain T.E. Lawrence, while nominally on leave, performed his 1st Intelligence mission to the Hejaz on behalf of the Arab Bureau. He met Sherif Hussein’s sons Ali ibn Hussein, Feisal ibn Hussein, Abdullah ibn Hussein, and Zeid, ibn Hussein in the hills of Al Hamra overlooking Yanbu al Bahr and concluded that Feisal ibn Hussein was the most likely to succeed as a leader of the Arab revolt in the field. WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

NOVEMBER

November 16, Thursday: Appointment of a new German ambassador in Constantinople, who would serve until July 1917 (he would be becoming the new German Foreign Minister). HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

DECEMBER

December 4, Monday: Omer Naji, an inspector-general of the Ittihad Committee, was reported to have announced that Ittihad was seeking to organize a purely Turkish state. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

1917

January 4, Thursday: Calhoun Doty Geiger was born in Jacksonville, Florida.13

On the first day of New York’s legislative session, a bill was introduced to give women in the state the right to vote. FEMINISM

A Mr. Goppert of the German Embassy visited Enver, Mehmet Talât Paşa, and Foreign Minister Halil to convey the message that this “forced Islamization” thingie that was going on in their nation, having to do with the Armenians –something that had no conceivable connection either with military exigency or with the security of the state– needed to cease instantly.

At 5:45PM there was an aurora borealis, and then at 10:45PM a very pronounced one. “Notwithstanding the advanced phase of the moon, the whole northern half of the hemisphere was affected by it, and had the moon been absent the sight would have been truly magnificent. As it was, great beams shot up vertically and horizontally, the latter forming great arches, and the former appearing like searchlights. Frequently an immense area of the sky would become illuminated as if by a great cloud of mist, and the light would pass up to the zenith with lightning rapidity, appearing like clouds of light being wafted upwards from the N. horizon. The clouds were mostly greenish, like a gas-mantle, but the background of the sky was pale ruby.”

February 4, Sunday: Mehmet Talât Pasha replaced Said Halim Pasha as Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire. ARMENIAN GENOCIDE

The US Congress overrode President Woodrow Wilson’s veto of the Immigration Act. Among other things, it barred immigration from a large swath of Asia and the Pacific Islands.

February 14, Wednesday: Halide Hanum, Turkish female author, head of an orphanage established in Syria, received a shipment of 70 Armenian orphans — along with instructions as to what she was to do with them — she was to Turkify them.

February 15, Thursday: Another group of 70 Armenian orphans were sent to an orphanage in Lebanon, to be similarly Turkified.

13. The family pronounces its name with the G as in “go” and the EI as in “eager.” HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

March 5, Monday: Virgil Thomson joined a field artillery regiment of the Missouri National Guard at Independence. WORLD WAR I

The Turkish government distributed 400 Armenian orphans from Aleppo by rail to various villages and towns.

In Syria, in order to keep the 350 residents of an Armenian Christian orphanage from falling into the hands of the Turks and being given new names and raised as Moslems, these foundlings were distributed to surviving relatives no matter how distantly related.

March 15, Thursday: Tsar Nicholas of Russia abdicated. Prince Lvoff would head a new cabinet. WORLD WAR I

20,000 Armenians in the city of Aleppo were reported in extreme distress. The Turkish government declined American offers of aid to these Armenian survivors — everything’s as it should be.

March 20, Tuesday: In Aleppo District, 45,000 Armenian deportees were reported living in dire conditions. Of these 10,000 were women, with the remainder consisting mainly of orphaned children.

March 23, Friday: The governor-general of Damascus, Huseyin Kiazim, reported that there were 60,000 Armenian deportees in Damascus District, of whom only about 1 in 10 were still physically capable of performing any sort of labor, and 30,000 in Homs and Hama.

March 26, Monday: Ernst E. Cristoffel, a German missionary in Malatia who witnessed massacres and deportations, estimated that roughly 1,000,000 Armenian Christians had been slaughtered.

Arabs commanded personally by T.E. Lawrence attacked the railway at Aba el Na’am.

Elegiac Trio for flute, viola and harp by Arnold Bax was performed for the initial time, in Aeolian Hall, London.

March 28, Wednesday: Arabs under T.E. Lawrence attacked the Hejaz railway again at Mudahrij.

April: The Turkish government ordered that all surviving Armenians in Urfa District be Turkified.

April 1, Sunday: Edgard Varèse made his American conducting debut at the Hippodrome on 6th Avenue in New York City on this Lord’s Day, conducting the Requiem of Hector Berlioz in honor of all those who have suffered in the “Great War” (he, and the concert, were a smashing success).

However, nevermind that bullshit about this being the Lord’s Day, the suffering wasn’t over: HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

• 12,000 Armenian Christians were slaughtered by Turkish Moslems in Buseira near Der-el-Zor. • French troops occupied Vauxaillon in the area evacuated by the Germans. • The Aztec, an armed American ship, was sunk in the submarine zone.

April 20, Friday: Walter Roy Harding was born in Bridgewater, Massachusetts. In World War II he would be a conscientious objector.

The United States of America and the Ottoman Empire severed diplomatic relations.

The main offensive in the 2d Battle of the Aisne was halted. By taking 130,000 casualties the French had advanced 500 meters. WORLD WAR I

June: Harry S Truman rejoined the National Guard and was elected first lieutenant of Battery F, 2nd Missouri Artillery. Was it at about this time that he became a swordsman?

Skilled Swordsmen

Saint Ignatius Loyola President Harry S Truman Michel Angelo General George Patton Sir Walter Raleigh Heinrich Himmler René Descartes Hermann Göring John Milton Juan Péron George Frederick Handel Francisco Franco Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Benito Mussolini Karl Marx Oswald Mosley Sir Richard Burton Reinhard Heydrich Aleksandr Pushkin HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

The Turkish government ordered the Turkification and Islamization of the surviving Armenian Christians.

The appointment of a new German ambassador in Constantinople (Johann Heinrich Count on Bernstorff, former ambassador to Washington — Bernstorff would serve until October 27th, 1918).

July 6, Friday: The Canadian House of Commons passed a Compulsory Military Service Bill.

German defenders did heavy damage to advancing Russians at Brzezany (Berezhany, Ukraine) southeast of Lemberg (Lvov).

Howeitat tribesmen commanded by T.E. Lawrence and Auda abu Tayi captured Aqaba after a 2-month trek across the desert. Lawrence would immediately cross Sinai to Suez to carry the news to the British. Thereafter, with British assistance, Akaba would be built up as a new base for Feisal’s rebel forces. It would serve as a center for political propaganda, and as the jump-off point for raids into northern Syria. WORLD WAR I

On doctor’s orders, Frederick Delius left his home in Grez-sur-Loing for a spa in Normandy. He could barely walk.

November 5, Monday: The Interior Ministry ordered the deportation of all Armenian railroad employees. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

November 27, Tuesday: Erik Satie appealed the judgement of July 12th, 1917. Eventually the sentence would be suspended and the Princesse de Polignac would help him pay the damages and fine.

The joint Austrian-German offensive in Italy ended. The front stabilized.

British commanders suspended their offensive near Cambrai. WORLD WAR I

President Woodrow Wilson urged former ambassador Henry Morgenthau to write a book based on his experiences in the ethnic cleansing of Turkey.

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

1918

When the German Ambassador insisted upon bringing up the Armenian Question, Mehmed Talat Pasha responded “with a smile”: What on earth do you want? The question was settled. There were no more Armenians.

January 4, Friday: Delegations from Russia, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire met at Brest-Litovsk to discuss the end of the war in the east.

The Bolshevik government recognizes the independence of Finland, as does Sweden and France.

Former French Prime Minister Joseph Caillaux was arrested, on orders of Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau, for fomenting a coup and seeking peace with Germany. WORLD WAR I

January 9, Wednesday: In order to select those Armenian laborers who were to be executed upon the completion of their projects, the Turkish Police Department of Aleppo obtained a list of all the Armenian labor battalion workers who were occupied in the construction of the Aleppo Normal School. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

January 25, Friday: Arabs commanded by T.E. Lawrence defeated Turks at Tafila. Lawrence left for Feisal’s base at Guweira to obtain funds and advice.

January 28, Monday: Since the Russian armies had fallen apart in the aftermath of the Russian Revolution and the Turks were advancing almost unopposed, the German General Hans Friedrich von Seeckt, at the time Chief of Staff of the Turkish Army, received instructions from home to intercept any further atrocities against Armenians in the Caucasus.

February 14, Thursday: Russia adopted the Gregorian calendar.

The Russian provinces of Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Armenia join together to form the Autonomous and Democratic Transcaucasian Federal Republic.

February 25, Monday: The main body of the German Jäger Battalion arrives in Finland, providing an anti-Bolshevik army. Germans occupy Estonia.

This was Alien Registration Day in Duluth, Minnesota. The local Commission on Public Safety required all non-citizens to register and declare the names of their relatives participating on either side of the world war, with their draft status, their citizenship status, the value and location of their real property, and the value and location of their personal property including the contents of any bank safety deposit boxes.

WORLD WAR I HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

February 27, Wednesday: Anton Ponikowski replaced Jan Kucharzewski as prime minister of Poland.

Realizing that the values of Duluth, Minnesota (above) were of great importance, with malice aforethought the Interior Ministry of Turkey requested that he be provided without delay with a complete list of any Armenians being employed by the Turkish railways. WORLD WAR I

March 3, Sunday: The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk between Russia and the Central Powers was signed by Russia, Turkey, and Germany. The hostilities with Russia were officially ended. Mehmet Talât Paşa declared that he would grant amnesty to the Armenians (meaning, any we missed, any that might still happen at this point to be alive). READ THE FULL TEXT Russia recognized the independence of Ukraine, Georgia, and Finland while handing over Poland and the Baltic States to Germany and Austria-Hungary. Kars, Ardahan, and Batum were given to the Ottoman Empire. The Armenians still alive in these districts were placed back under Turkish rule.

Communal riots began in Baku between Azeris and Armenians. They would continue through March.

German troops took Kiev. WORLD WAR I

The Second String Quartet of Béla Bartók was performed for the initial time, in Budapest.

Sonata in b minor for violin and piano by Ottorino Respighi was performed for the initial time, in Bologna, with the composer at the keyboard.

The Volunteers, a march by John Philip Sousa, was performed for the initial time, at the New York Hippodrome.

March 12, Tuesday: Enver ordered that all civilian Armenians over 5 years of age, inclusive of the remaining Armenians in the Turkish military, were to be killed within the next 48 hours. The Germans would attempt to prevent the Turks from perpetrating such an ethnic cleansing.

Turkish forces reoccupied Erzerum.

