6 X 10.5 Three Line Title.P65

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-84443-7 - The New Cambridge History of Islam: Volume 6, Muslims and Modernity Culture and Society Since 1800 Edited by Robert W. Hefner Index More information

Index

Abba¯s, Farhat 150 Adalet ve Kalkinma (AK) party 203 qAbba¯s, hand of 605 Aden 56–7 qAbba¯s H. ilm¯,ı Khedive 541 Adnan, Etel 617–18 Abba¯s Mirza¯, prince of Persia 562, 575 adoption, laws on 437 Abbasid caliphate 6, 315, 390 al-Afgha¯n¯,ı Sayyid Jama¯l al-D¯nı 18, 142–5, 176, Abbott, Nabia 615–16 209, 392–3, 398, 484, 555, 567, 649–50 qAbbu¯d, Ibra¯h¯mı 163 biography 142–3, 564 qAbd¯,ı qAbba¯s 455 journalism 582 qAbduh, Muh.ammad, Shaykh 18, 142, 144–7, political theory 143–4, 200–1 153, 176, 201, 342–4, 390–1, 396, 400, 404, studies 142 484, 567, 582, 607, 618–19 Afghanistan 70 biography 144–5, 564 clerical leadership 185 death 146–7 economy 93 influence 157 education 26, 516 legal theory 281, 282 internal conflicts 192, 447 reform programme 145–6 legal system 302, 312 relationship with al-Afgha¯n¯ı 143, 144–5 as militarist base 33–4 Risa¯lat al-Tawh.¯dı (Treatise on the Oneness post-colonial government 73 of God) 145 Soviet occupation 27, 194–5, 408 studies 144–6, 282 US invasion (2002) 251, 463 qAbdülaziz, Sultan 539–40, 599 see also Taliban Abdülhamid II, Sultan 41, 54, 67, 143, 201, 365, qAflaq, Michel 396 392, 406, 504, 505, 532, 538–9, 578, 583 Africa Abdülmecid, Sultan 52 colonial divisions/rule 15 Abu¯Bakr, Caliph (father-in-law of the Islamic expansion 360 Prophet) 114–15 nationalist movements 154–6, 164–5 Abu-Lughod, Janet 200, 525, 528 schools of thought 134 Abu-Odeh, Lama 418 Sufi networks 359–64, 375–7 Abu¯Sayf, S. ala¯h. 639 technological developments 44 Abu¯Shu¯k,Ah.mad Ibrah¯mı 62 see also East Africa; West Africa; names of Abu-Zayd, Nas.rH. a¯mid 279, 295 individual countries Aceh, sultan of 10 African Americans, Muslim groups 242–4, Aceh War (1873–1904) 60 252–3 Acre 534 Aga Khan 249 activism, Islamic 160–1 Ahl-i H. ad¯thı 226, 339–40, 508–9, 566–7

726

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-84443-7 - The New Cambridge History of Islam: Volume 6, Muslims and Modernity Culture and Society Since 1800 Edited by Robert W. Hefner Index More information

Index

Ahmad, qAbdullah 66 qAma¯ra, Muh.ammad 271–2, 279 Ah.mad, Jala¯l Al-i 604 Amer, Ghada 619 Ahmad, Khurshid 186 American Society of Muslims see Nation of Ah.mad, Mirza¯Ghula¯m 341 Islam Ah.mad¯ı sect 341–2, 661 Am¯n,ı H. usayn, Ah.mad 279–80 Ahmadinejad, Mah.mu¯d, President 447–8, 457– al-Amin, Ima¯m Jamil 248 67 Am¯n,ı Qa¯sim 153 economic policy 458–61 Amman 522 election 458, 471 Amnesty International 208 re-election (2009) 468 amputation see corporal punishments Ahmadu Bamba see M’Backe; Ahmadu Bamba An-Naqim, Abdullahi Ahmed 33, 410 Ahmed III, Sultan 574–5 Anderson, Benedict 20, 215, 657 Ajami, Fouad 646 Anderson, J. N. D. 412, 415 Akbar, (Mughal) Emperor 322, 329 Angkatan Belia Islam Malaysia (ABIM) 166 Akbarian sect 377 Ankara 543–4 Akhavi, Shahrough 352 Ans.a¯r (Sudanese organisation) 155 Akyavas, Erol 601 Antonius, George 395 Al Ani, Jannane 622 Arab Human Development Reports (2002–5) Alalwani, Taha 247 91–2, 106 Alani, Ghani 614 Arab immigrants, in US 244, 245–6 Albanians 330 Arab–Israeli Wars Aleppo 522, 545 1967 (Six-Day War) 92, 171, 201, 408, 610 expansion 524 1973 (October War) 82–3, 641 Alevi group 230 Arab League 397 Alexandria 534, 535–7 Arabi, Oussama 435 Alfieri, Vittorio 393 Arabia Algeria 589 inter-state conflicts 589, 593 civil war 173, 189 migrations from see Arab immigrants; demography 104 H. ad.ram¯ı peoples domestic politics 95, 173, 187, 189, 591 nationalist movements 330, 395–7 (see also economy 87, 92, 93–4 Arabism) education 79 press freedom 590 family law 420 reform movements 12, 19 film industry 626, 629–30 see also Saudi Arabia French occupation 72, 222, 530–1 Arabic (language) 344–5 nationalist movements 150–1, 154, 163, 169 diasporic use 223, 227 (projected) industrialisation 82 newspapers/periodicals 582 resistance to colonial rule 258 script, artistic use 597, 601, 610, 614–18, 619; social conditions 90 with abstract art 615–18; studies 617–18; Algiers 528–31 symbolic significance 614, 617; tuition qAli, Ima¯m (son-in-law of the Prophet) 170, 230, in 614 407, 443 status (in colonial period) 358–9 Ali, Kecia 251–2 study 139–40, 265 qAl¯,ı Muh.ammad Kurd 154 stylistic changes 48–9 Ali, Wijdan 619 translations of scientific texts 558–9 qAl¯ı Kha¯n, Nus.rat Fatah. 380, 382 Arabism 395–7 Aligarh University 142, 402, 564, 649 ideological basis 395 Aliu, Cerno 259 Islamic aspect 395–6 All-India Muslim League 19, 156, 402, 487–8 limitations 396–7 All-India National Congress 156, 165 territorial expansion 396 Allouache, Merzak 629 ‘Arabness’, artistic expressions 610 Almaz. wa qAbdu¯h al-H. ¯mua ¯l¯ı (1962) 640 Arabsat (satellite TV network) 645 Amanullah Khan, Shah 406 Arafat, Yasser 445

727

Index

architecture, heritage preservation 546–8 Azerbaijanis, in Islamic Republic of Iran 466 see also cities; names of cities al-Azhar University, Cairo 18, 141, 145, 177, 209, Aristotle 562, 567, 570 583, 591 rejection 566, 568–9 philosophy, (removal of) department 567 Arkoun, Mohammed 170, 410 reforms (1961) 349 Armajani, Siyah 605 website 655, 658 Armenia(ns) Al-qAz¯maı (Determination, 1939) 634–5, Patriarchate 326 637, 638 print technology 573 al-qAz¯z,ı Sha¯h qAbd 70 Armes, Roy 629–30 Azra, Azyumardi 64–5 Arsla¯n, Shak¯bı 154 al-Azzawi, Dia 612 art 597–8 abstract 604, 609, 615–18 Ba¯b al-Wa¯d al-Hu¯m(1994) 629 contemporary themes 613–24 Baghdad diversity 623–4 caliphs of see Abbasid caliphate; Ha¯ru¯n East/West interaction 597–600, 601–4, 605– al-Rash¯dı 7, 610–11, 618 demography 522 engagement with political history 620–3 history 522, 538, 544, 548 modern, defined 597 al-Baghdadi, Hashim al-Khattat 614 movements, genesis of 597–8 Bahadur Shah II 400 regional basis 597 Baha¯p¯ı sect 465–6 relationship with Islam 598, 610, 623–4 Bahnasi, Afif 617–18 religious symbolism/iconism 605, 609, 611– Bahrain 98, 99, 420 12 Baker, James A. 464 state support 611 Bali bombings (2002) 516–17 training/academies 599, 603, 607–8 Balyan, Karbet 539–40 see also Arabic (language); figural Bandung Conference (1955) 406 representation Bangladesh 74, 102 ‘Art and Freedom’ movement (Egypt) 609 creation 166, 403, 408 arts, censorship 453–4 economy 86, 93, 483 al-Asad, Ha¯fiz 397 education 513 Asani, Ali, Prof. 250 migrations from 225 Asante (West African state) 255 social conditions 88 Ashqarism 280–1 Ban¯-Iı qtima¯d, Rakhsha¯n 454 al-Ashma¯w¯,ı Muh.ammad Saq¯dı 179, 279, Ban¯Sı . adr, Abupl-H. asan 439, 441, 280, 410 444, 446 qAs.s.a¯r, Sayyid Muh.ammad Ka¯z.im 569 banks/banking, Islamic 95–6, 476–9 assimilationism see under North American charters 490–1 Muslim communities corporate structure 483 Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal 21, 151–2, 159, 201, double bookkeeping 479 372, 397–8, 399, 406, 409, 487–8, 505, 601 genesis 488, 489 audiocassettes 652–3 global extent 476–7 Austro-Hungarian Empire 394 impact of competition 478 Averoff, Georges 535–6 investment instruments 97–8 Averroës (Ibn Rushd) 567 investment returns, compared to Western Avicenna (ibn Sina, al-Shaykh al-Rap¯s)ı 562, banks 477 565, 568, 569, 570 limits of capital 479 centrality to Islamic philosophical study 567 principles 477; failure to implement al-qAwa¯, Muh.ammad Sal¯mı 271 478–9 A¯ yandaga¯n(newspaper) 441 proposed Westernisation 488 al-qAynayn, Sayyid Map 359–60 state-sponsored 98 Al-Ayya¯m al-t.aw¯laı (The long days, 1980) 632–3 al-Banna¯, H. asan 148, 153–4, 161, 205, 209, 211, A¯ za¯d, Abupl-Kala¯m 156, 165, 403 353, 403, 406, 408, 409, 410

728

Index

Banu¯r¯,ı Muh.ammad Yu¯suf 343 Bouzid, Nouri 631 Barani, Ziauddin 322–3 Boyd, Douglas 644 Barelw¯,ı Sayyid Ah.mad Shah¯dı 329, 356, 370, 378 Bradford, UK 226 Bari, Ahmadu Lobbo 256 Braque, Georges 603, 618 Ba¯sha¯, Mus.t.afa¯Ka¯mil 607 Britain see United Kingdom al-Bash¯r,ı qUmar, general 188 Brockelmann, Carl 46 Basic Law (Saudi Arabia, 1992) 303–4 Bukhara 522 Basij (militia) 460 al-Bukha¯r¯ı 140, 337–8, 340, 341, 352–3 Basmachi movements 160 Bulliet, Richard 43 Baqth party 184, 406 Bu¯rSaqid (Port Said, 1957) 639 Bauhaus architecture 531–2 Burke, Edmund, III 68 Bawa Muhaiyadeen, M. R. 382–3 Bush, George W., President 250, 462, 464 Bayn al-qas.rayn (Palace walk, 1964) 640 Buskens, Léon 430 al-Bayt.ar, S. ala¯h al-D¯nı 396 Ba¯zarga¯n, Mihdi 410, 439, 440, 441, 459 Cairo 73, 537–44 Beblawi, Hazem 92 demography 522 Beijing Fourth World Conference on Women Great Fire (1952) 537 435 history 522 Beirut 522, 534, 536, 544–5, 546–7 International Film Festival 626 Belgium, immigrant communities 220, 232 modernisation 540–3 Belhadj, Ali, Shaykh 185–6 population 78, 538 Bellini, Gentile 598 as religious/educational centre 10, 66, 67 Bello, Ahmadu 265, 266 School of Fine Arts 607 benevolent societies 195 Cairo Declaration on Human Rights 193 Bengal 14 Cairo International Conference on Population rebellion (1820s) 12–13 and Development 435 see also Bangladesh caliphate Benjedid, Chadli, President 189 abolition 21, 147, 151–2, 159, 201, 399 Bennabi, Malek 169 calls for re-establishment/strengthening 18, Bent Familia (Girls from a good family, 282–3, 294 1997) 631 (debates on) role in global Islam 151–2, 153, Berk, Nurallah 601 171, 398–400 Beyazid II, Sultan 573 early history 199–200 Bhutto, Benazir 29 Çallˇı,Iˇbrahim 600, 601 Bhutto, Zulfiqar qAli 186 Camus, Albert 531 biculturalism 20–1 Canada Bijnor¯,ı Muh.ammad Must.afa¯ 346 immigration policy 241 bin Laden, Osama 95, 188, 195, 209–10, 213, 214, Muslim communities 238–42, 244 407, 409 (see also North American Muslim Birmingham, UK 227 communities) Bisha¯ra, Khayr¯ı 642 religious traditions 238–9 ‘Black Islam’ 360 capitalism, Muslim hostility to 23, 476 Blair, Sheila 617, 619 see also interest Bonnard, Pierre 611 Carter, Jimmy, President 441 bookkeeping see banks/banking Carthage Film Festival 626 books Casablanca 74 increased demand 585–6 Caucasus 13 popular market 26 Caucasus, Sufi movements in 366 see also ‘Islamic books’; manuscript books Çelebi, Kâtip 560 Bosnia 220, 235 Çelik, Zeynep 540 Boughedir, Ferid 631 Central Asia, Sufi movements 365–6 Boumediene, Houari, President 87 centrism (wasat.iyya) 349–50 Bourguiba, Habib, President 406 Cevdet Pasha 273–4

