THE CHRISTIAN SCIENCE MONITOR Wednesday, October 16, 2002

Streets of US military in Middle East Dohuk The Tigris Riveriveveer divides thee Iraqi capitalapital into ttwo papartparts: a modernrnn RUSSIA Black Sea KAZAKHSTAN UZBEKISTAN western sectiononn aand an olderer easternern area accessibleaccessib oonly byy brbridges.ridg BULGARIA GEORGIA NINEVEH Directorate of Military Current range of Iraqi Intelligence Ababil-100 and Al Samoud TURKMENISTAN Mosul Arbil missiles, 100 miles.* Ministry of TURKEY NO-FLY ZONE Defense HQ Nahr Diyala River Caspian Muthenna Air Base Secret police HQ Sea 36th parallel Republican Intelligence service HQ Guard HQ Air Defense SYRIA Mosul Tehran Baath Party HQ Operations CYPRUS Kirkuk Saddam Presidential Center Beirut International T LEBANON HATRA (10+) palace igris R Damascus IF US TROOPS MARCH ON BAGHDAD THIS YEAR, they’ll be Halabja Airport Rasheed ISRAEL Baghdad IRAN Air Base Mediterranean Amman walking into the “cradle of civilization.” iver Sea Jerusalem KUWAIT Basra Situated between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, this fertile, Facilities* JORDAN defensible land contributed thousands of years ago to the rise of Balji Government Major rail lines Military O 5 miles writing, law, and agriculture (see Iraq Timeline: Babylon to (150,000) BAHRAIN *Locations as of 1991 EGYPT Baghdad at www.csmonitor.com/iraqtimeline). O 5 km SAUDI Sources: AP; CIA; US Air Force. AP ARABIA The powerful empires, including Ottoman, Babylonian, and Riyadh British, have long since fallen, and modern Iraq’s wealth – it Khanakin QATAR (100,000) U.A.E. controls roughly 11 percent of the world’s oil reserves – Haditha OMAN is entangled by UN sanctions. The nation has (7,000) At 168,709 square Pub Date:10/15/02miles, Slug:15OZIRAQMAP312.eps Iraq is slightly Size: 19p6 x 3-1/16Key " Current range of been ravaged by war, ostracized by the larger than California Red TOM BROWN – STAFF ILLUSTRATOR.eps US Navy bases Sea Iraqi Al Hussein West, and battered by its leader, (163,696 sq. miles). US Army bases missile, 400 miles.* © Copyright 2002, The Christian Science Publishing Society 1 Norway St., Boston, MA 02115 SUDAN . Distributed by the UnitedSources: Feature CIA World Syndicate. For info callIR customerAQ service at 800-221-4816. US air bases East Baghdad (11+) Factbook; World Baghdad Jump-off area ERITREA Arabian Though united by Mr. Hussein’s Rutbah Almanac, 2002. 33rd parallel for a potential Sea fierce governance for the past 23 assault on Iraq YEMEN years, Iraq is beset by simmering Daura * Estimated figures ETHIOPIA NO-FLY ZONE Sources: AP, Intelligence Online, British Joint Intelligence Agency, US Department of Defense, GlobalSecurity.org. TOM BROWN – STAFF problems. In the north, two Kurdish (100,000) Tig r i s River groups administer semi-independent Karbala BABYLON Iraq’s oil trade but fragile states. In the south, Shiite Since 1997, sanctions have dictated that Iraq sell all of its oil under UN control. The UN spends the revenue on humanitarian Muslims recall their failed 1991 upris- goods such as food, medicine, and farm supplies for Iraqi civilians. But Iraq still gets money by selling oil and goods illegally. ing against Hussein with bitterness. If his regime falls, any new state-building efforts $ $ Najaf Humanitarian goods will need to address the country’s ethnic and reli- sold on black market: IRAQ Oil sold on black market: UMMA Est. $860 million/year gious divisions. Est. $20 million/year Today, US bases in the Middle East are bristling with OIL Eu troops and supplies. But as America weighs the possibility ph r a tes Majnoon Oil sold with UN approval: River B of invasion, Hussein’s fighters are manning defensive posi- Nasiryah B T (20) Avg. $6 billion/year T L L E E A A tions across Iraq – and possibly readying an arsenal of Archeological sites K K West Qurna C R C R K M A GOODS K M A biological and chemical weapons. UR (15) Iraqi military airfields Mary Wiltenburg and James Norton Basra Revenue used for – humanitarian goods: Iraqi Special Republican Guard Avg. $6 billion/year Rumaila Basra Iraq quick facts: (10+) (140,000) Sources: AP, Reuters, Washington Post. UNITED NATIONS LILIAN AKWISOMBE – STAFF •Population: 23,331,985 (July 2001 est.) Iraqi Republican Guard Forces •Capital: Baghdad pop 4,797,000 (2001 est.) •Infant mortality rate: 58 deaths/1,000 live births (compared to 7/1000 Divisions in US; 2002 est.) 0 20000 miles •Life expectancy: 67 years (2001 est.) Saddam’s presidential palaces (approximate locations) Sources: GlobalSecurity.org; CIA World Factbook; •Airports: 110 (2000 est.) (paved runways: 76; unpaved: 34) US Department of Energy; Platts; 0 200 km •Telephone lines in use: 675,000 (1997) Oil fields (reserves in billions of barrels, 1998) Perry-Castaneda Map Collection, University of Texas. Sunnii Shiite •Television broadcast stations: 13 (1997) SYYRIAY Arabs Oil refineries (crude refining capacity in barrels per day, 2000) Iraq map: Dave Herring and IRAN •Televisions: 1.75 million (1997) Art Direction: Stuart S. Cox Jr. and Sunni Shiite •Internet service providers: 1 (2000) Research: Leigh Montgomery and Alan Messmer Kurds Kurds T Sources: CIA World Factbook; US Department of Energy; World Almanac, 2002. R

