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The Effects of Belief, Gender, and Setting on a Psi Task Eastern Illinois University The Keep Masters Theses Student Theses & Publications 2017 The ffecE ts of Belief, Gender, and Setting on a Psi Task Alan Jeffrey Hinman Eastern Illinois University This research is a product of the graduate program in Clinical Psychology at Eastern Illinois University. Find out more about the program. Recommended Citation Hinman, Alan Jeffrey, "The Effects of Belief, Gender, and Setting on a Psi Task" (2017). Masters Theses. 2723. https://thekeep.eiu.edu/theses/2723 This is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Theses & Publications at The Keep. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of The Keep. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Graduate School � EASTERNILLINOIS UNIVERSITY > Thesis Maintenance and Reproduction Certificate FOR: Graduate Candidates Completing Theses in Partial Fulfillment of the Degree Graduate Faculty Advisors Directing the Theses RE: Preservation, Reproduction, and Distribution of Thesis Research Preserving, reproducing, and distributing thesis research is an important part of Booth Library's responsibility to provide access to scholarship. In order to further this goal, Booth Library makes all graduate theses completed as part of a degree program at Eastern Illinois University available for personal study, research, and other not-for-profit educational purposes. Under 17 U.S.C. § 108, the library may reproduce and distribute a copy without infringing on copyright; however, professional courtesy dictates that permission be requested fromthe author before doing so. 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C. § 1232g; 34 CFR Part 99) with respect to the contents of the thesis and with respect to information concerningaut horship of the thesis, including name and status as a student at Eastern Illinois University. I have conferred with my graduate faculty advisor. My signature below indicates that I have read and agree with the above statements, and hereby give my permission to allow Booth Library to reproduce and distribute my thesis. My adviser's signature indicates concurrence to reproduce and distribute the thesis. Graduate Candidate Signature Faculty Adviser Signature Printed Name Printed Name (J,-1cc1\ h;tl.iv\c·lJ Date Please submit in duplicate. The Effects of Belief, Gender, and Setting on a Psi Task (TITLE) BY Alan Jeffrey Hinman THESIS SUBMITIED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF Master of Arts in Clinical Psychology IN THE GRADUATE SCHOOL, EASTERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY CHARLESTON, ILLINOIS 2017 YEAR I HEREBY RECOMMEND THAT THIS THESIS BE ACCEPTED AS FULFILLING THIS PART OF THE GRADUATE DEGREE CITED ABOVE 5-tS-19 siLc/rz THESIS COMMITTEE CHAIR DATE DElPAA1'MENT/SCHOOLCHAIR DATE OR CHAIR'S DESIGNEE 'S" -"?..�-·· THESIS COMMITTEE MEMBER DATE THESIS COMMITTEE MEMBER DATE THESIS COMMITTEE MEMBER DATE THESIS COMMITTEE MEMBER DATE The Effects of Belief, Gender, and Setting on a Psi Task Clinical Psychology Master's Thesis 2017 Alan J. Hinman Eastern Illinois University Belief, Gender, and Setting 2 Table of Contents Table of Contents 2 Acknowledgments 3 Abstract 4 Introduction 5 Theoretical Foundations for Psi Functioning 9 Psi-Elusiveness 16 Experimenter Effects 20 Gender 24 Belief 27 Method 30 Participants 30 Materials 3 0 Procedure 31 Results 36 Analysis 36 Effects ofBel ief 38 Effects ofGender 39 Effects of Gender Pairing 40 Discussion 40 References 54 Figures 1-2 60 Table 1 61 Appendix A: Data Record Sheet, Belief and Demographic Question, Consent Form, Debriefing Statement, Brieflnstructions, Scripts, Tips Sheet 62 Appendix B: We bsite Images 73 Belief, Gender, and Setting 3 Acknowledgments First and foremost, I would like to offer my deepest and most heartfeltthanks to Dr. Russell Gruber. Your guidance, friendship, and supporthas been invaluable, and were it not for my experience working in the lab as an undergraduate student, I'd have likely not pursued a Master's degree in the first place. Regarding this project, thank you foryour seemingly infinitepatience with me. Special thanksalso to my best friends Dallas and Heather Woomer, fortheir ceaseless, unrelenting, impatience. My sincere gratitude to committee members Dr. Allan and Dr. Mace. Dr. Allan's support and understanding over the years has been instrumental. My thanks also to the numerous research assistants I've had the good fortune to work with over many years. I'd also like to thank countless friends and family members fortheir support and encouragement, most especially my parents. Without their support, I'd not be the man I am today. Belief, Gender, and Setting 4 Abstract The current study was designed to explore how the variables of belief, gender, and experimenter effects regarding setting influence participants' results on a psi task. Small groups of research assistants and participants acted as senders and attempted to telepathically transmit one of four target locations to individual receivers. Sender and receiver groups were divided by gender, and answered a question on a seven-point scale regarding their belief in the existence of mental telepathy. One run of 16 trials was completed by 53 receivers over six data collection sessions, utilizing a new website designed forthe task. It was hypothesized that gender, belief, and the social atmosphere of the experiment had the potential to increase either psi-hitting or psi-missing. Results indicate that, while few group differences were found, far more participants than expected by chance produced extreme scores (scores of 4 or 12 hits out of 16 trials). By a conservative estimate of binomial probability, the odds that our data set shows such a distribution skewed away fromthe center and towards high and low scores are calculated at p < .002. Only female receivers were run on five of the six data collection sessions, and all extreme scores observed happened on these sessions. The odds that this occurred strictly due to chance are calculated at p = .0003. Belief, Gender, and Setting 5 The Effects of Belief, Gender, and Setting on a Psi Task Bern(2 011) defines psi as "anomalous processes of informationor energy transfer that are currentlyunexplained in terms of known physical or biological mechanisms." He explains that '"the term is purely descriptive; it neither implies that such phenomena are paranormal nor connotes anything about their underlying mechanisms." Psi phenomenon include 1) telepathy - '"the apparent transfer of information fromone person to another without the mediation of any known channel of sensory communication." 2) Clairvoyance (or remote viewing) - '"the apparent perception of objects or events that do not provide a stimulus to the known senses." 3) Psychokinesis (PK) - "the apparent influence of thoughts or intentions on physical or biological processes." 4) Precognition (or premonition) - "conscious cognitive awareness (or affective apprehension) of a future event that could not otherwise be anticipated through any known inferential process" (p. 407). May, Utts, and Spottiswoode (1995) simplifythe definition: "In the crassest of terms, [psi is] what happens when nothing else should, at least as nature is currently understood" (p. 196). Watt (1996), in a discussion of methodological issues facing complex systems writes of"a parapsychology whose subject-matter is so ineffable that we have to introduce the neutral term 'psi' in order to describe it without making unwarranted theoretical assumptions" (p. 91). The simple definitions and explanations above hint at the controversial nature and complexities of psi research. This however is merely the tip of a large iceberg. Bern (2011) provides further insight. He highlights methodological complexities in his study designed to test "precognitive detection of erotic stimuli." Using a computer program Belief, Gender, and Setting 6 that displays two curtains, participants are told that behind one of the curtains is an image; the other is blank. They are asked to find the image. Unknown to the participants are the inner workings of the software: the computer doesn't pick which curtain has an image until afterthe participant makes a guess. Ostensibly, the study is designed to test precognition. He explains however, that there are other possibilities. Theoretically, the effect could be based on clairvoyance: If the computer
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