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English Shropshire Meat Semi-Fine-Fleece Breed Rams MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN Kazakhstan’s farm animal genetic resources Country Report to the FAO Astana - 2003 CONTENTS Page 1. General information about the Republic of Kazakhstan ………….. 3 1.1 Geographical position, climatic conditions and natural resources … 3 1.2 Population, area and administrative units ………………………….. 4 2. Basic indices of agriculture and the state of farm animal genetic resources ………………………………………………………………… 6 3. Basic indices of the animal breeding development ………. ………... 10 4. Main farm animal breeds, raised in Kazakhstan…………………. …. 18 4.1 Cattle …………………….………………………………………. ….18 4.2 Sheep …………………….…………………………………………. 24 4.3 Goats ……………………………………………………………… 34 4.4 Pigs …… ………………………………………………………….. 35 4.5 Horses ……………………………………………………………. 37 4.6 Camels …………………………………………………………… 40 4.7 Poultry ………… …. ……………………………………………. 42 5. Main trends in the regional policy of the Kazakhstan animal breeding branch ………………………………………………………. 44 1. General information about the Republic of Kazakhstan 1.1 Geographical position, climatic conditions and natural resources Kazakhstan occupies the territory of 2.7 million square kilometers and stretches for 3,000 km from west to east and for over 1,700 km from north to south. The total border length is 12,187 km. In the north and west Kazakhstan borders the Russian Federation (6,467 km), in the south – Turkmenistan (380 km), the Republic of Uzbekistan (2,300 km), the Kyrgyz Republic (980 km) and in the east – the People’s Republic of China (1,460 km). The border along the Caspian Sea stretches for 600 km. The relief of Kazakhstan varies very much – from the Karakiya (Karagiye) Lowland on the Mangystau (Mangyshlak) Peninsula, lying 132 m below the World Sea level, to the highlands in the east and south-east with the highest peak of Kazakhstan – Khan-Taniri (Khan-Tengri) – 6,995 m. In the lowlands of Kazakhstan the landscape varies from forests and steppes to steppes, semi-deserts and deserts. The mountainous landscape occupies 17% of the area of Kazakhstan and is characterized by a great variety. The geographical position of Kazakhstan is so specific, that in the north of the Republic there is the flora and fauna, which is characteristic for Siberia, while in the south there are such species of plants and animals, which are characteristic for subtropics and tropics. The nature in the west and east of the country differs greatly from each other. The northern latitude of Kazakhstan (55 o 26’ N) is corresponding to the latitude of Moscow and Kazan cities, while its very southern point (40 o 56’ N) is on the latitude of Madrid, Istanbul and Baku cities. So, when in the south of the country the fruit trees are in blossom, in its northern part the snow is only beginning to thaw. The geographical position of Kazakhstan determines the great difference in the climatic conditions of its northern and southern regions, as well as its central, western and eastern ones. 1. The solar radiation lasts about 2,000 hours in the north and almost 3,000 hours in the south. The number of fine days in the north is more than twice less than in the south. 2. The continental character of the climate of Kazakhstan is growing from west to east and from north to south from -19 o C to -3 o C in January and from +19o C to +28/+30 in July. The average annual temperature in the north is about 0.5 o C, while in the south it is up to 12 o C. Winters in the north are long and cold. In some years the frosts reached -54 o C, but there are also thaws – up to +5 o C. The highest temperature in the north exceeds +41 o C, and in the south +47 o C. In mountainous regions the continentality weakens, the climate is more mild, since with the altitude daily air temperature fluctuations decrease. 3. The annual rainfall in lowlands varies from 350 mm in the north to 150 mm and less in the south. The minimum rainfall (100-125 mm per year) is in the Aral Kyzylkum desert and along the coast-line of the Balkhash Lake. In the mountainous regions of Tien-Shan the annual rainfall vary greatly ( from 400 to 1,000 mm), depending on the altitude above sea level and the exposition of slopes. 4. The river network is not well-developed: there are over 85,000 rivers and temporary water courses, including 8,000 rivers of over 10 km length. The rivers often dry up in salt marshes and sands or break up into separate streams. 5. In Kazakhstan there are over 48,000 lakes, mainly not running off, with the total area of 45,000 sq. km. 6. The flora of Kazakhstan is rich and various: from birch and aspen-birch groves of the forest-steppe zone and steppes with various grasses and cereals to the wormwood, cereals and salt marsh vegetation of semi-deserts and deserts. 