MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN

Kazakhstan’s farm animal genetic resources

Country Report to the FAO

Astana - 2003

CONTENTS

Page

1. General information about the Republic of Kazakhstan ………….. 3

1.1 Geographical position, climatic conditions and natural resources … 3

1.2 Population, area and administrative units ………………………….. 4

2. Basic indices of agriculture and the state of farm animal genetic resources ………………………………………………………………… 6

3. Basic indices of the animal breeding development ………. ………... 10

4. Main farm animal breeds, raised in Kazakhstan…………………. …. 18

4.1 Cattle …………………….………………………………………. ….18

4.2 Sheep …………………….…………………………………………. 24

4.3 Goats ……………………………………………………………… 34

4.4 Pigs …… ………………………………………………………….. 35

4.5 Horses ……………………………………………………………. 37

4.6 Camels …………………………………………………………… 40

4.7 Poultry ………… …. ……………………………………………. . 42

5. Main trends in the regional policy of the Kazakhstan animal breeding branch ………………………………………………………. 44

1. General information about the Republic of Kazakhstan

1.1 Geographical position, climatic conditions and natural resources

Kazakhstan occupies the territory of 2.7 million square kilometers and stretches for 3,000 km from west to east and for over 1,700 km from north to south. The total border length is 12,187 km. In the north and west Kazakhstan borders the Russian Federation (6,467 km), in the south – Turkmenistan (380 km), the Republic of Uzbekistan (2,300 km), the Kyrgyz Republic (980 km) and in the east – the People’s Republic of China (1,460 km). The border along the Caspian Sea stretches for 600 km. The relief of Kazakhstan varies very much – from the Karakiya (Karagiye) Lowland on the Mangystau (Mangyshlak) Peninsula, lying 132 m below the World Sea level, to the highlands in the east and south-east with the highest peak of Kazakhstan – Khan-Taniri (Khan-Tengri) – 6,995 m. In the lowlands of Kazakhstan the landscape varies from forests and steppes to steppes, semi-deserts and deserts. The mountainous landscape occupies 17% of the area of Kazakhstan and is characterized by a great variety. The geographical position of Kazakhstan is so specific, that in the north of the Republic there is the flora and fauna, which is characteristic for Siberia, while in the south there are such species of plants and animals, which are characteristic for subtropics and tropics. The nature in the west and east of the country differs greatly from each other. The northern latitude of Kazakhstan (55 o 26’ N) is corresponding to the latitude of Moscow and Kazan cities, while its very southern point (40 o 56’ N) is on the latitude of Madrid, Istanbul and Baku cities. So, when in the south of the country the fruit trees are in blossom, in its northern part the snow is only beginning to thaw. The geographical position of Kazakhstan determines the great difference in the climatic conditions of its northern and southern regions, as well as its central, western and eastern ones. 1. The solar radiation lasts about 2,000 hours in the north and almost 3,000 hours in the south. The number of fine days in the north is more than twice less than in the south. 2. The continental character of the climate of Kazakhstan is growing from west to east and from north to south from -19 o C to -3 o C in January and from +19o C to +28/+30 in July. The average annual temperature in the north is about 0.5 o C, while in the south it is up to 12 o C. Winters in the north are long and cold. In some years the frosts reached -54 o C, but there are also thaws – up to +5 o C. The highest temperature in the north exceeds +41 o C, and in the south +47 o C. In mountainous regions the continentality weakens, the climate is more mild, since with the altitude daily air temperature fluctuations decrease. 3. The annual rainfall in lowlands varies from 350 mm in the north to 150 mm and less in the south. The minimum rainfall (100-125 mm per year) is in the Aral Kyzylkum desert and along the coast-line of the Balkhash Lake. In the mountainous regions of Tien-Shan the annual rainfall vary greatly ( from 400 to 1,000 mm), depending on the altitude above sea level and the exposition of slopes. 4. The river network is not well-developed: there are over 85,000 rivers and temporary water courses, including 8,000 rivers of over 10 km length. The rivers often dry up in salt marshes and sands or break up into separate streams. 5. In Kazakhstan there are over 48,000 lakes, mainly not running off, with the total area of 45,000 sq. km. 6. The flora of Kazakhstan is rich and various: from birch and aspen-birch groves of the forest-steppe zone and steppes with various grasses and cereals to the wormwood, cereals and salt marsh vegetation of semi-deserts and deserts. 7. Kazakhstan has a vast land area. As per January 1, 2001, the total area of arable lands is 30.2 mil. ha, the total area of pasture and haymaking lands is 190 mil. ha. The arable lands are mostly concentrated in the steppe zone, while the pasture and haymaking lands are mainly in semi-deserts and deserts. The area of Kazakhstan is characterized by various soils, determined by certain geographical features. The lowland part is characterized by a clearly expressed latitude zonality, while the mountainous part – by the altitude zonality. The soils vary greatly within certain areas and altitude zones too. In the forest –steppe and steppe zones there are mainly black soils, in the steppe and semi-desert zones – chestnut soils, and in the desert zone – brown and grayish-brown soils. The soils in the mountains and plains of South-East Kazakhstan are characterized by a certain vertical zonality. As per January 1, 2001, in Kazakhstan there were 14 national nature reserves and national nature parks, having the total area of 1,584,400 ha, including 2 national nature reserves, established during the years of independence: the West-Altai National Nature Reserve, East-Kazakhstan region (1992) and the Alakol National Nature Reserve, Almaty region (1998), and also 4 national nature parks: the Altyn- Yemel National Nature Park and the Ile-Alatau National Nature Park, Almaty region (1996), the Kokshetau National Nature Park, North-Kazakhstan region (1996) and the Kapkalin National Nature Park, Karaganda region (1998).

1.2 Population, area and administrative-territorial division

As per January 1, 2001, the population of the Republic of Kazakhstan was 14,841,900 people. The density of population in Kazakhstan is 5.4 people per 1 sq. km. The capital of the Republic of Kazakhstan is Astana, having the population of 334,000 people. The biggest city the country is Almaty, having the population of 1,139,900 people. According to the 1999 census data, the population, registered in the Republic of Kazakhstan, was 14,953,100 people, including 8,377,300 of those living in towns and cities and 6,575,800 – in rural settlements.

Republic of Area, Population, Number Areas Towns, cities Districts Settlements Kazakhstan, 000 000 people of Total Rep., Sett Aul Settl Auls Regions sq. km people region lem (rural) emen (villa per 1 sq. center ent ts ges) km Republic of 2,724.9 14,841.9 5.4 160 85 41 173 2,103 200 7,863 Kazakhstan Akmola 146.2 810.3 5.5 17 10 2 12 221 14 751 Aktyubinsk 300.6 672.6 2.2 12 8 1 3 121 3 468 Almaty 223.9 1561.8 7.0 16 10 3 14 234 15 811 Atyrau 118.6 447.1 3.8 7 1 1 14 56 15 189 East- 283.3 1504.3 5.3 15 10 6 27 225 30 870 Kazakhstan Zhambyl 144.3 985.7 6.8 10 4 1 8 81 12 363 West- 604.4 4.0 12 2 1 1 154 4 512 Kazakhstan 151.3 Karaganda 428.0 1381.6 3.2 9 11 9 39 168 39 556 Kostanai 196.0 972.3 5.0 16 5 4 5 203 13 799 Kyzylorda 226.0 605.5 2.7 7 3 1 12 87 12 269 Mangistau 165.6 323.7 2 4 3 2 8 25 8 48 Pavlodar 124.8 776.8 6.2 10 3 3 8 166 8 516 North- 98.0 706.4 7.2 13 5 1 3 189 5 774 Kazakhstan South- 117.3 2,025.4 17.3 12 8 4 13 173 13 933 Kazakhstan Astana City 0.7 334.0 477.1 - 1 1 6 0 9 - Almaty City 0.3 1,139.9 3,799.7 - 1 1 - - - -

In Kazakhstan there are 14 regions: Atyrau, Almaty, Akmola, Aktyubinsk, East- Kazakhstan, Zhambyl, West-Kazakhstan, Karaganda, Kyzylorda, Kostanai, Mangystau, Pavlodar, North-Kazakhstan and South-Kazakhstan. The administrative-territorial division of the Republic of Kazakhstan by regions is shown in the following chart.

Administrative-territorial division of the Republic of Kazakhstan by regions

Chart 1

North -Kazakhstan

Kostanai Akmola Pavlodar Astana West-Kazakhstan

Aktyubinsk East-Kazakhstan Atyrau Karaganda

Almaty Kyzyl-Orda Zhambyl Mangistau Almaty

South-Kazakhstan

2. Basic indices of agriculture and the state of farm animal genetic resources

During the years of reforms in the agriculture of the Republic certain radical changes took place: the share of the non-state form of property in the structure of rural producers increased from 40 % in 1991 to 99.4 % in 2000. The privatization of state farms and the reformation of collective farms were finished, which resulted in the 9 time growth of farms’ number. By the end of 2000 in the Republic there were over 81,000 market-oriented agricultural structures, mainly with the private form of property, including over 76,000 peasant farms, 2,200 partnerships, 1,100 production cooperatives, 0,200 joint-stock companies. There remained only 74 state-owned enterprises against 2,200 state-owned enterprises at the end of 1991 (Table 1).