March 26, Tuesday: The Turkish governor-general of Aleppo Province provided a list of the Armenian railway employees to the Turkish Military Commissioner for Railways. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

April 1, Monday: British troops withdrew from Transcaucasia.

The Royal Flying Corps and the Royal Naval Air Service were joined together to form the Royal Air Force (this would constitute the 1st air force independent of ground armies and navies).

The Military Commissioner for Railways sent a reply to Osman Bedri, Turkish governor-general of Aleppo Province, relating to the destruction of the Armenian railway workers, and on the same day the list of these workers was delivered to the Aleppo Police Department — which was serving as the concentration and transit center for the deportations and massacres.

April 13, Saturday: Harry S Truman arrived in Brest, France, on board the USS George Washington. WORLD WAR I

Turkish forces occupied Kars.

Lev Trotsky was appointed Commissar for War.

April 14, Sunday: The registration book of all the remaining Armenian construction workers (the labor battalions of the Turkish Army) was sent to the Aleppo Police Department (so they could be slaughtered as soon as their work project was complete). HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

April 15, Monday: The Turkish government announced that as soon as Mehmet Talât Paşa got back from the Peace Conference at Brest-Litovsk, he was going to grant amnesty to Armenians remaining alive in Turkey. Practically, this was an empty gesture for the benefit of the Europeans — as most surviving Armenians were living outside of Turkey proper and those still remaining in Turkey were at the time being systematically destroyed and were expected by the time he got back to be all dead.

Visions fugitives and the Piano Sonata no.3 by Sergei Prokofiev were performed for the 1st time, by the composer, in Petrograd.

I selvaggi, a puppet ballet by Gian Francesco Malipiero to a story by Depero, was performed for the initial time, in Teatro dei Piccoli, Rome.

April 24: Enver returned from Batum to Constantinople and reported that he would be issuing instructions for the return of “peaceful” Armenians.

April 28, day: At the home of Valentine Gross in Paris, Francis Poulenc met Guillaume Apollinaire for the 1st time. In coming decades, Poulenc would set Apolinaire’s words to music many times.

Sidónio Pais replaced Bernardino Machado Guimarães as President of Portugal.

Gavrilo Princip died in prison at Theresienstadt of tuberculosis at the age of 23.

The Ottoman Empire formally recognized the Transcaucasian Federative Republic consisting of Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. (This federation would disintegrate a month later, on May 28th.)

May 28, Tuesday: An Armenian Republic was proclaimed in Russian Transcaucasia. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

May 30, Thursday: As the Transcaucasian Republic dissolved, Armenia declared its independence.

The Czech Legion captured Tomsk.

German forces reached the Marne River 60 kilometers from Paris, creating a salient 30 kilometers deep and 50 kilometers wide. WORLD WAR I

During a visit of Thomas Masaryk to the United States, Czechs in exile drew up a charter of independence in Pittsburgh.

June 4, Tuesday: The Ottoman Empire claimed a protectorate over Armenia.

Horatio Parker’s morality play The Dream of Mary op.82 to words of Chapman was performed for the initial time, in Norfolk, Connecticut. Also premiered was Land of Our Hearts for male chorus and orchestra by George Whitefield Chadwick to words of Ware, conducted by the composer.

United States forces saw major action for the 1st time in the war, at Belleau Wood near Château-Thierry.

The Port of New York was closed because German U-boats had just sunk 9 ships off the Atlantic coast. WORLD WAR I

June 9, Friday: General Paul von Hindenburg wired Ismail Enver Pasha requiring the Turkish forces to evacuate all Caucasian areas except Kars, Ardahan, and Batum. The Ottoman Empire would ignore this demand. Local massacres of Armenians were being reported throughout the occupied areas.

June 24, Monday: Moslem Turks massacred 2,000 remaining Armenian Christians in Kara-Kilise.

June 28, Friday: Sultan Mehmet V Reshad, who had been a total rubber-stamp for the Ittihadists, died and was succeeded by Mehmet VI Vahideddin.

To destroy the survivors, the Turkish government condemned 14,000 Armenian Christians to hard labor.

July 3, Monday: Sultan Mehmed V of the Ottoman Empire died and was succeeded by his brother, Mehmed VI. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

July 5, Wednesday: Avedis Aharonian, President of the Armenian Delegation, met with the German ambassador to Constantinople, Count Bernstorff, on behalf of the Armenian Republic.

June 24, Monday: Moslem Turks massacred 2,000 remaining Armenian Christians in Kara-Kilise.

June 28, Friday: Sultan Mehmet V Reshad, who had been a total rubber-stamp for the Ittihadists, died and was succeeded by Mehmet VI Vahideddin.

To destroy the survivors, the Turkish government condemned 14,000 Armenian Christians to hard labor.

September 15, Sunday: Stonehedge was granted to the British crown by its owner Cecil H. Chubb.

French and Serbian forces began the offensive in Macedonia heading toward the Crna River against fierce Bulgarian resistance.

US newspapers began publishing the so-called “Sisson Documents,” documents from Russian sources collected by journalist Edgar Sisson in Petrograd who had delivered them to the Secretary of State in Washington DC. They indicated that Lenin and Trotsky were German agents, and the US government distributed them to newspapers (they were of course forgeries).

3 days of slaughter of Armenian citizens began in the city of Baku, by Turkish military forces under the command of Nuri Pasha (Enver’s younger brother) and Halil Pasha (Enver’s uncle). They would generate some 30,000 human corpses. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

September 16, Monday: Arab forces under Prince Feisal and T.E. Lawrence destroyed the Turkish rail lines north, south, and west of Der’a.

Serbian forces took the summit of Kozyak Mountain.

September 19, Thursday: Allied forces aided by an Armenian Legion recruited from Armenian colonies throughout the world opened a large-scale offensive on the Syrian front.

October 2, Wednesday: Boston registered 202 deaths from Spanish influenza. Soon the city would cancel its Liberty Bond parades and sporting events. Churches would be closed and the stock market would be put on half-days.

An emissary from the general staff informed the Reichstag, to its consternation, that the war might be continued, but could not be won.

The Joint Council of Ministers of Austria-Hungary asked for an armistice based on the Fourteen Points of President Wilson.

Bulgaria signed an armistice with the Allies. Armenian refugees in Bulgaria were now safe, as the Bulgarian government would cease returning them to Turkey. WORLD WAR I

October 8, Tuesday: The Red Army takes Samara, thus opening up the Volga region.

The National Council of the Slovenes, Croats and Serbs was formed in Zagreb by leading south Slav politicians.

Corporal Alvin C. York, USA., after becoming separated from his unit in the Argonne Forest, kills 20 Germans, and captures a hill, 35 machine guns and 132 German soldiers, singlehandedly.

Béla Bartók contracts the Spanish influenza, now a worldwide epidemic. He was confined to his bed in Budapest. WORLD WAR I

Allied forces captured the city of Beirut (Beyrut).

The Ittihad Cabinet of Ismail Enver Pasha, Jemal, and Mehmet Talât Paşa resigned and the 3 of them prepared to flee from Turkey in order to escape retribution for the Armenian Genocide. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

October 14, Monday: President Woodrow Wilson publicly responded to peace overtures from Germany and Austria- Hungary: All submarine warfare must end, Germany must define the nature of its government, and Allied officers would decide the process of evacuating Belgium and France. WORLD WAR I

Ahmed Izzet Pasha replaced Mehmet Talât Paşa as Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire.

The US Marine fliers 2d Lieutenant Ralph Talbot and Gunnery Sergeant Robert G. Robinson would be awarded Congressional Medals of Honor for their activities on this day.

October 18, Friday: In Washington, Tomás Garrigue Masaryk issued the Czechoslovak declaration of independence.

In the midst of an epidemic, Berlin counted 1,700 deaths from Spanish influenza on this day alone.

October 19, Saturday: Dr. C.Y. White announced in Philadelphia that he has developed a vaccine to prevent influenza. Over 10,000 complete series of inoculations were delivered to the Philadelphia Board of Health. Whether or not the so-called vaccine was playing much of a role in loosening the flu’s grip on the city would become a matter of debate.

October 29, Tuesday: British forces defeated the Turks at Ash Sharqat and Qayyarah on their way to Mosul.

When the crews of the German High Seas Fleet took control of their ships at Wangerooge, 2 of the vessels ran up red flags. WORLD WAR I

Sergei Prokofiev made his 1st concert appearance in the United States, almost unnoticed, at the Brooklyn Museum.

The Croatian Sabor proclaimed independence from Austria-Hungary in a new state of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

Slovak leaders met in Turciansky Sväty Martin and agree to secede from Hungary and join in a common state with the Czechs.

Kaiser Wilhelm departed Potsdam, where calls for his abdication were increasing, to join the high command at Spa, Belgium.

The Ittihad Central Bureau resigned and the Party decided secretly to reorganize as the Tejeddut Firkasi (Regeneration Party). Mehmet Talât Paşa, Ismail Enver Pasha, Osman Bedri, Behaeddin Shakir, and more than 30 other Ittihadist ringleaders decided to flee from Turkey to Germany.

120,000 Turkish gold pounds, and a bunch of jewelry, was transferred from the Ittihad Party to the Tejeddut Party, the newly-organized front of the Ittihadists. This amounted to merely a small part of the “abandoned” property of the Armenians that had been misappropriated by the Ittihadists. Dr. Nâzim Bey took with him to Germany 65,000 Turkish gold pounds and 600,000 Turkish gold pounds of valuation in jewelry out of the “abandoned” goods of the Armenians.

October 30, Wednesday: British and Turkish delegations concluded an armistice aboard HMS Agamemnon in Mudros Bay, to take effect at noon on the following day. Allied troops would occupy the Dardanelles and Bosporus forts, all mines would be cleared, all Turkish war ships would surrender, the Turkish army would demobilize, all prisoners would be freed, and all Germans and Austrians expelled. The Ottoman Empire ceased to exist. Total Turkish casualties in the war numbered 2,920,000 men. The Armistice agreement made provisions for the release of Armenian internees and the return of the Armenian deportees to their homes.

Allied forces (mostly Italian) captured Vittorio Veneto and Sacile, breaking the Austro-Hungarian line and sending them into wholesale retreat. Austria-Hungary asked for an armistice in Italy. WORLD WAR I

After a report circulated that the German Fleet was being readied for a last stand against the British, sailors revolted at Kiel Wilhelmshaven.

A constitution for German-Austria was proclaimed. It declared Austria part of the German Republic.

Troops loyal to the Hungarian National Council seized public buildings in Budapest. Most of the Imperial troops sent to confront the council deserted along the way.

5 songs for voice and piano by Frank Bridge were performed for the 1st time, in Wigmore Hall, London: Adoration to words of Keats, Come to me in my dreams to words of Arnold, Mantle of blue to words of Colum, So early in the morning to words of Stephens, and Where she lies asleep to words of M.E. Coleridge.

