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Introduction By Eugene Wesley Shaw and Arthur C. Trowbridge, INTRODUCTION. In their physiographic and geologic relations the quadrangles A comparatively narrow belt along the western and southern form part of the Glaciated Plains, which lie between the Appa­ sides of the province was not covered by any of the later ice GENERAL RELATIONS OF THE QUADRANGLES. lachian province on the southeast, the Ozark province on the sheets and is well drained, but in much of the province the The Galena and Elizabeth quadrangles are bounded by southwest, and the Great Plains on the west and extend north­ streams have irregular courses and lakes and swamps are parallels 42° 15' and 42° 30' and by meridians 90° and 90° 30'. ward beyond the boundary of the United States. On the south numerous. The poor drainage of this part of the province is Together they include one-eighth of a "square degree" of the they are separated from the Gulf Coastal Plain by a narrow due to its invasion by the ice, which blocked many drainage earth's surface, an area, in that latitude, of 441.56 square strip that joins the Ozark and Appalachian provinces. (See lines and on melting left a sheet of debris reaching in places a miles. They are in the northwest corner of Illinois (see fig. 1), fig. 2.) Near the middle of the Glaciated Plains there is an thickness of several hundred feet and filling many of the old area of about 10,000 square miles which was not covered by valleys. Where the drift is thick the drainage was wholly 91 90 ice and which therefore contains no glacial drift. As the geo­ changed and is only slowly regaining a more normal condition. logic history of this driftless region is in other respects similar In western Illinois there are several till sheets, laid down in as to that of the surrounding territory it is regarded as a part of many different ice epochs, but the well-drained belt mentioned Jilt,! GREEN ! Jane the Glaciated Plains. The Galena and Elizabeth quadrangles above, which is in the southern and western parts of the State, I Mcmroe I u Q lie almost wholly within the driftless region. (See fig. 3.) was covered only by one of the earlier glaciers. In this belt WISCONSIN I X |-LL~NJOIS~ the streams have become almost readjusted but throughout most j STEHffiNSON of the province they have irregular courses and profiles and the i Freeport IT, drainage systems show little symmetry. The average discharge of the Mississippi at Quincy, 111., just CLINTON Clint above its confluence with the Missouri is estimated at 72,900 second-feet. The area of the drainage basin above that point is 135,500 square miles, and the run-off per square mile is thus 0.538 second-foot. Many careful measurements show that the river carries annually past Quincy about 8,540,000 tons of sediment, in suspension, and about 14,630,000 tons of matter in solution. The surface of the basin above Quincy is thus 41 41 I LWINGSTON Pontiac being lowered at the rate of 1 inch in 1,100 years. Stratigraphy. The rocks underlying the Glaciated Plains - IFJJLTON range in age from pre-Cambrian to Recent, or from the oldest McDONOUGHl known rocks to the youngest, but many geologic epochs are 90 89 88 not represented by deposits, for the region has been at several FIGURE 1. Index map of northern Illinois and portions of adjacent States. The location of the Galena and Elizabeth quadrangles (No. 200) is shown by the darker ruling. times for long periods above water, so that many of the forma­ Published folios describing other quadrangles, indicated by lighter ruling, are Nos. 81, tions overlap much older ones. The province emerged from Chicago; 140, Milwaukee; 145, Lancaster-Mineral Point. the sea in late Paleozoic time and has since been a land area their northern borders being only half a mile south of the almost if not quite continuously. Wisconsin boundary, and they lie wholly within Jo Daviess The pre-Cambrian formations are made up of igneous, sedi­ County, except the southwest corner of the Galena quadrangle, mentary, and metamorphic rocks and exhibit a complex struc­ which extends across the Mississippi and includes parts of ture. Their upper surface seems to have been long subjected Jackson and Dubuque counties, Iowa. The city of Galena is to erosion, so that throughout extensive areas it was reduced in the northwestern part of the Galena quadrangle, and the almost to a plain, which formed a floor on which the later town of Elizabeth is in the southwestern part of the Elizabeth strata were deposited. The pre-Cambrian rocks thus underlie quadrangle. The quadrangles are named from these places. It. ][ J I"*rreepprtv)]._v[ * * * * * _'.