729

Index

Chahine, Youssef 627, 639 social context 628 Chamari, Alya Chérif 424 themes 628–9 Chamra¯n, Mus.t.afa¯ 444 Western audiences 628 charity/ies 193 ‘coffee-house’ painting 604 as religious duty 492 colonialism 2, 14–15, 69–71, 387 see also humanitarian organisations aftermath 27–8, 71–3, 164–7, 314, 316–17, 331, Chaudhry, Kiren 93 387, 411, 529 Chechnya 34, 373–4 architectural impact 532–3 Chémais, Amina 424 attitudes to Islam 258 Cheney, Richard 464 avoidance 70, 159 Chicago School 528 control of subjects’ mobility 61 China 1 diversity of forms 71–2 Muslim community 160, 168–9 economy 260–1 relations with Iran 460, 471 educational impact 502, 507–12, 519 Chistiyya (Sufi order) 368, 370–1, 383 impact on cities 537 Chittick, William 380 impact on Islamic culture 15–17, 39–40, 143– Chodkiewicz, Michel 379–80 4, 150–1, 363, 554–65, 648–9 cholera 557 impact on migrations 218 Christianity inter-power rivalries 359–60, 366 comparisons with Islam 7–8, 9, 22 Islamisation under 261 conversions to 265–7 legal/ethnic classifications 60–1 relationship with material success 390 legal systems 412 Christians need to transcend 334 in Arabist movement 395 regression to 327, 333–4, 349–50, 548 in Islamic Republic of Iran 465 resistance to 13, 147, 153, 154–9, 258–60, 329, in Ottoman Empire 325–6 363–4, 556–7, 561–3 (see also nationalist print ventures 573, 577–8, 579 movements) Cisse, Hassan, Shaykh 376 role in national identities 221 cities slavery, economic role 260 academic study 523, 525–8 social strata 71 building plans 527 status of local leaders 260 colonial 15 steamship networks 56–8 common features 522–4 strengthening of Islam under 358–9, destruction/redevelopment 545–8 360, 507 evolution/growth 524–5 Colquhoun, Alan 531 history/diversity 522 commentary/ies, modern trends in 343–5, 348, living conditions 25 352–4 means of communication 573 see also H. ad¯thı ; Qurpa¯n models 526 Commonwealth Immigrants Act (UK 1962) 225 municipal councils 544–5; lack of 546–7 communications population 25, 73–8 modern developments 174, 176–7, 194, 572, social/religious movements 18–19, 174–5 588, 595–6 see also urbanisation nineteenth-century developments 63 citizenship see also internet; media; oral defined 316, 317–19, 328 communication; printing; telegraph; equality of, as principle 319 transport equated with nationality 316 communism, Muslim hostility to 167, 182, ideological discourse 316 348, 476 Islamic interpretations 318–19, 332 congregationalism 244 ‘civil Islam’ 150, 161–2, 190, 195–7, 590 constitutionalism 33, 392–4 clerics see qulama¯ p continuity, as theme of Islamic history 132–4 co-productions (cinema) 625, 626–9 contract law 477 screenings 627–8 see also marriage; mud.a¯raba; mura¯bah.a

730

Index

conversions (to Islam) 221–2, 254 decolonisation see colonialism: aftermath from Christianity, shortage of 266 decrees see under rulers under colonial rule 258–60, 264 Delhi Cook, Thomas 63 as religious/educational centre 10 Copernicus, Nicolaus 551 sack of 118 Islamic support for theories 560 democracy Corbin, Henry 569–70 impact of religion (in West) 30–1 Cormon, Fernand 600 lack of, in Islamic states 91–5 corporal punishments, infliction of 275, 292–3, relationship with Islam 30–5, 94–5, 195–6, 305, 517 286–7, 517–18 corruption ‘demographic bulge’ 100–6 as historical flaw 473–4, 475 Denmark, immigrant communities 220, in modern economies 481–2 233–4 Côte d’Ivoire 263–4, 266–7 Deoband¯ı school 19, 52–3, 157, 176, 191–2, 226, coups see revolutions 336–40, 342–3, 344, 348, 378, 401–2, ‘creoles’ 20, 71, 657–8 509, 649 Crimean War (1854–6) 50, 599 administration 509 Crinson, Mark 532 political/intellectual principles 509 Cromer, Lord 145, 541 role in partition debates 401, 402 Cubism 603–4 Descartes, René 551 cultural nationalism 294–5 desktop publishing 595 ‘culture clash’ 487–8, 552 Dhawq¯ı Sha¯h, Muh.ammad 370–1 curricula 500–3, 558–9, 562 dhimma/dhimmihood (non-Muslim ‘protected’ Deoband¯ı 509 minorities) 319, 321 diversity 501, 507 advantages over other systems 327 expansion 500 communities, internal affairs 326 non-religious 501–3 contradictory trends 322–4 pesantren 65 diversity of applications 322 historical perspectives 319–27 Dabashi, Hamid 348 impracticability in modern world 322, 327, Dacca 73 331, 332–3 Daghir, Charbel 617 in India 322–4 Dahla¯n, Ah.mad 157–8, 404 open debate, need for 333 Dahlen, Ashk P. 290 in Ottoman Empire 324–7 Dallal, Ahmad 284 proposed abolition 322, 327, 332–4 Damascus 522, 538, 544, 545, 546–7 recourse to state courts 326 demolition/redevelopment 547 surviving tensions 331 growth 524 transition away from 329 Damietta 534 Diakhou, Maba 256 Danger, René 530 diaspora(s) 44, 58–68 Daoud, Zakya 416 legal prescriptions 278 Da¯r al-Funu¯n (Technical College), Tehran networks 62–3, 203–4 560, 603 websites 655 da¯r al-Isla¯m (abode of Islam) 320–1 see also European Muslim communities; Dar ul Arqam 166 North American Muslim communities Dark Ages, Western historians’ avoidance Diba, Farah 605 of 550 Dihlaw¯,ı Ghula¯m qAl¯ı 365 Darwin, Charles 553, 555 Dihlaw¯,ı Sha¯h qAbdul qAz¯zı 364 Al-Daqwa (journal) 591–2, 593 Dihlaw¯,ı Wal¯ı Alla¯h see Wal¯ı Alla¯h, Sha¯h daqwa (call/religious predication) organisations/ al-D¯k,ı Bash¯rı 642 missions 204, 207, 654–5, 658 al-Dimashq¯,ı Muh.ammad 54–5 Dayr al-Qamar 545 al-D¯n,ı Muh.ammad Niz.a¯m, Mulla¯ 502 debt 83–7 al-D¯n,ı Muq¯ı 571

731

Index

d¯nı (revealed religion) 285 general trends 518–20 Diouf, Mamadou 376–7 impact of technology on 50–1 discrimination see European Muslim institutions 25–6, 60, 64–7, 349, communities; minorities 499–503 divorce 426, 430, 432–6, 452 in Islamic Iran 448–9 consensual 433 Islamic shortcomings (vs Western) 519 in dhimma communities 326 networks 10–11, 133–4, 136–7, 208–9 registration 421–2 parental perceptions 514 by repudiation see t.ala¯q participation levels 512–14 see also Egypt post-colonial programmes 79–82, 512 Djambek, Djamil 66 pre-modern methods 572 Drew Ali, Noble 243 primary, enrolment rates 513 al-Drobi, Hafidh 611 private sector 514 drug abuse 449–50 reform programmes 62–3, 145–6, 498–9, Dubai 74–7, 99 503–7, 512, 518–20, 649–50; political Dubai Film Festival 626 consequences 515–18 Dubai Islamic Bank 96 regional basis 136, 138–9 Dupret, Baudouin 437 religious 514; centrality to Islamic traditions Durkheim, Émile 294 497–520 Dwyer, Kevin 627, 630 rivalry between movements 508–9, 511 Dyula see Mande secondary, enrolment rates 513 state-sponsored, impact on reading 587 early modern period 1–2, 3, 11 teachers’ political views 517 East Africa, spread of Islam 254 West African 265 East India Company 14, 329, 400, 574 see also kutta¯bs; madrasas; maktabs; Ebadi, Shirin 453, 463 mosques; pesantren; self-improvement; Ebrahim, Moosa 251 universities; women; names of specific economics/economies see colonialism; subjects economics, Islamic; plantation Education Regulation (Ottoman Empire economies; trade; names of countries 1869) 504 economics, Islamic 95–100, 459, 474–94 Efendi, Gelenbevîˇ Ismail 560 academic study/ies 474, 489–90 Efendi,ˇ Ishak 561 centrality to Islamic way of life 485–7, Efendi,ˇ Ishaq 561 491–4 Egypt 73, 388 fundamental principles 475–6, 480, 494 architectural heritage, controversies over genesis 484–8 542–3 global expansion 489–91 art 605–10, 618–19; centralisation 609–10; history 484–91 reflection of new ideologies 608–9 integration into global system 100 British occupation 70, 392, 507, 578–9 limitations of scope 483, 490, 494 divorce law 420, 426, 430, 432–6; alleged reform(s), calls for 482–3 social discrimination 434–5, 436; structural adjustment 83–91 commentary 434–6; international Western contributions 490 response 434, 436; legal challenges see also banks/banking; interest; to 436 redistribution systems economy 84, 86, 92–3, 96–7, 98, 99 education 177–8 education 79, 349–51, 506–7, 513–14, 563–4 bureaucratisation 514–15 internal conflicts 187, 192 centrality to nationalist agendas 512 Islamic reforms/movements 13, 17, 18, 27, erosion of traditional methods 40 141, 148, 153 European, Muslim participation/problems legal system 273, 274, 276, 278, 227, 232, 235–6 312, 412 European influence 501, 504–7 manufacturing 82 expansion, scale of 514–18, 520, 649, 650–1 marriage law 423, 424, 429

732

Index

modernisation programmes 40, 392–3 (see engineering, training in 506, 559–61 also Muh.ammad qAl¯ı Pasha) England see United Kingdom National Council for Women 435–6 Enlightenment see Europe, history/culture nationalist movements 135, 396 equality see inequality new intellectual trends 279–80 Erbakan, Necmettin 167 newspapers/periodicals 578–9, 585–6, 587– Eritrea 164 8, 591–2; censorship/liberalisation 589, Ernst, Carl W. 378, 651 592; demand/sales 584–5, 587; eschatology 61–2 governmental 575–6, 592–3 Esfandiari, Haleh 467, 468 occupation of neighbouring territories 538 espionage, allegations of 468 opposition movements 106 Euclid 559 post-colonial government 78, 183 Europe, history/culture printing 16, 45 importance in (Western) studies of Islam railways 52 107–8, 133, 549, 550–2, 558 revolution (1952) 162 influence on developments in Islamic world social conditions 88–9 140–7, 546 social reforms 23–4, 195–6 influence on legal systems 273–4, 389–90, television 638, 644, 645, 647; satellite 645 394, 395, 412 urbanisation 74, 77–8 irrelevance to Islamic thinkers 133 see also Egyptian film industry; Napoleon I; Islamic contribution 234–7, 490, 503, 546, United Arab Republic 563–4 Egyptian film industry 630, 633–43 religious printing 580–1 alleged funding from war profiteering 637 see also European Muslim communities boycott by Gulf States 641 European Council for Fatwa and censorship/relaxation 640–1 Research 236 co-productions 626, 627–8 European Muslim communities 211, 218–37 compared with Hollywood 636 calls for controls on 228 demand 637 civic participation 227–8 dominance of Arab world 626 diversity of experiences 220–1 exhibition capacity 635–6 ethnic divisions 223–4, 225, 227, 231–2, genres 638–40, 641–3 233, 234 Gulf distribution rights 627–8, 642 hostility towards 223, 232 literary adaptations 640 long-term residence 234–5 monopoly, advantages of 637–8 opportunity structures 220, nationalisation 638, 640–1 224–5, 228 problems 635–8, 641, 642–3 organisations 223–4, 229–30; national 219– public sector 633 20, 233, 654 re-privatisation 641 population 225, 231–2 recovery (1950s) 639–40 public housing 223 training 633 religious affiliations 226, 230 video sales 642 religious demands 227–8 Eickelman, Dale 650–1 rights 230, 234 eighteenth century state aid 233 Islamic thought in 109–11 evolution, theory of 553 reform movements 107–11, 134–40, 200, 502 extremism 552 revisionist approaches 109, 132–4 relationship with education 516–17 traditional scholarship 107–9 travel/networking 135–8 factionalism, rise of 199–200 Eisenstadt, S. N. 149 Fad.l Alla¯h, Muh.ammad H. usayn, Shaykh Ekhtiyar, Maryam 603 188, 447 El Fadl, Khaled Abou 33, 247, 250, 252 Fad.l-i H. aqq 570–1 employment see unemployment; women; Fah.m¯,ı H. usayn 542, 543 young people Fara¯pid.¯ı rebellion 12–13

733

Index

falsafa tradition 519, 565–8 state-produced 629–33 modern influence 569 training 633 family law 276, 301, 311, 411–37 TV showings 643 model texts 415 see also co-productions; Egyptian film national codes 415–16, 420 industry registration requirements 421–3 Findley, Carter Vaughn 512 Western commentaries 412–14, 417, 437 fiqh (jurisprudence) see also divorce; husbands; inheritance; ban on printing 575 marriage; women as basis of national systems 274, 304, 305–6, Family Protection Act (Iran 1975) 311, 442, 451 308–9 Family Rights, Law of (Ottoman Empire critiques/rejection 284–5, 289–91 1917) 415 family law/women’s rights and 416, 418, Fanon, Frantz 170, 529 421, 423–4, 427–8, 437 al-Fa¯ra¯b¯ı 567 historical role 272, 283, 296–8 Fara¯pid.¯ı movement 356, 364–5, 367 relationship with new scholarship 290, Faraj, M. A. S., The Neglected Duty 293, 295 183–4, 194 study 65, 247–8, 348, 501 Farang¯ı Mah.all family/school 16, 502, 509 Fiqh Council of North America 247 Al-Far¯daı al-Ghap¯baı (pamphlet) 592 First World War 399, 600 Far¯dı ¯,ı Shah¯dullaı ¯h 370 aftermath see inter-war period Farrakhan, Louis 244, 249 ‘Five Principles’ (Pancasila) (of fascism, artistic response to 609 Islam) 165, 182, 190, 405 al-Fa¯s¯,ı Ah.mad ibn Idr¯sı 64, 131, 138, Fodio, qUsman dan (qUthma¯n ibn Fu¯d¯)ı 13, 360–1, 362 109–10, 120–3, 135, 136–7, 256, 363–4, 388 al-Fa¯s¯,ı qAlla¯l 154, 163 biography 120–1, 122 al-Fat.a¯n¯,ı Ah.mad ibn Muh.ammad Zayn ibn change of views 122–3 Mus.t.afa¯ 43 educational programme 139 fatwa¯ (s) (legal judgement by a qualified post-jihad state 136–7 scholar) 51, 194 social concerns 122 publication 582; online 654, 656 studies 121 fayd. (divine grace) 375 ‘folk realist’ art 609 Faysal, King, of Saudi Arabia 163–4 France 221 Federation of Islamic Associations 239 banned books 278 feminism 30, 419–20, 425, 429 colonial rule 15, 57, 69–70, 71, 94, 131, 220, in cinema 631 258–60, 261, 358–60, 363–4, 375–7, 530–1; fertility, decrease in 100 abolition of slavery 260; architecture 532 Fethullah Gülen movement 203, 214–15, educational contributions 504, 506, 507–8 229, 372 film: co-productions/financing 626, 629–31; Fida¯piya¯n-i Isla¯m 168 exhibition capacity 635 figural representation 597, 618–19 influence on constitutional reforms 392 justification 618–19 Muslim communities 218, 222–5, 231; policy unease at 618, 619 towards 220, 224–5, 230, 236, 237 film(s) 454 relations with Iran 470 ‘accented cinema’ 629 relations with Ottoman Empire 141 Arabic-language, three types of 625–6 Franco, Francisco, General 234 censorship 627–8, 631 Freedom House 91–2 commercial 633–43 freedom of worship, right of 305 festivals 626–7, 628, 631 Front Islamique du Salut (Algeria) 189 funding 626 Fuda, Farag 295 nationalisation of production 638–41 Fulani jihads 13, 120, 257 non-Egyptian output 626 Fulbe people 256–7 political content 631–2 Fulfulde (language) 139 scale of production 625 Fuller, Graham 100–2