This would turn out to be the deadliest month in the history of the United States of America, as 195,000 Americans fell victim to influenza. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

November 1, Friday: In Turkey, the Ittihad Party, with 120 delegates attending, convened under the guise of the “Tejeddut” party.

The American forces broke through the German defenses at Meuse. The US Marine Brigade entered Meuse- Argonne. WORLD WAR I

«La guerre est une série de catastrophes qui produisent la victoire.» — Georges Clemenceau

The Norwegian ship Bergensfjord, with Sergei Rakhmaninov and his wife aboard, steamed out of Christiania for the United States. The composer had 3 offers in the US, but no definite plans except for them to get the hell out of Europe.

180 mutineers were arrested by German naval authorities at Kiel.

War began between Poland and Ukraine over Galicia.

Mihály, Count Károlyi proclaimed the independence of Hungary.

The Society for Private Performances was formed in Vienna. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

Italian troops took Belluno, north of Venice.

French forces entered Belgrade.

American forces began an offensive toward Sedan, smashing through the German lines at Buzancy and advancing 8 kilometers.

YMCA Music Organizer Gustav Holst arrived in France.

7 leaders of the ruling party of Turkey escaped from Constantinople aboard a German destroyer.

November 2, Saturday: The July 13 proclamation of Wilhelm von Urach, Duke of Wurttemberg as King Mandaugas II of Lithuania was rescinded. The country reverted to a republic under Chairman of the Lithuanian National Council Presidium Antanas Smetona and Prime Minister Augustinas Voldemaras.

The Germans released General Pilsudski from prison. He returned to Warsaw. WORLD WAR I

East African Germans invaded Northern Rhodesia.

The new Hungarian government recalled all Hungarian troops from the front.

Mehmet Talât Paşa, Enver, and Jemal fled Turkey aboard a German freighter.

November 3, Sunday: The German Sailors Soviet took control of Kiel.

The American forces in France cut the vital Lille-Metz rail link. WORLD WAR I

In Turkey, a 2d session of the Ittihad Convention as the “Tejeddut” party was held under the chairmanship of Ismail Janbolat Bey, Mehmet Talât Paşa’s former assistant. An Executive Committee of 21 members was elected. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

November 4, Monday: Delegates from Austria-Hungary and the Allied nations signed an armistice in Padua. Hostilities ceased on the Italian front. WORLD WAR I

Rebellious sailors in Kiel armed themselves and took control of Kiel. Loyal troops and ships fled. Ships still in port raised the red flag. Workers in Kiel created a Workers’ and Soldiers’ Council, disarmed their officers and liberated their arrested comrades. Delegations were sent to other ports. Within 2 days, all important German ports, including Hamburg, Wilhelmshaven and Bremerhaven, would be in revolt.

American forces captured Beaufort.

British forces renewed their offensive in the Cambrai sector, crossing the Sambre Canal and reaching the Mormal Forest.

25-year-old poet Wilfred Owen was killed in battle in France.

In Turkey, a 3d session of the Ittihad Convention instructed its provincial branches to go underground, and announced their “abolishment.”

November 3, Sunday: British troops occupy Mosul (Al Mawsil), 350 kilometers northwest of Baghdad.

Alban Berg leaves the army and his post at the Austrian Ministry of War.

The Polish Republic was proclaimed in Warsaw by the government of Józef Swiezynski as a Polish army enters Galicia.

British and French forces take Trento.

Allied ships capture Trieste.

Italy annexes the Austrian territories of Brixen (Bressanone) and Trent (Trento).

After two days of indignation meetings by sailors in Kiel, led by members of the Independent Socialist Party, officers sound the emergency recall alarm. No one responds. 3,000 men and women from Kiel demonstrate in support of the sailors. Sailors march on the prison to free their comrades but were fired upon by troops loyal to the government. Eight sailors were killed, 29 injured.

November 5, Tuesday: Wladyslaw Wróblewski replaced Józef Swierzynski as prime minister of Poland.

Gustav Noske, sent by the Berlin government to assess the situation in Kiel, was made governor of the town by the workers and sailors. Noske accepted, in an attempt to restore order (he would succeed).

All Ittihadist clubs in Anatolia were officiously “closed.” The units had disappeared underground. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

November 6, day: Theodor Liesching replaced Wilhelm August von Breitling as prime minister of Wurtemberg.

American forces reach the Meuse River, 8 kilometers from Sedan.

Mutinous sailors now control Lübeck, Hamburg, Cuxhaven, Bremen, Bremerhaven, Wilhelmshaven and towns in Schleswig-Holstein.

November 15, day: Delfin Moreira da Costa Ribeiro replaced Wenceslao Braz Pereira Gomes as president of Brazil.

Russians, a cycle for voice and orchestra by Daniel Gregory Mason to words of Bynner, was performed for the initial time, in Chicago.

November 16, day: The provincial government of Dalmatia requests that the National Council of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs immediately seek union with Serbia and Montenegro, fearing that they were about to be occupied by Italy.

In front of the Houses of Parliament, the National Council proclaims the Hungarian Republic.

Mihály, Count Károlyi de Nagykároly was named interim president.

A Tripolitanian Republic was set up in Libya, opposed to rule by Italy.

November 18, day: The White Directorate in Omsk was overthrown by the military. Alexander Kolchak was named Supreme Ruler of White dominated areas of Russia.

Jedrzej Edward Moraczewski replaced Ignacy Daszynski as prime minister of Poland.

The Republic of Latvia was declared independent by the Latvian People’s Council, formed yesterday.

Janis Cakste was elected Chairman of the Latvian People’s Council (Head of State). Karlis Ulmanis was Prime Minister.

November 19, day: Italian forces occupy Dalmatia.

Charles Koechlin dines at the White House, discussing the League of Nations with President Wilson.

November 22, day: Léon Delacroix replaced Gerhard Cooreman as prime minister of Belgium. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

November 23, day: Lwow (Lvov) falls to Polish troops.

Darius Milhaud leaves Brazil after almost two years working in the French embassy. He was returning to France via the West Indies and New York.

The 1st general meeting of the Verein für Musikalische Privataufführungen (Society for Private Performances) was held in Vienna. An executive committee was elected. Arnold Schoenberg was named president.

November 27, day: Lauri Johannes Ingman replaced Juho Kusti Paasikivi as prime minister of Finland.

The National Council of Bessarabia votes to join Romania.

November 29, day: Nicholas of Montenegro was deposed. Montenegro was united with Serbia.

The Estonian Soviet Republic was proclaimed in Russian-occupied Estonia.

The allied powers recognize the independence of Lithuania.

November 30, day: King Ferdinand of Romania and his cabinet reassert control in Bucharest.

Une châtelaine en sa tour op.110 for harp by Gabriel Fauré was performed for the initial time, by the Société National de Musique, Paris.

Nikola Pasic, prime minister of Serbia, was named to be the 1st prime minister of the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.

The Société de l’orchestre de la Suisse Romande gives its inaugural concert in Geneva.

November 11, Monday, Armistice Day: At 5:10AM an armistice between Germany and the allied countries was signed in a railroad car in the forest of Compiègne between the Allies and the Central Powers effectively halting the Great War. Six hours later (there’s no sense in killing people until the very last second, is there?), at 10:45AM, Captain Harry S Truman’s Battery D fired off its final round. Then, as of the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month, the Great War came to an end (the final treaty would be signed at Versailles on June 28th, 1919). The Great War had cost approximately 10,000,000 lives and 21,000,000 had been wounded: isn’t that just great? WORLD WAR I

While completing his instrumentation of Rag-time in Lausanne, Igor Stravinsky heard a buzzing in his ears. Going down to the street, he saw that everyone else was experiencing the same buzz. They would later learn that the noise they had heard had been a cannon on the French frontier, signaling the above armistice.

The 2d Polish Republic was founded, headed by Józef Pilsudski. What constitutes “Poland” was still a matter of some dispute. German troops were disarmed and expelled from Warsaw.

Richard Strauss was named interim artistic advisor of the Berlin Opera. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

The Republic of Estonia was restored following the German defeat.

Ahmed Tevfik Pasha replaced Ahmed Izzet Pasha as Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire.

The 5th Committee of the Turkish Parliament issued a summons for Mehmet Talât Paşa, the principle architect of the Armenian Christian genocide, Ismail Enver Pasha, and Ahmed Djemal Pasha, to appear within 10 days for an inquiry.

In Duluth, Minnesota, John R. Kellam, son of the pharmacist, formed his 1st long-term memory: I have a pretty good memory for things of long, long ago anyway. My first memory was for something that happened when I was about three and a half weeks more than two years old. Shortly after I was two years old, and that birthday was in late October 1918, the original Armistice Day occurred. Now I wouldn’t have been able to understand the first thing about Armistice Day. But in our neighborhood there was some excitement and something happened so that my father called upstairs from the drugstore — we lived in a flat above— and said that the front of the train is off the tracks over at the station. That was only a half a block away. Lester Park Station in Duluth. This was the train headed up toward the Iron Range in Minnesota. Some wheels were off the track. My father said, “Let’s go over and watch it. They’re trying to get it back on.” That’s all he had heard. So we all went across the street, down half a block and into the railroad station and beyond and the train was off the track. The two little wheels under the front cowcatcher of this old steam train had somehow gotten dislodged and this train with extra cars on it full of people was waiting for people working, trying to get this pair of wheels, heavily weighted down by the springs under this cowcatcher, back on the rails. They had iron wedges and iron poles with wedged tips, curved, working. They’d get to a certain place and the engineer would back up a little bit, slowly, and then there’d be a cracking sound and the wheels would slip off of whatever they were on and down on the ties again. Then they’d try it again a different way. I was fascinated by this. Trains were something that always stayed on the tracks, of course! So this was really odd. In my short memory it even seemed unusual, in view of what little I knew about trains. Well, they finally got the flange of one wheel across the rail and the other flange still up enough so that a tire went flack! right into place on top of the rail, both sides at once. After all that struggling they had done, then they were ready to make it go. There was no damage to the railroad, the engine, or any other cars and so they were free to go. The track was all right. There were some ties that had been marked, but pretty soon they got the engine heated up, the steam started to flow and the engine pulled and chugged away until the train was a little speck on the horizon and HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

disappeared. Well, I guess I didn’t think about that very many times, but when I was somewhere around seven or eight years old, we always had dinner together in the evening, with a relief man taking over the drugstore, and this was above the new drugstore that we built a mile away, we were talking about this and that. I said, “I remember a train that went off the track! They were putting it back on!” My dad said, “John, where was that?” I said, “Oh, that was out at the Lester Park station before we moved here.” Dad said, “Well, that’s right! What more do you remember?” I said, “There were so many people watching the workmen trying to get this train back on and so I told you I couldn’t see. So you lifted me up over your head so I was sitting on the back of your neck with my knees along side your ears. I had my hands clasped in front of your forehead. Way up there, where it was higher than you were, Daddy, I was able to see everything! It was wonderful!” (I wouldn’t have been able to see a thing in between the people — I would have moved in too close and been taken away.) “Well,” he said, “John, are you sure you remember this or did somebody tell you about it later?” I said, “I haven’t heard anybody say anything about that. I saw it. I was right there!” He said, “The reason why I’m finding it so hard to realize that it’s really your own memory is that that train full of people with wheels off the rails and back on again was on their way to the Iron Range for celebrations of the Armistice on November 11, 1918, when you were too young, I thought, to have remembered the derailing incident.”