\ all the later sediments the shales, sandstones, limestones, and ir'roll unconsolidated rocks that crop out at innumerable places in the province. Lower and Middle Cambrian rocks seem not to have been Scale of Miles deposited in the Grlaciated Plains province but Upper Cambrian strata probably underlie all of it except an area in its northern FIGURE 3. Map of the driftless region in southwestern Wisconsin and part from which they have been removed by erosion. They parts of adjacent States. Area covered by Pleistocene glaciers and now largely covered by glacial till is shown by are generally-more than 1,000 feet thick and consist principally the dot pattern. of sandstone and shale, relatively little limestone having been formed in Cambrian time in this part of the United' States. GENERAL GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY OF THE GLACIATED The lowermost division of the Ordovician system in the PLAINS. province is a series of dolomites or dolomitic limestones con- Relief.- The Glaciated Plains, a broad rolling tract lying " taming some arenaceous beds and sandstone and is generally in general 500 to 1,500 feet above sea level but presenting in about 100 feet thick, but in places it reaches a thickness of 600 its different parts considerable diversity in the form of its feet. This dolomitic series, commonly known in the early surface, ranges in altitude from about 300 feet above sea level literature as the "Lower Magnesian," but more recently named in the Mississippi River channel at the southern extremity of Prairie du Chien group, is overlain, generally unconformably, the province to about 2,000 feet along its western border and by the St. Peter sandstone, which has an average thickness of in the upper peninsula of Michigan. In some parts of the about 100 feet. The next overlying formation is the thin- province the relief that is, the height of the hills above the bedded fossiliferous limestone known in Wisconsin, Minnesota, valley bottoms is less than a hundred feet; in others it is several Iowa, and Illinois as the Platteville limestone. It is about 50 hundred feet. The valley of the Mississippi within the prov­ feet thick and is overlain in at least part of the region by the ince is fairly regular in shape from 3 to 6 miles wide and 200 Decorah shale, upon which rests the massive, highly crystalline to 400 feet deep but most of the tributary valleys are irregular Galena dolomite, 200 to 400 feet thick, containing Trenton in width and depth and have indirect courses. In general the fossils. An unconformity at the top of the Galena is suggested basin of the Great Lakes is forested and that of the Mississippi by the peculiar sharp lithologic contrast between it and the is not. Thus about half the province is prairie. overlying beds, which are shale with thin layers of limestone Drainage. The part of the Glaciated Plains that lies within and which are several hundred feet thick. Owing to uncer­ the United States includes the southern part of the Great Lakes- tainty in correlation these beds have at different localities been St. Lawrence drainage basin and much of the basin of the Mis­ called by different names, the exact synonymy of which has FIGURE 2. Geologic map of Illinois and surrounding regions; shows also physiographic provinces. sissippi above Cairo, although the southern tributaries of the not yet been worked out, though the interrelations of many of The indefinite boundary between the Ozark and Appalachian provinces coincides approximately Ohio and the western tributaries of the Missouri drain parts of them are known. The better-known names that have been with the southeast boundary of Illinois. Geologic map copied from map of North America, U. S. Geol. Survey, Prof. Paper 71,1911. adjacent provinces. The run-off of the western, central, and applied to parts of the strata between the Galena (Trenton) southern parts of the province flows to the Gulf of Mexico by formation and the overlying Silurian system are Cincinnati, 1 Surveyed in cooperation with the State of Illinois, Mr. Shaw represent­ way of the Mississippi and that of the northern and eastern Hudson River, Richmond, Utica, and Maquoketa. In Ohio ing the Federal Survey and Mr. Trowbridge, assisted by B. H. Schockel, representing the State Survey. The text of the folio has been written parts flows into the Great Lakes and thence by way of the this part of the section has been divided, in ascending order, chiefly by Mr. Shaw. In its preparation free use has been made of pre­ St. Lawrence to the Atlantic. The divide between the two into Utica, Eden, Maysville, and Richmond. Recent writers vious publications dealing with the district, especially those of T. C. Chain - berlin and R. D. Salisbury, of U. S. Grant and E. F.
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