Sources: AP; 1981 Current Biography; Iraqi mission to the United Nations; “Tales of a Tyrant” (by Mark Bowden, The Atlantic Monthly, May 2002); Encyclopedia of the Orient. Photos from left to right: AP, Jassim Mohammed/AP, AP/FILE, Jack Dabaghian/REUTERS, Jamal Saidi/REUTERS. Euphrate Shiites CHILDHOOD PRISON RISE TO POWER OIL AND OIL MONEY PRESIDENT GULF WAR INSPECTIONS / ANOTHER WAR? Sunni Arabs Hussein is born on April When a 1963 Baath When he escapes, he organizes In 1972 Hussein In June 1979, Hussein Iraqi forces invade Kuwait in August SANCTIONS Hussein is 28, 1937, in a mud house party coup overthrows a militia that brings the Baath begins to nationalize seizes the Iraqi 1990; seven months later they’re The UN requires that Hussein now engaged in a small village near Kassem, Hussein Party back to power in a the country’s oil presidency; in August, driven out by a US-led coalition army. open Iraq to weapons inspectors; in a difficult Tikrit. Orphaned at an returns to Iraq, gets bloodless 1968 coup. Hussein industry, formerly he orders the execution Allied bombing causes 100,000 strict international sanctions are diplomatic early age, he is raised on involved in the new becomes vice-chairman of the under the control of of about 400 members military casualties and destroys most dance: trying 1979

imposed until he does. Living 2002 ShiiteShiit and d a melon farm by a devout government, and Revolutionary Command 1970s Western companies. of his party. Meanwhile, IRAN / IRAQ WAR of the country’s military infrastructure. conditions worsen; as many as to win the SAUDI Sunni Arabs Sunni uncle. In later years, marries his first cousin Council, behind his cousin, Iraq sits on at least unrest in Iran provokes support of 1980-1988 1990-1991 1992-2002 1937-1954 1955-1962 1963-1966 1967-1979 In September 1980, Iraq invades 800,000 Iraqi children die. In ARABIA relatives from his town Sajida Khairallah Talfah. Gen. Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr. 11 percent of the Iraqi Kurds, who have, 1995, Hussein’s sons-in-law other Arab states, and playing become some of his most SCHOOL / EXILE That same year, the Targeted by multiple coup and world’s oil – the over the past two Iran, beginning – with US aid – an historical rivals (and Security In 1955, he enrolls at a nationalist inconclusive eight-year war that defect to Jordan with their wives powerful advisers and Baath regime is assassination attempts, they second-largest deacades, staged and leak Iraqi weapons secrets; Council veto holders) Russia and the 65 YEARS OF henchmen; they earn the secondary school in Baghdad, and overthrown. Hussein respond with mass executions reserve in the world, after Saudi Arabia. numerous rebellions kills as many as 1.5 million people. US against each other. If the US has joins the Baath Arab Socialist Party. Iraq is internationally condemned UN inspectors locate and destroy Q nickname “Tikriti mafia.” spends a year in hiding, that lead Amnesty International Hussein uses the new oil revenue to against Hussein and his weapons. Hussein lures his two its way, the leader’s 23-year reign In 1959, he tries (but fails) to and then is caught and to condemn Iraq as one of the build schools, hospitals, and roads; to predecessors. Relations for its tactical use of chemical may be nearing its end. But many SADDAM assassinate Iraqi military leader weapons, its execution of political sons-in-law back to Iraq and has imprisoned from 1964 world’s worst violators of human fund literacy programs; and to between Iraq and Iran them killed. wonder who – or what – will replace Abdul Karim Kassem, and then to 1965. rights. decontaminate water. deteriorate. opponents, and the murder, by him. WAIT HUSSEIN flees to Cairo, where he studies law. poison gas, of thousands of Kurds.