IT IS NO COINCIDENCE THAT IT IS MORTALS WHO CONSUME OUR HISTORICAL ACCOUNTS, FOR WHAT WE ARE ATTEMPTING TO DO IS EVADE THE RESTRICTIONS OF THE HUMAN LIFESPAN. (IMMORTALS, WITH NOTHING TO LIVE FOR, TAKE NO HEED OF OUR STORIES.)

Armenian Genocide “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

1919

Henry Morgenthau, Sr., former US Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, reported in AMBASSADOR MORGENTHAU’S STORY that: When the Turkish authorities gave the orders for these deportations, they were merely giving the death warrant to a whole race; they understood this well, and, in their conversations with me, they made no particular attempt to conceal the fact.... I am confident that the whole history of the human race contains no such horrible episode as this. The great massacres and persecutions of the past seem almost insignificant when compared to the sufferings of the Armenian race in 1915.

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE

February: Former Crown Prosecutor and Magistrate James Homagee, who had managed the St. Helena Savings Bank for 50 years, was sentenced to 5 years imprisonment for embezzling £4,829.

A court martial to address the crimes of the Armenian Genocide was convened in Constantinople.

February 5, Wednesday: Trials of Turkish officials accused of the murder of thousands of Armenians in Ankara Province commence in Yozgat.

The 1st regular daily passenger flights began between Berlin and Weimar. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

February 6, Thursday: Dr. Reshid, former governor-general of Diyarbekir Province in Turkey and a major perpetrator of the Armenian Genocide, committed suicide.

The National Assembly of the German Republic convened in the Court Theater of Weimar. WORLD WAR I

The Central Labor Council of Seattle voted to support dock workers in a general strike. This was the 1st general strike in a United States city — more than 100,000 were off the job.

2 songs by George Gershwin were performed for the initial time as part of the musical comedy Good Morning, Judge in the Shubert Theater, New York: I was so young, to words of Bryan and Caesar, and There’s more to the kiss than the x-x-x, to words of Caesar.

February 26, Wednesday: Grand Canyon National Park was established.

During the 10th session of the court martial of Turkish officials accused of the Yozgat massacres during the Armenian Genocide, testimony was presented that the local gendarmery commander, Major Mehmed Tevfik Bey, had used 50,000 Turkish gold pounds to purchase property that had been confiscated from Armenians.

March 5, Monday: In Berlin, the communist-led general strike suspended economic activity. 30,000 government troops, firing at any perceived threat, began to flood into the city.

The “Commission of Fifteen,” a subcommittee of the Commission on Responsibilities and Sanctions of the Paris Peace Conference, issued a report about the culpability of Turkey in the deaths of thousands of Armenians. They cited terror, systematic massacre, rape, seizing of property (both personal and community) and its destruction, deportation, and forced labor.

The 11th session of the trial on the Yozgat massacres during the Armenian Genocide was held.

President Woodrow Wilson left New York harbor, heading for France.

March 8, Thursday: An imperial decree was published in Constantinople calling for the courtmartial of the Ittihadist leaders. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

March 13, Tuesday: The Grand Vizier, Ahmet Tevfik Pasha, attempted to justify the genocide against the Armenian Christians on the basis of false accusations. Don’t you see, they had it coming.

Remaining revolutionaries in Berlin under arms asked the German government for surrender terms. No conditions were allowed. Some surrendered and the rest fought to the death. Between 1,500 and 2,000 leftists died in the insurrection and about 10,000 were wounded.

After 10 days of an offensive against the Red Army, German troops controlled most of Lithuania and held the port of Windau, Latvia. In every area they conquered, they simply gunned down any suspected communists.

President Woodrow Wilson arrived in France for a 2d time, at Brest.

The Violin Sonata op.82 by Edward Elgar was performed for the initial time, privately, at the British Musical Society.

March 8, Saturday: An imperial decree in Constantinople ordered the court martial of the Young Turk leaders who led the Ottoman government through the war and the Armenian Genocide.

March 10, Monday: Damad Adil Ferid Pasha replaced Ahmed Tevfik Pasha as Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire.

James Joyce’s English Players’ production of The Heather Field by Edward Martyn opened in Zürich. Playing the 40-year-old Irish doctor was Otto Luening.

March 24, Monday: The 12th session taking testimony on the Armenian Genocide massacres at Yozgat was held. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

March 30, Sunday: In an attempt to disrupt the Yozgat Armenian Genocide court martial, shots were fired in the courtroom.

April 5, Saturday: Ute hörs stormen (Outside, the Storm was Raging) for male chorus by Jean Sibelius to words of Schybergson was performed for the initial time, in Viipuri.

A concert in the Salle Huyghens, Paris, featuring all 6 of “les nouveaux Jeunes,” inspired critic Henri Collet to write an article entitled “Les cinq russes, les six français, et Satie.” Premiered was the String Quartet no.4 by Darius Milhaud and Sonata for 2 clarinets by Francis Poulenc.

In Turkey, the 5th session of the trial on the Trebizond massacres was held.

Friend Elbert Russell’s “A Society of Peace-makers” appeared in the Friends’ Intelligencer. THE QUAKER PEACE TESTIMONY

April 7, Monday: The Soviet Republic of Bavaria was proclaimed in München, declaring its solidarity with soviet republics in Russia and Hungary. This was Bavaria’s 3d simultaneous government. Their manifesto called for secession from Germany, alliance with Russia and Hungary, the nationalization of industry, and confiscation of large landholdings. When French forces evacuated Odessa, they took with them 40,000 Russians who had sought their protection. In the panic created by anticipation of a Bolshevik takeover, any number of civilians committed suicide.

Trials of Turkish officials accused of the murder of thousands of Armenians in Ankara Province concluded in Yozgat Province, with former governor Mehmet (Mehmed) Kemal Bey among others being convicted of “mass murder of Yozgat’s Armenian deportees at Keller and elsewhere, the pillage and plunder of the victim’s goods, and the abduction and rape of many members of the convoys.” The Turkish commander of local Yozgat troops, Major Mehmed Tevfik Bey, was sentenced to 15 years at hard labor.

160,000 Belgian women signed a petition demanding the mandate to vote.

Incidental music to Bennet’s play Judith by Granville Bantock was performed for the initial time, in Devonshire Park, Eastbourne.

Piano Sonata in a minor op.11 and Three Miniatures op.12 for piano by Howard Hanson were performed for the initial time, at the College of the Pacific, San Jose, California. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

April 10, Thursday: 4 days of balloting in Hungary for a national soviet came to an end.

The Belgian government decreed universal suffrage.

The comédie musicale Masques et bergamasques by Gabriel Fauré, to words of Fauchois, was performed for the initial time, in Monaco.

Mexican revolutionary Emiliano Zapata was gunned down by federal troops at the hacienda of San Juan Chinameca in Morelos.

The 18 sessions of the trial of the officials of Turkey’s Yozgat district, Mehmed Kemâl Bey, Major Mehmed Tevfik Bey, and Abdul Fayaz, had taken place from February 5th to April 7th. They were accused of “mass murder of Yozgat’s Armenian deportees at Keller and elsewhere, the pillage and plunder of the victim’s goods, and the abduction and rape of many members of the convoys.” There was testimony from 18 Armenian survivors. On April 8th Mehmet (Mehmed) Kemal Bey, who had been sub-district governor of Bogazliyan and subsequently interim district governor of Yozgat, was convicted of ordering the robbery and murder of Armenians and sentenced to death under Article 170 of the Ottoman Penal Code for the crime of premeditated murder. At 7PM on this day he was hanged in Istanbul’s Bayezid (Beyazit) Square. In a final statement on the scaffold he insisted he had merely been implementing an order received as a Turkish officer. He entrusted his children to the people. He shouted “They are hanging me to make up to the foreign countries. If they call this justice, curse upon such a justice!” His final words were “Long live the nation.” Some describe him as the 1st person executed for crimes against humanity. The body would be interred in the Mahmud Baba Tomb in Yozgat, wrapped in a Turkish flag.

April 15, Tuesday: In Turkey, the court martial investigated the role of the Ittihad Party in the Armenian massacres.

In Russia, the Cheka initiated concentration camps for political opponents.

After a German officer was arrested by Latvian officials in Libau, German troops broke him out of jail and placed under arrest all the officers of the Latvian army.

In the midst of a general strike in Milan, leftists battled fascists in the streets. The socialist newspaper Avanti! was ransacked by fascists. Five people were killed, 30 injured. When police finally gained control of the situation, 50 rioters were arrested.

Antonio Maura y Montaner replaced Alvaro Figueroa y Torres, Count Romanones as Prime Minister of Spain. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

April 27, Sunday: The Battle for München between the communists and Freikorps units. PROTO-NAZISM

The Ottoman court trying those Turkish Moslems accused of genocide of Armenian Christians in the Yozgat district found that their actions rather than having been an isolated event had clearly amounted to “the result of a premeditated decision taken by a central body....”

Sergei Rakhmaninov and Jascha Heifetz appeared at the Metropolitan Opera House in New York City, at an event to support the Victory Liberty Loan. Both performed set pieces and then auctioned their encores to the highest bidder. Rakhmaninov received a bid of $1,000,000 for his Prelude in c# minor (however, the high bidder was Ampico, a small reproducing piano company who had Rakhmaninov under contract — and they were into this for the publicity).

May 4, Sunday: Demonstrations were held in Peking and throughout China to protest the transfer of Germany’s rights in Shantung province to Japan. The events of this day spawn a new movement among intellectuals to reform the nation and awaken the masses.

It was revealed during the 2d session of the tribunal investigating the Ittihad Party that Ittihad cabinet ministers had been simultaneously serving as executive members of that party. ARMENIAN GENOCIDE

May 5, Monday: Gyula, Count Andrássy became the prime minister of the counter-revolutionary government of Hungary, centered in Arad.

The League of Red Cross Societies was founded.

The 13th session of the trial on the Trebizond massacres of Armenian Christians was held.