734

Index

fundamentalism see radical Islamism Great Britain see United Kingdom Fustel de Coulanges, Numa Denis 527 Greece Futa Jalon region 256, 258 independence 394 al-Fu¯t¯,ı al-H. a¯jj qUmar (al-H. a¯jj qUmar Taal) philosophy/science (Ancient) 519, 565, 567 256, 363–4 ‘Greek medicine’ see Yu¯na¯n¯Tı . ibb Greek Orthodox Church 325–6 Gaborieau, Marc 365 Greeks, expatriate, in Ottoman cities Galbraith, James 87 535–6, 573 Gambia 164 Gregorian, Marcos 604, 605 Gandhi, Mohandas K. (Mahatma) 401, 402, 403 Grey, Abby 605 Gangu¯h¯,ı Rash¯dı Ah.mad 370 ‘Grey Wolves’ 229 Ganj¯,ı Akbar 455, 463 Group D (Turkish artists) 600–1 Gates, Robert 464 groups, membership of, importance to human Geddes, Patrick 531–2 identity 315–16 Geertz, Clifford 523 Grunebaum, Gustav von 527–8 ‘gender jihad’ 251, 253 Guinea see Futa Jalon ‘general equilibrium’ economic model 490 Gulf Co-operation Council 415 Genon, René 379–80 Gulf War (1991) 619 Gerber, Haim 40 Gülhane Edict (Ottoman Empire 1839) 389, Germany 221 534, 538–9 immigrant communities 220, 222, 228–31; Gumi, Abubakar, Shaykh 192, 265 rights of 230 immigration policy 228–9 H. ad¯qatı al-Ah.ba¯r(newspaper) 577–8 relations with Iran 470 H. ad¯thı (canonical words/deeds of the Gérôme, Jean-Léon 600 Prophet) 109, 130, 300, 396, 497, 498 Ghaffa¯r¯,ı Abupl-H. asan 602–3 collections 500 Ghaffa¯r¯,ı Kama¯l al-Mulk see al-Mulk, Kama¯l commentaries 337–40, 342–3, 353 al-Gha¯l¯,ı Muh.ammad 363 establishment as canonical text 3 Ghana 164, 260 online texts 653–4 Ghannu¯sh¯,ı Rash¯dı 178 printed editions: prohibition 574 al-Ghaza¯l¯,ı Abu¯H. a¯mid Muh.ammad 9, 280, role in Sufism 128 281, 560, 566–7, 569 schools of study 11, 348 al-Ghaza¯l¯,ı Zaynab 160–1 H. ad.ram¯ı peoples 44, 58–63 Ghiyasuddin Balban, Sultan 323 emigration points 59–63 Ghobrial, John-Paul 573 hostility of colonial officials 60–2 G¯laı ¯n¯,ı Mana¯z.ir Ah.san 336–9, 343 information networks 53, 62–3 Gilbert, Erik 57 reasons for migration 59–60 globalisation 23, 69 scholarship 46, 55, 59–60, 66 artistic impact 597 al-Haidari, Buland 610, 614 first phase (1870–1914) 42, 69–73 Haiyun Ma 168 impact on Islamic states 70–1, 192–7, 198, H. ajjarian, Saq¯dı 455 215–17 Hakim, Besim 527 Islamic modes/alternatives 217 h.a¯kimiyya (sovereignty) 270–1 second phase 83–91, 546–7 Hakkˇı,Iˇbrahim 560 Gogol, Nikolai 639 al-H. alab¯,ı Mus.t.afa¯al-Ba¯b¯ı 66 Gökalp, Mehmed Zia 397 al-H. alla¯j, H. usayn ibn Mans.u¯r 616 ‘golden age’ 390, 391, 406, 408, 473–4 Hallaq, Wael B. 286, 293–4 Golden Rule 318, 332 Hama 524 Goldziher, Ignaz 525, 526 H. amalla¯h, Shaykh 259, 264, 359 good governance, international calls for 91–2, HAMAS (H. araka al-Muqa¯wama al-Isla¯m¯yya)ı 104–6 202, 205, 209, 212, 462, 463 Gorgi, Habib 607–8 Hamdi, Osman 599–600 Gran, Peter 39 Hamilton, Lee 464

735

Index

Hammoudi, Jamil 616 Hobbes, Thomas 294 Hamza, Dyala 650 Hodgson, M. G. S. 554 H. anaf¯ı school (of jurisprudence) 324–5, 336–43, homosexuality, legal position 467 350, 412 Honda, Foupad Kouichi 614 critiques 339–40, 343, 345 Hoodbhoy, Pervez 550 H. anbal¯ı preaching/traditions 175, 179, 277, Hourani, Albert 39 303, 304 Hu Songshan 160 h.an¯ıfiya/istiqa¯ma(straightness/curvature), al-Huda¯, Abu¯, Shaykh 583 principles of 292, 294 Al-Hudu¯d(The borders, 1984) 632 Hanˇım, Mihri Müs¸fik 600 human rights 193, 314 H. aramayn (Holy Cities) abuses 305–6 educational networks 133–4, 138 citizenship defined in terms of 317–19, 328 Wahha¯b¯ı occupation 360 international co-operation 328 H. arb, T. alqat 634–5 international law/norms 416, 429 al-Hariri, Rafiq 547, 645 Islamic perspective on 319, 329 Ha¯ru¯n al-Rash¯d,ı Caliph 475 pressure groups 429 Harvey, William 551 treaties 328 Hasan, Faik 610–11 humanitarian organisations 206–7 Hasan Çelebi, Üstad 614 Huntington, Samuel P. 95, 488, 552 Hasbayya 545 Hurgronje, Snouck 43, 46, 61–2, 65, 525, Ha¯shim¯,ı Fa¯piza 452 526–7 al-Ha¯tim, qAbd al-Qa¯dir 640 h.urufiyya (use of Arabic script) 617 Hatoum, Mona 622 H. usayn, qA¯ dil 271–2, 279 Hatt-ˇı S¸erif of Gülhane see Gülhane Edict H. usayn, Ima¯m, martyrdom of 438, 443, Hausa people 604, 605 city states 255 H. usayn, Jaqfar, Muft¯ı 191 clerical networks 256–7 H. usayn, al-Mans.u¯r, Ima¯m 116 Haussmann, Georges-Eugène, Baron de H. usayn, shar¯fı of Mecca 65–6, 399 530, 537 al-H. usayn¯,ı qAlla¯ma qA¯ rif H. usayn 191 h.awa¯la (resource transfer system) 484 husbands Haykel, Bernard 124 divorce rights 433, 434 headscarves, wearing of 28 rights/responsibilities 416–18 in school 224, 232, 235–6 see also family law healthcare 449–50 al-H. us.r¯,ı Sa¯t.iq 396, 397 Heidegger, Martin 569–70 Hussein, Saddam 89, 191, 397, 442, 463, 589, Herb, Michael 94–5 632–3 Herz, Max 542–3 Hussein I of Jordan 162–3 H. ija¯z 360–1 see also H. aramayn; Mecca; Medina qiba¯da¯t (devotional worship) 288 H. ija¯z Railway 54–6 ibn qAbdalla¯h b. qAq¯lı al-qAlaw¯,ı Sayyid Al-Hila¯l (journal) 579, 584–5 qUthma¯n 58–9 Hinayn, Georges 609 ibn qAlaw¯,ı Sayyid Fad.l 41 Hindus Ibn al-qArab¯ı 118, 128, 358, 362, 378, 379, 566, acceptance as dhimma 324 568, 569 co-existence with 323–4 ibn Ba¯d¯s,ı qAbd al-H. a¯mid 150, 154, 189 fears of domination by 485 Ibn Bat.t.u¯t.a 200 suppression/discrimination against 322–3, ibn Fu¯d¯,ı qUthma¯n see Fodio, qUsman dan 324 Ibn H. ajar 337–8 H. izb al-Tah.r¯rı (Party of Liberation) 213–14 ibn al-Hajja¯j, Muslim 343 H. izbulla¯h (Party of God) 185, 188–9, 209, 213, ibn al-H. usayn, al-Mahd¯ı al-qAbba¯s, Ima¯m 116 441, 446–7, 462, 463, 647, 655 ibn Idr¯sı see al-Fa¯s¯,ı Ah.mad ibn Idr¯sı Ho, Engseng 61 Ibn Khaldu¯n 388, 390, 407 hoarding, Qurpa¯nic condemnation of 492 ibn Musa¯qid, Gha¯lib, shar¯fı of Mecca 124

736

Index

ibn Naf¯sı 551 Islamic reform movements 18, 19, 134, 142, Ibn Rushd see Averroës 151–2, 156–7, 165–6, 176–7, 356 ibn Saqu¯d, qAbd al-qAziz (d. 1803) logic, texts on 570–1 124–5 Muslim population 74, 403 ibn Saqu¯d, qAbd al-qAziz (1880–1953) 152, nationalist movements 156, 165–6, 302–3 400–3 ibn Saqu¯d, Mhammad (d. 1765) 303 newspapers/periodicals 577 Ibn Sha¯t.ir 551 partition (1947) 329–30, 400–1; debates on Ibn Sina see Avicenna 400–3, 485, 509 ibn Sumayr, Sa¯lim 46 present-day Muslim society 329–30 ibn Sumayt.,Ah.mad 59 printing 16, 574, 583, 651 ibn T. ala¯l, al-Wal¯dı 647 railways 52, 54 ibn Taymiyya, Abu¯al-qAbba¯s 117, 277, 281, 284, rebellion (1857) 258, 400, 562–3 303, 352, 390, 408, 567 scientific/medical achievements 562–5 ibn qUmar, Jibr¯lı 122 Sufism in 364–5 Ibrahim, Anwar 166 see also Bengal; Kashmir; Mughal Empire Ibrahim, Sayyid Muhammad 614 Indian Ocean 44, 56–8 Ibrahim Edhem Pasha 543 Indonesia 74, 388, 403 identity, Islamic colonial rule 14, 70, 71 (see also Netherlands) artistic expressions 597, 610 demography 104 cinematic expressions 628 domestic politics 21, 29, 95, 190, 404–5 concern to preserve 147 economy 85, 86, 92, 93, 98 expression via new media 649–51, 654 education 64–7, 79, 510–11, 513–14, idolatry, rule of man by man as 271 516–17 see also shirk Islamic reforms/movements 20, 27, 33, 62, Idr¯s,ı King, of Libya 163, 362 157–9, 165, 166–7, 176–7, 196 Idr¯sı Sha¯h 380 literacy rates 177 Idr¯siyyaı (Sufi order) 363 manufacturing 82 ignorance, age of see ja¯hiliyya military rule 72 Ihsanoglu, E. 558 political/social diversity 510 ijma¯ q (consensus) 286 port-cities 522 ijtiha¯d (independent legal reasoning) 112–13, printing 574 128, 301, 339–40, 391, 498 religious controversies 331 modern applications 284–6, 290–1, social conditions 88 293, 392 Sufi networks 367, 374–5 online examples 654 transport to/from 63–7 qualifications for 307 urbanisation 78 Illuminationism 569–70 industrial revolution 2 Ima¯m, qA¯ d¯lı 642 industrialisation, problems of 82–3 Ima¯m Muh.ammad ibn Saqu¯d University, inequality Riyadh 353 in Muslim societies 79–82, 87–92, 480–2 ¯maı ¯n (faith in God), role in Islamic ideologies Qurpa¯nic condemnation 479–80, 491 119, 126 social vs religious 112 Immigration and Naturalization Act (US information, demand for 584–6 1965) 242 ‘Information Age’ see media India 322–4 inheritance, law of 121, 292, 417, 479–80, 483 arrival of Islam 322 Qurpa¯nic prescriptions 492, 493, 494 British rule 18, 40, 50, 54, 63, 71, 508–10, 562– injury, removal of (as legal principle) 434 3 inter-war period 149–60 class hierarchy 323 urban developments 545–6 economic theory 485–8 interest, prohibition 476, 490, 492 education 502, 510–11 International Association of Muslim Scholars film exhibition capacity 635–6 210–11

737

Index

International Atomic Energy Association pre-revolutionary ideology (1960s/70s) 175, (IAEA) 464 181, 184–5, 191 International Institute for Islamic Thought printing 574 (IIIT) 208 Qa¯ja¯r period (1794–1925) 306, 307–8 International Islamic Conference (Jordan, scientific/philosophical achievements 555– 2005) 211 6, 561–2, 567–70 International Islamic Relief Organisation 193 shahs of see Muh.ammad Reza Sha¯h; Reza International Islamic University, Islamabad Sha¯h 209 urbanisation 78 International Islamic University Malaysia Westernising reforms 159, 487, 562 (IIUM) 193, 208–9 see also Iranian Revolution; Islamic international law Republic of Iran state responsibilities 416 Iranian Revolution (1979) 170, 173, 177, 187, violations 333–4 409–10, 556, 590, 622, 652 International Monetary Fund (IMF) 84–7 disillusionment with 470–2 distribution of loans 85–6 economic impact 458–9 International Red Cross 206–7 global impact on Islam 201, 368, 444–5 international relations, rule of law 327 historical background 438–40 internationalism 18 international impact 444–8 internet, Islamic sites 377, 381–2, 453, 595–6, role of education 515–16 648, 652, 653–60 role of women 29, 439 audience 656–7 social impact 89 diversity 658–9 Third World responses 444–5 history/evolution 653–4 victorious coalition: disparity of elements institutional 654–5 438–9; grounds for accord 439, 440 interactive 656, 658–9 Western support for enemies of 445–6 nature of material 655–6 Iraq newsgroups 654 art 610–13, 615–17; impact of military political movements 655 conflicts 622 specialised skills 657–8, 659–60 demography 104 technological development and economy 92–3 656–8 family law 419, 420, 421, 425 see also websites; World-Wide Web film industry 632–3 Iqba¯l, Muh.ammad 156–7, 484 invasion of Iran see Iran–Iraq War Iran–Iraq War (1980–8) 440, 442, 446 legal system 276, 312 Iran/Persia (pre-1979) 2, 70, 387, 388 nationalist movements 72, 397 academic literature 552 press censorship 589 aid to poorer countries 27 social conditions 89 art 601–5; national, calls for 604–5 US-led occupation (2003–?) 91, 251, 327, 333– cholera epidemics 557 4, 420, 463, 548, 622; opposition groups cities 522 462–3 Civil Code 310 Isfahan 522 Constitutional Revolution (1905) 67, 307–8, School of 567, 568 392–4, 579–80 Islam economy 92, 98 calls for Western acceptance 245 education 79, 502, 506, 513, 562 ‘cloning’ of global institutions/principles 192–3 foreign intervention (1953) 408 compatibility with modernity 149–50 integration 50 competition with Christianity 265–7 migrations from 246 as complete way of life 146, 147, 485–6 newspapers/periodicals 575, 576, 579–80, cosmopolitan impulse 199 585, 591 courtly/Imperial strand 4–6 Pahlavi rule (1925–79) 308 decline in global influence/vigour 2–3, 8, post-colonial politics 73, 168, 187 69–71