1 Table 1. Number of operating farming enterprises. by the end of the year Years 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Farming 9274 14920 23296 30168 36285 52481 55393 68864 73172 81078 enterprises Total: Including: State- owned 2229 2136 2137 1882 1405 451 274 86 57 74 enterprises Non-state- 3712 3522 4876 5465 4095 7694 5328 6303 4962 4631 owned enterprises

Peasant farms 3333 9262 16283 22521 30785 44336 49791 62475 68153 76373

Personal subsidiary farms 1949 2016 2159 2193 2175 2150 2057 2108 2202 2182 (000 units)

Garden and rest- ...... 2660 2893 2867 3026 2986 2945 home co- operatives

In recent years the cattle and poultry productivity increased greatly. Thus, in 2000 the average annual milk yield per 1 cow in all farm categories exceeded the 1998 level by 194 kg, the average annual egg production per 1 hen – by 5 pieces, the average annual fleece weight per 1 sheep - by 0.2 kg, the average sales weight of cattle – by 30 kg, and that of sheep and goats – by 1 kg, pigs – by 4 kg, and horses – by 21 kg. Due to the recent growth in the cattle and poultry number and productivity, the gross milk yield increased in 2000 against 1998 by 11 %, and the egg production – by 22 %. The animal breeding branch of agriculture had hard times during the period of reforms in the Republic. The output of animal products in 2000 was 55 % against that in 1991. One of the main reasons of this situation is the considerable reduction in the number of domestic animals and poultry in 1991-1998. In 1999-2000 the situation was improved: the number of cattle in 2000 against 1998 increased by 3,7 %, sheep and goats – by 4,7 %, pigs – by 20,6% and poultry – by 15,8 % . In the result of structural changes at agricultural enterprises in 1991-2000, the cattle and poultry number ratio for different agricultural enterprises changed: the

2 share of agricultural enterprises decreased and the share of peasant farms and personal subsidiary farms increased. The structure of domestic animals’ number by farm categories is shown below (Chart 2).

Chart 2. Structure of domestic animals’ number by farm categories. in %

Cattle Pigs Sheep and goats Poultry

Agricultural enterprises Peasant farms Personal subsidiary farms

Tables 2 and 3 give the data on the number and productivity of domestic animals and poultry in all farm categories.

Table 2. Number of domestic animals and poultry in all farm categories.

by the end of the year, 000 heads Years 1991 1995 2000 Cattle 9,592.4 6,859.9 4,106.6 incl. cows 3,490.0 3,045.0 2,014.7 Sheep and goats 34,555.7 19,583.9 9,981.1 Pigs 2,976.1 1,622.7 1,076.0 Horses 1,666.4 1,556.9 976.0 Camels 145.1 130.5 98.2 Poultry, mil. heads 59.4 20.8 19.7

3 Table 3. Productivity of domestic animals and poultry in all farm categories.

Years 1991 1995 2000 Average annual milk yield per 1 cow, kg 1934 1642 1969 Average annual egg production per 1 hen, pcs 160 150 170 Average annual fleece weight per 1 sheep, kg 3.0 2.5 3.0 Average sales weight of: cattle 341 278 319 sheep and goats 37 35 39 pigs 102 80 98 horses 247 260 316 Posterity yield per 100 females: calves 80 66 84 lambs and kids 92 83 96 piglets 979 858 992 foals 76 62 80

By the Decree of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated August 1, 2000 No.1167 the Republican purpose-oriented program “Preservation, development and use of the genetic resources of farm plants, animals and microorganisms for 2001-2005” was adopted to provide the preservation, development and efficient use of the genetic resources of farm plants, animals, poultry, fish, bees and microorganisms in selection, seed production, breeding and to make biopreparations for production of agricultural products, competitive in the domestic and foreign markets. To reach that purpose, it is stipulated under that Program to do the following: - to undertake a set of measures for scientific support of the Program by developing the research work, improving the organization system of research institutes; - to establish the reliable system of promoting the obtained valuable genetic resources from the science to the agricultural commodity producer and its efficient use for production of high-quality and competitive products; - to undertake certain measures for strengthening the state control over preservation, development and use of the valuable genetic resources; - to undertake certain measures for strengthening the state support of preservation, development and use of the valuable genetic resources and providing its efficiency; - to improve the legislation basis in the field of preservation, development and use of the valuable genetic resources.

4 3. Basic indices of the animal breeding development as per July 1, 2003

Table 4. Animal breeding products production

Products Units of 2002 2003 2003 against 2002 measurement (+), (-) % Meat 000 tons 496.1 518.7 22.6 104.6 Milk 000 tons 2013.5 2125 111.5 105.5 Eggs mln pcs 1061.6 1218.1 156.5 114.7 incl. hen eggs mln pcs 1050.2 1205.8 155.4 114.7 Wool 000 tons 20.3 21.9 1.6 107.9

5 Table 5. Production of animal breeding products in all categories of farming enterprises as per July 1, 2003.

Cattle and poultry live weight at Cow milk production, 000 tons Egg production from all kinds of poultry, Regions slaughter, 000 tons mil pieces 2002 2003 2003 against 2002 2002 2003 2003 against 2002 2002 2003 2003 against 2002 (+),(-) % (+),(-) % (+),(-) % Akmola 33,3 34,3 1 103,0 182,8 189,5 6,7 103,7 113,8 115,6 1,8 101,6 Aktyubinsk 34,8 36,7 1,9 105,5 113,5 121,3 7,8 106,9 43,1 53,7 10,6 124,6 Almaty 81,9 85,3 3,4 104,2 244,4 258,7 14,3 105,9 237,6 337,1 99,5 141,9 Atyrau 15,6 16,3 0,7 104,5 23,4 24,9 1,5 106,4 3,1 1,2 -1,9 38,7 East-Kazakhstan 44 46,4 2,4 105,5 242,3 267,3 25 110,3 137,3 123,7 -13,6 90,1 Zhambyl 25,6 28,4 2,8 110,9 94,3 105,7 11,4 112,1 38,1 42,1 4 110,5 West-Kazakhstan 24,4 24,9 0,5 102,0 104,9 105,2 0,3 100,3 20,5 21,6 1Д 105,4 Karaganda 30,9 34,6 3,7 112,0 109,2 119 9,3 109,0 95,9 90,9 -Z 94,8 Kostanai 78,4 78,7 0,3 100,4 335,8 339,1 3,3 101,0 146,1 173,8 27,7 119,0 Kyzyl-Orda 12,3 12,7 0,4 103,3 25,5 26 0,5 102,0 13,8 18,4 4,6 133,3 Mangistau 4 4 0 100,0 1,7 1,4 -0,3 82,4 1,4 0,2 -1,2 14,3 Pavlodar 21,8 23,8 2 109,2 129,3 138,5 9.2 107,1 57,3 65,6 8,3 114,5 N-Kazakhstan 28,4 29,2 0,8 102,8 201,5 208 6,5 103,2 66,4 74 7,6 111,4 S-Kazakhstan 60 62,6 2,6 104,3 196,2 211,8 15,6 108,0 83,2 98 14,8 117,8 Astana City 0,3 0,3 0 100,0 4,2 4,4 0,2 104,8 0,3 0,3 0 100,0 Almaty City 0,4 0,5 0,1 125,0 4,5 4,2 -0,3 93,3 3,7 1,9 -1,8 51,4 Rep. of Kaz. 496,1 518,7 22,6 104,6 2013,5 2125 111,5 105,5 1061,6 1218,1 156,5 114,7

Table 6. Wool production in all categories of farming enterprises as per July 1, 2003, 000 tons. Wool Regions 2002 2003 2003 against 2002 (+), (-) % Akmola 0,4 0,4 0 100,0

Aktyubinsk 1,2 1,3 0,1 108,3

Almaty 6,4 6,6 0,2 103,1

Atyrau 0,4 0,4 0 100,0

East-Kazakhstan 2,4 2,4 0 100,0

Zhambyl 2,5 3,2 0,7 128,0

West-Kazakhstan 1,3 1,4 од 107,7

Karaganda 0,8 1 0,2 125,0

Kostanai 0,4 0,4 0 100,0

Kyzyl-Orda 0,4 0,4 0 100,0

Mangistau 0,5 0,5 0 100,0

Pavlodar 0,5 0,5 0 100,0

North-Kazakhstan 0,3 0,3 0 100,0

South-Kazakhstan 2,8 3,1 0 110,7

Republic of Kazakhstan 20,3 21,9 0,3 107,9

Table 7. Cattle and poultry number in 2002-2003.

Cattle 000 heads 5267,3 5629,3 362 106,9

Including: cows 2201,5 2324,6 123 105,6 000 heads

Sheep and goats 13959,7 15163,6 1203,9 108,6 000 heads

Pigs 000 heads 1517,6 1716,9 199,3 113,1

Horses 000 heads 1153 1216 63 105,5

Camels 000 heads 116,4 119,9 3,5 103

Poultry 26341,8 27849 1507,6 105,7 000 heads

Table 8. Cattle number in 2002-2003, 000 heads.

Cattle number as per: Cattle number as per Cattle number as per 01 . 06. 2003 +, agst 01. 06. 2003, in % to: Regions 01.06. 01. 01. 01. 05. 01. 06. 01. 06. 01. 01. 01. 05. 01. 06. 01. 01. 01.05 2002 2003 2003 2003 2002 2003 2003 2002 2003 2003 Akmola 446,3 371,3 448,4 457,6 11,3 86,3 9,2 102,5 123,2 102,1

Aktyubinsk 397 330,8 386,9 409 12 78,2 22,1 103,0 123,6 105,7

Almaty 629,8 549,5 652,1 677,5 47,7 128 25,4 107,6 123,3 103,9

Atyrau 123,1 111,4 125,1 131,4 8,3 20 6,3 106,7 118,0 105,0

East- 719,1 607,3 751,8 781,9 62,8 174,6 30,1 108,7 128,8 104,0 Kazakhstan Zhambyl 211,2 209,5 246,1 245,5 34,3 36 -0,6 116,2 117,2 99,8

West- 413,5 355,3 416,5 428,5 15 73,2 12 103,6 120,6 102,9 Kazakhstan Karaganda 402,8 334,3 406,4 441,2 38,4 106,9 34,8 109,5 132,0 108,6

Kostanai 470,1 447,3 461,8 473,9 3,8 26,6 12,1 100,8 105,9 102,6

Kyzyl- 182,4 170,2 182,6 186,2 3,8 16 3,6 102,1 109,4 102,0 Orda 7 6,2 6,9 7,2 0,2 1 0,3 102,9 116,1 104,3 Mangistau

Pavlodar 325,2 280,7 349,7 357,3 32,1 76,6 7,6 102,9 127,3 102,2

North- 431,6 311,9 431,3 441,8 10,2 129,9 10,5 102,4 141,6 102,4 Kazakhstan South- 527,6 462,2 544,3 592,5 64,9 130,3 48,2 112,3 128,2 108,9 Kazakhstan Astana 6,5 5,6 6,5 6,5 0 0,9 0 100,0 116,1 100,0 City Almaty 5 6 6,3 6,4 1,4 0,4 0,1 128,0 106,7 101,6 City Republic of 52,98,2 4559,5 5422,7 5644,4 346,2 1084,9 221,7 106,5 123,8 104,1 Kazakhstan

Table 9. Cows number in 2002-2003, 000 heads.