May 6, Tuesday: Captain Harry S Truman was discharged from the US Army. WORLD WAR I

When members of the Freikorps massacre 21 members of a Catholic workingmen’s society, the bourgeoisie of München turn against the Freikorps and their week-long reign of terror.

Henry Cowell was discharged from the United States Army.

The 3d session of the tribunal on the Ittihad Party revealed that the original Convention of the party had consisted of merely 300 members. ETHNIC CLEANSING HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

May 8, Thursday: The 4th session of the Ittihad Tribunal was held. 180,000 Turkish gold pounds were requisitioned from the Tejeddut Party.

The 5th session of the Ittihad Tribunal was held and the trial of Young Turk propagandist Zia Gokalp began.

Leaders in Ruthenia agreed to join Czechoslovakia.

Otto Strandman was named the 1st Prime Minister of Estonia.

The text of the Versailles Treaty reached Berlin by special courier. Read it and weep.

Virtual civil war in Bavaria ended with the restoration of order by government troops. During 9 days of fighting 557 had been killed.

A mob of sailors and white citizens roamed the streets of Charleston, South Carolina assaulting any black Americans they found. 2 black Americans were killed and 17 injured. To restore order in the town it was necessary to call in the US Marines.

May 11, Sunday: The 16th session of the trial on the Trebizond massacres of Armenian Christians was held.

The Bavarian government-in-exile returned to München from Bamberg as the Freikorps left the province.

Andrievs Niedra replaced Oskars Borkovskis as Head of State and Prime Minister of Latvia.

Claude Debussy’s Rhapsody for saxophone, completed by Roger-Ducasse, was performed for the initial time, by the Société National de Musique, Paris.

May 15, Thursday: Deux poèmes tupis op.52 for women’s voices and handclaps by Darius Milhaud was performed for the initial time, in Théâtre Vieux Colombier, Paris.

The 18th session of the trial on the Trebizond massacres of Armenian Christians was held. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

May 19, Monday: The Danish ship Mary witnessed Australian Harry Hawker and MacKenzie Grieve of Great Britain landing in the ocean about 5 kilometers from them. They effectd a rescue in heavy seas, but there was no wireless on board to notify the world.

A mass meeting of 100,000 persons was organized by the Constantinople Police Department to protest the landing at Smyrna (modern İzmir) on May 14th of the Greek Army.

Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk) arrived in Samsun on assignment from the Ministry of War and the Grand Vizier in Constantinople, as Inspector-General for central Anatolia. Atatürk began organizing forces to oppose the Allied occupation of Turkey. Many former Young Turk (Ittihadist) loyalists joined forces with him.

The Polish government mandated universal health care.

Hungary launched an offensive against Czechoslovakia. They achieved a series of successes.

The Supreme Court of Canada reversed the Drysdale decision of April 27th, 1918 in the Halifax Explosion. All subsequent appeals would find that the 2 ships were equally to blame.

May 20, Tuesday: Massive nationalist demonstrations began in Constantinople, and would continue through May 23d. They were protesting the Allied occupation of Turkey.

Since the 2 fliers, Australian Harry Hawker and MacKenzie Grieve of Great Britain, had not been heard from since they left Newfoundland 2 days earlier, it was being assumed that they have gone down in the Atlantic Ocean.

May 22, Thursday: German troops captured Riga. WORLD WAR I

An Ottoman court in Trebizond handed down verdicts in the Armenian Genocide. It found Governor-General Jemal Azmi and Yenibahcheli Nail Bey of the Committee of Union and Progress (Young Turks, Jöntürkler) responsible for the order to massacre Armenian Christians. They were sentenced to death in absentia. Hehmet Ali, a customs inspector, was sentenced to 10 years of forced labor. The Chief of Police was sentenced to a year in prison. Others implicated were acquitted.

May 26, Monday: The Republic of Armenia was declared.

A production of Oliver Goldsmith’s She Stoops to Conquer by James Joyce’s English Players opened in Zürich. In the role of Tony Lumpkin was Otto Luening.

La La Lucille, a musical comedy by George Gershwin with a book by Jackson and lyrics by DeSylva, Jackson and Ceasar, was performed in New York for the 1st time, in the Henry Miller Theater, New York. This was Gershwin’s 1st full score for Broadway and would see 104 performances. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

May 28, Wedesday: In a surprise move, 67 Turkish suspected war criminals, currently detained by the royal government, were seized by British troops. Some were removed to the island of Mudros, the rest to Malta.

On the 1st anniversary of independence, the Republic of Armenia declared the unification of Caucasian and Turkish Armenia.

King Ferdinand of Romania granted full citizenship to his country’s Jews.

Belgium annexed Eupen, Malmedy, and Moresnet.

June 10, Tuesday: The King/Crane Commission, sent by President Woodrow Wilson to assess conditions in the former Ottoman Empire, arrived at Jaffa. In their final report they would recommend the establishment of an independent Armenian state.

For their war crimes, Mehmet Talât Paşa, Ismail Enver Pasha, Ahmed Djemal Pasha, and Dr. Nâzim Bey were condemned to death in absentia by a Turkish court martial for perpetration of the Armenian Genocide.

June 19, Thursday: At 3AM the German cabinet took a series of votes on whether to accept the Versailles Treaty, votes in which they were evenly divided. WORLD WAR I

Oxford University conferred on Ralph Vaughan Williams an honorary DMus.

In the face of nationwide strikes, the government of Italian Prime Minister Vittorio Emmanuele Orlando was soundly defeated in a vote of confidence.

The Turkish National Congress was founded in Ankara by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk to oppose the partition of Turkey in the Versailles Treaty. Founders signed the Amasia Protocol to fight partition and the Sultan.

Silvestre Revueltas graduated from Chicago Musical College in violin, harmony and composition.

The Answer of the Stars, a cantata by Frederick S. Converse to words of Howe, was performed for the initial time, for commencement day ceremonies of the Harvard Alumni Association.

July: Peace celebrations were held on Francis Plain of St. Helena to mark the end of World War I.

The Constantinople branch of the Ittihad Party planned to send Javid, Dr. Adnan, and his wife Halide Hanum as their delegates to the Congress convened in Sivas by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. To escape trial for war crimes, Javid had for the 8 months following the Armistice been in hiding in Turkey. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

July 5, Saturday: A Turkish court-martial of the wartime leaders of the Ottoman Empire found them guilty of involving the country in the Great War and in the genocide of the Armenian Christians. Most of the dozens of people found guilty in this and other tribunals would, however, escape official punishment. In the brief interim (1918- 1920) between the Ottoman collapse and the ascendancy of the nationalist Ataturk regime, the Turkish government was holding trials for dozens of accused war-criminals. However, only 15 death sentences would be handed down, and of these 15 mass-murderers, only 3 persons, insignificant subordinates, would actually get executed. Although the 3 main organizers of the genocide would subsequently meet violent ends, Ismail Enver Pasha while leading an anti-Bolshevik revolt in Turkestan in 1922 and Ahmed Djemal Pasha and Mehmet Talât Pasha when tracked down by Armenian assassination squads, their violent deaths would be entirely unrelated to these courts-martial. The Verdict (Kararname) on this day of the Turkish Military Tribunal conducted by the Ottoman Turkish government against the perpetrators of the Armenian Genocide would be 1st published in the Official Gazette (Takvim-i-Vekayi), No. 3604 (supplement), of July 22d, 1919. The transcript would be translated into English by Haigazn K. Kazarian and published in the Armenian Review, Vol 24 (1971, 4), pages 19-26. During the course of this trial, having heard the petitions and statements of both sides; having studied and examined in detail documents relating to this case; and after holding many consultations in the interest of the proper disposition of the matters under dispute, the following verdict is handed down: Although the accused and their attorneys entered a motion that the accused be set free, in accordance with the decrees (Idianname) of the Attorney General dated May 3, 20 and 22, June 9, 16 and 25, all 1919, (saying) that the accused were in fact moral representatives of the now defunct Ittihad and Terakki Party, which had committed countless crimes, as were the members of the Ittihad General Council (Medjlisi Oumumi), who were the authors of the abovementioned crimes (jerayim fayilleri), (it was ruled) that all the accused were then competent to stand trial and face punitive judgment. It was first deemed necessary to study the acts and deeds of the abovementioned Party (Djemiet) since its establishment. Before the Turkish Revolution (of 1908), there were individuals and organizations, which remain secret today, which expressed patriotic sentiments and aims. The record compiled since the Revolution by these people, parties and movements may be summarized as follows: (Certain) Ottoman subjects who thirsted for justice and freedom withdrew on July 9, 1324 (1908) to the mountains of Resneh to fight for freedom. To all Ottomans who thirsted for justice and freedom, July 9, 1324 (1908), the withdrawal to Resneh represented the bursting forth of a torrent of pure water bursting on them from heaven. The conviction was born that this was the only remedy for the oppression and injustices which we suffered; and the people in nowise obstructed the spread of the movement, supporting the revolutionaries with sincerity and loyalty until normal conditions were restored in all the provinces of the vast Ottoman Empire, which rang with the hope that justice and HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

freedom would in fact be established. These sweet cries often reached the ears of the revolutionaries and their movement became stronger. But with the passing of time, as a result of political errors, many portions of Ottoman territories were lost, one after the other, to the Empire. Efforts were made to rectify these failures by pointing up the errors of the old regime. The errors followed on one another. Even the (dreadful) consequences of the Italian and Balkan wars did not lead to the initiation of programs of administrative reform. Those who had hoped were disillusioned; those who thirsted for freedom were seized with anguish and concern; and a segment of those who were thought to be working for the national weal surrendered themselves to their own personal aspirations, and they followed an entirely wrong path; and some of those who had cried out “We are thirsty for freedom” committed such strange acts that they laid the country open to ruin — they dried up the land and subjected it to a painful situation. They practiced selfishness and thoughtlessly misled the government, outwardly pretending to be abiding by the law, but actually, through deception, creating a system of bodied in the Provinces which took over their local provincial administration and finally subordinated the Ministers’ Council. They accomplished this by taking over their general assemblies. Thus did they achieve their goals. It is apparent from the statements of Minister of Finance Djavid Bey, and the written records of the Fifth Committee of Parliament, especially those of October 24-26, 1334 (1918) that the Executive of the Ittihad and Terakki Party had taken decisive and audacious steps involving the fate of the nation and the country, that it declared war on its own without even consulting the Council of Ministers and obtaining that body’s consent, something which it found to be unnecessary — although even the kings cannot arbitrarily declare war. No good could come out of such behaviour. Everyone understood this. The opponents of the Ittihad Party who, however, had practiced a certain degree of respect toward that Party, now began openly to criticize it. After the revolution it had been deemed necessary to declare martial law, which the Party did — but without cessation, indefinitely. They enlisted the mob, the rabble, collectively to assail the Sublime Porte. They assassinated Nazim, the Minister of War, and his chief Aide, and they proceeded to overthrow the Cabinet of Kiamil Pasha, establishing a Cabinet of the Ittihad and Terakki. They summarily dismissed the experienced and honorable members of the Cabinet and replaced them with persons who belonged to the Party. There arrived a moment when people sought again the days of the tyrant. Everyone began to protest the rampant arbitrariness and tyranny. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

