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Lesser-Known & Lesser-Used Timber Species

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Lesser-Known & Lesser-Used Timber Species LESSER-KNOWN & LESSER-USED TIMBER SPECIES UTILISING GHANA’S SUSTAINABLE TIMBER RESOURCES BVRio is a non-profit organisation founded in 2011 with the objective to create and promote the use of market mechanisms to facilitate environmental objectives. Originally created in Brazil, BVRio now operates internationally. BVRio’s work is focused around four ambitious goals: climate change mitigation, sustainable forest management, sustainable agriculture, and circular economy. One of BVRio’s major programmes to achieve sustainable forest management is the promotion of trade in le- gal and certified timber from tropical coun- tries. As part of this, in 2016 BVRio launched the Responsible Timber Exchange, an online negotiations platform for sourcing legal and sustainable timber products. The Forestry Commission of Ghana is respon- sible for the regulation of utilisation of for- est and wildlife resources, the conservation and management of those resources and the coordination of policies related to them. The Commission’s aim is to be a corporate body of excellence in the sustainable development management and utilisation of Ghana's forest and wildlife resources meeting both national and global standards for forest and wildlife re- source conservation and development. Within the Commission, the Timber Industry Devel- opment Division (TIDD) provides specialised services in promoting efficiency in product quality assurance and value-addition in the Timber Industry and Trade consistent with best environmental practices. Forestry Research Institute of Ghana (FORIG) is one of the 13 institutes of the Council for Scien- tific and Industrial Research (CSIR). It is located at Fumesua near Kumasi in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. FORIG undertake demand-driven re- search, build capacity and promote the applica- tion of technologies for sustainable management of forest resources for the benefit of society. CONTENTS GHANA'S TIMBER INDUSTRY ..... 04 PROPERTIES / CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SPECIES ................................... 05 SPECIES ......................................... 09-28 APPENDIX .............................................. 29 AFRICAN AFINA 09 GREENHEART 10 AKEE 11 APOME / ANANTA 12 ALSTONIA 13 AVODIRE 14 DANTA / KOTIBÉ 15 DENYA / OKAN 16 DIALIUM 17 EFFEU 18 ESSANG / ASOMA 19 KROMA / EVEUSS 20 KUMBI 21 LATI / YAYA 22 NIANGON 23 OKORO / NONGO 24 RED OAK / KWATAFOMPABOA 25 TETEKON 26 WATAPUO 27 WAWABIMA / 28 BROWN STERCULIA GHANA'S TIMBER N INDUSTRY Ghana’s vibrant timber industry has existed WHY LESSER-KNOWN AND for more than 130 years, comprising of log- LESSER-USED SPECIES? ging, sawmilling, veneer mills, ply mills, and moulding mills. There is an annual allowable Lesser-known and lesser-used species refer cut of 2 million cubic metres of round logs in this booklet to under-utilised timber spe- which has been sustained over the years. All cies from Ghana that have similar properties the round logs produced are locally processed to other popular species. following the Ghana Standard Authority (GSA) specifications that meet ISO standards. Over There are more than 50,000 species of timber 80% of the exported products come from in the world, but only a small proportion of these companies operating with FSC control wood are used commercially. Currently, Ghana has and chain of custody certificates. nearly 90 species that are regularly exploit- ed and traded as timber. Lesser-known and Ghana signed a VPA in 2009 with the EU lesser-used species can have similar and even and this has brought the industry into com- better performance for some specific end-us- pliance with all the principles of sustainabil- es; they can also have a more distinctive and ity. All exporting companies are assessed unique appearance compared to more popular to meet the legal, social, environmental, and ones. Using these species is not only a good financial criteria before being issued with the business decision but also has the potential export permits. With the VPA process almost to improve livelihoods and protect biodiversity. complete, Ghana will soon become the sec- ond country able to issue FLEGT licenses. The 20 lesser-known and lesser-used species FLEGT-licensed timber products from Ghana from Ghana displayed in this booklet have will be able to enter the EU market without un- been selected based on their availability in dergoing the due diligence checks required by terms of volume in the natural forests, their the European Union Timber Regulation (EUTR). properties and their levels of utilization. 