Cows number as per: Cows number as per Cows number as per Regions 01 . 06. 2003 +, agst 01 . 06. 2003, in % to 01.06. 01.01. 01.05. 01.06. 01.06. 0.1.01. 01.05. 01.06. 01.01. 01.05 2002 2003 2003 2003 2002 2003 2003 2002 2003 2003 Akmola 183,2 182,4 184,4 185,2 2 2,8 0,8 101,1 101,5 100,4

Aktyubinsk 163,1 158,7 162,9 166 2,9 7,3 3,1 101,8 104,6 101,9

Almaty 294,7 289,2 299,8 308,8 14,1 19,6 9 104,8 106,8 103,0

Atyrau 50,8 53 54 54,7 3,9 1,7 0,7 107,7 103,2 101,3

East- 258,6 271,3 276 277,7 19,1 6,4 1,7 107,4 102,4 100,6 Kazakhstan Zhambyl 92,5 99 99,6 100,6 8,1 1,6 1 108,8 101,6 101,0

West- 146,4 146,7 148,9 150,5 4,1 3,8 1,6 102,8 102,6 101,1 Kazakhstan Karaganda 161,8 163 178,1 190,5 28,7 27,5 12,4 117,7 116,9 107,0

Kostanai 215 211,3 214,8 216,2 1,2 4,9 1,4 100,6 102,3 100,7

Kyzyl- 69,9 70,6 70,7 71,3 1,4 0,7 0,6 102,0 101,0 100,8 Orda Mangistau 3,9 3,6 3,7 3,7 -0,2 0,1 0 94,9 102,8 100,0

Pavlodar 120,1 122,2 129,2 131,3 11,2 9,1 2,1 109,3 107,4 101,6

North- 192 156,9 191,8 196,6 4,6 39,7 4,8 102,4 125,3 102,5 Kazakhstan South- 228,1 237,8 241,7 244,8 16,7 7 3,1 107,3 102,9 101,3 Kazakhstan Astana 3,1 3,1 3,1 3,1 0 0 0 100,0 100,0 100,0 City Almaty 2,6 2,6 2,9 2,9 0,3 0,3 0 84,3 111,5 100,0 City Republic of 2185,8 2171,4 2261,6 2303,9 118,1 132,5 42,3 105,4 106,1 101,9 Kazakhstan Table 10. Pigs number in 2002-2003, 000 heads. Pigs number as per: Pigs number as per Pigs number as per Regions 01. 06. 2003 +, agst 01. 06. 2003,in% to 01.06. 01.01. 01.05. 01.06. 01. 06. 01.01. 01.05. 01.06. 01.01. 01.05 2002 2003 2003 2003 2002 2003 2003 2002 2003 2003 Akmola 234,9 195,1 230,8 249,4 14,5 54,3 18,6 106,2 127,8 108,1

109 80 95,3 114,4 5,4 34,4 19,1 105,0 143,0 120,0 Aktyubinsk

Almaty 236,3 129,4 211,3 253,9 17,6 124,5 42,6 107,4 196,2 120,2

Atyrau 0,5 0,7 0,7 0,8 0,3 0,1 0,1 160,0 114,3 114,3

East- 148,8 122,5 162,7 178,2 29,4 55,7 15,5 119,8 145,5 109,5 Kazakhstan 57,3 45,1 60,5 61,4 4,1 16,3 0,9 107,2 136,1 101,5 Zhambyl

West- 43,5 32 43,3 48,2 4,7 16,2 4,9 110,8 150,6 111,3 Kazakhstan 109,3 85,7 122,5 147,9 38,6 62,2 25,4 135,3 172,6 120,7 Karaganda

244,3 242,4 248,8 250,2 5,9 7,8 1,4 102,4 103,2 100,6 Kostanai

Kyzyl- 3,2 3,3 3,4 3,4 0,2 0,1 0 106,3 103,0 100,0 Orda 0,4 0,3 0,3 0,2 -0,2 -0,1 -0,1 50,0 66,7 66,7 Mangistau

89,6 81,9 119,4 125,1 35,5 43,2 5,7 139,6 152,7 104,8 Pavlodar

North- 196,8 1861,1 204 212,6 15,8 26,5 8,6 108,0 114,2 104,2 Kazakhstan South- 33,4 22,4 30,1 36 2,6 13,6 5,9 107,8 160,7 119,6 Kazakhstan Astana C. 2,3 1,3 2,5 2,5 0,2 1,2 0 108,7 192,3 100,0 Almaty C. 1,4 1,6 1,6 1,7 0,3 0,1 0,1 121,4 106,3 106,3 Rep. of 1511 1229,8 1537,2 1685,9 174,9 456,1 148,7 111,6 137,1 109,7 Kaz.

Table 11. Sheep and goats number in 2002-2003, 000 heads.

Sheep and goats number as per: Sheep, goats number Sheep, goats number Regions 01. 06. 2003 +, agst 01. 06. 2003. in % to 01.06. 01.01. 01.05. 01.06. 01.06. 0.1 01. 01.05. 01.06. 01.01. 01.05 2002 2003 2003 2003 2002 2003 2003 2002 2003 2003 Akmola 259,9 213,6 254,5 268,1 8,2 54,5 13,6 103,2 125,5 105,3

Aktyubinsk 923,4 712,9 878,3 966,1 42,7 253,2 87,8 104,6 135,5 110,0 Almaty 3047,7 2279,5 3068,4 3096,1 48,4 816,6 27,7 101,6 135,8 100,9 Atyrau 524,5 399,9 530,4 569 44,5 169,1 38,6 108,5 142,3 107,3 East- 4603,9 1227,2 1740,8 1809,8 205,9 582,6 69 112,8 147,5 104,0 Kazakhstan Zhambyl 1584,5 1375,8 1875,9 1879,9 295,4 504,1 4 118,6 136,6 100,2 West- 808,5 588,7 784,4 808,5 0 219,8 24,1 100,0 137,3 103,1 Kazakhstan Karaganda 950,2 704,8 948,8 1027,9 77,7 323,1 79,1 108,2 145,8 108,3

Kostanai 234 220,3 236,7 236,7 2,7 16,4 0 101,2 107,4 100,0

Kyzyl- 733 559,8 726,6 752,8 19,8 193 26,2 102,7 134,5 103,6 Orda Mangistau 462,2 366,2 452,4 469,8 7,6 103,6 17,4 101,6 128,3 103,8

Pavlodar 274,7 228,8 315 325,3 50,6 96,5 10,3 118,4 142,2 103,3

North- 181,7 148,6 169,2 205,4 23,7 56,8 36,2 113,0 138,2 121,4 Kazakhstan South- 2740,6 2244,4 3008 3067,3 326,7 822,9 59,3 111,9 136,7 102,0 Kazakhstan Astana C. 2,1 1,9 2,2 2,3 0,2 0,4 0,1 109,5 121,1 104,5 Almaty C. 0,6 0,6 0,6 0,7 0,1 од 0,1 116,7 116,7 116,7 Rep. of 14331,5 11273 14992,2 15485,7 1154,2 4212,7 493,5 108,1 137,4 103,3 Kaz.

Table 12. Horses number in 2002-2003, 000 heads. Horses number as per: Horses number as per Horses number as per Regions 01. 06. 2003 +, agst 01. 06. 2003,in% to 01.06. 01.01. 01.05. 01. 06. 01.06. 01. 01. 01.05. 01.06. 01.01. 01.05 2002 2003 2003 2003 2002 2003 2003 2002 2003 2003 Akmola 89 78,3 82,5 91 2 12,7 8,5 102,2 116,2 110,3

Aktyubinsk 64,5 58,7 61,2 66,4 1,9 7,7 5,2 102,9 113,1 108,5

Almaty 190,3 164,2 183,9 197,8 7,5 33,6 13,9 103,9 120,5 107,6 Atyrau 36,8 31 36,9 38,4 1,6 7,4 1,5 104,3 123,9 104,1 East- 133,2 118,6 133,6 142,9 9,7 24,3 9,3 107,3 120,5 107,0 Kazakhstan Zhambyl 64,5 57,6 66,4 68,5 4 10,9 2,1 106,2 118,9 103,2

West- 57 46,6 50,2 52 -5 5,4 1,8 91,2 111,6 103,6 Kazakhstan Karaganda 131,7 107,8 127,7 138,8 7,1 31 11,1 105,4 128,8 108,7

Kostanai 63,6 62,8 63,6 64,2 0,6 1,4 0,6 100,9 102,2 100,9

Kyzyl- 52,1 48,3 52,6 54,1 2 5,8 1,5 103,8 112,0 102,9 Orda Mangistau 28,7 25,6 28,4 29,7 1 4Д 1,3 103,5 116,0 104,6

Pavlodar 56,7 50,6 57 61,8 5,1 11,2 4,8 109,0 122,1 108,4

North- 81,6 68,9 76,4 88,4 6,8 19,5 12 108,3 128,3 115,7 Kazakhstan South- 110,8 99,5 117 120,4 9,6 20,9 3,4 108,7 121,0 102,9 Kazakhstan Astana C. 0,4 0,6 0,6 0,6 0,2 0 0 150,0 100,0 100,0 Almaty C. 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0 0 0 100,0 100,0 100,0 Rep. of 1161,1 1019,3 1138,2 1215,2 54,1 195,9 77 104,7 119,2 106,8 Kaz.