7. Kazakhstan has a vast land area. As per January 1, 2001, the total area of arable lands is 30.2 mil. ha, the total area of pasture and haymaking lands is 190 mil. ha. The arable lands are mostly concentrated in the steppe zone, while the pasture and haymaking lands are mainly in semi-deserts and deserts. The area of Kazakhstan is characterized by various soils, determined by certain geographical features. The lowland part is characterized by a clearly expressed latitude zonality, while the mountainous part – by the altitude zonality. The soils vary greatly within certain areas and altitude zones too. In the forest –steppe and steppe zones there are mainly black soils, in the steppe and semi-desert zones – chestnut soils, and in the desert zone – brown and grayish-brown soils. The soils in the mountains and plains of South-East Kazakhstan are characterized by a certain vertical zonality. As per January 1, 2001, in Kazakhstan there were 14 national nature reserves and national nature parks, having the total area of 1,584,400 ha, including 2 national nature reserves, established during the years of independence: the West-Altai National Nature Reserve, East-Kazakhstan region (1992) and the Alakol National Nature Reserve, Almaty region (1998), and also 4 national nature parks: the Altyn- Yemel National Nature Park and the Ile-Alatau National Nature Park, Almaty region (1996), the Kokshetau National Nature Park, North-Kazakhstan region (1996) and the Kapkalin National Nature Park, Karaganda region (1998). 1.2 Population, area and administrative-territorial division As per January 1, 2001, the population of the Republic of Kazakhstan was 14,841,900 people. The density of population in Kazakhstan is 5.4 people per 1 sq. km. The capital of the Republic of Kazakhstan is Astana, having the population of 334,000 people. The biggest city the country is Almaty, having the population of 1,139,900 people. According to the 1999 census data, the population, registered in the Republic of Kazakhstan, was 14,953,100 people, including 8,377,300 of those living in towns and cities and 6,575,800 – in rural settlements. Republic of Area, Population, Number Areas Towns, cities Districts Settlements Kazakhstan, 000 000 people of Total Rep., Sett Aul Settl Auls Regions sq. km people region lem (rural) emen (villa per 1 sq. center ent ts ges) km Republic of 2,724.9 14,841.9 5.4 160 85 41 173 2,103 200 7,863 Kazakhstan Akmola 146.2 810.3 5.5 17 10 2 12 221 14 751 Aktyubinsk 300.6 672.6 2.2 12 8 1 3 121 3 468 Almaty 223.9 1561.8 7.0 16 10 3 14 234 15 811 Atyrau 118.6 447.1 3.8 7 1 1 14 56 15 189 East- 283.3 1504.3 5.3 15 10 6 27 225 30 870 Kazakhstan Zhambyl 144.3 985.7 6.8 10 4 1 8 81 12 363 West- 604.4 4.0 12 2 1 1 154 4 512 Kazakhstan 151.3 Karaganda 428.0 1381.6 3.2 9 11 9 39 168 39 556 Kostanai 196.0 972.3 5.0 16 5 4 5 203 13 799 Kyzylorda 226.0 605.5 2.7 7 3 1 12 87 12 269 Mangistau 165.6 323.7 2 4 3 2 8 25 8 48 Pavlodar 124.8 776.8 6.2 10 3 3 8 166 8 516 North- 98.0 706.4 7.2 13 5 1 3 189 5 774 Kazakhstan South- 117.3 2,025.4 17.3 12 8 4 13 173 13 933 Kazakhstan Astana City 0.7 334.0 477.1 - 1 1 6 0 9 - Almaty City 0.3 1,139.9 3,799.7 - 1 1 - - - - In Kazakhstan there are 14 regions: Atyrau, Almaty, Akmola, Aktyubinsk, East- Kazakhstan, Zhambyl, West-Kazakhstan, Karaganda, Kyzylorda, Kostanai, Mangystau, Pavlodar, North-Kazakhstan and South-Kazakhstan. The administrative-territorial division of the Republic of Kazakhstan by regions is shown in the following chart. Administrative-territorial division of the Republic of Kazakhstan by regions Chart 1 North -Kazakhstan Kostanai Akmola Pavlodar Astana West-Kazakhstan Aktyubinsk East-Kazakhstan Atyrau Karaganda Almaty Kyzyl-Orda Zhambyl Mangistau Almaty South-Kazakhstan 2. Basic indices of agriculture and the state of farm animal genetic resources During the years of reforms in the agriculture of the Republic certain radical changes took place: the share of the non-state form of property in the structure of rural producers increased from 40 % in 1991 to 99.4 % in 2000. The privatization of state farms and the reformation of collective farms were finished, which resulted in the 9 time growth of farms’ number. By the end of 2000 in the Republic there were over 81,000 market-oriented agricultural structures, mainly with the private form of property, including over 76,000 peasant farms, 2,200 partnerships, 1,100 production cooperatives, 0,200 joint-stock companies.
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