Mobility for development Shanghai I China Disclaimer The Case study is prepared for the background information for a Stakeholder Dialogue, on behalf of the Mobility for Development (M4D) Project at the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD). The objectives of this study are to assess the mobility challenges, opportunities and experience in Shanghai with reference to Yangtze Delta Region. We hope this report can make some contribution on knowledge exchange in the development of sustainable mobility for the whole society in the world. Mobility for development Shanghai I China Professor Pan Haixiao, Dr. Zhuo Jian and Dr. Liu Bing Department of Urban Planning, Tongji University Mobility for Development -Shanghai Case Study This case study has been prepared for the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) by the Department of Urban Planning, Tongji University. Project team Professor Pan Haixiao, Project Leader, [email protected] Dr. Zhuo Jian, Associate Professor, Project Researcher Dr. Liu Bing, Associate Professor, Project Researcher Ms. Xu Xiaomin, Project Assistant Mr. Liu Weiwei, Project Assistant Mr. Xue Song, Project Assistant Mr. Wang Xiaobo, Project Assistant Mr. Chen Ye, Project Assistant Acknowledgements The authors are indebted to and acknowledge Shona Grant and Dr. George Eads and are grateful for their thoughtful and patient advice during formulation of this case study. 2 Mobility for Development -Shanghai Case Study CONTENTS Executive summary ________________________________________________________ 1 1. Background __________________________________________________________ 8 1.1 General information _______________________________________________ 8 1.2 YDR’s and Shanghai’s social and economic development ______________ 10 1.2.1 The YDR since the 1990s ________________________________________ 10 1.2.2 Shanghai’s development _________________________________________ 10 1.3 Role of transport in regional and urban development __________________ 11 1.4 Institutional mechanisms in the YDR ________________________________ 13 1.4.1 Regional coordinating mechanism of economic development _____________ 13 1.4.2 Regional transport organization ____________________________________ 14 1.5 Organization of transport management in shanghai ___________________ 15 1.5.1 Intercity transport management ____________________________________ 15 1.5.2 Urban transport management _____________________________________ 15 2. Mobility development of GYDR _________________________________________ 17 2.1 Introduction ____________________________________________________ 17 2.2 Highway transport _______________________________________________ 20 2.2.1 Highway development in GYDR ___________________________________ 20 2.2.2 Highway passenger and freight transport in the GYDR __________________ 21 2.3 Railway transport ________________________________________________ 22 2.3.1 Railway development in the Yangtze Delta Region _____________________ 22 2.3.2 Railway passenger and freight transport in the Yangtze Delta Region ______ 23 2.4 Waterway transport ______________________________________________ 24 2.4.1 Waterway freight and passenger transport in the YDR __________________ 25 2.4.2 Port function in the GYDR ________________________________________ 25 2.5 Aviation ________________________________________________________ 26 2.5.1 Airports in the YDR _____________________________________________ 26 2.5.2 Airport passengers in the YDR ____________________________________ 26 2.5.3 Air cargo and mail ______________________________________________ 27 2.6 Conclusions ____________________________________________________ 27 1 Mobility for Development -Shanghai Case Study 3. Regional transport in Shanghai ________________________________________ 29 3.1 Traffic distribution in the Shanghai region ___________________________ 29 3.2 Supply of facilities _______________________________________________ 30 3.2.1 Highways _____________________________________________________ 31 3.2.2 Railways _____________________________________________________ 33 3.2.3 Water transport ________________________________________________ 34 3.2.4 Ports ________________________________________________________ 35 3.2.5 Aviation ______________________________________________________ 36 3.3 Passenger transport _____________________________________________ 37 3.3.1 Intercity passenger transport structure ______________________________ 37 3.3.2 Highway passenger transport _____________________________________ 39 3.3.3 Railway Passenger Transport _____________________________________ 40 3.3.4 Aviation ______________________________________________________ 40 3.4 Cargo transport _________________________________________________ 41 3.4.1 Cargo transport structure _________________________________________ 41 3.4.2 Highway cargo transport _________________________________________ 42 3.4.3 Water transport ________________________________________________ 42 3.4.4 Railway cargo transport __________________________________________ 43 3.4.5 Air cargo transport ______________________________________________ 44 3.5 Conclusions ____________________________________________________ 44 4. Shanghai urban transport _____________________________________________ 46 4.1 Features of travel demand ________________________________________ 46 4.1.1 Features of personal travel _______________________________________ 47 4.1.2 Personal motorized vehicle travel __________________________________ 52 4.2 Features of traffic supply _________________________________________ 53 4.2.1 Road supply and use ____________________________________________ 53 4.2.2 Public transport supply and use ____________________________________ 55 4.2.3 Non-motorized transportation system _______________________________ 57 4.3 Transport demand management policy ______________________________ 57 4.3.1 Public transport priority policy _____________________________________ 58 4.3.2 The license plate auctioning policy _________________________________ 58 4.3.3 Parking charging policy __________________________________________ 58 4.3.4 Motorcycle limitation policy _______________________________________ 59 2 Mobility for Development -Shanghai Case Study 4.4 Conclusions ____________________________________________________ 60 5. Information and telecommunications services ____________________________ 61 5.1 Postal services __________________________________________________ 62 5.2 Telecommunication: Installed telephone & mobile phone _______________ 64 5.3 Internet and web communication ___________________________________ 66 5.4 Broadcasting and television stations ________________________________ 69 5.5 Application of new ICTs and its impact ______________________________ 71 5.6 Conclusions ____________________________________________________ 73 6. Shanghai’s transport system operating costs and efficiency ________________ 74 6.1 General information ______________________________________________ 74 6.2 The operation situation of transport enterprises ______________________ 74 6.3 General transport and communication costs and expenditures __________ 75 6.3.1 Transport and communication consumer price index ___________________ 75 6.3.2 Transport and communication expenditures __________________________ 75 6.4 Cost and efficiency on urban transport ______________________________ 78 6.4.1 Cost and efficiency for public transport ______________________________ 78 6.4.2 Cost and efficiency for motorized vehicles ____________________________ 80 6.4.3 Cost of urban occasional freight transport ____________________________ 83 6.5 Efficiency and cost of intercity transport ____________________________ 83 6.5.1 Cost of highway and railway freight _________________________________ 84 6.5.2 Cost of highway and railway passenger transport ______________________ 85 6.5.3 Aviation transport _______________________________________________ 86 6.5.4 Water transport and ports ________________________________________ 87 6.6 Conclusions ____________________________________________________ 89 7. Investment in Shanghai’s transport system ______________________________ 90 7.1 Brief ___________________________________________________________ 90 7.2 Investment in metro transport _____________________________________ 91 7.2.1 Brief _________________________________________________________ 91 7.2.2 Reform of investment and financing system of Shanghai metro transport ____ 92 7.2.3 Investment and financing for constructed metro in Shanghai _____________ 92 3 Mobility for Development -Shanghai Case Study 7.3 Conclusions ____________________________________________________ 93 8. Sustainable transport development challenges in Shanghai _________________ 94 8.1 Traffic safety ____________________________________________________ 94 8.1.1 Statistical analysis of road traffic accidents ___________________________ 95 8.1.2 Road traffic accident factors ______________________________________ 96 8.2 Environmental impact ____________________________________________ 96 8.2.1 Ambient air environment _________________________________________ 96 8.2.2 Ambient acoustic environment _____________________________________ 99 8.2.3 Greenhouse gas emissions _______________________________________ 99 8.2.4 Transport environment policies and pollution control measures __________ 100 8.3 Traffic congestion ______________________________________________ 100 8.3.1 Transport construction __________________________________________ 100 8.3.2 Traffic flow ___________________________________________________