738

Index

diversity 3–8, 387–8 Islamic Republic of Iran (1979– ) 194, 287–9 divine vs human prerogatives 285, 289–90 aid to foreign groups 212–13, 462 early history 3–8, 218, 474–5, 480, 484, 497 application of shar¯ıqa 270 failure to uphold tenets of 121 arbitrary powers of government 288–9 fundamentals 182 conservative backlash 453, 456–72 global population 73–4 Constitution 309, 311 global spread 1–2, 3–4, 254–5, 320–1 cultural/intellectual trends 453–7; foreign historiography 39–44 relations 448, 451 importance in popular ideology 24 Cultural Revolution 441–2 internal conflicts 8, 113, 114–15, 121, 264–5 economy 458–61 lack of church hierarchy 6–8, 9, 555 education 448–9, 451 obligation to propagate 320–1 elections 441, 465, 468–9 (perceived) rupture in intellectual history Expediency Council 288, 311, 453 551–2 family planning 450 popular commentaries 26 film industry 454 purification, as Wahha¯b¯ı objective 357 foreign policy 458, 461–5 relationship with economic development governmental publications 455, 593 473–6 Guardian Council 453, 471 religious authority, changing nature of 216– health care 449–50 17 ideology 284, 552; reinterpretations 455–6 role in migrant identity 219, 221 legal system 302, 306–12, 313, 393 secular application 284 liberalising reforms 447–8, 452, 453, 471 social/cultural changes 35, 148–9, 216–17 migrations from 246, 450 social principles 479–80 minorities: ethno-linguistic 466; religious as source of legislation 293 465–6 standardisation 264 nuclear issues 463–4, 472 as state religion 21–2 opposition voices/movements 106, 196–7, ‘statist’ vs ‘civil’ 149–50 289–92, 295, 311–12, 454–7, 468–9; disunity Western fears 219 441 Western misconceptions 3, 14, 225 penal code 275, 310–11, 467 ‘Westernisation’ 235–7, 246–7 post-revolutionary achievements/ see also banks/banking, Islamic; ‘Black directions 310–12 Islam’; ‘civil Islam’; economics, Islamic; relations with Europe 446 education; ‘Islamic books’; Islamic repressive measures 312, 440–3, 450, 457, resurgence; ‘leftist Islam’; ‘new 466–7, 469 intellectualism’; orthodox reformism; seizure of US embassy (hostage crisis) 440, 441 political Islam; politics; ‘post-Islamism’; studies 438–6 ‘progressive Islam’; radical Islamism; Supreme Leader, figure of 309, 310, 440–2 reform movements; ‘revolutionary tax system 287–8, 307 radicalism’; science(s); transnationalism universities, treatment of 441–2, 448–9 islam noir see ‘Black Islam’ women’s role/position 451–3, 466–7; al-Isla¯mbu¯l¯,ı Kha¯lid 173 political activism 468, 469; publications ‘Islamic books’ 352–4 448, 452, 455, 467 Islamic Circle of North America (ICNA) see also Iran/Persia (pre-1979); Iranian 246, 248 Revolution (1979); Khomeini Islamic Conference of Foreign Ministers 193 Islamic resurgence (1950s– ) 24–35, 173 Islamic Development Bank 97, 99, 193, 212, 489 anti-governmental elements 590–4 Islamic Educational, Scientific and Cultural differing forms 186–92 Organisation (ISESCO) 193, 212 internal influences 25–8 Islamic Foundation (UK) 205 international influences 27 Islamic Jihad (Algeria) 209 political context/elements 31–5, 178–92, 182–97 ‘Islamic law & life’ (TV programme) 210 relationship with democracy 30–5 Islamic Relief Worldwide 206–7 religious agenda 31, 270–2

739

Index

Islamic resurgence (1950s– ) (cont.) Jamqiyyat al-Khayr 55, 62 role of new media 652–60 Jarrah.iyya (Sufi order) 383 social processes 174–8 Jasmund, August 543 see also ‘new intellectualism’; ‘revolutionary Java 68, 254 radicalism’ reform movements 19 Islamic Salvation Front (FIS, Algeria) 655 Javadipour, Mahmoud 603 Islamic Society of North America (ISNA) 239, al-Ja¯w¯,ı qAbd al-S. amad al-Falimba¯n¯ı 65 246, 248, 252 al-Ja¯w¯,ı Muh.ammad qUmar Nawaw¯Bantenı 65 Isma¯q¯l,ı Khedive 392, 537, 540, 542, 578, 640 al-Jawziyya, ibn al-Qayyim 117 Isma¯q¯lı ¯sı 247, 249, 667 al-Jaza¯pir¯,ı qAbd al-Qa¯dir 129, 363 Israel 439 al-Jazeera (television network) 185, 210, 646 criticisms 461–2 al-Jazzar, Abd al-Hadi 609 partition of Jerusalem 547–8 Jemaqah Islamiyya 33 political situation 251 Jerusalem 522, 544 relations with Iran 464–5, 466 partition 547–8 treaty with Egypt (1978) 641 Jews see also Arab–Israeli Wars in Islamic Republic of Iran 465 issue advocacy groups 207–8 in Ottoman Empire 326; printing press 573 Istiqla¯l Party 154, 163 Jhangvi, Mawlana Haqnawaz 191 Istanbul 537–44 Jidda 545 demography 522 jihad (striving in cause of God/’holy war’) Dolmabahçe Palace 540 calls to/occurrences 120–3, 151, 183–4, 214, fin de siècle architecture 543 256–7, 364, 409 Fine Arts Academy 599 objectives 194–5, 257 municipal reform 544–5 obligation to 320–1, 332 newsapers 578, 580 Jinna¯h, Muh.ammad qAl¯ı 156, 371, 402, 403 population 538 Jordan 98, 162–3, 590 reconstruction 539–40 family law, (proposed) reforms 420, 426–9, istiqa¯ma see h.an¯ıfiya 436; judicial interpretations 424; Italy objections to 427–8; rejection 428 colonial rule/ambitions 15, 73, 153, 362 Islamic politics 188 immigrant communities 220, 221, 234 Penal Code 428 Ithna¯ qAshar¯sı 247, 661, 667 reform movements 19 Ivory Coast see Côte d’Ivoire Royal Commission for Human Rights 427 Izmir 534–5 temporary laws 428–9 Corpus Christi procession, 177–8, 534–5 Joreige, Lamia 620–2 diversity 535 journalism, trades unions 587 see also newspapers/periodicals al-Jabart¯,ı qAbd al-Rah.ma¯n 48–9 judges Jackson, Sherman 252–3 female 452 Jadidism 160 public attitudes to 7 Jaqfar¯,ı qAbd al-Ghan¯ı 119 role in family law cases 423–5 Jaffa 522, 532–4, 544 training 425, 502 ja¯hiliyya (pre-Islamic ‘age of ignorance’) 114, working against legislation 424–5 357, 407 Juin, Alphonse-Pierre, Marshal 73 Jakarta 55, 73 jurists Jama¯qat-i Isla¯m¯ı (JI) 157, 165, 166–7, 180, 186–7, medieval 282 188, 190, 204–5, 368, 369, 485, 650 role in legal systems 272, 304 areas of influence 205 rule by 308–9 genesis 206 Jurja¯n¯,ı M¯rı Sayyid Shar¯fı 571 online material 655 Ja¯miqat al-qUlu¯m al-Isla¯miyya 342 Kabba¯n¯,ı Muh.ammad H. isha¯m, Shaykh 250, 381 Jamq¯yat-ulı qUlama¯pyi Hind (JUH) 401–2 Kadiva¯r, Muh.sin 456

740

Index

Kahf, Moncer 96–7 economic outlook 459 kala¯m(Islamic theology) 566–7 exile in Iraq 444 Kamil, Fuad 609 fatwa¯ on Rushdie 443 Kamil, Mustafa (Ka¯mil, Must.afa¯) 396, 579 political control 440–1, 445 Ka¯mil, S. alih. 96–7, 98 recordings of sermons 593–4, 652 Kanafani, Ghassan 632 writings 439 Kandahlaw¯,ı Muh.ammad Idr¯sı 344 khulq (divorce agreement) 433–6 Kandiyoti, Deniz 418 objections to 434–6 al-Kaneimi, Muh.ammad 257 support for 436 Kano, emir of 375–6 al-Khu¯r¯,ı Kha¯l¯lı 577–8 Kaplan, Cemalettin/Metin 229 Kish, qAbd al-H. am¯d,ı Shaykh 185 Kar, Mehrangiz 455 Kiya¯rustami, qAbba¯s 454 Karachi 73 Klee, Paul 618 Karnouk, L. 617 Kramp, Fritz 634 Karubi, Mehdi 468 kufr (unbelief) 113, 117, 119, 122, 356 Karzai, Hamid, President 463 legal implications 127 Ka¯sha¯n¯,ı Abupl-Qa¯sim, Ayatollah 168 Kulthu¯m, Umm 634 Kashmir 34 al-Kunti, Ah.mad al-Bekkay 257 Kashm¯rı ¯,ı Muh.ammad Anwarsha¯h 337–43, 350, 351 al-Kunti, S¯diı al-Mukhta¯r, Shaykh 257 al-Ka¯tib¯,ı Najm al-D¯nı 570–1 Kuran, Timur 95–100 Kaum Muda (Younger Group) 18, 158–9 al-Kurd¯,ı Abu¯T. ahir al-Ku¯ra¯n¯ı 135 al-Kawa¯kibi, qAbd al-Rah.ma¯n 393, 396 al-Kurd¯,ı Ibra¯h¯mı 135 Kazakhstan 373 Kurds, in Islamic Republic of Iran 466 Kemal, Mustafa see Atatürk kutta¯bs (elementary Qurpa¯nic schools) 499, Kemal, Namˇık 578 506–7 Kerr, Malcolm 283–4 Kuwait 98, 99 Khalafallah, Muhammad Ahmad 410 aid to poorer countries 27 Khalid, Adeeb 47–8 Kuwait Finance House 97 Khal¯d,ı qAmr 646, 657 Kyrgyzstan 373 Khal¯dı (Sufi order) 365–6 Kha¯minap¯,ı qAl¯,ı President 288, 312, 443, 446, Ladies’ Home Journals 48 460, 462 Laffan, Michael 64, 67 Kha¯n, Ah.mad Badr 634 Lagos 73 Kha¯n, Hak¯mı Ajmal 564–5 Lah.h.a¯m, Dur¯dı 632 Kha¯n, Malkam 392–3 Lahore 73 Kha¯n, Muh.ammad Ayyu¯b 166–7 Lambton, A. K. 562 Kha¯n, Muh.ammad (film director) 642 landscapes, depiction of 599 Khan, Muqtedar, Prof. 250 Lane, Edward W. 525 Kha¯n, Sir Sayyid Ah.mad 18, 142, 143, 144, 329– language(s) 30, 339, 402, 484, 508, 555, 564 European, displacement of local 358–9 Kharijite movement 183, 407 technological impacts on 48–9 Kha¯tam¯,ı Sayyid Muh.ammad, President 196–7, written, development of 49 447, 453, 455, 457, 458, 459, 460, 465, 466, 471 La¯r¯jaı ¯n¯,ı qAl¯ı 465 Khatmiyya 155 Laroui, Abdullah 528, 529 see also M¯rghaniyyaı Lat Dior 261–2 Khayra¯ba¯d¯ı school 563, 570–1 Latin America 174–5 Khila¯fat movement 151–2, 156, 399, 402 law, Islamic 272–3 Khomeini, Ruhollah, Ayatollah 168, 181, 184–5, collective resources (of different schools) 350 187, 194, 287–9, 310, 311–12, 393, 403, 409– corruption 121 10, 438–9, 442, 450, 451, 604 diasporic applications 248 death 443, 447, 455 impact of technological developments 51 doctrine of political authority 291, 308–9, limitation to private law 22, 273 351–2, 454 overriding of dhimma laws 326–7

741

Index

law, Islamic (cont.) Locke, John 8 private suits 275 logic 570–1 range of applications 276–80 London, bombings (7/7/2005) 228 role in education systems 504, 509–10, 517 Luciani, Giacomo 92 role in state systems 271–2, 273–4 Lutheran World Relief 206 rulings, ‘rationale’ for 346–7 Lyautey, Hubert, Marshal 71, 528–9 status in European countries 235–7 transformation of systems 301–2 Ma Jian 168–9 treatment of unbelief 127 Ma Wanfu 160 see also family law; inheritance, law of; McMillen, Michael J.T. 99 penal law; personal status law; property Madani, Abbasi, Prof. 185–6 law; Qurpa¯n; shar¯ıqa; Sunna; women Madjid, Nurcholish 32, 33, 178, 196, 410 Lawal, Amina 208 madrasas (religious schools) 497–8, 499, 562, 649 League of Arab States 415–16 academic literature 552 Lebanon architectural layout 500 Civil War 547, 620–2, 634 blamed for rise of extremism 516 deﬁned 576 curriculum see separate main heading ﬁlm industry 626, 633–4; input into Egyptian funding 555 media 634 graduates, as teachers/leaders 559–61, 564 international aid to 27 growth in numbers 25–6, 31, 191 Islamic movements 185, 188–9 Ottoman abolition 505 nationalist movements 72 philosophical activity 565 newspapers/periodicals 577–8, 585; science teaching 558–9 freedom of expression 589, 590 separation from State system 504–5 printing 45, 585 websites 655, 658 support for Iranian Revolution 444, 446–7 Magian sect 321 television 644–5, 647 Mahdavy, Hossein 92, 93, 95 LeCorbusier (Charles-Édouard Jeanneret- al-Mahd¯,ı Muh.ammad Ah.mad ibn qAbd Alla¯h Gris) 530–1, 543 (the Mahd¯)ı 155, 361, 583 ‘leftist Islam’ 445 al-Mahd¯,ı S. a¯diq 188 Léger, Fernand 601 al-Mahd¯,ı Sayyid qAbd al-Rah.ma¯n 155 Lerner, Daniel 78 al-Mahd¯,ı Sayyid Muh.ammad 362 Lewis, Frederick 600 the Mahd¯ı see al-Mahd¯,ı Muh.ammad Ah.mad Lewis, Samuel 383 ibn qAbd Alla¯h Lhote, André 601, 603 Mah.fu¯z., Naj¯bı 640 liberalism, Islamic 410 Mah.mu¯d II, Sultan 576, 577 libraries 501 Mah.mu¯d of Ghazna, Sultan 322–3 Libya 589 al-Makhdaqu¯n(The Duped, 1972) 632 aid to poorer countries 27 Ma¯khmalba¯f, Muh.sin 454 creation (1951) 163 Ma¯khmalba¯f, Sam¯raı 454 Italian invasion 153 Makk¯,ı H. a¯jj¯ı Imda¯dulla¯h Muha¯jir 370 limits, theory of 292–3, 294 Makiya, Muhammad 611 Lings, Martin 380 maktabs (elementary Qurpa¯nic schools) 562 literacy rates Malay (language) 46–7, 49 female 449 translations of religious texts 46, 59 low (pre-print) 573 Malaya/Malaysia 18, 21–2, 27, 33, 72, 388 rise in 174, 177, 512, 586, 587, 651 economy 86, 93, 96, 99 literalists (Z. a¯hir¯s)ı 280–1 education 79 literature, new genres 47–8 nationalist movements 166 see also books; newspapers/periodicals; population 74 printing reform movements 158–9 lithography 599, 603 social conditions 87–8 Litvak, Meir 67 tax/redistribution system 480–2

