С.Сейфуллин атындағы Қазақ агротехникалық университетінің Ғылым жаршысы / Вестник науки Казахского агротехнического университета им. С. Сейфуллина. – 2011. - №2 (69). – C.129-134

FUNCTIONALLY-PLANNING RESEARCHES OF NORTHERN KAZAKHSTAN CITIES

Khorovetskaya Y.M.

There were considerable changes the chance its usage in the field of in town-planning of the Northern designing, in the field of the cities Kazakhstan cities at the present stage. development management, in New social and economic relations, town-planning practice under various transferring of the capital from Almaty social and economic, natural-climatic to Astana, transferring of the regional and national-historical conditions, but centre in Kokshetau entailed at their careful examination and considerable changes in settling, account. (2) It is possible to present development of all inhabited localities graphically theoretical model in the of the North Kazakhstan region and form of cone-shaped developing spiral their integrants. Dynamics of a city symbolizing constant movement top of space structure as a whole, and also its which is nucleus of the city centre. separate parts and elements is diverse, Investigating cities of Northern and it contains a grate number of the Kazakhstan and analyzing their aspects and depends on different regional features of the organization, factors. (1) On the example of the development and formation Northern Kazakhstan cities (Astana, architecturally-planning structures Kokshetau, Petropavlovsk, Kostanay, their general and private principles and Pavlodar) the most essential changes in formation methods were revealed. In dynamics of their development are this connection, dynamics of city considered. And the generalizing structure is considered on three time theoretical model of the city's conditions: integrants interaction is developed - on a city level of development - which has universal character and depending on degree of its reflects the most essential valid architecturallytown- principles. At the same time it is planning environment formation; necessary to underline, that - on level of new town-planning generalization possibility follows, first formation occurrence; of all, from universality of the action of - on level of the established city the urbanization process in various formations. territorial scales and town-planning Meanwhile, it is necessary to notice, situations. The model is not static; it is that each of the mentioned levels at the dynamical; it can become complicated same time can be considered both in and be modified, be flexible, that gives separate cities, and in one large city, differing from other considered cities centre becomes more difficult. The by degree of its development. In this common zone with the general case first two levels were considered on functional-space characteristics is the example of intensively developing created from separate formations on a capital of the Republic of Kazakhstan - remote part of district, increasing the Astana. The third level is considered on pressure upon city centre. (3) On this the example of Kokshetau, Pavlodar, stage the process of differentiation, Kostanay and Petropavlovsk. Besides, allocation of new elements of building in the same cities the and space increases in the centre. The second level was partially considered intensification and complication of in areas with the town-planning interaction of the centre and city structures which appeared for last district stimulates formation zone of 10-15 years. It is known, that for the nearest district structure, it development of each separate city it is gradually reveals and strengthens its characteristic role in the general vicissitude its formations. development of a city organism. (4) Correspondently, interaction of space Peripheral functions of Astana structure parts of the city is assumed concentrate mainly in remote areas under working out of theoretical model while the nearest district is transformed which is the integral part of its to a median zone. In this zone development and passes consistently a formation of the new building goes number of stages. So, active rapidly saturating with a considerable development of the central areas of the proportion city-wide specialized, first left-bank part of the river Esil (a new of all of trading-household functions. part of the city) and occurrence of new In the centre there is crystallization of serving complexes on the district the central nucleus itself and (Astikzhan, Metro, the Gross, etc.) is concerning the rarefied, district zone characteristic for Astana at the present adjoining it. At this stage stage. It is necessary to notice, that at agglomeration starts more actively the stage for which is characteristic prove out and the development putting presence along with the central area primary pressure upon the central area and concerning district formation, of the city. Formatting and active formation of new large areas strengthening of area adjoining to the begins on the remote district possessing centre, intensification of its role in free territories. At the same time also mutual dynamics of the central and the district zone nearest to the centre district elements is characteristic for constantly becomes stronger. Astana at this stage. It is supported also Interaction of the central and district by increase of pressure both upon it, structures is realized directly and has and on a district zone of the city of rather polarized and relatively simple developing agglomeration. character. The analysis of world Specialization process is in intensively experience of town-planning progress among central and district development allows establishing, that