4 4 LESSER-KNOWN & LESSER-USED TIMBER SPECIES DESCRIPTION OF PROPERTIES APPEARANCE STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES Colour Refers to the qualities of wood that indicate Refers to the natural colour of the wood, its ability to resist applied external forces. which is developed due to the accumulation They are an important criteria in determining of extractives during heartwood formation. the relative suitability of the different wood Texture species for various uses. Refers to the size and proportional amount of woody elements and this can be described Basic density in relation to pore sizes as fine, medium and Refers to the weight or mass of wood divided coarse. by the volume of the specimen at a given Lustre moisture content. It is one of the most import- Refers to the way in which light reflecting ant physical properties of wood. The following from the wood appears to penetrate into and scale shows the classification used in accor- then shine from the surface of the board. It dance with TIDD (2012) and Farmer (1972). is classified as dull, moderate and lustrous. 3 Fibre length kg/m 300 450 650 800 Refers to how straight and unbroken a single fibre is under microscope. It influences the Low Medium Heavy Very heavy strength properties wood and pulping char- Classification kg/m3 acteristics, and is measured in mm. Low 300 – 450 Grain Medium 450 – 650 Heavy 650 – 800 Indicates the orientation of the cells of the Very Heavy > 800 axial system or fiber direction as in "straight", "wavy", and "interlocked". LESSER-KNOWN & LESSER-USED TIMBER SPECIES 5 Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) Shear parallel to the grain Refers to the resistance to deformation of Refers to the ability of a piece of wood to resist wood during bending. It is the stiffness or the internal slipping of one part upon another along flexibility of wood when external forces are the grain when external forces act upon it in applied. These species are classified into five such a way that one portion tends to slide upon (5) strength groups or classes in accordance another adjacent to it. with BS 2568-2. N/mm2 4 10 16 20 6k 7.5k 12.6k 15.6k 18k Weak Medium Strong Very strong D30 D40 D50 D60 D70 2 Classification N/mm D30 Weak 4 – 9 D40 D50 D60 D70 Medium 10 – 15 Mean 9500 10800 15000 18500 21000 Strong 16 – 19 Minimum 6000 7500 12600 15600 18000 Very Strong > 20 very weak medium strong very weak strong Modulus of Rupture (MOR) Janka side hardness Refers to the measure of the strength of wood Refers to the resistance to indentation and/or before rupture during bending, also known abrasion (surface scratching). as shear modulus. The hardwoods included N/mm2 3k 6k 9k here are classified as weak, medium, strong and very strong. Weak Medium Strong Very strong 2 N/mm 30 70 100 170 Classification Janka side hardness (N) Weak 1000 – 2999 Weak Medium Strong Very strong Medium 3000 – 5999 Strong 6000 – 8999 2 Classification N/mm Very Strong > 9000 Weak 30 – 69 Medium 70 – 99 Strong 100 – 169 Very Strong > 170 Compression parallel to the grain Refers to the resistance to external forces acting longitudinally on a piece of wood. N/mm2 30 60 80 Weak Medium Strong Very strong Classification N/mm2 Weak 10 – 29 Medium 30 – 59 Strong 60 – 79 Very Strong > 80 6 LESSER-KNOWN & LESSER-USED TIMBER SPECIES PERFORMANCE PROPERTIES Movement in service Refers to the changes in the moisture content Durability of the wood according to the environment Refers to the ability of the wood species to that surrounds it. As humidity increases, the resist the attacks of deteriorating organisms. moisture content increases, and the wood Although wood is not completely immune to swells causing expansion, while a decrease such attacks, some of the species possess in humidity decreases the moisture content superior resistance. The natural durability of thereby causing the wood to shrink. Different the species are grouped according to ASTM species exhibit different rates of movement D-2017 (2005), which is the decay resistance in wood due to differences in their shrink- rating of the test specimens as indicated in age rates. Wood surfaces coated expand or the table below: contract at a slower rate than the surfaces 10 25 45 100% of raw wood. Movement does not occur in all directions equally and movement across the I II III Class IV grain is higher while very little is experienced along the length. Wood being a complex ma- Average weight loss (%) Decay resistance class terial has many variables that affect moisture 0 – 10 Highly resistant content and wood movement. The movement 11 – 24 Resistant is classified as small, medium and large. 25 – 44 Moderately resistant > 45 Susceptible Small Medium Large Treatability Refers to the ease with which a species of WORKING QUALITIES wood takes in preservatives using vacuum or pressure processes. The classification is Sawmilling described in the table below: Refers to the ease of sawing or operation of sawmill equipment and scheduling of materi- Classification Description Permeable Timber species of which preservatives als to produce optimum quantity and quality can be penetrated completely under pressure without difficulty of sawn timber. The classification of easy, Moderately Species which are fairly easy to treat medium and difficult consider a band sawing resistant and are possible for lateral penetration to be obtained or penetration of large approach. proportion of the vessels is possible Resistant Species that are difficult to impregnate under pressure and Machining require a long period of treatment Refers to the process of cutting wood into Extremely Species with the possibility of resistant absorbing only a small quantity of desired shapes and dimension using very preservative even under long pressure treatments.
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