Table 13. Poultry number in 2002-2003, 000 heads. Regions Poultry number as per: Poultry number as per Poultry number as per 01. 06. 2003 +, agst 01. 06. 2003, in % to 01.06. 01.01. 01.05. 01.06. 01. 06. 0.1 01. 01.05. 01.06. 01.01. 01,05 2002 2003 2003 2003 2002 2003 2003 2002 2003 2003 Akmola 27,8,1 2536,9 2514,5 2884,7 97,6 347,8 370,2 103,5 113,7 114,7 Aktyubinsk 742,8 757,4 714,9 776,1 33,3 18,7 61,2 104,5 102,5 108,6 Almaty 5497,2 5800,1 5905,3 6266,8 769,6 466,7 361,5 114,0 108,0 106,1 Atyrau 49,1 36,9 37,3 36,8 -12,3 -0,1 -0,5 74,9 99,7 98,7 East- 3074,3 2710,3 2547,7 2739,2 -335,1 28,9 191,5 89,1 101,1 107,5 Kazakhstan Zhambyl 1236,1 1154,3 1156,2 1344,4 108,3 190,1 188,2 108,8 116,5 116,3 West- 439,4 473,5 444,1 507,2 67,8 33,7 63,1 115,4 107,1 114,2 Kazakhstan Karaganda 1965 1928,3 2117,1 2189,4 224,4 261,1 72,3 111,4 113,5 103,4 Kostanai 3200,5 3321,3 3289 3312,2 111,7 -9,1 23,2 103,5 99,7 100,7 Kyzyl-Orda 406,4 444,5 420,8 451,2 44,8 6,7. 30,4 111,0 101,5 107,2

Mangistau 20,2 6,9 6,3 6,3 -13,9 -0,6 0 31,2 91,3 100,0 Pavlodar 957,7 985,5 976,6 1073,2 115,5 87,7 96,6 112,1 108,9 109,9 North- 2376,6 1743,4 2041,6 2534,2 157,6 790,8 492,6 106,6 145,4 124,1 Kazakhstan South- 1698,9 1848,6 1919,9 2202,4 503,5 353,8 282,5 129,6 119,1 114,7 Kazakhstan Astana 15,2 13,5 11,8 21 5,8 7,5 9,2 138,2 155,6 178,0 City Almaty 34,9 29,2 28,2 28 -6,9 -1,2 -0,2 80,2 95,9 99,3 City Rep. of 24501,4 23791 24131 26373, 1 1871,7 2582,5 2241,8 107,6 110,9 109,3 Kaz.

3. Main farm animal breeds, raised in Kazakhstan.

4.1 Cattle.

The Kazakh white-headed breed. It has been raised by crossing the domestic Kazakh and partially Kalmyk cattle with Gereford breed animals. The Kazakh white-headed breed cattle is well-adapted to the continental climate conditions and use of natural pastures. It endures both heat and frosts, is quickly getting fattened and gives high weight growth. By the colour and type of constitution the animals of this breed bear resemblance to those of the Gereford breed. The cattle is not big ( the wither height in cows is 123-125 cm), with deep (70-73 cm) and wide (42-45 cm) chest; with the compact body building (the body length is 150-155 cm), with strong light skeleton (the metacarpus girth is 18-19 cm); the body is round and wide, with well-developed muscles. By winter the animals are getting overgrown with long thick hair. Calves’ weight is 27-30 kg, during the suction period, by the age of 8 months, they have the weight of 220-240 kg. Some cows reach the live weight of 780 kg, and bulls – 1100 kg. The Kazakh white-headed cattle has good meat quality and precocity. During grazing on natural pastures without any additional feeding one-and-a half-year-age bullocks give the weight growth of 800-900 g per day. Their meat quality is high. Adult cows on the best farms have the average weight of 450-570 kg, and bulls – 800-1000 kg. With good fattening, the live weight at slaughter reaches 63.1%, the fat yield – 40 kg and more. The skin weights up to 50 kg. The milk yield is 1500-2000 kg, with the milk fat content of 3.8-3.9%.

Fig.1. The breeding bull of the white-headed breed.

The Kalmyk breed. This breed cattle is characterized by strong constitution, the body building in the most of animals is good, their muscles are well-developed, the chest is deep and wide. Cows have the live weight of 400-500 kg and bulls – 700-800 kg. The colour of these animals is red, of different intensity, sometimes with a white stripe along the upper part of their body and with a white head. The animals often have white spots on the lower part of their body. The nose part is usually light. The head is small, the forehead is short, the horns are not long and are in the same plane with the forehead, the facial part of their head is prolonged, with the humpy nose profile. They are medium-sized animals ( the wither height in cows is 126 cm), with compact body building ( the slanting body length is 150-155 cm). The withers, the back and the small of the back are usually flat and wide. The chest is deep (69-70 cm), wide enough (41-42 cm), with a well-developed under-chest. The sacrum is a bit elevated sometimes. The legs are strong, built correctly. The muscles are well-developed. The udder is small. During the winter season the skin is covered with thick hair. At birth calves weigh 22-25 kg, by the age of 8 months young animals reach the live weight of 200-220 kg. The live weight of cows is 420- 450 kg, with some animals reaching 675 kg, the bulls weigh 750-850 kg, and some breeding males reach the weight of 1020 kg. When breeding intensively for meat, young Kalmyk breed animals give high weight growth and are characterized by good meat productivity: by the 16-18-month age they reach the weight of 320-420 kg. During grazing of one and a half year age bullocks, their average daily weight growth is 800-900 g. The animals are well-fattened on juicy and rough forages. Their live weight at slaughter is in the range of 55 and 60%, and in well-fattened oxen it is equal to 68%. Their meat is juicy. The milk yield of the Kalmyk cattle is low and is 1100-1500 kg. The milk fat content is from 4.1% to 4.5%. The lactaion period in cows does not usually exceed 8-9 months. At present the Kalmyk cattle is one of valuable aboriginal meat breeds.

Fig.2. The breeding bull of the Kalmyk breed.

The Aulieatin breed. The cattle of this breed was raised in the result of crossing Dutch breed bulls with the aboriginal Kazakh cattle, with the subsequent use of Estonian black-variegated breed bulls. The colour of this cattle is black- variegated or black, with some animals, having the white-coloured body with black ears and spots on their heads or the black-coloured body with a white head. Aulieatin breed cows are not high (the wither height is 124-125 cm), with a relatively prolonged body (the slanting body length is 148-152 cm), deep (64-67 cm), but not wide (33-38 cm) chest. The head is light, lean, with a prolonged facial part; the neck is thin, covered with small skin folds. The back and the small of the back are flat, straight, of medium width; the sacrum is a bit elevated. The skeleton is thin ( the metacarpus girth is 17.5-18.5 cm). The udder is of a medium size, with relatively uniformly developed segments. The skin is dense, elastic. The exterior defects include the narrow and roof-like croup, the irregular building of extremities. The live weight of calves at their birth is 26-32 kg; with good feeding, young animals’ weight by the age of 6 months is 150-170 kg. The milk yield is 2,700- 3,500 kg. The average fat content is 3.8%, reaching 5.4% in some cows. The Aulieatin cattle meat quality is satisfactory. When grazing and fattening the bullocks, their weight growth is up to 750-850 kg per day. The live weight of fattened animals at slaughter reaches 52-56%.

Fig.3. The cow of the Aulieatin breed.

The red steppe breed. This cattle was bred by crossing the red Ostfrisland cattle with the gray Ukrainian breed. The colour of these animals is red, varying from light-red to dark-red. Many cows have white spots- mainly on the lower part of their body. The bulls’ front and upper parts of the body are usually of a more dark colour. Though some animals and herds have the traits of the milk-and-meat cattle, most of red steppe breed cows are of the milk type and are characterized by the following exterior features. The animals are of medium height (the wither height in cows is 126-128 cm), with a bit deep and prolonged body (152-156 cm). The head is not big, light, a bit prolonged. The chest is deep (66-68 cm), of medium width (37-42 cm). The back and the small of the back are wide and long enough, the sacrum is a bit elevated. The skeleton is light ( the metacarpus girth is 17-19 cm). The udder is well-developed, of a round shape. The skin is thin, elastic, with small folds on the neck. The live weight of calves at their birth is 30-36 kg. With good feeding, the animals are characterized by high precocity, their weight by the age of 6 months is 160-180 kg, with the daily weight growth of 600-900 g. The live weight of cows is 460-520 kg and that of bulls – 750-850 kg. The body building of red steppe breed animals in breeding herds is on the whole satisfactory, though in some cases they have certain defects. Adult cows on breeding farms weigh about 450-500 kg, bulls – 800-900 kg; calves at their birth – 28-30 kg. Meat characteristics of the red steppe cattle are insufficiently developed. The milk yield is good: about 4,000- 4,500 kg. The milk fat content is not very high: about 3.6-3.7%.

The Alatau breed. This cattle was bred by crossing the Shvits breed with the Kirgiz cattle. It is characterized by the sufficiently high milk yield. The average milk yield is about 3,900 kg with the milk fat of 3.77%. The body building of animals is good. On most of farms cows weigh 500-550 kg, bulls – 800-900 kg, calves at their birth – 30-35 kg. Meat characteristics of the Alatau breed are quite satisfactory; the average live weight at slaughter is 50-55%.

Fig. 4. The breeding bull of the Alatau breed.

Fig. 5. The cow of the Alatau breed.

The Auliekol breed. The selection program included the raising and intra- breeding of three-breed hybrids of Sharolez, Aberdin-Angus bulls and white-headed breed cows. The third generation hybrids were intra-bred, the selection was carried out according to their meat productivity traits, exterior, type, fodder payment, milk yield, posterity quality and other productivity features. The animals of a new breed are characterized by the clearly defined meat type of their body building. The colour is mainly ashy and mousy of various tints (from light to dark). Characterized by good and long growth, they use efficiently the coarse and juicy fodder, are well- adapted to severe conditions of the North Kazakhstan. The live weight of cows is 540-550 kg and that of bulls – 900-1000 kg and more. In case of intensive breeding, by the age of 15 months the 3-breed bulls reach the live weight of 450-500 kg, and by the age of 18 months, with using 3,300-3,400 fodder units, 550-600 kg; the carcass weight at the age of 15 months is 250-260 kg, and at the age of 18 months it is 300-330 kg, with the live weight at slaughter being 58-64%, with using 6.0-6.5 fodder units per 1 kg of their live weight growth.