There was even more to it. They created an even greater atmosphere of harassment of the non-Islamic elements of the land, the Armenians in particular, who had hoped, from our precious Constitution, for justice and peace. These people now understood that they had been victimised by hypocrisy, and they assumed the posture of awaiting that opportune moment when they would be able to realize their former national aspirations. And the cause of all this were the Ittihadists themselves. They even raised national and racial issues among the Moslems of the land, they promoted divisiveness and conflict and jeopardized Ottoman unity. All this has been established by the intensive studies and examinations done of the matter as they appear in the charge of the Attorney General. The Court Martial has confirmed the following five points which are irrefutable, which substantiate the Attorney General’s demand that a verdict of guilty be arrived at. These facts relate to the active body of the Ittihad and Terakki, the Party’s moral representative. The personal crimes attributed to this representation have tainted the name of the Party. Of these crimes, all of us (i.e., members of the Court) have in all good conscience formed our own convictions. Consequently, the adjudged abovementioned crimes cannot be ascribed to all members (i.e., the accused). Special legal disposition must be made to judge the degree of guilt or innocence of all participants in these crimes in accordance with the degree of their guilt. Counsel for the accused in the course of his defense declared that under the constitutional regime the presence of political parties has been deemed to be necessary, that even today in our land other political parties in fact exist, in particular the “Hurriet and Ittilaf” party, which has a Central headquarters, a General Assembly and branches, just as the Ittihad and Terakki party; and (defense counsel said), the “Hurriet and Ittilaf” has even called those of its members who are Ministers to a meeting of their own. It is the contention of this court, after many consultations, that although the presence of parties and coalitions is necessary in countries governed by a Constitution, these parties and movements must never interfere in the affairs of the Government and its Executive Branch. After defining their aims and goals through majority actions taken at their national conventions, they leave the Ministers who enjoy their confidence alone to express their own views and cast their votes in accordance with the dictates of their own conscience. Parties and movements then aspire simply to influence Governmental actions to be in accordance with their own plans. They work solely to that end. They do not meddle on other business and they try to influence those Ministers whose actions they do not approve to resign, not by threats but by votes of HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

“no confidence.” This is the natural way of doing things. As to the parties which exist in Turkey, up to the convening of the National Assembly, the majority party cannot exert any influence on, or intervene in, the operations of the Executive of the Government which it has not chosen; on the other hand, if such a Party tries to alter the Government’s legal and constitutional form, the end result will be just as bad. Thus, in examining the diverse offices of this Government, one must conclude that the views of defense counsel have no validity. The five points projected by the Court are then the following: (1) On the evidence of the trial which has taken place before this Military Court, it is obvious that the massacres which took place in the Kaza of Boghazlayan (Ankara), the Sanjak of Yozgat, and the Vilayet of Trebizond, were organized and perpetrated by the leaders of the Ittihad and Terakki Party. (2) The Defense argued that the news of these was communicated (to the Party) only after they had been committed. But even if this hypothesis were true, it is plain that even after the news was received of the atrocities, no steps were taken to prevent their repetition; nor were arrangements made for the punishment of the original criminals. We note that the President of the Ittihad (Sadrazam), Prime Minister Said Halim Pasha, upon the proclamation of general mobilization, invited to his seacoast residence the members of the Central Committee of the Ittihad (Merkezi Oumoumi), advising them that it would be extremely perilous for Turkey to take part in the war, that they adopt a policy of neutrality. He backed up his views with explanations and factual data, but failed to convince them. So, they took part in the war; and based on the minutes of the Parliament, as confirmed by Riza Bey, it is obvious that the responsible representatives of the Ittihad and Terakki had, even before the declaration of war, organized bandit bands in Trebizond which entered Russian territory and committed acts of aggression. Riza Bey confessed this to be a fact. The war itself was not declared with the full assent of the Council of Ministers; and it was after the step to war had been taken that Minister of Finance, Djavid Bey, Churouk Sulu Mahmoud of Postal Services, and Suleyman el Boustani Effendi, Minister of Commerce, resigned their posts. This confirms further the fact that war was not declared on the DECISION OF THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS, that such a step was decided upon by the Ittihad and Terakki Party, that that Party alone declared war. (3) From the testimony of former Prime Minister Ahmed Izzet Pasha it is clear that his resignation as Minister of War was brought about by the intervention of the Ittihad Party — was the direct result of that Party’s hostility to him. (4) The world congress of the Ittihad and Terakki Party, having HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

come to an understanding on the subject of the logistical support of the army, the Party’s Istanbul headquarters handed over the direction of that task to its representative, Kemal Bey. First, they created a businessmen’s body which took over the operations and rights of a number of firms and factions and seized private property. Public institutions were forced to transfer their assets to a limited number of individuals, including members of bodies mentioned above. As a result, countless numbers of Ottoman subjects have perished from lack of nourishment; many have suffered paralysis, and many have died. The result was that to a considerable degree the government’s potential defense force was diminished. That the Ittihad and Terakki Center interfered in Governmental operations was confirmed by the records of the Ittihad Congress of 1332 (1916) which show that a report to this effect delivered there was warmly received. This Court demanded and received from the Municipality (of Istanbul) an explanation of this event. (5) Musa Kiazim Effendi, the Sheikh-ul-Islam, while consulting with the Senate on the matter of transfer of the religious court (Sheriye) to the Ministry of Justice, in replying to a question put to him, said: “Do not ask for my vote. The Party (Firka) wants it that way and that way it shall be.” These circumstances were fully explained and understood during this trial. They simply mean that the Ittihad in fact interfered (in the operations of the Government). These five points were familiar to all of them; as were other matters, the consequences of which we have all seen. With reference to important matters of State, no opportunity was given the Council of Ministers to determine issues by their own vote and on their own counsel. There were instances of intervention to render the Government subservient to their own interests and their purposes. All this have been proved. The legal form of the Ottoman Government called for authority to be divided into three agencies: Legislative, Executive, and Judicial. The Ittihad rendered itself superior to the three branches of Government, brought itself to the fore as a fourth power, prevailed through the force of threat, and disfigured our form of Government. The authors of the above-mentioned crimes, representing the moral person of the Ittihad and Terakki Party, are the members of its General Assembly, the fugitives — Prime Minister Mehmet Talât Paşa and Minister of War Enver Effendi, now expelled from his military career; Djemal Effendi, Minister of the Navy, likewise expelled from the service; Dr. Nâzim, Minister of Education — these were the principal criminals (fayili asli) and their guilt has been determined by a unanimous vote. As for the case of another member of the Ittihad General Assembly, the Seikh-ul-Islam, Musa Kiazim Effendi, who was present throughout HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

the trial, and on whose behalf both defense counsel and the Attorney General pleaded as if he were a man of virtue, a person of character and great learning, a man whom they could not possibly envision as having participated in the crimes: Musa Kiazim Effendi, however, has been one of the important members of the Party since the Revolution but has obviously convinced such people of high education as defense counsel and the Attorney General of his innocence. The truth is that he is a person of inadequate education, who represented to ignorant people the deeds of the Party as logical and legal. He exerted no effort (to discourage the crimes committed) and even obstructed attempts to rectify erroneous opinions. In this trial it came to light that he directed the scientific and religious affairs of the Ittihad and Terakki Party, acting contrary to the Sheri Sherif (the law of the noble religion of Islam), and gave advice contrary (to the spirit of Islam). He has told this Court that the advice which he rendered was not proper and admitted that he made no attempt to forestall (the events); he also said that to resign from the Ittihad and Terraki is to resign from Islam — and these and similar concepts are in ill-keeping with the virtues and perfection ascribed to him. They simply exacerbate his guilt. During the examination and interrogation of this individual it was made clear that, being very busy with his work in the scientific branch of his Party, although not included among the principal authors of the crimes, he nevertheless became a participant and for this his guilt has been confirmed by a unanimous vote and his case has been decided on a two-thirds majority vote. It has not been confirmed that Rifaat Bey, the former President of the Senate, participated in the Ittihad and Terakki Party; neither was he a participant in the crimes committed. The court decided unanimously to grant him freedom provided that he is not jailed for another cause. “Former Minister of the Postal Service, Hashim Bey, was in Berlin. Without receiving his consent, he was elected a Minister and, despite his refusal, he was appointed a Minister upon his return to Istanbul. His period as Minister coincided with the last years of the Ittihad Ministerial Council and he attended only three general meetings of the Ittihad in which he busied himself with issues outside of the Constitution. He was never personally present at any of their consultations, he was a mere listener. This was confirmed in the ensuing examinations. He too therefore has been set free by a majority vote provided that he will not [have] been arrested for any other cause. As to the sentences: punishment is to be meted to the abovementioned persons: Talaat, Enver, Djemal and Dr. Nâzim, whose crimes were the greatest according to the first paragraph of the 45th Article of the Imperial Municipal Punitive Lawbook; also to be punished are Djavid, Mustafa Sheref and Musa Kiazim, by virtue of the second paragraph of the same Article and in HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

accordance with the last paragraph of the 55th Article of the same Lawbook. The Articles in question are: “When a number of persons commit together a crime, or commit a crime which itself comprehends a number of criminal acts, when each of these persons has been responsible for the commission of one or a few facets of that crime, such people will be termed as co-participants and will be punished individually as principal criminals. When it is a question of altering the form of the constitutional government or plotting against the Sultanate, or committing a violent murder — when such acts are confirmed, the accused shall be sentenced to death. Accomplices in a felonious crime who are not subject to a legal exception shall be punished in the following manner: If the principal has been sentenced to death or to permanent forced labor, accomplices shall be sentenced to a term of hard labor of not less than ten years.” In accordance therefore with the abovementioned paragraphs in the law code, Talaat, Enver, Djemal and Dr. Nâzim are sentenced to death and Djavid, Mustafa Sheref and Musa Kiazim are sentenced to fifteen years at hard labor; and Although the abovementioned Rifaat and Hashim Beys are to be set free, this will pose no obstacle to issuance of Supreme Court summons to them to appear before that Court on matters relating to their offices; and Former Minister of Postal Services, Vosgan Effendi, and Minister of Commerce Suleyman-el Boustani Effendi, having departed for Europe quite a while ago, and it having been confirmed that even now they are unaware of invitations issued them (by this Court) to appear before it, and it being known that even if they were aware of this Court’s invitation their return would have been improbable, their cases are therefore tabled. These verdicts have been rendered unanimously in absentia in the cases of Talaat, Enver, Djemal and Dr. Nâzim; Djavid, Mustafa Sheref, Vosgan and Suleyman-el Boustani Effendis; they have been likewise rendered in the presence of Rifaat, Hashim Beys, and Musa Kiazim. July 5, 1919 (1335), 6 Shevval 1337: signatures: The President of the Military Court, Ferik (General) of Staff; Mustafa Nazim Binni Ahmed; Member of the Military Court; Mirliva (General) of Staff, Ali Nazim; Member of the Military Court, Colonel of Infantry, Rejeb Ferdi Binni Mehmed Ali. (PERSONAL EXCEPTION): Having considered the confessions of Mustafa Kiazim Effendi and the circumstances revealed by his statements, the undersigned is in full agreement (with the Court sentence) that he was not an accomplish to the crimes of the Merkezi Oumoumiya; but (it is the view of the undersigned) that he used his religious and scientific responsibilities in such a way as to hide the crimes of the Central body, that he made no HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