742

Index

Malcolm X 170 Mawla¯na¯ Muh.ammad Ilya¯s 157, 369–70 Mali 33, 100, 255, 266 Mawla¯na¯Yu¯suf 157, 171 democratic record 92 M’Backe, Ahmadu Bamba 155, 259, 262 Ma¯lik 140 Mecca 152 Ma¯lik Sy 262 as cultural centre 360–1 al-Ma¯lik¯,ı Nu¯r¯ı 463 demolition/redevelopment 521–2, 547 Mallat, Chibli 425 ‘Letters’ 61 Al-Mana¯r(The Lighthouse, periodical) 145, printing press 16, 46 146, 153, 282–3, 343–4, 582, 650 rail access 53–6 Mancini, Francesco 536 studies 526–7 Mande, language/people 256–7, 263–4 see also H. aramayn; pilgrimages Mansour, Nassar 614 media, governmental manipulation 78 manufacturing bases 82–3 see also books; film(s); internet; new media; manuscript books, role in pre-modern culture newspapers/periodicals; printing 572–3 medicine al-Marbaw¯,ı Muh.ammad Idr¯sı qAbd al-Rapu¯f traditional/modern synthesis 564–5 66–7 training in 502, 504, 506, 559–61 Marçais, George 527 Western/Islamic differences 556–7 Marçais, William 527 medieval period 1–2, 200 marjaq al-taql¯dı (model for religious fundamental principles of legal/political emulation), role in Iranian revolutionary systems 299–301 ideology 308, 312 legal discourse 282 marriage, laws of 236, 276, 421–37 scholarship 1–2, 497–8, 503 age of 422, 423–4, 425–9, 442; raising to Medina 152 eighteen 426–7 (see also Jordan) as centre of scholarship 11, 209 contracts 419, 424, 431–2, 452 demography 522 documentation 422–3 demolition/redevelopment 521–2 media commentary 427–8 see also H. aramayn; pilgrimages registration 421–3 Mehmed II ‘The Conqueror’, Sultan 558, 559 unregistered 422 MENA (Middle East and North Africa), see also divorce; polygyny unemployment rates 102–6 Martin, Rabi’a 383 Mendelsohn, Erich 533 Marxism see communism Messick, Brinkley 47 Marzu¯q,Saq¯dı 642 Metcalf, Barbara 52 mas.lah.a (public interest/expediency) 280–1, Mevlev¯ı sect 377 297, 342, 650 Mexico 87 changing significance 283 Midhat Pasha 538 modern interpretations 281–7, 288–9, 295, 392 migrations rejecion 288 to Europe 218–20 Massive Attack 380 maritime 56–7, 58 Masyumi 166–7, 190, 405 reasons for 59–60 Mat¯n-Daftarı ¯,ı Hida¯yat Alla¯h 446 relationship with religious observance 174– Mattson, Ingrid, Dr. 252 5 Mauritania 359–60 see also European Muslim communities al-Maward¯ı 390 M¯lanı ¯,ı Tahm¯naı 454 Mawa¯t¯ı tribe 369 military academies/training 504, 506, 562, 599 Mawdu¯d¯,ı Mawla¯na¯ Sayyid Abu¯plAqla¯p 156–7, military rule, in post-colonial states 72 165–6, 167, 180–2, 186, 201, 209, 270, 368, exceptions 72–3 369, 408, 484, 650, 659 press censorship 588–9 economic theory 96, 485–8, 489, 490 Millî Görüs 229, 230, 233 influence 181–2, 183, 205 minorities 23–4, 140, 465–6 political theory 180–1, 195, 401–2, 403 ‘shar¯ıqa of’ 236 Mawla¯na¯ Kha¯lid Baghda¯d¯ı 365, 371 urban 522, 535–44

743

Index

minorities (cont.) muqawada see reciprocity violence involving/directed against 190–1 Muba¯rak, qAl¯ı 541, 542 see also dhimma/dhimmihood Mubarak, Hosni, President 89, MIRA (Movement for Islamic Reform in 187, 589 Arabia) 655 mud.a¯raba (equity partnership) 477 Mirpat al-Ah.wa¯l(newspaper) 577 Al-Mufattish al-q¯mma (The inspector general, al-M¯rghanı ¯,ı Muh.ammad qUthma¯n 361, 363 1956) 639 al-M¯rghanı ¯,ı Sayyid qAl¯ı 155 muft¯ıs (senior jurists) 5 M¯rghaniyyaı (Sufi order) 64, 361 Mughal Empire al-Mis.r¯,ı qAbd Alla¯h ibn Muh.ammad 60 decline/collapse 2, 41, 70, 71, 108, 118, 329, Mitchell, Timothy 523 388, 400 moderation, as Qurpa¯nic principle 491–2 training of state officials 502, 503, 511 modernism 17–19, 546 Muhammad, Elijah 170, 243 alliance with conservatism 19–20 Muh.ammad, the Prophet 2, 3, 7–8, 199, 279, critiqued 346 293, 390, 391, 398, 399–400, 407, 473, diversity 23 483, 521 Islamic movements 151, 152, 153–4, 161–2, artistic depictions 601 179–80, 340, 563–4 cartoon depiction, controversy over 233–4 legal theory 281–7 (claimed) descent from 11, 361 secular 487–8 continuing life, as Sufic dogma 355–6, see also ‘new intellectualism’ 357–8 modernity as model for modern movements 32 defined 149–50 role in Islamic ideology 114, 125, 127–8, 182, European/Euro-American 356 272, 277, 288, 300, 314, 341, 375 modernisation theory 174 visionary encounters 118–19, 130–1, 362 Modood, Tariq 228 Muh.ammad V of Morocco 73 Mohammed, W. D. 243, 244, 248, 250 Muh.ammad VI of Morocco 425, 430 Moltke, Helmuth von 538–9 Muh.ammad qAl¯ı Pasha 12, 23–4, 108–9, 135, 389, monarchy, post-colonial survival 72–3, 188 392, 586 Mondrian, Piet 618 modernisation programmes 40, 45, 141, 145, Moore, Henry 613 506, 536, 538 Moorish Science Temple 243–4 print ventures 575–7, 584 Moors, Annalies 413 Muh.ammad al-Fays.al, Prince 96–7 Moosa, Ebrahim 416 Muh.ammad Reza Sha¯h Pahlavi (1919–1980) Morocco 388, 590 184, 311, 406, 408, 458, 561, 604 demography 104 move to US 441, 446 economy/debt 84, 85, 93, 97 opposition to 439, 440 education 507–8 Muh.ammad Shah of Persia (r. 1834–48) 602 family law 420, 425, 430–2, 466–7 Muh.ammad bin Tughlaq, Sultan 323 film industry 626, 627, 630 Muhammadiyah 19, 54, 157–8, 175, 374–5, French occupation 71, 74, 223 404, 405 legal system 276 Muh.sin, H. a¯jj¯ı 329 nationalist movements 154, 163 Muh.tasham¯,ı qAl¯ı Akbar 444 post-colonial government 73, 188 Muja¯hid¯n-iı Khalq organisation 439, 442, (projected) industrialisation 82 444, 446 reform movements 19 mujtahids (senior scholars of religious law) social conditions 90 112–13, 340 mosques authority/responsibilities 440 in diasporas 226–7, 244, 246, 249 requisite education 139 as educational centres 500, 508 role in modern systems 285–6, 287, 393 growth in numbers 25–6, 31, 175 Mukhta¯r, Mah.mud 607 Ottoman construction 541–2 al-Mulk, Kama¯l 602, 603 Mosul 524 al-Mulk, Niz.a¯m 559

744

Index

Mulla¯S. adra¯(S. adr al-D¯nı Sh¯ra¯zi)ı 567–70 Napoleon I, invasion of Egypt 16, 39, 48–9, 73, defining features of philosophy 568–9 597, 605–7 modern influence 569–70 Naqshbandiyya (Sufi order) 55, 64, 159, 203, Multiculturalism Act (Canada 1988) 241 361, 365–6, 371–2, 374, 383 Al-Mu¯miya¯p (The mummy, 1969) 641 websites 381 Muntaz.ir¯,ı H. usayn qAl¯,ı Ayatollah 312, Nas.b al-h.uriyya (monument, Baghdad) 454, 456 612–13 Al-Muqtat.af (journal) 579, 584–5 Al-Na¯s.ir S. ala¯h. al-D¯nı (1963) 640 mura¯bah.a (resale contracting) 478 Nasr, Seyyed Hossain 569, 570 Mur¯diyyaı (Sufi order) 155, 262–3, 375, 376–7 Nas.ralla¯h, Sayyid H. asan 188 websites 381 al-Nasser, Gamal qAbd 182, 183, 187, 396, 406, Musaddiq, Mohammed 168, 408, 446 609–10, 640, 641 musalsal (TV drama serials) 643, 646 criticisms/opposition 161, 162 Musavi, M¯r-Hı . usayn 449, 468–9, 470 support for cinema 639–40 Musa¯w¯-Khuinı ¯ha¯,ı Hujjat al-Isla¯m 455 Nation of Islam 170, 243–4 music National Federation of French Muslims Iranian 454 (FNMF) 223 Sufi 380, 382 National Islamic Front (Sudan) 205 Muslim Aid 206–7 nationalist movements 71–3, 150–1, 154–6, 163, Muslim Alliance of North America (MANA) 164–5, 330, 394–8, 445 251, 252 (alleged) precursors 135 Muslim Brotherhood (Al-Ikhwa¯n al- early developments 67 Muslim¯n)ı 148, 151, 153–4, 161, 162–3, 164– educational impact 512, 513–14 5, 181, 187–8, 195–6, 201, 204–6, 209, 276, secularism 21–2, 404–6, 405–7 353, 368, 650 see also cultural nationalism diasporic networks 223, 233 Natsir, Mohammad 196 distinguished from ‘brotherhoodness’ (as natural disasters, urban impact 535 ideology) 205–6 natural sciences, education in 563 online material 655 Na¯zim, Shaykh 203 publications 591–2 neo-Sufism 127–32 Muslim Council of Britain 226 orders 361–4 Muslim Public Affairs Council (MPAC) 252 studies 127–9 Muslim Students’ Association 239 Neshat, Shirin 622 Muslim World League 193, 201–2, 207, 212 Netherlands 221 Mus.t.afa¯, Shukr¯ı 183 colonial rule 14, 60–2, 63–4, 71, 404–5, 510, Mustafa Res¸idPasha 539 526 Mut.ahhar¯,ı Murtad.a¯, Ayatollah 184, 348, 454 immigrant communities 220, 231–2 Al-Mutamarridu¯n(The rebels, 1965) 641 immigration policy 232 Müteferrika,ˇ Ibrahim 45, 575 ‘new intellectualism’ 180–2, 216, 248–50, 279– Muwakkit (Timekeeper), Office of 558 80, 335, 346, 348–9, 352–4, 455–6, 512, 553–4, 649, 650–1 al-Nabh.a¯n¯,ı Taq¯uddı ¯nı 213 independent-mindedness, growth of 347 Nablus 545 relationship with social trends 178, 515 al-Na¯buls¯,ı qAbd al-Ghan¯ı 129, 131 secular background 247, 487 al-Nadim, qAbdalla¯h 396 new media 648–60 Na¯dir Sha¯h, of Iran 108, 118 anti-establishment potential 652 Naef, Sylvia 616 compared with older forms 652 al-Nahd.a party (Tunisia) 205 costs/required skills 652 Nahdlatul qUlama¯p 20, 158, 166–7, 176–7, 190, formats 650 404, 405 impact on global Islam 248–9, 377, 380–2, al-Na¯q¯nı ¯,ı Muh.ammad H. usayn 393 648, 658–60 Naji, Muh.ammad 607 see also audiocassettes; internet; websites; al-Najja¯r, Ah.mad, Dr 96, 97, 99 World-Wide Web

745

Index

New Realism (cinema) 641–3 in service of Muslim state 323 New Right 460 status in classical Islamic law 391, 403 New York Times 434 see also dhimma/dhimmihood; ‘People of the newspapers/periodicals 43, 47–8, 50 Book’; unbelievers anti-establishment 455, 578, 585, 590–4 Nora, Pierre 546 circulation figures 584–5, 587, 594 North American Muslim communities criticisms 581 238–53 dialogue with readers 585 ‘assimilation’ 244–5 expatriate 585, 590 civic participation 241–2, 245–6, foreign-language 575 249–50, 253 liberalisation of attitudes to 589–90 ethnic/cultural backgrounds 239–41, 242–3, political 587–8 244, 245 private 576, 577–80 government policy towards 241 regulation/censorship 578, 588–9, 592 immigrant proportion 239–41 religious 579, 582–3, 591 internal conflicts 251–3 suppression/censorship 441 organisations 243–4, 246–50, 251 see also Islamic Republic of Iran progressive movements 251–3 NGOs (non-governmental organisations) response to ‘September 11’ attacks 206, 217 250–1, 253 categories 206–9 separatism 243–4 women’s 452–3 unity, calls for 249–50 Niasse, Ibra¯h¯mı 262, 375–6 Northern People’s Congress (Nigeria) 164 Niger 100 ‘Northern Tier’ 159, 167–9 Nigeria 19, 74 Norway 93 British rule 259; critiques 260 immigrant communities 220, 221, 233–4 demography 104 Nouakchott 77 economy 84, 85–6, 92 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 464, 470 education 79 nuclear power 463–4, 469–70 internal conflicts 192, 331 Nuju¯m al-Naha¯r(Stars of the day, 1988) 632 military rule 72 Nurculuk movement (Turkey) 215, 229, nationalist movements 164 371–2 religious groupings/rivalries 266–7 Nu¯r¯,ı Fad.l Alla¯h 393 social conditions 90–1 Nursi, Bediüzzaman Said 159, 167–8, Sufi networks 375–6 214–15, 372 WLUML networks 207–8 Nilesat (satellite TV network) 645 Obama, Barack, President 367, 469–70 Niqmatullahiyya (Sufi order) 383 O’Fahey, Rex S. 359, 367 Nimr, Fa¯ris 579 oil nineteenth century 39–68 absence from Qurpa¯n 493 educational developments 498–9 crises/price rises 27, 82–3, 99, 201, 461, intellectual trends 552–3, 554–5 489, 521 legal theory 282 (proposed) sharing of revenues 483, 489 migrations 218–19 relationship with democracy 93–5 reform movements 107, 140–7, 356–67 role in national economies 74–7, 92–5, 104 technological developments 41–58 oil painting 599 Nit.a¯m¯,ı Khwa¯ja H. asan 369 Olympic Games (1896) 536 Nobel Peace Prize 453 Oman 420 nomads 126 Omar, Madiha 615–16 non-discrimination, principle of 429 ‘One Dimension’ group 616–17 non-Muslims oral communication, role in Islamic culture educators’ views on rights 517 572–3, 583–4 equal opportunites 389, 395 circulation of written texts 586 marriage with Muslims 421 modern-day 382, 594