Fig. 6. The breeding bull of the Auliekol breed. The Simental breed. This cattle is one of the oldest cultured breeds, widely spread in many countries of Europe and Asia. The Simental cattle was bred in Kazakhstan in 1932-1959 by crossing Kazakh, Kalmyk and red steppe breeds with Simental bulls, imported from the breeding farms of Russia and Ukraine, and then - from Austria, Switzerland and FRG. The main range of this breed includes Pavlodar, East-Kazakhstan and Ural regions. These animals are well-adapted to grazing on natural pastures of arid steppe and semi-desert zones; they are characterized by high milk yield, combined with high meat quality. On breeding farms the average milk yield of these cows is equal to 3,200-3,600 kg annually, with the milk fat content being 3.8-4.0%; the average milk yield of the cows from the selection group is 5,500-6,000 kg. Young animals inherited from the aboriginal cattle the ability to quick fattening on natural pastures. The black-variegated cattle – the intensive milk type breed. This cattle was bred in Kazakhstan from the animals, imported from the Baltic countries and the European part of Russia, and also on the basis of the absorbing and reproducing crossing of aboriginal breed animals. This breed is spread in the rural areas of almost all regions of the Republic. The animals have the high potential of milk productivity and are very exacting to the feeding level and fodder quality. With good feeding, their milk yield reaches 5,000 kg and more. The animals are characterized by high live weight: the live weight of cows is 550-600 kg and that of bulls – 800-900 kg. Young animals have a high growth rate: even with moderate feeding , by the age of 12 months young bulls reach the live weight of 350-370 kg and heifers - 290-300 kg.

The Santa-Hertruda breed. This cattle is bred in the south-eastern area of Kazakhstan. These animals are well-adapted to the hot climate, efficiently using the rough-stalked vegetation near ponds, are resistant to blood-parasite diseases. These features became the ground for their wide use in crossing with the cattle of aboriginal populations. In the result of work, carried out for many years, the hybrids were raised, including the high-blood ones, the animals of the desired productivity were determined, by the intra-breeding of which the new type of the Zhetysu meat cattle was raised.

Fig. 7. The cow of the Santa-Hertruda breed. The Galloway breed. The characteristic feature of this breed is its good adaptation to breeding in the mountains. In relation to this, to create the branch of mountain meat animal breeding in Kazakhstan, in 1962-1978 47 young bulls and 172 heifers of the Galloway breed were imported from England. By 1990 the number of this breed in Kazakhstan reached 23,000 heads, incl. over 7,500 heads of pure-bred animals. As it was shown by the results of studies, carried out for many years, in crossing Galloway animals with the aboriginal cattle, raised in mountainous regions of Kazakhstan, the share of improved breeds increased by about 15-20%, with the considerable improvement of quality characteristics of beef, produced in slaughtering the hybrid animals.

Fig. 8. Animals of the Galloway breed on the pasture.

4.2 Sheep.

The Edilbai breed. The Edilbai breed of fat-rumped sheep was bred by selection and subsequent breeding of the most productive aboriginal fat-rumped sheep. This breed is the biggest one among fat-rumped sheep breeds, bred in Kazakhstan. Edilbai sheep are characterized by strong constitution , correct body building, with a wide and deep body and a well-developed rump. They are well- adapted to breeding under the conditions of semi-desert and desert areas of Kazakhstan. The average live weight of Edilbai rams is 100-105 kg, and that of females – 75, reaching 80 kg in some flocks. Edilbai sheep are characterized by high precocity and growth rate. By the age of two weeks the lambs double their weight, in 37 days their weight increases 4 times, and by the age of three months - 7 times. The colour of Edilbai sheep is mainly red and brown, some animals have black wool. By the wool yield and wool quality these sheep exceed greatly all other breeds of Kazakh fat-rumped sheep. Their fertility is about 110-120 lambs per 100 females. The females have high milk yield, ensuring quick growth and development of young animals. The best flocks of Edilbai sheep are concentrated on the farms of the West-Kazakhstan region.

Fig. 9. The female sheep of the Edilbai breed.

The Kazakh fat-rumped breed. It is characterized by big layers of fat on the sacrum tail part (the rump). The sheep of this breed are characterized by well- developed skeleton, relatively long extremities, wide and deep chest, a prolonged body with a high-elevated rump. Females are hornless, rams are often hornless too. Females weigh 80-85 kg. The fat weight in their rump is usually 18-20 kg. The extremities, head, belly and the lower part of their neck are covered with short hair.

The Karakul breed. The lambskin orientation in sheep breeding is existing since ancient times. The lambskin is obtained from lambs, killed on the 1st-3rd days after their birth. Karakul female sheep weigh 45-50 kg, rams- 65-88 kg, the best ones- 90-100 kg. The sheep are sheared twice per year, the fleece weight per each sheep is 1.5-2.5 kg in spring and 0.7-1.3 kg in autumn. Karakul sheep have a relatively big foetus: the live weight of female lambs at their birth is 4.0-4.5 kg, and that of ram lambs – 4.5-5.0 kg. Among karakul breed sheep there are the following constitution types: strong, tender, overdeveloped and rough. A light and a bit hump- nosed head, a relatively light well-built body, high and thin feet with strong hoofs and a fat tail – these are some exterior traits of this breed, characterizing it as a typically desert animal. For 30 years (1970-2000) 14 highly productive farm types of karakul sheep ( 6 black , 4 gray and 4 sour ones), 33 lines and one breed of the lambskin, meat and fat productivity, having no analogues in the world practice, were bred and introduced into production.

Fig. 10. The female sheep of the Karakul breed with lambs.

The Atyrau fat-rumped sheep breed of the lambskin, meat and fat productivity. The Atyrau breed was raised in 1974-1998 by complex reproductive crossing of Kazakh fat-rumped rough-wool and Edilbai females with Sourkhandaria and Karakalpak intrabreed type sour karakul rams, with the subsequent intra- breeding of the second generation hybrids. In the breed structure there are 4 farm lines of prominent tupping rams. The breed is characterized by high lambskin, meat and fat productivity, good reproductivity, exceptionally good adaptation to the all- year-round pasture grazing in the desert and semi-desert area. In their meat and fat productivity Atyrau breed sheep are as good as Kazakh rough-wool ones, and in their washed fleece yield they exceed them by 322 g. The live weight of rams is 87-103 kg, and that of females – 58-66 kg. Atyrau breed sheep have bronze, amber and platinum colours – the most bright ones among other colours of the sour colouration karakul. By exterior, the animals are closer to fat- rumped sheep.

Fig. 11. The breeding ram and lambs of the Atyrau breed.

The Kazakh fine-fleece breed. It is the first domestic breed of the meat and wool orientated productivity. As the improving breed for crossing with Kazakh fat- rumped sheep there were taken preco sheep, characterized by good meat and wool productivity and precocity, having the average live weight of 90.1 kg and the fleece weight of 6,1 kg. The ultimate purpose was to provide that the new breed preserved valuable traits of local sheep and at the same time inherited from precos their meat forms and fine fleece of Quality 64. During selection and breeding mainly the second generation sheep with the uniform fine and semi-fine fleece were chosen. The animals, corresponding to the desired type, were intrabred. The posterity was thoroughly evaluated. The best female sheep were kept in special flocks, where they were picked out individually. The tupping rams were evaluated according to their posterity quality, and only those, which were highly evaluated, were allowed to be used. Kazakh fine fleece breed sheep have high meat and fleece yield, the average live weight of females on the Mynbayev breeding farm in autumn is 65.0-66.5 kg, and that of rams –109-118 kg. Lambs at their birth weigh 3.5-5.0 kg. This breed is characterized by high precocity: at the age of 4 months ram lambs weigh 32-39 kg, and female sheep – 30-32 kg. The fleece weight of tupping rams is 12-14 kg and that of elite females – 5-6 kg , the fineness of their fleece is of Quality 60-64, in tupping rams Quality 58 is permissible, the fleece length in rams is 9-10 cm, in females – 8-9 cm, the fertility is good: every 100 females give birth to 130-150 lambs. The average fleece weight on breeding farms is 4.5-5.0 kg in the unwashed form.

Fig. 12. The female sheep of the Kazakh fine fleece breed.

The North-Kazakh merino. It was bred by the complex reproductive crossing of the imported to Irtysh region Mazai and New-Caucasian merinos and their hybrids from crossing of local rough-wool sheep with Ramboulie rams, and then Askaniya, Altai, Askaniya-Caucasian, Grozny breeds, with the subsequent intra- breeding of the desired animals. After approbation, to increase the merino fleece production, Australian merinos were used. To improve the fleece quality and to increase the washed fleece weight, during many years the crossing of these sheep with Australian merinos is being carried out. The strong constitution and adaptability to natural-climatic conditions of the basic breed are preserved completely. In the clean fleece weight, its yield, length and levelling, the best indices are in ¾-blood females. Australian merinos hybrids of different blood type exceed the pure-bred ones in their fleece weight by 0.20-0.48 kg. On the basis of the data revealed, it is recommended to use Australian merinos in the flock of North-Kazakh merino sheep till raising 25-62.5% of 1/8, 3/8 and 5/8-blood animals.

Fig. 13. The breeding ram of the North-Kazakh merino.

The South-Kazakh merino. South-Kazakh merinos – the first fine-fleece wool and meat productivity sheep breed in Kazakhstan, raised for breeding in the southern part of the Republic. The basic material for raising the new breed were fine-fleece and rough-wool hybrids, bred by the absorbing crossing of Kazakh rough- wool females with fine-fleece rams mainly of wool-meat and wool productivity: New-Caucasian, Caucasian, Altai, Soviet, Stavropol and Grozny merinos. This breed is the best one in its adaptability to specific conditions. These animals are unpretentious, agile, capable to endure long migrations to season pastures in arid areas, getting well-fattened in summer on the mountains at the altitude of up to 3,000 m and in winter in sandy deserts on sparse fodder pastures. Their fertility in the best flocks reaches 120-140 lambs per 100 females, and in meat productivity they exceed many breeds of the analogous productivity.

Fig. 14. The breeding ram of the South-Kazakh merino.