elements theirself in each part of space as the further adoption and district structure of the city. All of it finds the development its interaction with the space expression in development of wider system of the city centre as a saturation of it with new elements that whole which counterbalances actively influences on formation of the city-wide communications in established central nucleus, along with increasing degree. It is observed falling growth of district areas. of the development of district inhabited Quasi balance comes under city areas dependence from formation. On the one hand there is a communications directly with a centre differentiation of functions of the nucleus in process of transition from central area, specialization and less developed city environment to delimitation of social and cultural and more developed in Pavlodar, trading-household spheres, their Petropavlovsk, Kostonay. This part of strengthening and at the same time communications increasingly development of new structural "switched" to other areas, in particular, formations on district of the centre adjoining to inhabited formations. which become a basis of area adjoining Results of the sociological researches to the centre. On the other hand, in spent in these cities specify that more process of these formations than 50 % respondent, living in district development, they become attraction areas, prefer the nearest centers of focus, both for inhabitants of district, service. At the same time it is necessary and for inhabitants of the centre. to notice, that new inhabited formations The conducted investigations, on district of Astana represent one of sociological researches and public the most dynamical parts of the city inquiry in cities of Northern structure, their interaction with the Kazakhstan and also the analysis of the central nucleus requires in constant collected data shows that development reorganization and central structures. It of city functions and structures is rather is a special case of more general difficult, it cannot be imagined as a regularity which is well traced in chain of continuous changes. development of inhabited formations. Complexity of interaction of the It is possible to assume, that dynamic tendencies becomes apparent further in process of formation of the here - on the one hand, and specified developed city district, its saturation stability, traditions - on the other hand. and the strengthening of the area Thus it is necessary to keep in adjoining to the centre in greater mind, that interaction of various zones measure will undertake functions of the and areas with city centre, its nucleus, it centre. It is proved by behavior of is impossible to take word for word as inhabitants; certain independence gives constant general movement in a certain to know in their preferences and single point. Influence of the centre and orientation, self-dependence in relation perception of this influence have the to the valid, real-life centre, especially most difficult, flexible character. to its central nucleus. This fact was Depending on the educational and noted by more than 40 % of the culture level, the saturation of the city interrogated residents of Astana. At the environment, the concept of "centre" same time, development of area for different groups of the population, adjoining to the centre demands for inhabitants of different areas and strengthening of the center functions, intensity of their attendance of the central nucleus and the nearest areas difficult and long, anything but all of can be changed, that, in turn, will affect them find the attainment in appreciable on character of internal processes and actions for a city, but these aims make activity of using various elements of unconditional influence on whole the architectural environment. process of the city development. Thus It is necessary to underline, that it is necessary to underline, that process of integration of the city integration of the urban consciousness structures and functions, integrity of occurring on the basis of the central the city as socially-space organism samples flows in the conditions of assumes constantly supported and constantly increasing differentiation of increasing interaction between various various groups of the population in the elements of the space environment and sphere of the cultural consumption. transfer of specific functions from one The role of various city's element to another. It was revealed, functions and structures is far from that the history of the cities being equivalent in maintenance of development indicated that efficiency socially-space integrity of a city of the integration depends on intensity organism. Development of the urban of behavior of the differentiation environment leads to appearance and processes of the city functions and deepening of the differences in structures. This process is connected conditions and character of functioning with appearance of new activities of the of its various elements. The urban population, seporation and fundamental feature of the developed specialization of service system, urban urban space, integrated of the urban spaces, occurrence of new connections environment is irregularity and at the between them etc. It is established, that same time non-equivalence a phenomenon of participations of the space's various socially-psychological mobility playes elements in forming and maintenance the important role in differentiation city-wide, integrative beginnings. process of the functions and urban Integrative tendencies of the space. Constant readiness for modern urbanization result in whole information updating (in the widest system of moving from a separate city sense of a word), peculiar ≪charging≫ to republic, as a whole, is penetrated by on the most intensive and effective the central social communications. forms of activity and communication is Thus the role of the center can be the essential factor of complication of imagined figuratively as an action of the intracity social the constant-directed stream of the processes and functioning of the signals starting from the centre and city's organism. In the functional-space operating the most various aspects of integration of the urban environment, the districts development.