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Marta Steinsvik Og Anti-Katolisismen

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Marta Steinsvik Og Anti-Katolisismen View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives ØYVIND STRØMMEN Marta Steinsvik og anti-katolisismen MASTEROPPGÅVE I RELIGIONSVITENSKAP, VÅR 2015 AHKR, UNIVERSITETET I BERGEN 2 Øyvind Strømmen: Marta Steinsvik og anti-katolisismen Abstract Through lectures and a highly publicized trial, the former anthroposopher Marta Steinsvik became a key figure in Norwegian anti-Catholicism in 1920s. This study contextualises her main anti-Catholic work, Sankt Peters himmelnøkler (St. Peter’s Keys to Heaven), looking at the debates on the Catholic church in Norway throughout the 1920s, as well as on the intertextual relationship between Steinsvik’s writings and earlier anti- Catholic works, primarily works produced in Victorian England, by nativist American writers in the 19th century and by German writers involved in the Kulturkampf. The study shows how Steinsvik conveyed internationally well-known anti-Catholic propaganda, stereotypes and conspiracy theories to a Norwegian audience. Furthermore, the study explores the debates surrounding the Norwegian constitutionary ban against the Jesuit order, a ban which was upheld by parliament in 1925, and which remained part of the Norwegian constitution until 1956. A final chapter looks at modern-day Norwegian anti-Jesuitism and conspiracy culture, and at the use of Steinsvik’s writings within this framework. 3 Innhaldsoversikt Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... 2 Innhaldsoversikt ......................................................................................................................... 3 Kapittel 1: Innleiing ................................................................................................................... 5 Eit intervju i Aftenposten ........................................................................................................ 5 Problemstilling ........................................................................................................................ 6 Om å møta tekstar ................................................................................................................... 7 Intertekstualitet ....................................................................................................................... 9 Norsk katolisisme fram mot 1930 ......................................................................................... 11 Jesuittarparagrafen i norsk historie ....................................................................................... 12 Forskingsstoda ...................................................................................................................... 15 Kapittel 2: Anti-katolske motiv ................................................................................................ 18 Den jesuittiske konspirasjonen ............................................................................................. 19 Katolske overgriparar ........................................................................................................... 22 Katolisismen som gamaldags................................................................................................ 25 Kapittel 3: Marta Steinsvik, personen og samfunnsdebattanten .............................................. 28 Antroposofi og ulukkeleg kjærleik ....................................................................................... 29 Forfattar og folketalar – men ikkje prest .............................................................................. 31 Antisemittisme ...................................................................................................................... 33 Andre debattar....................................................................................................................... 34 Kapittel 4: Norsk katolisismedebatt på 1920-talet ................................................................... 35 Jesuittparagrafen ................................................................................................................... 37 Om eit kardinalbesøk og etterdønningane av det.................................................................. 41 Eskeland-saka ....................................................................................................................... 43 Steinsvik-Riesterer-saka ....................................................................................................... 45 Kapittel 5: Sankt Peters himmelnøkler ..................................................................................... 49 Innleiing ................................................................................................................................ 49 «I Moderkirkens favn».......................................................................................................... 50 «Imøtegaaelse av den katolske pastor Krijns brochure» ...................................................... 54 «Litt pavehistorie» ................................................................................................................ 67 «Hellig Olav og den norske statskirke» ................................................................................ 70 «Oprop til det norske folk» ................................................................................................... 73 4 Øyvind Strømmen: Marta Steinsvik og anti-katolisismen Kjelder og diskursar – ei oppsummering .............................................................................. 76 Kapittel 6: Steinsvik og seinare norsk anti-katolisisme ........................................................... 78 Innleiing ................................................................................................................................ 78 Jesuittdebatten på 1950-talet ................................................................................................. 78 Anti-katolisisme i den moderne norske konspirasjonskulturen ............................................ 83 Ei historie om marginalisering .............................................................................................. 88 Kapittel 7: Til slutt ................................................................................................................... 90 Referansar ................................................................................................................................. 93 Litteratur ............................................................................................................................... 93 Avis- og nettartiklar ............................................................................................................ 101 Andre kjelder ...................................................................................................................... 104 5 Kapittel 1: Innleiing Eit intervju i Aftenposten All forsking har eit startpunkt. For dette arbeidet var startpunktet eit intervju med Marta Steinsvik publisert i Aftenposten, som eg kom over då eg leitte etter døme på antisemittisme i norske borgarlege aviser på 1920-talet. Intervjuet hadde ei overskrift og ei innleiing som gjorde at det var lett å leggja merke til: Jøder og jesuiter. Slip ikke jesuiterordenen og den jødiske storkapital ind i landet. Det vilde være nationalt selvmord. Fru Martha Steinsvik uttaler seg i et interview om disse spørsmaal.1 Vidare i teksten heiter det at den «kjendte taler og skribent, fru Martha Steinsvik har i den senere tid behandlet spørsmaalet om jøder og jesuiter i en række foredrag hun har holdt utover landet».2 I intervjuet gjer Steinsvik det klårt at ho meiner eidslovsmennene i 1814 var «de klokeste mænd, vi har hat i dette land», fordi dei stengde grensene for både jødar og jesuittar. Steinsvik nektar for at ho er jødehatar, hevdar at ho har sympati for «dette merkelige og begavede folk», men heldt deretter fram med å formidla ei rekkje konspirasjonsteoriar om jødane. Ho meiner blant anna at dei har stått sentralt under alle revolusjonar og at dei stod bak verdskrigen frå 1914-18.3 Medan det meste av intervjuet handlar nettopp om jødane, dukkar etter kvart også jesuittane opp. Ho knyter også jesuittane saman med jødane, før ho fyrer av mot både jesuittane spesielt og katolisismen generelt: [Jeg] maa tilstaa, eg ser med sorg paa at det intense propaganda-arbeide, de driver her i landet, synes at lykkes saa godt. Forleden dag blev her i byen bare frå en enkelt loge døpt paa en gang femten protestanter, som altsaa gik over til katolicismen. Ja, for de maa nemlig døpes om igjen. Vor kristne daab er ikke god nok. Nu prøver katolikkene blandt annet at faa tak i vort lands ungdom ved at spille paa de nationale strenger. 1 «Jøder og jesuiter», Aftenposten (morgonutgåva), 6. mai 1925, s. 8. 2 Ibid. 3 Ibid. 6 Øyvind Strømmen: Marta Steinsvik og anti-katolisismen […] det skulde saamen ikke undre mig, om Stortinget nu gaar hen og slipper jesuitene ind. Det vil sikkert før ha jesuitene ind i landet en til eksempel kvindelige prester.4 For meg var intervjuet med Martha Steinsvik eit fascinerande innblikk inn i ei anna tid, ei tid der anti-semittismen var rimeleg salonfähig i Noreg, stoverein nok til å sleppa til i eit intervjue i storavisa Aftenposten utan fnugg av kritisk vinkling. Steinsvik er heller ingen kven-som-helst i norsk kristendomshistorie. Ho vert ofte omtala som Noregs fyrste kvinnelege
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