The South-Kazakh arkharomerino. This breed is raised by crossing fine- fleece females with wild rams- arkhars. By their appearance and anatomic- morphological traits, Kazakh arkharomerino sheep differ from the basic and modern types of fine-fleece sheep and are big enough, well-built animals. The characteristic features of their body building include the relatively broad chest with the advanced chest bone; the strong body with good meat forms and well-built legs; short ears, a well developed neck, strong hoofs; the legs are built in a specific way: the external angle of the springing joint is very well developed, which gives the animals high springing ability when they are running and jumping, the forefeet are a bit closed in their knee joints. Arkharomerinos have high precocity, high milk yield, high fertility and meat productivity. The average live weight of rams is 90-100 kg, with that of the best ones up to 150 kg, the average live weight of females is 60-65 kg, with that of the best ones up to 90 kg. The lambs at the age of 4-5 months weigh already 33-36 kg, with the daily weight growth of up to 225-270 g. Young sheep at the age of 1.5 years reach 85-86% of the adult sheep weight. The live weight of fattened gelded rams at slaughter is 53%, with the carcass weight of 37 kg, including the internal fat. The fertility is 130-140 lambs per 100 females.

Fig. 15. The female sheep of the Arkharomerino breed.

Fig. 16. The tupping ram of the Arkharomerino breed.

The Kazakh semi-fine-fleece breed of sheep with cross-bred wool. The Kazakh semi-fine fleece breed of sheep with cross-bred wool of two zonal types and 7 farm lines was raised by complex reproductive crossing on the multi-breed basis with using 5 breeds simultaneously at the beginning stage: Lincoln, Romni-Mash, Border- Leister and Tien-Shan rams; Kazakh fine-fleece or fine-fleece and rough-wool hybrid females. It is characterized by the following traits: the high wool density and yield (the average fleece weight is 11.3 kg, with the washed fleece weight being 7.1 kg), the medium body size (the live weight is 106 kg), the cross-bred wool (the length is 21 cm), with the maximum live weight of up to 123 kg. Lambs are big and overgrown with good wool at their birth, the live weight of ram lambs is 4.0-4.5 kg and that of female lambs – 3.8-4.3 kg. Female sheep are characterized by high fertility: their average fertility is 128.1%.

Fig. 17. The female sheep of the Kazakh semi-fine fleece breed. The Sary-Arka fat-rumped rough-wool sheep breed. These sheep give the high-quality mutton and white and light-gray rough wool. The breed has two farm types: the Sary-Su farm type and the Zhana-Arka farm type, differing mainly in their wool quality and some exterior traits. The animals of both types are strong in their constitution; their fleece is of a tress structure, consisting of the down, hair and basic fibers; their rump is medium-sized; the live weight of adult rams is 96-100 kg and that of females- 67-70 kg, the washed fleece weight is 2.5-2.7 kg and 1.4-1.7 kg, correspondingly; the fertility of females is 105-115%; the milk yield is 120-150 kg. During the suction period lambs have up to 127g weight growth. Over 90% of sheep are concentrated on private farms, which enables to increase the number of sheep and to raise the level of their productivity.

Degeress sheep. It is the unique, rare breed, combining the semi-fine fleece with a fat rump. It has been bred for several decades. First experiments were started in 1914: Kazakh fat-rumped female sheep were crossed with English Shropshire meat semi-fine-fleece breed rams. The introductory crossing with precos, the offspring of fat-rumped females and preco rams, was also applied. The live weight of Degeress sheep is 101-110 kg, with that of females being 58-63 kg. Their fleece is semi-fine, cross-bred, its length in rams is 12-17 cm and in females- over 9 cm, the fleece fineness is of Quality 48-50. As a valuable genofund, this breed gives good results in interbreed crossing with local rough-wool fat-rumped sheep. The hybrids with semi- rough wool of light tints are characterized by excellent mutton quality.

Fig. 18. The tupping ram of the Degeress fat-rumped breed.

Fig. 19. The ram of the Kazakh Kargalin type fat-rumped breed.

Hampshire fat-rumped sheep. These animals have the following minimum productivity indices: at the age of 4 months the live weight of female lambs is not less than 28 kg and that of ram lambs – 30 kg; at the age of 12 months it is 35-40 kg; the fleece weight is 2.8-3.5 kg, with the clean fleece weight being 1.7-2.0 kg, having the length of 8.5-9.5 cm. Adult animals have the following indices: rams: 85 kg, 4.5 kg and 2.5 kg; 9 cm; females: 50 kg, 3.3 kg and 2.0 kg; 8 cm.

Fig. 20. The Hampshire female sheep with lambs.

The Kazakh meat and wool breed. Animals of this breed are well-adapted to the conditions of deserts and semi-deserts in the south-eastern part of Kazakhstan. The fertility of females is 120-130%, the live weight is 58-60 kg, the fleece weight is 3.5-4.0 kg. Lambs at the age of 4.0-4.5 months weigh 30-32 kg, are characterized by good fattening and meat quality. At he age of 8 months the carcass weight is 20-22 kg, the fodder consumption per 1 kg of the live weight growth is 6.3-6.5 kg fodder units.

Fig. 21. The female sheep of the Kazakh meat and wool breed.

The Akzhaik breed. Under the conditions of West Kazakhstan, in 1996, with using the original method, one more meat and wool semi-fine-fleece breed with cross- bred wool was raised – the Akzhaik breed. The method used was complex multi- breed reproductive crossing of fine-fleece and semi-fine-fleece rough-wool females with Lincoln and Romni-Mash rams, having ¼ : ¾ blood of these breeds. In the course of intrabreeding the second generation desired type hybrids, the Akzhaik breed was raised, in which the share of Lincoln and Romni-Mash sheep was 56.5%. The number of sheep of this breed by the moment of approbation was over 400,000. In future the selection and breeding work will be in further increasing the number of this breed, improving the quality of its products, raising high-productive farm types.

Fig. 22. The ram of the Akzhaik meat and wool breed.

The Kazakh fat-rumped semi-rough-wool sheep breed. Kazakh fat-rumped semi-rough-wool sheep are characterized by strong constitution, regular forms of body-building, well-developed skeleton, well-built strong extremities, strong hoofs, enabling to range for a long time on pastures. The average live weight of adult rams is 90-112 kg, females – 58-62 kg, year-and a half-age female sheep –48-52 kg; the washed fleece weight is 2.6-3.0, 1.7-2.0 and 1.5-1.8 kg, correspondingly. The live weight of lambs at weaning is 38.57%, at the age of 1.5 years – 69.93% of the adult animal weight, which shows their high precocity. Animals of this breed are characterized by a good combination of semi-rough white and light-gray wool with high meat and fat yield and exclusive adaptability to the all-year-round pasturing in arid steppe, semi-desert and desert areas of Kazakhstan.

4.3. Goats.

The Soviet wool breed. Goats of the Soviet wool breed, raised in Kazakhstan, in comparison with similar animals, raised in other Central-Asian republics, are characterized by better productivity and higher live weight. According to minimum requirements, the live weight of male goats and female goats in the Kazakh population is 65-70 kg and 38-40 kg, and the wool weight – 3.4-4.0 kg and 2.0-2.5 kg, while in other populations they are 50-55 kg and 35-37 kg, 3.0-4.0 kg and 1.5-2.0 kg, correspondingly. In pure breeding , with using advanced goat breeding technologies, the number of wool goats in the East-Kazakhstan region was brought up to 40,000. In selection flocks the live weight of females was 38-40 kg, the wool weight – 1.6-1.75 kg. Certain genotypic features, namely: higher size and live weight, caused the higher demand for young animals, exported abroad in the amount of over 1,000 heads. The productive quality of the Kazakh wool goat population is high.

Fig. 23. The female goat of the Soviet wool breed.

Kazakh rough-wool goats. Their colour is mainly black (about 80%), the wool is mainly consisting of the short down and long hair, with the down content being in the range of 23.6% and 32.2%. The down weight of brown, red and other coloured goats is higher, than that of black goats: 190-266 g against 143-147 g. This breed of combined productivity was used mainly as the basic improved flock in the interbreed crossing when breeding the flocks of specialized down and milky goats. Meanwhile, the fineness of their down (up to 16-17 mcm) is better meeting the requirements of the world market, which determines high potentialities for the republic in exporting the fine-fleece Kashmir down to the world market due to the pure-bred goat selection. Hybrid fleece goats. Hybrids from crossing local goats with Soviet wool breed goats are raised at the former state farm ”Taugeliksky”, Kegen district and at the former state farm ”Syugatinsky”, Chilic district, Almaty region, where their number is 3,500 and 1,000 heads, correspondingly. In the breed relation they are represented now by the second and third generation hybrids, so the fleece weight in females of the desired type is a bit lower, than in pure-bred goats: 1.6-1.9 kg, with the maximum being 2.8 kg, the live weight of females is 36-40 kg. Minimum requirements to the fleece weight of hybrid goats are 20% lower, than those to pure- bred animals.

4.4. Pigs.

The big white breed. Pigs of the big white breed are characterized by a small head with a wide forehead. Their ears are thin, directed upwards, forward and to the sides; the neck is muscular; the crest is broad; the chest is deep and wide; the back is straight; the small of the back and the sacrum are broad; hams are round, descending to the springing joints; legs are strong, lean, well-built; the skin is dense, elastic, without folds; the bristle is white, long and smooth. Pigs of this breed are big, with a bit prolonged body in the middle, on short legs. Three-year-age breeding females weigh about 220-280 kg, males – 300-350 kg, and some breeding males – 500 kg. Big white breed females are characterized by high fertility and milk yield. Each female usually gives birth to 10-12 piglets, weighing 1.0-1.3 kg, but sometimes there are 14-16 piglets, with the maximum number registered being 32. The milk yield of females is 60-70 kg and more. Pigs of this breed are characterized by high precocity and, under normal breeding and feeding conditions, by high weight growth rates.