(5) At the along with real activity are put same integrative tendencies of social and time process of the centre and cultural aims of inhabitans, integrative district interaction cannot be potentialities of the urban interpreted unilaterally and simplified. consciousness sphere. The way of The centre develops depending on realization of these aims is rather those conditions which are in the district. The district potential is the and attitude to inhabited enviroment, important source of the central services attendence of the different service formation. Taking into account institutions and areas of the city conditions of district development is including its center, peculiarities of the allowed finally to keep to the centre communication processes, direction of comparative functional leadership. (6) the commutation, specificity of the The differentiation and integration of social and cultural relations in the the cities in the conditions of expansion capital and etc. Meanwhile real of the territorial scales of city processes behaviour and aims of the city's covers border both territories adjoining inhabitants and also some elements of to the cities and outlands. The history inhabitants' city consciousness were of intagrative developments of the investigated. (2) largest cities is at the same time the Cities for investigation have history of increasing and been selected according to the complex socially-functional complication of of the necessary characteristics and their centres. The centre nature is such conditions. The young, actively that one-planned kinds of activity are developing capital of the Republic of badly combined with it. The centre of Kazakhstan - Astana was chosen for the largest city cannot be used studying agglomeration connections. In monofunctional, it should be all cities the most typical areas - filled with the functions central, district, and territories constantly replacing each other. (7) At adjoining to the centre was allocated investigation of the cities it was for direct investigation. It is necessary defined, that the considered problems to notice, that the differentiation makes connected with the process of a necessary condition and the integration, cover the most various obligatory prerequisite of the aspects of a city functioning. Therefore agglomeration of integrating features it was important to retrace how, in what of the city. Existence of the full-grown way, through what channels interaction urban environment depends on how and interference of social and cultural opportunely the processes of communications and the space integration already available and newly environment are occured. How twofold creating functions and structures are character of the urbanization, the factor implemented. It is necessary to of centrality and other important underline, that integrity of the city is features of city processes are revealed not shown automatically. Integrity is in it. Thus the basic directions and the defined by adequate reflection of the real objects of the research, which is objectively developing dependence necessary for studying of considered between social and space elements of problems, were defined. (8) At the urban environment. Integrity is determination of the research inherent in the city. Integrity is a directions, including questionnaire process of the live activity reproducing survey, were chosen the following: the specific character of the city as the charechter of urban space development definite socially-space phenomenon. by inhabitence of different region, At different stages of percaption of the city's parts by them town-planning development the socially-functional aspects of level of examination and, settlements formation were considered consequently, the account of these by various experts: Z.N.Jargina (9), objective regularities of cities L.Kogan (4), E.E.Gorjachenko, functioning. It is necessary to T.I.Zaslavska (10), etc. However, there underline, that exactly the are no complex scientific researches representations about regularities of the now which would disclose features of cities development are formed in the the settlements development of the surrounding social environment which various ranks in the XXI-st century. are shown then in concepts, theoretical Social and economic changes and also approaches, projects etc. In this process administrative transformations the city reality is the important source exercised a significant influence on which is formed representations about moving and development of the cities the ways of the city development. At in the end of XX - the beginning of the present stage deepening of the XXI-st century in the Republic of urbanization influence on the most Kazakhstan. various aspects of life leads to Nowdays questions of cities necessity of constant realization and formation in connection with understanding, in the process of city socially-functional researches are structures, real tendencies and rather urgent.In the process of the regularities formation. Therefore development of socially-functional among various aspects of examination researches in the town-planning it of the city functioning the important appears more and more obvious, that place occupies research not only real playing very important positive role in communications of the population and expansion of sights at a city as a social the valid behaviour, but also which phenomenon, giving understanding of could not prove out. This implyies the urbanization process, sociology as necessity of studying of the social and the scientific discipline simultaneously cultural aims of inhabitans, their turns more and more to the relations to those or other parts of its town-planning science its methodical life, perception inhabitants of the procedural part.