746

Index

Organisation of the Islamic Conference Padri rebellion 12–13, 367 (OIC) 74, 92–3, 171, 193, 201, 208, Pahlavi dynasty see Muh.ammad Reza Sha¯h; 211–12, 655 Reza Sha¯h; Rid.a¯Pahlavi Orientalism 525–8 Pakistan 27, 29, 102 in art 599–600 application of shar¯ıqa 270 orthodox reformism 175, 176–7, 180 assistance to foreign groups 212–13 Ottoman Empire 387–8 clerical leadership 185 administration 324–7, 544–6 creation (1947) 165–6, 180, 329–30, 400–1, architectural revivalism 543–4 402–3, 485, 487 art 598–600 domestic politics 186–7, 445 Balkan legacy 235 economy/debt 84, 85–6, 93, 98, 483 centralising policies 7 education 26, 79, 513 challenges to sovereignty 538 internal unrest 190–2, 447 cities 522, 527, 530, 533–46 Islamic reforms/movements 27, 33, conflicts with neighbouring territories 12, 166–7 65–6, 371, 398 as Islamic state, debates on 21 criticisms from within 578 migrations from 225 decline/collapse 2, 15, 69–70, 108, 151, 159, military rule 72 392, 394, 504–5, 543–4, 545–6 penal system 275 education 503–5, 511, 552, 555, 562 social conditions 88 elections 544–5 Sufi networks 370–1 exhibitions 541 tax/redistribution system 480–2 family law 432–3 (urban) population 74, 78 foreign policy 398–9 Palembang, qAbdussah.mad 367 importation of European ideas 388–91 Palestine Islamic reform movements 13, 17–18, 141–2, art 622–3 365–6, 408 cities 531–3 legal system 273–4, 412, 415 family law 420, 425 migrations from 244 film industry 626 newspapers/periodicals: governmental nationalist movement 445 575–7, 583; private 577–8, 585–6; Pancasila see ‘Five Priniciples’ sales 585 pan-Islamism 41, 152, 209, 394, 398–400, 406 population 73–4 colonialist fears of 61, 63–4 printing 44–5, 47, 573–7; pronouncements publications 583 against 581 Paris, Great Mosque of 223, 224 provincial capitals 544–5 parliamentary systems, genesis of 391–2 railways 52–6 Partai Islam se-Malaysia (PAS) 166 scientific/philosophical achievements 556, partnership, law of 483 557–61 peanuts, role in economies 375 social reforms 23–4, 40–1, 140, 538–40 penal law 275 social/religious hierarchy 324–7, compatibility with modern views 275 330–1 ‘People of the Book’ studies 107 compact with state 321 technological developments 44, 50, 51, 559– defined 321 60 expansion of definition 324 treatment of non-Muslims 140, 389, 395 status in Ottoman Empire 325 urban regulation 539 Perserikatan Nasional Indonesia (PNI) 158 see also Tanzimat reforms; Turkey; Young Persia see Iran Turks Persian (language) 119, 140 Oubrou, Tareq 237 status (in colonial period) 358–9 Out of Beirut (exhibition) 620–2 personal status law 436–7 Owen, Roger 73 criticisms 425 Özal, Turgut 88, 98 national codes 426–9

747

Index

personal status law (cont.) arguments for 430–1 regulatory framework 421 consent requirement 430, 431–2 Western commentaries 419 contractual stipulations 431–2 pesantren (Islamic boarding schools, South- grounds for permitting 430 East Asia) 64–5 judicial opinions 424 curricula 65 modern reinterpretations 293 growth/development 64–5 notiﬁcation requirements 431 Philippines 14–15, 34, 56, 70 objections/protest activity 429 philosophy 519, 563, 565–71 prohibition 421, 429–30, 432 Classical tradition 567 regulation 429–32 Islamic contribution 551 revival 442 modern trends 567–8 see also Morocco studies 549–50, 551–2, 565 Popper, Karl 568 university courses 567 Popular Arab-Islamic Conference (PAIC) 209 Western preconceptions 550–2 popular classes/culture see also falsafa importance of religion 24 phonograph 55 religious publications 26 photography 599, 601–2 population see cities; ‘demographic bulge’; Picasso, Pablo 603, 613 fertility; young people Pickthall, Marmaduke 491 ports, social/technological infrastructure 58 pietism 204, 514 positivism 553 piety, role in Islamic doctrine 270–1 ‘post-Islamism’ 292, 295 Pilaram, Faramarz 605 ‘post-modern nomads’ 659 pilgrimages 10–11, 44, 63–7, 177, 200, 366 postal service 53 colonial attitudes to 70–1 poverty, incidence of 481 role in religious leaders’ development printing 15–17, 44–9, 573–5 364, 375 accessing of material 584–6 role of railways 53–6 central social role 587–90, 594–6 role of steamships 63 centres 45, 46 Pir Inayat Khan 383 cultural impact 16, 41–2, 43, 377–8 Pir Vilayat Khan 383 (early) mistrust of 15–16, 573–4, plantation economies 261, 263 580–2, 583 pluralism 32–4 government control/ventures 575–7, 592–4; basis for achievement 34–5 limited impact 576–7 cultural, in Canada/US 241, 242, 247–50 market for texts 584 educators’ views on 517 new developments 590, 593–4 problems posed for 34 prohibition 573, 580–1 studies 10, 32 readership 48 see also minorities; non-Muslims reform movements’ use of 62 political Islam 151–2, 186, 219 relationship with older technologies 46–7 challenges to mainstream 407–8 religious texts 46, 66, 580–3, 591–4, diversity 32, 95 648, 651 impact of global power structure on 194–7 technological developments 595–6 internalist orientation 194–5 upgrading of material 595–6 national divisions 201–2 see also books; desktop publishing; openness to outside ideas 389–92 newspapers/periodicals participants’ social backgrounds 185–6 ‘progressive Islam’ 251–3 rise in pre-revolutionary Iran 439–40 Progressive Muslim Union of North political participation, right of 305–6 America 252 politics, separation from religion 112, 113, Progressive Muslims (volume of critical 399–400 studies) 251 polygyny 429–32 property law 116, 287–8 (alleged) abuses 121 see also women: property rights

748

Index

prophets, new, claims for 341 as source of law 275, 276–7, 278, 279–80, Prost, Henri 530 283–4, 292–3, 296–7, 299, 300, 303–4, 314– Proudfoot, Ian 47, 49 15, 331, 344–5 Provincial Law (Ottoman Empire 1867) translations 140, 344–5, 491 544–5 vocabulary 493–4 public interest, principle of 146 Qut.b, Sayyid 161, 162, 166, 171, 181, 182–3, see also mas.lah.a 194–5, 270–1, 352, 379, 401, 403, public law, responsibility for 298 406, 408, 409 Pulau Penyengat 46 influence 183–4 legal theory 276–7 Qadhdha¯f¯,ı Muqammar 163, 188, 397 Qut.bza¯da, S. a¯diq 439, 442 Qa¯dir¯,ı Muntakhab al-H. aqq 571 Qa¯diriyya (Sufi order) 203, 359, 361, 362, 363, Raad, Walid 620 366, 383 Rabah, Khalil 622 al-Qa¯qida (The Base) 33–4, 209–10, 213, 214, Rabba¯n¯,ı Wa¯h.id Bakhsh 370 408, 516 Rabbuh, Murabbih 360 al-Qanu¯j¯,ı S. idd¯qı Kha¯n 124 radical Islamism 270, 407–10 al-Qarad.a¯w¯,ı Yu¯suf, Shaykh 185, 210–11, 216, criticisms (from within Islam) 381 236, 349–51, 353–4, 619 economic component 474 broadcasting 646, 657–8 educational impact 515–16 influence 349–50 reasons for emergence 408 legal outlook 278 transnationalism 408 religious orientation 350–1 Western commentaries 516–17 transnational collaborations 210–11 see also ‘revolutionary radicalism’ Qa¯sim, qAbd al-Kar¯mı 611, 612, 632 radical movements see ‘revolutionary Qatar 99, 420 radicalism’ Qazw¯nı ¯,ı Sayyid Abu al-Ha¯san 569 Rafei, Sami 610 quarantine, Islamic hostility/ Rafsanja¯n¯,ı qAl¯ı Akbar Ha¯shim¯,ı President 288, misunderstanding 557 447, 452, 458, 459, 460–61, 471 Qum University 177, 451, 655 Rahman, Fazlur 127–8, 169–70, 410, 482, 493 Qurpa¯n al-Rah.ma¯n, qUmar qAbd, Shaykh 185 as basis of educational system 517 Rahnavard, Zahra 449, 468 commentaries 26, 113, 126, 142, 145–6, 337, railways 43, 52–6 338–40, 342–3, 343–4, 347–8, 582 attempts to prevent 261–2 (debates on) scope 338–40 construction 263, 375 economic prescriptions 474, 476, 479–80, contribution to spread of Islamic learning 483, 491–4; specific omissions 493–4 52–3, 177 educational prescriptions 497, 498 Rajav¯,ı Mas.u¯d 446 establishment as canonical text 3 Ramadan, Tariq 32, 211, 236, 410 as general guide 493–4 al-Ra¯n¯rı ¯,ı Nu¯r al-D¯nı 9, 10 internal contradictions 320, 332 Raphael 603 on international relations 199 al-Rash¯d,ı Ibra¯h¯mı 361 interpretations 180, 183, 341, 409, 493; Rasoel, Hadji 66 over-innovative, avoidance rational sciences, education in 502, 511, 552 of 341–2 see also philosophy memorisation/recital, in elementary rationalists (Muqtazila) 280–1 schools 499, 505 Raufolfia Serpentina (traditional medicine) 564– online texts 653–4 5 printed editions/extracts 581, 583, 591; Raymond, André 523, 527, 539 prohibition 15–16, 574; sales 250 al-Ra¯z¯,ı Abu¯Bakr 551 recorded readings 55 Ra¯z¯,ı Fakhr al-D¯nı 566 role in Islamic ideology 355 Ra¯z¯,ı Qut.b al-D¯nı 571 as self-justifying 492 al-Ra¯ziq, qAl¯ı qAbd 153, 399–400, 406

749

Index

reading, habits/conventions 48–9 on caliphate 400 new approaches 650–1 legal theory 281, 282–4 silent 48, 49 studies 282 see also books; literacy rates; newspapers/ Rid.a¯Pahlavi, Prince 445–6 periodicals; printing Al-Risa¯la(periodical) 588 Reagan, Ronald, President 441 Al-Risa¯la al-Shamsiyya (Logic for Shams-al- realism (in cinema) 638–9 D¯n)ı 570–1 see also New Realism Risan, Kareem 622 reciprocity, principle of 318, 332 road traffic 54, 177 Redfield, Robert 528 Robertson, Roland 216 redistribution systems 476, 479–82, 488 Robinson, Francis 651 (planned) reforms 482–3, 490 Roff, William R. 356 see also zaka¯t Ross, Michael L. 94 reform movements 9–14, 17–20, 106, 279–80 Roudi-Fahimi, Farzaneh 450 and biculturalism 20–1 Roy, Olivier 204–5 conservative elements 19–20 Rudd qalb¯ı (Return my heart, 1957) 639 diversity 23, 165–7, 172 ruler(s) dual classification 107 calls for assassination 183–4 eighteenth-century 109–11, 134–40 as contrary to Islamic teachings 271 global spread 148 conversions to Islam 255 Islamic basis 141–2 criticisms 116, 123 millenarian 61–2 cultural activities 5–6 nineteenth-century 140–7, 356–7 decrees, right to issue 272, 303–4 (range of) targets 13–14 overthrow 7 regional traditions 134–40 religious duties 323 social elements 18–19 role, in Islamic ideology 4–6, 112, 296–8, 403 twentieth-century 148–9, 153–4 role in legal process 272 see also modernism; orthodox reformism role in religious reform 6, 9–10 refugees 219, 233, 241 scope of authority 7 Reid, Anthony 11 Ru¯m¯ı 382 religion Rushdie, Salman, The satanic verses 194, 227, as basis of political allegiance 320 443, 446 role in development of societies 30–1 Russia tripartite classification 321–2 conflicts with Ottomans 398 see also Christianity; Islam Imperial conquests 15 religious texts see commentaries; H. ad¯th;ı Muslim peoples/movements 366, 373 printing; Qurpa¯n; reading; Sunna; relations with Iran 460, 471 translations Revolution (1917) 368 Rembrandt van Rijn 603 see also Chechnya; Soviet Union Renan, Ernest 143, 144 rentier states 92–5 Saqa¯dah, Antu¯n 396 ‘revolutionary radicalism’ 182–6, 213–15 Saberi, Roxana 468 revolutions/coups, establishment of Islamic Sabr¯,ı Sa¯bir 542–3 state following 302 Sadat, Anwar, President 88–9, 96, 173, 187, 274, see also Iranian Revolution 407, 429, 589, 592, 641 Reza Sha¯h Pahlavi (1878–1944) 159, 168, 308, assassination 173, 183–4, 590 406, 487–8, 561, 562, 604 al-S. adr, Muh.ammad Ba¯qir 181, 348 Rezai, Muhsin 468 al-S. adr, Muqtadap 463 riba¯ (lending at interest), Qurpa¯nic prohibition S. adr, Mu¯sa¯ 444 492–3, 494 S. adr family 446 Richard, Jules 602 Safavid empire 41, 44–5, 108 Rid.a¯, Muh.ammad Rash¯dı 142, 146–7, 153, 284, Sahar al-layali (Sleepless nights, 2003) 643 342–4, 582, 619, 650, 659–60 al-Said, Shakir Hassan 612, 616–17, 618