The Semirechensk breed. This breed is characterized by medium dimensions and the meat-and fat type of their body building, with strong constitution, medium body length, satisfactorily formed hams. These animals are characterized by intensive metabolism and good adaptability. The average live weight of adult male pigs (24 months and older) is 276 kg, their body length is 168 cm (maximum 360 kg and 187 cm). The breed is characterized by high precocity, the 100 kg weight of young pigs during the control breeding for 200-225 days can be considered satisfactory for pig breeding farms of Kazakhstan. The average live weight of adult male pigs is 298 kg and that of female pigs – 221 kg, their body length is 156 cm, with the average daily weight growth rate being 692 kg and the fodder consumption of 3.87 fodder units per 1 kg of weight growth rate. The meat yield is 57%, the fat thickness over the 6th and 7th chest vertebrae is 3-4 cm, the ham weight is 10.5 kg, the carcass length is 91 cm. The posterity of the best combinations of male pigs and female pigs reaches 100 kg at the age of 185 days. The Semirechensk breed of pigs has stable inheritance, is consolidated, adapted to breeding under extreme conditions.

Fig. 24. The female pig of the Semirechensk breed.

The Ukrainian white steppe breed. Pigs of this breed are big, of strong constitution, mostly of the meat and fat type. Their head is relatively small, narrow in the forehead, with big, a bit descending to the eyes ears. Piglets at their birth weigh about 1.1-1.3 kg. Adult female pigs weigh 230-260 kg and male pigs – 300- 350 kg. The fertility of females is 10-12 piglets, the milk yield – 65 kg and higher. Pigs of this breed give the products of good quality , with the average daily weight growth rate of 500-800 g. The weight at slaughter after meat fattening is 77-78%, with the fodder consumption of 4.5 fodder units per 1 kg of their weight growth rate.

The Aksai black-variegated breed. Pigs of the Aksai black-variegated breed are characterized by high productivity: the live weight of adult male pigs is 320-360 kg with their body length of 172-176 cm, and the live weight of female pigs is 230- 260 kg with their body length of 156-160 cm. Aksai pigs are characterized by high fertility (11-13 piglets), high milk yield (48-54 kg) and good adaptability to pasturing, they have pigmented skin and bristle, which determines their adaptation to the arid and hot climate. The breed of black-variegated pigs was raised by crossing 5 lines: Drachun 412, Solovei 393, Smaragd 219, disc 3, Skakun 423, and by method of the reverse introductory crossing with Berkshires the line of Svat 179 was raised, characterized by the increased precocity. In the result of selection the fat thickness in black-variegated female pigs with the live weight of 100 kg was brought up to 3.2-3.6 cm. According to the data of the 1980 breed reaccounting, the number of Aksai pigs in the southern and south-eastern areas of Kazakhstan reached 10789 heads. The main population of black-variegated pigs was on the farms of Almaty, Shymkent and Zhambyl regions.

4.5. Horses.

The Kustanai breed. This breed was raised by absorption crossing of Kazakh mares with Kalmyk, Don, Strelets and Orlov-Rastopchin male horses, and their hybrid mares - with pure-bred riding breeding males. In the result of complex reproductive crossing the riding horse was raised – big enough and frisky. The Kustanai breed is referred to the group of semi-blood riding-team breeds, is of a sufficiently dense body building type, characteristic for a steppe horse. These are animals of lean constitution, with strong tendon-chord apparatus and harmonic body- building. The head is small, the back is flat and wide, the small of the back is short, the croup is medium-sized, well-muscled. The chest is deep, the shoulder-blade is long, slanting, the ribs are long and round. The extremities are correctly built, the hoofs are strong. The colour of these horses is mainly red and bay of various tints, sometimes auburn with a golden tint and black. Kustanai horses are characterized by many years of living and fertility, big strength, exclusive stamina and high activity for different distances. It is valued as an improver of the local Kazakh breed.

Fig. 25. The male horse of the Kustanai breed. The riding type.

The Jabe type Kazakh horse. In central regions of the republic special Jabe type horses were raised. Jabe horses are big in dimensions and live weight. Their head is proportional, with well-developed jaw muscularity, wide in the forehead . Ears are small, the crest is normal, in some horses - short. The neck is medium-sized, usually of low building, in some horses – of medium building. The withers are muscular, usually low, the back is straight, wide, the small of the back is well- muscled. The chest is wide and deep, with roundish ribs. The shoulder-blade is short, well-built. The croup is a bit short. The fertility of mares reaches 95% and over. Females have, as a rule, high milk yield: their daily milk yield for 2-3 month lactation is 15-20 L and higher, with using the pasture fodder only. Jabe horses are characterized by quick fattening ability. After 50-60 days of spring fattening, the mares, having spent a hard winter, being fattened below the medium level, increase their weight by 70-100 kg and reach the highest condition. The meat yield of Jabe horses is high enough. Each adult animal gives the 220-240 kg carcass with the weight at slaughter being 55-57%. Jabe horses are famous for their high meat quality: juiciness and excellent taste.

Fig. 26. The male horse of the Jabe type.

The Adayev breed. The Adayev horse is characterized by the light lean head, lively widely-placed eyes, agile straight ears. The neck is straight, thin, long and high enough. The withers are well-defined, the back is usually straight, with a good upper line, the body is deep, with roundish ribs, the croup is often hanged down, but its muscularity is well-developed. Forefeet are correctly built, joints are well-developed, tendons are clearly visible. The skin is dense, with moderate overgrowing. Colours are various: bay, red, black, gray, isabelline, grayish-brown. The meat yield of Adayev horses is not high. Three year old gelded horses give the 180-200 kg carcass, with the weight at slaughter being 54-55%. The average daily milk yield of Adayev mares is 8-12 L and higher, depending on the month of lactation and the condition of pastures. These horses are well-adapted to the conditions of southern deserts. Having at their disposal only sparse pasture vegetation all the year round, Adayev mares are characterized by good fertility: up to 90% and higher. The foal yield per 100 mares is 85-90%. The foals are big enough at their birth: about 40 kg, and by the age of 6 months they reach 180 kg in their live weight. By the age of 4 years young stallions have the live weight of over 370 kg and young mares – 360 kg.

The Kushum breed. When raising this breed, at first local Kazakh mares were crossed with stallions of the following farm breeds: the Orlov breed, the Russian trotting breed, the pure-blood riding breed. Then on trotting-Kazakh and riding- Kazakh hybrids the stallions of the Don breed were used. Three-breed hybrids most completely met the requirements to the riding-team horse, had good height and were adapted well enough to living in the herd. Average dimensions of Kushum stallions are as follows (cm): the wither height is 160.1, the slanting body length is 163.2, the chest girth is 192.2, the metacarpus girth is 20.9. The live weight of Kushum stallions is over 600 kg. The live weight of adult Kushum mares is 492 kg. The milk yield of mares is 14-22 L per day, their fertility is 85-90%. The meat of Kushum horses is of good quality, their live weight at slaughter is 52-54%.

The Karabair breed. Genetically, this breed is the product of crossing southern (desert) type (Turkmen, Arab, Persian) horses with steppe (Mongolian and Kazakh) horses. This breed is characterized by lean constitution, lean joints, thin elastic skin, a medium-sized head, often with a humpy nose, expressive eyes, powerful temperament, and often “Arab” tail. The neck is relatively long, muscular, the withers are high, the back is wide, short and firm, the small of the back is flat, the croup is roundish, sometimes hanging down, extremities are lean, springing joints are closed, hoofs are firm. The chest is deep, but not broad enough, the shoulder-blade is of a medium length, the tail overgrowing is not high. The colour is mainly bay, gray or red; there are also grayish-brown, black, spotted and isabelline colours. This breed is characterized by the exclusive strength of constitution and good adaptation to living in the herd under the continental climate conditions.

The Mugalzhar breed. This breed was raised by simple reproductive crossing of local horses with Jabe stallions. Horses of the Mugalzhar breed are characterized by good adaptation to the all-year-round pasturing, high meat and milk yield. The live weight of breeding stallions is 480-500 kg and higher and that of mares – 430- 450 kg and higher, their live weight at slaughter reaches 55-60%, the milk yield of mares is 14-16 L, the fertility of females is 90-95%.

4.6. Camel.

The Turkmen dromedary. Dromedaries are characterized by the head with a very prominent narrow forehead, prolonged facial bones, forming the humpy nose profile. The neck of the Turkmen dromedary is long and very agile, with strong and well-developed musculature. When connecting with the body, the neck is merging with the high bent withers, the edge of which is connecting with the hump’s basis; the body is deep, dense, relatively short; the chest pad is well-developed, long and broad. The hump of fattened camels is rounded towards the top in a cone, protruding 30-40 cm over the back; roundish at the basis, it can be a bit pressed from the sides. Turkmen dromedaries have long extremities, and, on the whole, their body is very well adapted to carrying loads. Turkmen dromedaries, being south latitude animals, due to the climate of their range, are not very much overgrown with wool. The wool weight is only 1.0-3.0 kg. One of the biological characteristics of dromedaries is the high milk yield of female camels (up to 15 L, usually 3-8 L). The gestation length is 13 months.

Fig. 27. The Turkmen dromedary.

The Kazakh Bactrian. This breed is most widely spread in Kazakhstan (90,000 heads) – over 90% of the whole breed. Now the Kazakh breed is raised everywhere, especially in the south and west of the Republic. The genetic structure of this breed under different handling conditions is not identical in sizes and types: there are both big and small camels, belonging to different types of the population of two-humped Kazakh Bactrian breed camels. In general, these animals are not so big, as Kalmyk camels, having the body of a medium size and characterized by the greater depth of their chest and greater body girth. This feature is most characteristic for them. In the population of this breed there are Ural-Bukeyev, Kyzylorda and South-Kazakhstan types, which differ in their size, body building and productivity.

Fig. 28. The female camel of the meat and wool type Kazakh Bactrian breed.

Fig.29. The female camel of the milk type Kazakh Bactrian breed.

4.7. Poultry.

Leghorn. Leghorns are characterized by tender and dense constitution; they are very temperamental and brisk. Their vitality is very high. At the age of one year these hens weigh 1.6-1.7 kg and roosters – 2.3-2.6 kg. Hens have high precocity and fertility, giving 200-240 eggs per year. Their average weight is 57-60 g. The egg production in the best lines of this poultry breed is 270 eggs and more, with the egg weight being 60 g and higher. Hybrid hens of some crosses, bred by crossing under a separate scheme of the poultry of compatible lines of this breed, give 320-365 eggs per year, i.e. in fact they produce eggs every day.

