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Petrology and Diagenesis of the Cyclic Maquoketa Formation (Upper Ordovician) Pike County, Missouri

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Petrology and Diagenesis of the Cyclic Maquoketa Formation (Upper Ordovician) Pike County, Missouri Scholars' Mine Masters Theses Student Theses and Dissertations 1970 Petrology and diagenesis of the cyclic Maquoketa Formation (Upper Ordovician) Pike County, Missouri Edwin Carl Kettenbrink Jr. Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/masters_theses Part of the Geology Commons Department: Recommended Citation Kettenbrink, Edwin Carl Jr., "Petrology and diagenesis of the cyclic Maquoketa Formation (Upper Ordovician) Pike County, Missouri" (1970). Masters Theses. 5514. https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/masters_theses/5514 This thesis is brought to you by Scholars' Mine, a service of the Missouri S&T Library and Learning Resources. This work is protected by U. S. Copyright Law. Unauthorized use including reproduction for redistribution requires the permission of the copyright holder. For more information, please contact [email protected]. .,!) l PETROLOGY AND DIAGENESIS OF THE CYCLIC MAQUOKETA FORMATION (UPPER ORDOVICIAN) PIKE COUNTY, MISSOURI BY EDWIN CARL KETTENBRINK, JR., 1944- A THESIS submitted to the faculty of UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI - ROLLA in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN GEOLOGY Rolla, Missouri 1970 T2532 231 pages c. I Approved by ~ (advisor) ~lo/ ii ABSTRACT The Maquoketa Formation (Upper Ordovician-Cincinnatian Series) has been extensively studied for over one hundred years, but a petrographic study of its cyclic lithologies has been neglected. The following six distinct Maquoketa lithologies have been recognized in this study in Pike County, Missouri& 1) phosphatic biosparite, 2) phos­ phorite, 3) micrite-microsparite, 4) dolomitic shale, 5) dolomitic marlstone, and 6) dolomitic quartz siltstone. Three cycle types are present in the Maquoketa. They are expressed as thin beds (1-20 inches) of alternating micrite-shale, micrite-marlstone, and shale-siltstone. Contacts between different lithologies are sharp, indi­ cating a primary sedimentological origin for the cycles. Precisely what mechanism was responsible for these rapid and repetitive changes in sedimentation is undetermined. All Maquoketa sediments have experienced extensive diagenesis, the most widespread of which were dolomitiza­ tion, neomorphism of calcium carbonate and formation of syngenetic pyrite. Minor development of authigenic silica, fluorite, and sphaleri~e were found in selected examples. The formation of sedimentary boudinages, cone-in-cone structures, and minor intrastratal folds is interpreted as having taken place in some micritic sediments before con­ solidation was completed. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ••••••• • •••••••••••• • •• • • •• • • • • i i LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLE••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••v I. INTRODUCTION••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••! A. General ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 1 B. Sample Locations and Designations ••••••••••••• 9 c. Acknowledgements•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••ll II. PREVIOUS WORK••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••13 A. Maquoketa Formation••••••••••••••••••••••••••13 B. Cyclic Limestone-Shale Sequences ••••••••••••• 16 III. GEOLOGIC SETTING•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••26 A. Introduction•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••26 B. General StratigraphY•••••••••••••••••••••••••26 c. Maquoketa Stratigraphy ••••••••••••••••••••••• 30 D. Structure••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••36 E. Tectonic History•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••40 IV. PETROGRAPHY •••••••••••••••••••••••• • ••••••••••••• 44 A. Introduction and Procedure ••• • • • • • • • • • • • • •••• 44 B. Phosphatic "Limestones"••••••••••••••••••••••45 c. Micrites-Microsparites ••••••••••••••••••••••• 54 D. Dolomitic Shales •••••••••• • • • • • • • • • •••••••••• 75 E. Dolomitic Marlstone •••••••••••••••• • •• • •••••• 82 F. Dolomitic Quartz Siltstone •• • • • • • • • • • • • •••••• 86 G. Contact Relationships ••••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ••• 96 V. STRUCTURES•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••97 A. Introduction•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••97 B. "Sedimentary Boudinage" (Pinch and Swell) •••• 97 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) c. Minor Intrastratal Folding •••••••• • • • • • • • • • •• 103 D. Cone-in-Cone Structures •••••••••••••••••••••• l06 VI. DIAGENESIS••••••••••••••••••••••• • • • • • ••••••••••• 125 A. General statements•••••••••••••••••••••••••••l25 B. Dolomite ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 127 c. Calcite••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••l34 D. Pyrite •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 148 E. Silica •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 154 F. Fluorite •••••••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 165 G. Clay Minerals ••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ••••• 170 H. Sphalerite ••••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • .170 I. Limonite ••••••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 171 J. Gypsum var. Selenite •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 172 K. Diagenetic Sequence••••••••••••••••••••••••••172 VII. PALEOECOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS•••••••••••••••••••••l75 VIII. ENVIRONMENTAL INTERPRETATIONS••••••••••••••••••••184 IX. CONCLUSIONS. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ••••••• 194 X. APPENDICES•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••197 A. Annotated Maquoketa Bibliography •• • • • •••••••• 197 B. Outcrop Sample Positions ••••••••••••••••••••• 205 XI. BIBLIOGRAPHY•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••209 XII. VITA • •••••••••• • ••••• • ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 220 v LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLE Figures Page 1. Weathered outcrop of very regularly bedded cyclic limestone-shale sequence ••••••••••••••••••••• 3 2. Fresh outcrop of very regular cyclic limestone-shale sequence •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 3 3. Weathered outcrop of irregularly bedded cyclic limestone-shale sequence ••••••••••••••••••••• s 4. Limestone bedding plane exhibiting rectan- gular fracture pattern ••••••••••• ~ •••••••••••••••••• s 5. Map of Pike County with sample localities •••••••••• lO 6. Geologic map of Pike County •••••••••••••••••••••••• 27 7. Generalized stratigraphic section for Pike County ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 28 a. Isopach map of the Maquoketa Formation and lithologic equivalents ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 29 9. Correlation of the Maquoketa Formation in Iowa and Missouri •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 37 10. Generalized Lower Paleozoic tectonic map ••••••••••• 39 11. Photomicrograph of biosparite from the lowermost Maquoketa •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 47 12. Photomicrograph of the phosphorite from the so-called ••depauperate zonett ••••••••••••••••••• 47 13. Photomicrograph of gastropod from the phosphorite from the "depauperate" zone •••••••••••• 49 14. Photomicrograph of echinoderm fragment partially replaced by phosphate •••••••••••••••••••• 49 vi LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLE (Continued) 15. Po1ished s1ab of micrite exhibiting fine pyrite 1aminations•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••55 16. Photomicrograph of void fi11ing ca1cite spar inside partia11y enro11ed tri1obite ••••••••••• 59 17. Photomicrograph of geopeta1 feature in spar fi11ed cavitY••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••59 18. Photomicrograph of bryozoan partia11y rep1aced by pyrite•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••62 19. Photomicrograph of bryozoa co1ony •••••••••••••••••• 62 20. Photomicrograph of a "fossi1 hash" in the micrite •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 64 21. Photomicrograph of microsparite with inc1uded saprope1-1ike materia1 •••••••••••••••••••• 64 22. Photomicrograph of spar-fi11ed ostracode she11 • ••••••••••••••••.•••••.•••••.••••••.•••••.••• 67 23. Photomicrograph of spar-fi11ed brachiopod spine (?)••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••67 24. Photomicrograph of fossi1 fragment cross- cut by do1omite rhombohedra •••••••••••••••••••••••• 69 25. Photomicrograph of ca1careous sponge spicu1es in micrite••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••69 26. Photomicrograph of thick pyrite-rich zone in micrite•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••74 27. Photomicrograph of "ca1cisphere" in pyrite-rich zone•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••74 vii LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLE (Continued) 28. Photomicrograph of shale exhibiting nucleated dolomite crystals •••••••••••••••••••••••• 80 29. Photomicrograph of dolomitic marlstone ••••••••••••• 80 30. Hand specimen of dolomitic marlstone showing subconchoidal fracture and distinct laminations •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 85 31. Hand specimen of dolomitic marlstone with pyritized invertebrate fossils ••••••••••••••••••••• 85 32. Photomicrograph of dolomitic quartz siltstone •••••• 89 33. Same as Fig. 32 but with crossed nicols •••••••••••• 89 34. Photomicrograph of phosphatic tooth-like fossil•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••92 35. Photomicrograph of probable siliceous sponge spicule•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••92 36. Photomicrograph of graptolite showing internal structure•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••94 37. Photomicrograph of graptolite showing internal structure•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••94 38. Surface of Maquoketa limestone exhibiting an irregular hummocky bedding surface ••••••••••••• lOO 39. Split core showing "pinch and swell" structure•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••lOO 40. Photomicrograph of sigmoidal intrastratal fo1d •••••.••••••••••••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••• 105 41. Polished core exhibiting intrastratal folding ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 105 viii LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLE (Continued) 42. Upper surface
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