effort to prevent or forestall the commission of those crimes, that he did not resign from office (because of those crimes), and that therefore he was one of the principal criminals. Hashim Bey, too, according to the evidence of his own confessions, adhered with all his heart to the Central Body and has been loyal to it both during his tenure of office and before he assumed the responsibilities of his position. He posed not a single objection to the crimes committed up to the day of his trial, and is convinced of the Central Body’s innocence (of those crimes). The undersigned is inclined to consider him an accomplice-criminal. — (Signed) Member of the Military Court and Mirliva (General of Staff) Mustafa Binni Aziz, Suleymaniye. It is confirmed that the signatures affixed to this sentence are the authentic signatures of the Members of the Military Court: July 5, 1919 (1335) Military Court: NAZIM. Head of the Secretariat empowered to Record the Minutes of this Military Tribunal: Abidin Daver. Official organ: No. 3604. ARMENIAN GENOCIDE

July 23, Wednesday: A congress of Turkish nationalists meets at Erzurum to organize resistance to the partition of Anatolia. They choose Mustafa Kemal Atatürk as their chairman.

After 3 days of advances across the Tisza, the Hungarian Red Army was beaten back by Romanian forces.

August 3, Sunday: The trial on the Kharput massacres of Armenians began. Halil Pasha was heard as a witness. Evidence was introduced revealing that Behaeddin Shakir had used 2 separate ciphers, one for use with the Sublime Porte, the other for use with the War Ministry.

August 5, Tuesday: At the Turkish Nationalist Congress in Angora (Ankara), Mustafa Kemal Atatürk declared himself independent of Istanbul.

August 13, Wednesday: The United States federal government authorized the shipment of arms to anti-Communist fighters in Russia.

Halil Pasha and Mehmet Talât Paşa, both accused as war criminals, were able to escape from Constantinople and join the forces of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

August 28, Thursday: The King-Crane Commission, sent by President Woodrow Wilson to assess conditions in the former Ottoman Empire, submitted its final report recommending the establishment of an independent Armenian state. October 6, Monday: The White Army captured Voronezh.

Ali Riza Pasha replaced Damad Adil Ferid Pasha as Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire.

Aleksandur Stroymenov Stamboliiski replaced Todor Ivanov Todorov as prime minister of Bulgaria.

October 16, Thursday: White forces took Gatchina, south of Petrograd.

The Harbord Mission, sent by President Woodrow Wilson to the Armenians and led by General James Harbord, submits its final report. They estimate that from 800,000 to over 1,000,000 Armenians have been killed. They put the blame entirely on Turkey and urge in the strongest terms that Turkey never be allowed rule over Armenia again.

A chi la giarrettiera?, an operetta by Ruggero Leoncavallo, was performed for the initial time, in the Teatro Adriano, Rome.

Brief incidental music for Martínez Sierra’s play El corazón ciego by Manuel de Falla was performed for the initial time, in Teatro Eslava, Madrid.

November 2, Sunday: Jelal Bey, former Governor-General of Aleppo Province, who during May 1915 had resigned in protest against the order to exterminate the Armenians and had been transferred, was reinstated as Governor- General of Aleppo Province.

December: Francois Georges-Picot, former French High Commissioner in Syria, and Mustafa Kemal Atatürk held a secret meeting in Sivas concerning the status of Cilicia. Kemal demanded that the French Army including the Armenian volunteer forces serving with it be withdrawn. Picot agreed — leaving the Armenian survivors in Cilicia, who had returned home from their ordeals in the desert, again quite defenseless. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

1920

January 19, Monday: The Allies formally recognized the independence of Armenia.

Tried in Constantinople in absentia, Behaeddin Shakir was sentenced to death (this wouldn’t happen but an Armenian assassin would catch up with him on a Berlin street) and Dr. Nâzım Bey to 15 years hard labor (this wouldn’t happen but he would be executed for attempting to assassinate Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in 1926).

January 21, Wednesday: Turkish Nationalist forces affiliated with Mustafa Kemal Atatürk attacked Marash.

February 5, Thursday: 10,000 Armenians were slaughtered in Marash. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

April 1, Thursday: The last US troops departed from Vladivostok.

Ittihadists distributed relief funds to party members in hiding in Turkey accused of ethnic cleansing crimes, and to those who had fled to foreign countries.

The far-right German Workers’ Party changed its name to the National Socialist German Workers’ Party (N.S.D.A.P.). PROTO-NAZISM

April 22, Thursday: The United States of America officially recognized the Independent Republic of Armenia.

April 23, Friday: The Ottoman government in Constantinople announced that it would seek a new review by higher judicial bodies, of the sentences against Turkish officials tried by the courts martial.

April 25, Sunday: President Woodrow Wilson received an invitation from the San Remo Conference to determine the borders of Armenia.

May: The French and Turkish Nationalists agreed to an armistice.

July 22, Thursday: The Minnesota Supreme Court upheld lower court rulings that the railroads under the U.S. Railroad Administration during the Great War had been responsible for the 1918 Cloquet-Moose Lake fires.

Jemal Oguz, who ordered the killing of the poet Daniel Varoujan and other Armenian intellectuals, by chetes with the assistance of the Military Governor of Constantinople, escaped from custody.

July 29, Thursday: 5 war criminals were tried for the massacres of Armenians in Erzinjan. All of them had conveniently escaped from custody — and were sentenced in absentia.

August: The Turkish Nationalist and Bolshevik forces formed an alliance.

August 5, Thursday: The Turkish court martial condemned to death Nusret, vice-governor of Bayburt District.

August 10, Tuesday: The Treaty of Sèvres was signed. According to articles 226, 227, 228, 229, 230 pertaining to the massacres, the Turkish government promised to hand over all documents and any persons requested by the Allies. Articles 88 and 89 recognized Armenia as a free and independent state.

November: Of 10,000 Armenians living in Hadjin (Hajen), only 480 survived massacre by Turkish Nationalist forces. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

November 22, Monday: President Woodrow Wilson presented his delineation of the borders of Armenia.

(deathmask) A week later Armenia would be partitioned by Turkish Nationalist forces and sovietized by Russian Bolsheviks.

December 30, Thursday: The trial on the massacres of Armenian Christians in Mosul began. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

1921

January: Naim Jevad, an accused war criminal, was sent by Enver as an envoy from Moscow to Constantinople.

January 3, Monday, 4, Tuesday, and 5, Wednesday: An acquittal was handed down for those accused of the massacre in Adrianople (Edirne).

January 18, Tuesday: The Ottoman government abolished the courts martial of those accused of the Armenian genocide.

January 20, Thursday: The Turkish Nationalist Pact demanded the inclusion of Armenia, Smyrna, and Thrace in Turkish territory.

January 21, Friday: The trial in regard to the Erzerum massacres was reviewed by a new and higher court. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

January 30, Sunday: Mustafa Kemal proclaimed his government in Angora (Ankara) to be the only legitimate government of the Ottoman Empire.

A week-long conference in Paris concluded with a decision on German reparations payments to be spread out over the next 42 years. WORLD WAR I

Incidental music to Rode’s play Moderen by Carl Nielsen was performed for the first time, in the Royal Theater, Copenhagen.

February 8, Tuesday: Serenade op.4 for clarinet, violin, viola, and cello by Ernst Krenek was performed for the initial time, in Berlin.

US Marines trashed the offices of the Managua newspaper La Tribuna because it published an article unfavorable to them. US MILITARY INTERVENTIONS

Mustafa Pasha, presiding judge of the court martial that had condemned Nusret to death on August 5th, 1920, after 6 months of imprisonment and trial was acquitted of the charge of having joined in a conspiracy against the government. This verdict signaled the beginning in Turkey of the reversal of the policy on bringing the Ittihadists to justice.

February 11, Friday: After a 10-months siege, Aintab capitulated to Turkish Nationalist forces.

February 17, Thursday: In Turkey, the trial on the Keghi massacres was held.

February 18, Friday: In Turkey, some of the war criminals of the Keghi massacres were acquitted.

February 24, Thursday: In Turkey, investigation of the Der-el-Zor (Deir el-Zor) massacres began. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

March 10, Thursday: The investigation of the Der-el-Zor (Deir el-Zor) massacres during the Armenian Genocide continued.

March 14, Monday: Mehmed Talaat Pasha, who had presided over the slaughter of more than 1,000,000 persons, had been condemned to death by a Turkish court martial on July 11th, 1919. Soghomon Tehlirian, a 24-year-old Armenian student, approached him from behind as he was strolling along in the Charlottenberg district of Berlin swinging his cane on this day and shot him in the back of the head, shouting “This is to avenge the death of my family.”14

June 1, Wednesday: The German Foreign Office obstructed the former German Consul at Aleppo, Rossler, from testifying in the Berlin court trying Armenian student Soghomon Tehlirian, Mehmed Talaat Pasha’s assassin.

June 2, Thursday: Armenian student Soghomon Tehlirian’s trial for the murder of Mehmed Talaat Pasha was held in Berlin.

June 3, Friday: Armenian student Soghomon Tehlirian was acquitted of the murder of Mehmed Talaat Pasha.

14. During June 1915, Tehlirian’s hometown in Armenian had been emptied and the police in charge of the column of civilian prisoners had raped his sisters. His brother’s head had been split with an ax. His mother had been shot. Tehlirian himself had been knocked unconscious. When he had come back to consciousness everyone around him had been dead. He managed to find the mutilated body of a sister among the corpses. He had presumed since then that he must be the sole chance survivor of this slaughter.