Alatau cross hens of the egg productivity. These hens were bred in 1967 on the basis of using the genetic materials of 12 egg hen lines of the white leghorn breed of the Canadian, German, Dutch and Japanese origin. The A-1 Father Line, by its constitution and exterior, is the brightly expressed egg type of the white leghorn hen breed. It is well-compatible with the A-2 Mother Line and is characterized by early maturity. The A-2 Mother Line is characterized by high egg weight and yield, good vitality of chickens and egg laying hens in the cage restraint. In comparison with Line A-1, it has an advantage in its reproductive characteristics and yield of breed products. When crossing the Line, the heterosis takes place: by egg yield per each beginning egg laying hen – 3.0-3.9%; per each average egg laying hen – 3.0-3.2%; by egg weight yield –2.5-5.1% and by vitality of chickens – 3.2-3.8%, correspondingly. The hybrids from crossing A-1 and A-2 Lines have the following yield indices: egg yield per each average egg laying hen for 72 weeks of life – 260.1 eggs, per each beginning egg laying hen – 232.4 pieces; egg weight production per 1 average egg laying hen – 16-18 kg, fodder consumption per 10 eggs – 1.7 kg, per 1 kg of egg weight – 2.99 kg; the productivity of each egg laying hen per 600 g of egg weight is higher without any additional costs.

Fig. 30. The Alatau cross hen.

Bronze turkeys. When breeding them, wild American turkeys were crossed with black English turkeys. The feathering of these turkeys is black, shot with bronze; on flapping feathers of their wings and covering feathers of their tails there are gray-white and grayish-brown cross strips. the weight of turkey-hens is 9 kg and that of turkey-cocks – 16 kg. The egg yield is 80-90 eggs.

The Peking breed. Ducks of this breed are characterized by white feathering, with well-defined meat type features. They originate from China. On farms this poultry is bred in different populations and lines. Ducklings at the age of 55 days weigh 2.2-2.3 kg; the fodder consumption per 1 kg of their weight growth is 3.3-3.4 kg. Their egg yield per 1 cycle of egg laying is 120-130 eggs. Adult ducks weigh 3.5 kg and drakes – 4 kg.

High-productive Medeo cross ducks. The first domestic cross of Medeo was raised on the basis of 2 Cherry-Welly duck lines, imported in 1971. New M-1 and M- 2 farm lines differ from domestic lines and populations in better egg yield, vitality, duckling live weight and fodder payment by their production. They are characterized by specific inherited traits of productivity and good compatibility. The crossing of M- 1 and M-2 lines provides the meat yield growth up to 316 kg, i.e. by 9%. Introduction of Medeo cross ducks on domestic poultry farms enabled to increase the meat production per 1 egg laying duck against that of earlier bred populations by 80 kg.

Arman cross ducks. In the course of control tests of Medeo cross ducks on the farms and International competitions, the genetic-productive potential of this poultry was revealed, lowering it competitiveness on the market of breeding products, which determined the necessity of making substantial corrections into the Program of profound selection and breeding work with poultry for the purpose of increasing its fertility, preserving the high rate of its young posterity growth, combined with low fodder consumption per 1 unit of its live weight growth. On the basis of the analysis of Medeo cross ducks’ productivity data, there were developed certain parameters and the purpose-oriented work was started to breed new farm lines, the crossing of which could provide the raising of young ducks, having the live weight of 3.2-3.3 kg, with the fodder consumption per 1 kg of their live weight growth, not exceeding 3 kg, raising of not less than 75% young ducks and the egg yield per 1 egg laying duck, being equal to 185 pieces and higher. High productive characteristics of Arman cross ducks were confirmed by numerous tests. On the whole, the meat yield per 1 egg laying duck for 40 weeks of egg laying will be 455.3 kg, i.e. 138.8 kg or 43.8% higher, than that of Medeo cross ducks. Arman cross ducks became widely spread in different regions of Kazakhstan.

Fig. 31. The Arman cross duck. Fig. 32. The Medeo cross duck.

In conclusion, it should be marked, that in Kazakhstan there are highly productive domestic breeds of farm animals, giving meat, milk, wool, eggs, etc., adapted to certain natural and climatic conditions of this country and having future for their further development. In relation to this, the intensive work is being carried out to preserve, develop and use the genofund of all farm animal types.

4. Main trends in the regional policy of the Kazakhstan animal breeding branch.

In the central zone of Kazakhstan (Atyrau, Karaganda, Mangystau, regions, the southern part of Aktyubinsk, Kostanai, West-Kazakhstan and East-Kazakhstan regions) the primary directions are as follows: meat animal breeding, meat and fat sheep breeding and productive horse breeding. In the southern zone (Almaty, Zhambyl, South-Kazakhstan, Kyzyl-Orda regions) the primary directions are milk animal breeding, fine-fleece sheep breeding and karakul sheep breeding. In the northern zone (North-Kazakhstan, Pavlodar regions and northern areas of Almaty, Kostanai, Aktyubinsk, West-Kazakhstan and East-Kazakhstan regions) mainly milk animal breeding and fine-fleece sheep breeding are developed. In Kazakhstan the Law “Of the pedigree animal breeding” and sub-legislative acts are adopted. On the basis of that Law, the Ministry of agriculture of Kazakhstan is carrying out the national regulation, the development of sub-legislative acts, the attestation of pedigree animal breeding subjects, the control and supervision over the attested subjects’ activities, and also the national support of the branch. The main forms of that national support of attested pedigree animal breeding subjects from the republican budget are: - subsidizing of measures, directed at preservation and restoration of the genofund of pedigree animals, including the breeds with the limited genofund; - subsidizing of measures, directed at providing the availability of pedigree products (materials) for domestic farmers; - the development of research programs.

Financing of the pedigree farming mil US dollars Years Actually Consumption Budget program name subsidized in 2002 2003 2004 2005

Preservation and development of the elite seed production and pedigree farming: - reducing the cost of sold pedigree products (materials); 4.3 4.8 5.4 6.0 - financing the costs for establishment of the pedigree farming center for farm animals and restoration of pedigree farms for meat poultry breeding; 0.45 0.4 0.4 0.4 - reducing the cost of animals, acquired to create collection herds and special equipment. 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45

Total: 52.0 5.65 6.25 6.85

Production of pedigree products requires high costs. The state makes pedigree products available to most of rural commodity producers, for which it subsidizes for partial (up to 50%) cost reduction of sold pedigree young animals; for partial (up to 50%) cost reduction of sold pedigree eggs; for partial (up to 50%) cost reduction of the sold semen of breeding bulls; for full reimbursement of costs for purchasing and handling of breeding bulls, and also for storage of their semen and acquisition of special facilities for the cattle breeding pedigree center; for full reimbursement of costs for rare and becoming extinct pedigree animals and special production equipment, acquired to make collection herds at selection and genetic centers. Now 4 selection and genetic centers are established to preserve rare and becoming extinct breeds of farm animals. The administrator of the program for scientific supply of the agroindustrial complex, approved by the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan and financed from the republican budget, is the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The total amount of financing under the republican purpose-oriented program “Preservation, development and use of the genofund of farm plants, animals and microorganisms for 2001-2005” was 1.6 million US dollars in 2001, 2.7 million US dollars in 2002, 2.7 million US dollars in 2003, and that under the branch scientific and technical program “Scientific supply of production, processing and storage of farm products in Kazakhstan regions for 2001-2005” was 2.7 million US dollars in 2001, 2.7 million US dollars in 2002 and 2.7 million US dollars in 2003. From the republican budget it is supposed to use up to 0.67 million US dollars to supply research institutions of agrarian pilot-experimental enterprises with special facilities within the framework of the Leasing Program. The following breeds are determined to have the primary state support: in cattle breeding: - for milk production: the black-variegated type cattle (35%), the red type cattle (27%), the grayish-brown type cattle (22%) and the yellowish-variegated type cattle (16%); - for beef production: the Kazakh white-headed breed (94%), the Auliekol breed (3%), the Gereford breed (1.7%), the Santa-Hertruda breed (0.5%), the Galloway breed (0.5%) and the Kalmyk breed (0.3%); in sheep breeding: - for mutton production: Edilbai sheep, Kazakh sheep, fat-rumped sheep, Sary- Arka sheep, Atyrau fat-rumped and lambskin sheep, karakul sheep; - for merino fleece production: South-Kazakh merinos, Kazakh fine fleece sheep, North-Kazakh merinos and Arkharomerinos; - for crossbred wool production: Akzhaik meat and wool sheep, Kazakh semi-fine fleece sheep; in horse breeding: - Jabe (45%), Kushum (20%), Adayev (12%), Mugalzhar (13%); in camel breeding: - for meat, wool and shubat production: Kazakh Bactrians and Arvana breed camels; in pig breeding: - the big white pig and the German noble pig.

THE NATIONAL COORDINATION COUNCIL for Preservation, Development and Use of Farm Animal Genetic Resources:

Kopmagambet YELEMESOV the Chairman of the National Coordination Council, Director of the Department of Science of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Doctor of Agricultural Science, professor, academician of the National Academy of Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan

Sovet SATYGUL Director of the Department of Animal Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Candidate of Agricultural Science

Serik OSPANOV Head of the Department of Animal Breeding and Veterinary of the Department of Science of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Doctor of Agricultural Science, professor

Nuradin ALIBAYEV Deputy Director of the South-West Scientific and Production Center of Agriculture (SWSPCA), Doctor of Agricultural Science, the National Coordinator

Nurgali ZHAZYLBEKOV Deputy Director of the Scientific and Production Center of Animal Breeding and Veterinary, Doctor of Agricultural Science

Sapar OMAROV Department chief of the Department of Animal Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Candidate of Agricultural Science

Marat TUYEKBASOV Chief Scientific Secretary of the South-West Scientific and Production Center of Agriculture (SWSPCA), Candidate of Biological Science