750

Index

sailing ships 57 links with transnational organisations 201– saints 358 2, 207, 212 veneration 500 manufacturing 82 Sakr, Naomi 647 museums 619 Salaf¯-jihadiı 210, 213–15 online material 655 Salafism 153–4, 157–9, 160, 163, 164–5, 170, 176, post-colonial government 73, 214, 277–8, 280, 339, 350, 390–2, 396, 408 163–4, 445 conservative strand 294 royal powers 303–4, 305 criticisms/rejection 272, 284 tax/redistribution system 480 principles 271 television 645 radical strand 294 treatment of Holy Cities 521–2 al-Sala¯m, Sha¯d¯ı qAbd 641 urbanisation 77, 78 sale, law of 483, 484 Sauvaget, Jean 527 Saleh, Wahid 344 Save the Children 206 S. a¯lih., Tauf¯qı 632–3 Saxony-Anhalt 99 Salma¯n the Persian 390 S. ayf H. alq al-Wa¯d¯ı (Summer in La Goulette, Samarqand 10, 522 1996) 631 Sambas, Ah.mad Khat.¯bı 367 al-S. ayya¯d¯,ı Abu¯pl-Huda¯ 41 S. amt al-Qusu¯r(Silences of the palace, al-Sayyid, Da¯u¯d qAbd 642 1994) 631 Sayyid Barghash, Sultan 46 al-S. anqa¯n¯,ı Muh.ammad ibn Isma¯q¯lı al-Am¯rı Schiffauer, Werner 231 109, 110, 115–17, 136 School of Islamic and Social Sciences (SISS), biography 115–16 Leesburg, VA 247 hostility towards 115–16 schools see kutta¯bs; madrasas; maktabs; poetry 117 pesantren social concerns 116 Schuon, Frithjof 379–80 al-Sanhu¯r¯,ı qAbd al-Razza¯q 274 science(s) 554–65 al-Sanu¯s¯,ı Muh.ammad ibn qAl¯ı 109, 110, 124, ‘clash’ with religion 555–7 129, 130, 153, 356, 361, 362 diversification 500 network of settlements 136, 137–8 eighteenth-century commentaries/trends studies 131, 138 130, 552–3 writings 131–2 Euro-Islamic collaboration 558–61 Sanu¯siyya (Sufi order) 153, 362 independence of religion 560–1 Sanyal, Usha 67, 365 Islamic contribution 1–2, 519, 551 Saqqakhaneh (Iranian art) movement mystical 130 604–5, 611 ‘of the ancients’ 558–9 Saqr, qAbd al-Rash¯d,ı Shaykh 185 positivistic view 553 Sarekat Islam 157–8 in school curricula 501–3, 558–61 S. arru¯f,Yaqqu¯b 579 studies 549–50, 551–2 Saqu¯d family 111, 124 as support for religion 289–94, 339 Saudi Arabia Western preconceptions 550–2 aid to poorer countries 27, 193, 212, see also natural sciences; rational sciences 483, 489 scientism 553–4 compared with other regimes 306, 309–10 Scranton, Philip 42 demography 104 sculpture 607, 612–13 development of state 152 objections to 619 economy 92, 93, 97, 99 Second World War 611 education 79, 102, 353, 513 aftermath 69, 162–4, 174 film censorship 627 sectarian violence 190–2 governmental publications 591, 593 secularisation 20–4, 174, 183 legal system 270, 274, 277–8, 302–6, 313, 407; economic implications 487–8 criticisms 305–6; origins 302–3; risk of as enemy of Islam 194–5 misconceptions 305 limits set to 24

751

Index

self-improvement (tahd.¯bı ), concept of 48 modern interpretations 292–5, 296, 301, 312– Selim I, Sultan 398, 573 13, 332, 411; diversity 270 Selim III, Sultan 389 as self-executing 299, 300, 305, 309–10 Selim, Jewad 611–13, 616 sources 314–15 Senegal 33, 155, 203, 256, 264–5 symbolic significance 519 democratic record 92 as textual 300, 305, 310 rural economy 261–3 as transitive 299–300, 305, 310 Sufi networks 375–7 see also law, Islamic; mas.lah.a; siya¯sa as trade centre 261 sharqiyya separatism see under North American Muslim Shar¯ıqat Alla¯h, H. a¯jj¯ı 329, 364–5 communities Shar¯ıqat¯,ı qAl¯ı 156, 168, 170, 181, 196, 439, 444 ‘September 11’ attacks (2001) 31, 99, 210, 250–1, Shar¯ıqatmada¯r¯,ı Ayatollah 442, 454 253, 368, 448, 646 al-Shar¯f,ı Sayyid Ah.mad 159 Seruan Azhar (journal) 66–7 al-Sha¯t.ibi, Abu¯-Ish.a¯q 281, 284 Shabistar¯,ı Muh.ammad Mujtahid- al-Shawka¯n¯,ı Muh.ammad ibn qAl¯ı 109–10, 124– 196–7, 456 7, 132, 136, 138, 339–40 Sha¯dhiliyya (Sufi order) 361, 383 Adab al-t.alab 139 Shaf¯,ı Muh.ammad, Muft¯ı 344 biography 135 Sha¯fq¯ı school of law 337–8 educational network 136 Sha¯h, Na¯s.ir al-D¯nı 601–2 literary output 124 Sha¯h Jaha¯n, (Mughal) Emperor 5 studies 124 Shah¯d,ı Sayyid Ah.mad 364 theology 126–7 Shah.ru¯r, Muh.ammad 289, 292–4, 410 Shiba¯m (Indian Ocean city) 59 commentaries on 293–4 al-Shidya¯q, Fa¯ris 578 problems of theory 294 Sh¯ıqism 179, 184–5, 325, 347–8, 425 Shaltu¯t, Mah.mu¯d 343–4 artistic expressions 604–5 Sha¯mil, Ima¯m 366 as basis of Islamic Republic 443, 444–5 Shamsuddin Iltutmish, Sultan 323 conflicts with Sunn¯ı Islam 447–8 al-Shaqra¯w¯,ı Mah.mu¯d Mutawall¯,ı Shaykh 185 diasporic networks 247 shar¯ıqa (‘divinely enjoined path’, Islamic law) 3 intellectual trends 567–70 alternative formulations, need for 331–2 internal divisions 439 conflicts with Sufism 4 reinterpretations 351–2, 409–10 contingency of decision 300–1, 305, 310 role in Iranian Revolution 440 defined 296–7 theological principles 288, 290, 291, 306–8, disregard 23–4 440, 556 enforcement 5 Sh¯ra¯zi,ı M¯rı Fa¯tih. Alla¯h 502 ‘ethicising’ 237, 290–1 Sh¯ra¯zi,ı M¯rzaı ¯S. a¯lih. 576 family law applications 421–5, 437 Sh¯ra¯zi,ı S. adr al-D¯nı see Mulla¯S. adra¯ fundamental principles 299–301, 304–5, 309– shirk (association of that which is not God with 10, 320–2 God, polytheism) 113–15, 119–20, history 296–9, 315 126, 357 human rights and 416 Shirkat, Shahla¯ 452 human role in application 285, 289–90, shu¯ra¯ (mutual consultation) 286 299–300, 331–2, 493 Western democracy 248 implementation: calls for 270–2, 294–5, 508, Siddiqui, Salimuzzaman 564–5 517; in national legal systems 273–4, 276, Sidon 522 324–5; objections to 279–80; problems of Sikhs, Muslim conflicts with 356, 364 274–6, 287–9 Simmel, Georg 528 jurisdictional supremacy 326, 421 Simmons, Gwendolyn Zoharah 251 limitation to private sphere 273, 274–5, 297– S¸inasi,ˇ Ibrahim 578 8, 301–2 Singapore 44, 63 Meccan vs Medinan elements 332 Singer, Milton 528 misrepresentation 319–20 Sipah-i Sahabah Pakistan 191

752

Index

Sira¯j, H. a¯jji Muh.ammad 53 economic responsibilities 91 Sirhind¯,ı Shaykh Ah.mad 9 educational/administrative policies S¯stanı ¯,ı qAl¯,ı Ayatollah 446 553–4 Six-Day War see Arab–Israeli Wars Islamic, types of 302, 306 siya¯sa sharqiyya (Islamic law of government) Islamic theory of 146, 147, 152–4, 180–1, 183, 296, 298, 301, 303, 307 189–90, 195–6, 271–2, 284–6, 402, 403, 407, legislative formulation 303–4 518; ambivalence 314, 316–17 rejection 310 legal/political responsibilities 297 survival in modern systems 302, 304–5 legal systems 411 Skovgaard-Petersen, Jakob 51 legitimacy 298 slavery, abolition 260 limits on authority 300 conversions to Islam following 264 modernisation programmes/theory 23–4, social activism 68, 211 141–2 Sokoto caliphate/school 136–7, 256 political interests 419 Somalia 241, 483 (proposed) mergers 396–7 Songhai empire 255 religion of (in West) 22 Soroush, Abdolkarim 32–3, 196–7, 289–92, 295, response to demographic changes 25 410, 455–6 ‘semi-secular’ 302, 308 academic background 289 separation of religion from 6–8, 22, 32–5; intellectual approach 289 modern calls for 295; in West 22 persecution 291 (see also pluralism) political significance 291 territorial 316–17 South Asia (theoretical) downplaying of importance migrants from 245–6 (see also Bangladesh; 198–9 India; Pakistan) websites 655 Sufi networks 368–71 Western model 316–17 South-East Asia see also international law development of print technology steamships 43, 56–8 46–7 crewmen 57, 58 local languages, texts in 65 infrastructure 58 nationalist movements 67 travel conditions 63 spread of Islam 254 straightness/curvature, principles of see Sufi networks 366–7 h.an¯ıfiya/istiqa¯ma see also names of countries/regions/languages students’ associations 654 Soviet Union Stu¯dyu¯Mis.r 634–5, 639 collapse (1989) 194 problems 635–8 jihad declared against 194–5 productions 634–5, 637 Muslim community 160, 168, 373 Suavi, Ali 578 ‘official’ Islam 372–3 Subbanu al-Muslim¯nı 265 religious censorship 372–4 Subziwa¯r¯,ı Mulla¯Ha¯d¯ı 569 see also Afghanistan; Russia Sudan 589 Spain civil war 327, 331 colonial rule 14–15 domestic politics 286, 287, 388 immigrant communities 220, 221, 234 economy 92, 96, 98, 483 Spengler, Oswald 528 Islamic/nationalist organisations 155, 162–3, sports, women’s participation 452 164, 165, 188, 361 Stalin, Joseph 373 legal system 302 state(s) penal system 275 alternatives to 317 printing 583 assumption of clerical role 335 tax/redistribution system 480 as basis of international order 149, Suez Canal 56–7, 69, 366 162–4 Suez War (1956) 639 declining authority 588 Sufi Order International 382–3

753

Index

Sufis/Sufism Sukarnoputri, Megawati 29, 405 in Africa 359–64, 375–7 Süleyman I ‘the Magnificent,’ Sultan 390, 469, in America 247, 377–8, 382 475, 503–4, 558 appeal to non-Muslims 382–4 Sultan, Neda Agha 469 in Asia 364–75 Sultangaliev, Mir Said 160 criticisms 374 Sumatra 18 decline 175 dissident movements 12–13, 66–7 defence against attacks 378 Sufi networks 367 defining characteristics 355–6, 357–8 transport systems 54 education 64–5 al-Sumatra¯n¯,ı Shams al-D¯nı al-Pasap¯ı 65 eighteenth-century trends 118–20, 129–32 Sunna (way of the prophet) 355 English-language publications 381–2 internal contradictions 320, 332 Euro-American influence 356 as source of law 276–7, 292, 296–7, 303–4, in Europe 221, 223, 229 314–15, 331 global influence 368 Sunn¯ı Islam 185, 216–17, 350, 434–5 history 4, 64 compared with Sh¯ıqism 306–7, 310 in the Holy Cities 360–1 conflicts with Sh¯ıqism 447–8 influence on modern art 616 diasporic networks 226, 243, 247, 251 internal rivalries 130–1, 264, 361–4, 367, 374–5 new directions 339 leadership 203 preferential treatment (in Ottoman localism 378 Empire) 325 modern retrieval of old legacy 368, 370–1, rejection 230 373–4 relations with Islamic Republic of Iran 444– as nationalist culture 374 5, 466 networks 203–4, 355 Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution new media and 377–8, 380–2 446 nineteenth-century trends 356–67 Al-Su¯q al-Sauda¯ p (Black Market, 1946) 637 opposition/hostility to 13 al-Su¯rkat¯,ı Ah.mad 62 orders see t.ar¯qaı al-Su¯s¯,ı qAbd al-Wahha¯b 365 political activism 555 Suware, al-H. a¯jj Sa¯lim 255 printing 651 al-Suyu¯t¯,ı Jama¯l al-D¯nı 358 proscription 371, 372–3 Sweden, immigrant communities 220, 221, reform/renewal 9, 13, 175, 369–70 233–4 role in modernist movements 155, 160, 167 Syria sainthood and 358 demography 104 scientific/philosophical outlook 566 film industry 631–2; input into Egyptian social significance 204 media 634 studies 4, 109 Islamic movements 162 suspicion of state interference 6–7 nationalist movements 72, 396–7 twentieth-century trends 367–77 press/film censorship 589, 592, 627, 631 ubiquity 203–4 protest activity 585 underground survival 373 relations with neighbours 447 websites 381–2, 657 see also United Arab Republic in West Africa 257–8, 262–3 Western commentary 379–80 T. abat.aba¯p¯,ı Muh.ammad H. usayn 347–8, 569–70 writings on 130, 131–2 Tabl¯ghı ¯ı Jama¯qat 157, 171, 176–7, 202, 204, 221 za¯wiyas (lodges) 131, 137–8 diasporic networks 223, 226 see also neo-Sufism; names of orders membership 369 Suharto, President 29, 86, 98, 190, 196, 404, objectives 369–70 405, 516 relationship with Sufism 369–70 Suhraward¯,ı Abu¯H. a¯mid 566, 567, 568, studies 369 569–70 website 655 Sukarno, President 158, 165, 166, 404, 405–6 tadayun (forms of religiosity) 285