(4) The urban important elements of urban space, space, its basic elements and parts can their wishes, requirements etc. it is be formed effectively only in case that necessary studying not only behaviour the major, objectively existing in a city, but also urban consciousness regularities of functioning and of all inhabitants. For studying of the development of a socially-space city setting questions some kinds of organism have been considered when questionnaires were developed for their are designed. This implies the public inquiry. During the research it conclusion, that the space environment was questioned more than 1500 of the city settlements should be inhabitants of Northern Kazakhstan considered as result more the general cities - Astana, Kokshetau, Pavlodar, and wide development of the cities, but Kostanay, Petropavlovsk. The range of not only their designing and building problems and the general orientation of process. The designing appreciably the researches are defined as a whole loses the effectiveness by insufficient by necessity of the studying how city relations prove out itselfs in new both on old, and on new parts of socially-economical conditions in the Astana. It is necessary to underline, area considered by us. Development of that the capital Astana was found more the socially-functional researches suitable example for studying of expands sphere of public influence of variety problems, than other cities of the town-planning. Studying how the Northern Kazakhstan. The third stage - socially-space organism of a city natural investigation. The investigation functions, various sorts of the makes rather essential and specific population investigation with necessity stage of socially-functional research in assume also involved inhabitants in town-planning. Its purpose consists in difficult process of realization of reception of empirical data, confirming theirself in the city environment. or correcting one or another positions During the investigations, answers to of the hypothesis. The fourth stage - questions of questionnaires each of material processing. During processing responded inhabitants comprehends the of questionnaires the main attention behaviour in a city. Structures of was turned on the qualitative part of the socially-functional research includes a information receiving in number of stages which are defined by investigation, on the analysis of setting problems. At the first stage the tendencies, rather general, large, choice of an interesting problem from visible characteristics of social and the complex of town-planning space factors interaction. The fifth problems is carried out; the urgency is stage - formation of regularities of proved; scientific-theoretical value of functional-space development the problem and it space-planning of city structure and its elements. content are revealed. The second stage The important problem in this part of - working out of a hypothesis of the research is town-planning, space research which is accompanied by a interpretation of the received results of choice of the research object and the investigation, their transformation in research example. In this case as the respect of the studied town-planning objects and examples are concrete problem. (1) Socially-functional areas of the listed cities of Northern researches in town-planning can have Kazakhstan. some levels which differ from each Their choice was carried out so other by correlation of more theoretical that researching process was shown and more applied elements. most full and boldly. So, in Astana as objects of research were defined: in the old city – the public centre and adjoining area, street Bejbitshilik, Zhenis avenu, area of railway station and opera theatre, in the new city (a left-bank part of the river Esil) – the new centre, 13 highway, adjoining areas of entertaining complexes "Mega", "Sary-Arka", ≪Asia park≫, and also street Sary-Arka which passes References

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Резюме

В связи с социально-экономическими изменениями, а также административных преобразований в конце XX - начале XXI-го века в Республике Казахстан исследования в градостроительстве являются весьма актуальными на современном этапе. Структура исследований состоит из нескольких этапов и определяется путем установления проблем. На примере городов Северного Казахстана рассматриваются наиболее существенные изменения в динамике их развития и обобщена теоретическая модель взаимодействия городов, которая имеет универсальный характер и отражает наиболее существенные действующие принципы. Түйін

ХХ ғасырдың соңында және ХХІ ғасырдың басында қоғамдық-экономикалық және әкімшілік өзгерістермен қатар Қазақстан Республикасында қала құрылысы зерттеулері өте маңызды және көкейкесті мәселелердің бірі. Зерттеу құрамы бірнеше жолдардан құралып, мәселелерді шешуге негізделген. Солтүстік Қазақстан қалаларының мысалында олардың негізгі даму динамикасы қарастырылып, әмбебап ерекшелігі бар, даму үрдістердің маңызды теоретикалық модельі қарастырылған.