In 1943 the Turkish government would obtain Talaat Pasha’s remains from Nazi Germany and enshrine them on Liberty Hill in Constantinople. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

December 6, Tuesday: Said Halim Pasha was assassinated in a Roman taxi by Arshavir Shirakian, an agent of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation, for having allegedly played a role in the Armenian Genocide.

Qazim Kaculi replaced Pandeli Evangjeli as prime minister of Albania.

British and Irish negotiators agreed to dominion status for Ireland, and created the Irish Free State (Saorstát Éireann). The nation was to be self-governing but its citizens would swear allegiance to the British crown. The parliament for Northern Ireland would open with Craig as Prime Minister. An Irish Civil War would eventuate between “Free Staters” who accepted this treaty with Britain and “Republicans” who insisted on all 32 counties being united as one independent nation.

Composer and pianist Jean Wiéner opened his Concerts Wiéner new music series in the Salle des Agriculteurs, Paris. He programmed an hour of jazz with Billy Arnold and his band, a player piano version of Le Sacre du Printemps, and Darius Milhaud’s Sonata for flute, oboe, clarinet, and piano op.47. Aaron Copland was in the audience. Wiéner would recall that Maurice Ravel enjoyed the performance very much but that Albert Roussel had walked out in protest. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

1922

April 17, Monday: Cemal Azmi, governor-general of the Trabzon province of Turkey during the Armenian Genocide, known as “the butcher of Trabzon,” and Bahattin Şakir, one of the primary architects of the Armenian Genocide, were gunned down while walking with their families on Uhlandstrasse Street in Berlin by Armenian assassins Aram Yerganian and Arshavir Shirakian.

July 21, Friday: Ahmed Djemal Pasha, former Minister of the Turkish Navy and the 4th Army commander in Syria, popularly known as “The Blood Shedder” (al-Saffah), who had been sentenced to death in absentia by a military court in Turkey, was assassinated along with his secretary in Tiflis (Tbilisi) by a hit squad made up of Stepan Dzaghigian, Artashes Gevorgyan, and Petros Ter Poghosyan of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation.

August 26, Saturday: Anarchy spread in Smyrna (which has since become İzmir) as Turks pressed in on the city.

September 9, Saturday: The advance guard of the Turkish Army entered Smyrna (which has since become İzmir) and pillaged Armenian and Greek Christian homes and stores, killing Armenians and Greek Christians in the thousands. Religious institutions, including the Armenian Prelacy, were ransacked.

When William T. Cosgrave was elected as President of Ireland’s Dáil Éireann, this reconciled the previously competing offices of Chairman of the Provisional Government and President of the Dáil Éireann. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

September 13, Wednesday: The burning of Smyrna (modern İzmir) by the Turks. Within 24 hours 50,000 houses, 24 churches, 28 schools, 5 consulates, 7 clubs, 5 banks, and an unknown number of stores and warehouses were destroyed.

Pergamum Thyatira

Smyrna Sardis Philadelphia Ephesus Laodicea Patmos

The Seven Churches of Asia

(It has been estimated that from 10,000 to 100,000 Greek and Armenian Christians burned to death, and then that 25,000 to 100,000 survivors were marched off in columns into the desert by the Turkish Moslem HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

perpetrators.) HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

1923

February 4, Sunday: The Lausanne Conference deadlocked over the Armenian Question.

July 24, Tuesday: The Treaty of Lausanne was signed by the United Kingdom, France, Italy, Japan, Greece, Romania, the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, and Turkey, excluding any mention of Armenia or the Armenians. The new Turkish Nationalist state under Mustafa Kemal was extended international recognition. The Ottoman Empire went out of existence.

August 23, Thursday: The Turkish Nationalist congress, known as the Grand National Assembly, meeting in Ankara, ratified the Lausanne Treaty. The Allies began to evacuate the following day from all places in Turkey that had been occupied in accordance with the terms of the Armistice of October 30th, 1918.

October 29, Monday: The Republic of Turkey was proclaimed by the Turkish Grand National Assembly, with Mustafa Kemal as its President.

Worried about Communist attempts at revolution, the German government took over direct rule of Saxony and sent troops into the area. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

1939

August 22, Tuesday: According to Kevork B. Bardakjian’s HITLER AND THE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE (Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Zoryan Institute, 1985), Führer Adolf Hitler actually did ask “Who, after all, speaks today of the annihilation of the Armenians?” He did so on this day while addressing his military commanders at Obersalzburg a week before the invasion of Poland, and the German original of the confirming document is printed in AKTEN ZUR DEUTSCHEN AUSWARTIGEN POLITIK 1918-1945, Serie D, Band VII (Baden-Baden, 1956, pages 171-172).

We have the English version as it appeared in Louis P. Lochner’s WHAT ABOUT GERMANY? (New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1942, pages 1-4; the material also appears in Appendices II and III in two other versions). The Nuremberg Tribunal would identify the material as L-3 or Exhibit USA-28: “My decision to attack Poland was arrived at last spring. Originally, I feared that the political constellation would compel me to strike simultaneously at England, Russia, France, and Poland. Even this risk would have had to be taken. Ever since the autumn of 1938, and because I realized that Japan would not join us unconditionally and that Mussolini is threatened by that nit-wit of a king and the treasonable scoundrel of a crown prince, I decided to go with Stalin. In the last analysis, there are only three great statesmen in the world, Stalin, I, and Mussolini. Mussolini is the weakest, for he has been unable to break the power of either the crown or the church. Stalin and I are the only ones who envisage the future and nothing but the future. Accordingly, I shall in a few weeks stretch out my HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

hand to Stalin at the common German-Russian frontier and undertake the redistribution of the world with him. Our strength consists in our speed and in our brutality. Genghis Khan led millions of women and children to slaughter — with premeditation and a happy heart. History sees in him solely the founder of a state. It's a matter of indifference to me what a weak western European civilization will say about me. I have issued the command –and I'll have anybody who utters but one word of criticism executed by a firing squad– that our war aim does not consist in reaching certain lines, but in the physical destruction of the enemy. Accordingly, I have placed my death-head formations in readiness –for the present only in the East– with orders to them to send to death mercilessly and without compassion, men, women, and children of Polish derivation and language. Only thus shall we gain the living space [Lebensraum] which we need. Who, after all, speaks today of the annihilation of the Armenians?” WORLD WAR II “If positive Christianity means love of one’s neighbor, i.e. the tending of the sick, the clothing of the poor, the feeding of the hungry, the giving of drink to those who are thirsty, then it is we who are the more positive Christians. For in these spheres, the community of the people of National Socialist Germany has accomplished a prodigious work.” — Adolf Hitler, February 24, 1939 WORLD WAR II GERMANY HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

1978

June 2, Friday: A Palestinian terrorist blew up a bus in Jerusalem, killing 6 and injuring 19.

The wife of the Turkish ambassador to Spain, her brother, and their driver were killed by 3 men with pistols on a Madrid street. An anonymous caller claimed the killings to have been reprisals against the Armenian Genocide. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

1984

May 3, Thursday: 3 bombs produced 13 wounded, at a memorial to the Armenian Genocide in the Paris suburb of Alfortville.

The Mark Rothko Foundation donated 1,000 Rothko paintings to 19 museums.

Hymset for organ by Samuel Adler was performed for the initial time, in Rochester, New York. HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

2005

February 6, Sunday: Orhan Pamuk was reported in the Swiss newspaper Tagesanzeiger as having made a comment about the Armenian Genocide, that “30,000 Kurds and 1 million Armenians were killed in these lands and nobody but me dares to talk about it.” (Later in the year Turkey’s most famous writer would, for this incautious comment, be placed on trial on a charge of “belittling Turkishness” — his possible sentence to be three years in a Turkish prison hell.) HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

2012

October 29, Monday: Adam Gopnik’s “Faces, Places, Spaces: The renaissance of geographic history” in The New Yorker pointed up that the most original and most audacious accusation in Timothy Snyder’s BLOODLANDS: EUROPE BETWEEN HITLER AND STALIN (Basic Books, 2010) was that Führer Adolf Hitler’s model for his actions in the East had been America’s ethnic cleansing of the West — the Asian heartland was the Manifest Destiny of the Nazi Reich. Hitler’s expectation was that “a similar process will repeat itself for a second time as in the conquest of America.” Hitler planned to deal with Slavs much as Andrew Jackson had dealt with Seminoles. He intended the Volga River to be Germany’s Mississippi. Snyder points out in response to this simplification that it had not been merely the world’s indifference to Turkish Muslim genocide against Turkish Armenian Christians but also the world’s indifference to the fate of the native Americans that had given the Führer the confidence that he was going to be able to get away with it. WORLD WAR II

“MAGISTERIAL HISTORY” IS FANTASIZING, HISTORY IS CHRONOLOGY

COPYRIGHT NOTICE: In addition to the property of others, such as extensive quotations and reproductions of images, this “read-only” computer file contains a great deal of special work product of Austin Meredith, copyright 2013. Access to these interim materials will eventually be offered for a fee in order to recoup some of the costs of preparation. My hypercontext button invention which, instead of creating a hypertext leap through hyperspace —resulting in navigation problems— allows for an utter alteration of the context within which one is experiencing a specific content already being viewed, is claimed as proprietary to Austin Meredith — and therefore freely available for use by all. Limited permission to copy such files, or any material from such files, must be obtained in advance in writing from the “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project, 833 Berkeley St., Durham NC 27705. Please contact the project at .

“It’s all now you see. Yesterday won’t be over until tomorrow and tomorrow began ten thousand years ago.” – Remark by character “Garin Stevens” in William Faulkner’s INTRUDER IN THE DUST

“Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project Armenian Genocide HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

Prepared: November 7, 2017 HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

ARRGH AUTOMATED RESEARCH REPORT

GENERATION HOTLINE

This stuff presumably looks to you as if it were generated by a human. Such is not the case. Instead, someone has requested that we pull it out of the hat of a pirate who has grown out of the shoulder of our pet parrot “Laura” (as above). What these chronological lists are: they are research reports compiled by ARRGH algorithms out of a database of modules which we term the Kouroo Contexture (this is data mining). To respond to such a HDT WHAT? INDEX

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE GO TO MASTER INDEX OF WARFARE

request for information we merely push a button.

Commonly, the first output of the algorithm has obvious deficiencies and we need to go back into the modules stored in the contexture and do a minor amount of tweaking, and then we need to punch that button again and recompile the chronology — but there is nothing here that remotely resembles the ordinary “writerly” process you know and love. As the contents of this originating contexture improve, and as the programming improves, and as funding becomes available (to date no funding whatever has been needed in the creation of this facility, the entire operation being run out of pocket change) we expect a diminished need to do such tweaking and recompiling, and we fully expect to achieve a simulation of a generous and untiring robotic research librarian. Onward and upward in this brave new world.

First come first serve. There is no charge. Place requests with . Arrgh.