754

Index

Tadrus, Marlene 434–5 telegraph 41–2, 43, 50–1, 69 Tafs¯rı al-Mana¯r (commentary) 145, 343–4 associated developments 50–1 T. a¯ha¯, Mah.mu¯d Muh.ammad 165, 332, 361 television 643–7 tahd.¯bı see self-improvement genres 643, 646–7 al-T. aht.a¯w¯,ı Rifa¯qaRa¯fiq 39, 45, 141, Gulf States 647 142, 392 history/technological development 644 Taj Maha¯l, architecture 5–6 news coverage 646 Tajbakhsh, Kian 468 political content 647 Tajikstan 373 religious broadcasting 644–5, 646, 648 takf¯rı (excommunication) 119–20, 123, 183–4 satellite 644, 645–7, 652 Takvim-i Vekayi (newspaper) 576, 577 scale of production 625 Taal, al-Ha¯jj qUmar see al-Fu¯t¯,ı al-H. a¯jj qUmar viewing practices 643–4 Ta¯l, Ah.madu 364 terrorists/terrorism 219 Ta¯l, Saydu Nu¯ru 364 internet use 658 t.ala¯q(divorce by repudiation) 424, 433 see also London, bombings; ‘September 11’ Talbi, Muhammad 410 attacks Taliban 19, 192, 401, 460, 509, 516, 655 Texas 93 T. a¯liqa¯n¯,ı Sayyid Mah.mu¯d, Ayatollah 168, textual interpretation, approaches to 337–43 184, 439 Thailand 42–3 al-Tamimi, Ashaari, Shaykh 166 al-Thaqlab¯ı 344, 354 Tanavoli, Parviz 605 Thamara¯t al-Funu¯n(newspaper) 578 Tanzania 483 Tha¯naw¯,ı Ashraf qAl¯ı 344–5, 346–7, 350 Tanz.¯mı al-Jiha¯d 194 al-Mas.a¯lih. al-qaqliyya li’l-ah. ka¯m al-naqliyya Tanzimat reforms 23–4, 40–1, 51, 140, 330, 389– 346–7 91, 395, 544, 598–9 Tharthara fawqa al-Nil (Chatter on the Nile, Tàpies, Antoni 618 1971) 642 Taqla¯brothers 579 theology, study of 505 taql¯dı (emulation of authority) 291, 339–40 T. ibbiya College, Delhi 564–5 rejection in favour of ijtiha¯d498 al-Tija¯n¯,ı Abu¯al-qAbba¯s Ah.mad, Shaykh 361, Tar¯mı (Indian Ocean city) 59, 62–3 362, 375 t.ar¯qaı s (Sufi orders) 257–8, 262–3 Tija¯niyya (Sufi order) 203, 262–3, 264, 359, 362– decline 379–80 4, 375–6, 383 rivalry between 264 Timbuktu 10 Tartus 522 al-Tirmidh¯ı 337 tawh.¯dı (oneness of God) 145 Titian 603 as basis of Wahha¯bism 111, 112, 113–15 Tocqueville, Alexis de 30–1 dual classification 114 tolerance, role in Islamic ideologies 112, 122, 211 objections to 126–7 tomb cults 373 taxation 287–8, 488, 630–1 see also saints: veneration see also zaka¯t Toure, Cheikh 264–5 Taylor, Charles 30 trade al-T. ayyib, qA¯ t.if 642 colonial 260–1 Taz¯,ı Muh.ammad 627, 630 developments in 11 Tebu Ireng school, Java 510 Islamic networks 254–5 technology Qurpa¯nic prescriptions 492 distribution 44 translations, of religious texts 59–60, 139–40 economic impact 486 see also Qurpa¯n military 50 transnationalism 169–72, 198–9, 408 Muslim commentaries 42–3 broad-based ideologies 204–6 resistance to 553 categories 202–15 socio-cultural impact 42–4, 50 defined 202 Tehran Academy of Fine Arts 603 history 199–202 Tel Aviv 531–3 leading figures 209–11

755

Index

transnationalism (cont.) Turkish (language) 49 promotion by individual countries 212–13 Turkmenistan 373 relationship with other contemporary twentieth century trends 215–17 defining events 368 traditional 203–4 developments in Islamic studies vs ‘internationalism’ 198–9 343–5 transport educational developments 498–9 colonial networks 15 social transformations 68 marine 41–2, 56–8 twenty-first century 377–8, 380–4 nineteenth-century developments 63 economics 490 see also railways; road traffic; steamships Tripoli 522 qUka¯sha, Tharwat 640 Tudeh party (Islamic Republic of Iran) 442 qulama¯ p (classically trained Islamic scholars) al-Tu¯nis¯,ı Khayr al-D¯nı 141–2, 390, 392 3–4 Tunisia 95, 388 adaptation to new media 659 constitutional reforms 392 alliance with private-sector finance economy 86, 93–4 96–7, 99 education 79 book production 352–3 film industry 626, 627, 630–1 calls for reform 650 French occupation 70, 71–2, 223 claims to religious authority 348–9, manufacturing 82 350–2 marriage/family law 421, 422, 424, 429, constitutional powers 309, 351–2, 409 432, 437 criticisms 291, 342–3 nationalist movements 163, 394 decline in power/influence 16–17, 24, 216, reform movements 17 301, 335, 553, 588, 650 social conditions 90 educational role 506, 555, 559–61 al-Tura¯b¯,ı H. asan 98, 163, 188, 209, 284–7, guarding of traditions 336 288, 295 hostility to printing 574, 580–2, 583 criticisms 286 political activism 168, 184–5, 191–2, 311–12, Turkestan 160 561–2 Turkey, Republic of political influence 307–8 art 600–1; treatment of national relationship with rulers 5, 6, 305 themes 600 relationship with state education 504 capital, change of 543–4 response to new intellectualism 346–8, 649; creation 505 adapatability 349–54; fears/stresses economy 84, 85, 86, 93, 98 347, 348 education 21, 79, 513–14 responsibilities 7 elections 29, 590 right to rule 308 entry into European Union 234–5 role in legal systems 277–8, 296–8 governmental system 73 role in print debates 592 Islamic reforms/movements 27, 33 scholarly culture 336–43 manufacturing 82 scholastic influence 345–6 migrants from 220, 223, 228–31; relations scientific/philosophical studies 552–3, with homeland 230–1 556–7, 558 national identity/heritage 600–1 semi-formal hierarchy 306–7 nationalist movement 397–8 sources of revenue 307 newspapers/periodicals 587, 589 support for constitutionalism 393 political parties 167–8, 371 suspicion of state interference 6–7 secularist reforms 21, 70, 229, 302, see also Nahdlatul qUlama¯p 330, 487 qUmar, Caliph 280 social conditions 88 qUmar, Muh.ammad, Mulla¯ 192 Sufic networks 203, 371–2 qUmar Gatla¯to(1976) 629 urbanisation 78 qUmar Taal, al-H. a¯jj see al-Fu¯t¯,ı al-H. a¯jj qUmar

756

Index

Umayyad period (661–750) 6 Muslim communities 203, 238–9, 242–53, umma (community of believers) 41, 151–2, 376, 381, 382, 383–4 (see also North 199–200, 282 American Muslim communities) ‘reimagining’ 215, 408 (mutual) hostility with Islamic nations 82–3 unbelievers 321–2 racial classifications 244, 245 underdevelopment, economic relations with Iran 439, 440, 446, 448, 462–3, reasons for 473–4, 475 464–5, 466, 469–70, 472 unemployment, rates 102–6 relations with other Islamic nations 86 Union of French Islamic Organisations religious traditions 238–9 (UOIF) 223 shu¯ra¯ council 248 United Arab Emirates (UAE) 420 special-purpose groups 238 United Arab Republic (Egypt/Syria) 162, unity, Islamic 396–7 calls for 2, 63–4, 349–50, 483 United Kingdom 221, 439, 446 tension with internal differences 3–8 colonial rule 14–15, 56–7, 69–70, 258–9, 358– see also internationalism; pan-Islamism; umma 9, 360, 508–10, 536–7; architecture 532 universities 102, 177–8, 448–9, 501, 511 (see also Egypt; India) doctoral theses 352–3 film exhibition capacity 635 governmental control/suppression 441–2 immigrant communities 203, 205, 220, 222, international 208–9 225–8, 230, 236 (see also European Muslim websites 655, 658 communities) qUra¯b¯ı revolt (1879–82) 143 military training in 562 urbanisation 73–8, 174–5 relations with Iran 470 impact on economy 261 United Nations relationship with modernisation 78, 178 Charter (1945) 328 Urdu (language) 40, 48 Convention on the Elimination of All diasporic use 227 Forms of Discrimination against Women status (in colonial period) 358–9 (1979) 415–16, 435–6 translations into 344–5 Convention on the Rights of the Child Al-qUrwa¯al-Wuthqa¯ (periodical) 143, 145, 582 (1989) 415–16, 426 qUs.fu¯r al-Sath. (Halfaouine, 1990) 631 Educational, Scientific and Cultural qUthma¯n¯,ı Muh.ammad Taq¯ı 343 Organisation (UNESCO) 532 qUthma¯n¯,ı Shabb¯rı Ah.mad 343 Industrial Development Organisation qUthma¯n¯,ı Zafa¯r Ah.mad 343, 344, 345 (UNIDO) 87 Uzbekistan 93, 373 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966) 328 Vallaury, Antoine 543 International Covenant on Economic, van der Rohe, Mies 601 Social and Cultural Rights (1966) 328 van Gogh, Theo 219 as model for Islamic organisations Vatican State 390 193, 212 veils, wearing of 28–9, 447 Security Council 471 venture financing 477 Universal Declaration of Human Rights Vitalis, Robert 93 (1948) 317 United States 14–15, 70 Wadud, Amina 251–2 citizenship laws 244, 245 Wahaj, Siraj 251 criticisms 349–50 al-Wahha¯b, Muh.ammad ibn qAbd 12–13, 109, democratic/religious characteristics 30–1 152, 200, 303, 357 education in 82 biography 111–12 emergence as sole global superpower 194 (implied) criticisms 117, 124 film exhibition capacity 635 intolerance 113–15 and human rights 419 (lack of) social concerns 112, 116 immigration policy 242 limitations 115 media 250 poems addressed to/about 117

757

Index

al-Wahha¯b, Muh.ammad ibn qAbd (cont.) new Islamic States 256–8 political outlook 112 savanna/sahel region 255 relations with contemporaries 116–17, 118 social organisation 255 writings 112–15 spread of Islam 254–67 see also Wahha¯bism Weulersse, Jacques 527 Wida¯d (1936) 634 Wahha¯bism 108–9, 175, 177, 356, 366–7, 388 wila¯yat-i faq¯hı (authority of the religious accusations of 265 jurist) 184–5, 291, 308, 310, 352, 409, central tenets 110–15, 357 439, 444 conflicts with Ottomans 65–6 endorsement 447 lack of intellectual complexity 111 oppositon to 311–12, 442, 446, 454 modern applications 152, 160, 164–5, 179, 212, promotion 441 248, 277–8, 303, 304, 407 Wilson, Woodrow, President 396 (mutual) hostility with other forms of Islam Wirth, Louis 528 113, 124–7, 357, 375 Wolof people/states 261–3 occupation of H. aramayn 360 women 28–30 relationship with other contemporary artists 600 trends 111, 119, 120, 123, 124, 129 (debates on) rights 29–30, 153, 276, 423 see also al-Wahha¯b, Muh.ammad ibn qAbd demands/activism 29–30, 160–1, 251–2, 416– Wahid, Abdurrahman 20, 190, 405 19, 419–20, 425–6, 428, 429, 432, 433–4, 437, Wal¯ı Alla¯h Dihlaw¯,ı Sha¯h 109–10, 118–20, 129, 439, 451–2, 466–7 130–1, 135, 136, 200, 329, 358, 361, 364 divorce rights/procedure 433–6 biography 135 dress 28–9, 439, 442 educational programme 139 education 449, 507, 513 religious thought 119–20 educators’ views on 517 social concerns 118–19 electoral role 453 studies 118 employment 28–9, 100, 417, 452 writngs 119, 140 film directors 454 Al-Waqa¯ piq al-Mis.riyya (newspaper) 576–7 financial responsibilities 417 waqf (= trust law) 484, 555 (international) organisations 207–8, 416, 418, Waqialla, Osman 614 419–20, 448 wasat.iyya see centrism legal repression 278, 305, 418–19, 442–3, 451, Wasef, Ramses Wissa 608 466–7 al-Wa¯s.it¯,ı Yah.ya¯ 612 legal systems and 413–37 Wavell, A. J. B. 55 property rights 417 Weber, Max 30, 174, 526–8 role in Western religious practices 238 websites studies 28 Islamic 210; progressive 252 unwaged labour 417 women’s 419 writers 454 see also Sufism see also divorce; family law; ‘gender jihad’; Wedeen, Lisa 627 Iranian Revolution; Islamic Republic of West Iran; marriage; Women Living under as dominant global order: cultural impact Muslim Law 2–3, 14–17, 406, 443; economic impact 475; Women Living under Muslim Law (WLUML) emergence 1 207–8, 419, 426, 432 history/politics, compared with Islamic 31, 34 Word into Art (exhibition) 618 polarisation of attitudes from/to 554 World Assembly of Muslim Youth 207 value system, criticisms 419 World Bank 85, 91, 102, 489 see also colonialism; Europe World-Wide Web 654–6 West Africa writers educational movements 511 exodus to Europe 590 forest zones, migration to/economic movement across region 590 importance 263–4 Wurth, Anna 423–4

758

Index

Yamama, battle of (632) 114–15 Z. a¯ﬁr, Muh.ammad ibn Muh.ammad ibn qYan Izala movement 265 Hamza 41 Yazd¯,ı Ibra¯h¯mı 439, 444 Zaghlu¯l, Saqd 406 Yaz¯d,ı Caliph 438 Zahleh 545 Yemen 47, 92, 104, 134, 136, 483, 589 al-Zahra University, Tehran 449 family/marriage law 420, Zakariyya, Muhammad 614 423–4 zaka¯t (redistribution system) 480–2, 490 rulers 116 government-operated systems 480–2, 490–1 tax/redistribution system 480 international, proposals for 482–3 see also Zaydism modern impact 480–2 Yihewani movement 160 objections to 482–3 Yoruba people 266 Qurpa¯nic prescriptions 492 Young Men’s Muslim Association 153 Zaman, Muhammad Qasim 6 young people Zanzibar 46 changing social role 100–2 z.aru¯rat (necessity), political concept of 287 disenchantment with Iranian Revolution al-Z. awa¯hir¯,ı Ayma¯n 194–5 442, 449, 453, 457, 471–2 Zayda¯n, Jurj¯ı 395, 579 proportion of population 100 Zaydism 124, 136 Young Turks 67, 368, 392, 394, 398, 406, 532, Zeghal, Malika 657 533, 580 Zenderoudi, Hossein 605 Yunan, Ramsis 609 Zia ul-Haq, Mohammed, General 173, 186–7, Yu¯na¯n¯Tı . ibb (‘Greek medicine’) 188, 445, 447 564–5 Ziai, Hossein 569 Yu¯suf, qAl¯,ı Shaykh 579, 582 Ziapour, Jalil 603–4, 605 Yusuf, Hamza, Shaykh 250 Zindap¯r,ı Saint 203 Yu¯suf Kamal, Prince, of Egypt Zoka, Cyrus 604 607, 618 Zoroastrianism 465

759