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Is the European Migrant Crisis Another Stage of Hybrid War?
IS THE EUROPEAN MIGRANT CRISIS ANOTHER STAGE OF HYBRID WAR? Yurii Punda, Vitalii Shevchuk, Viljar Veebel Abstract: This article provides an overview of the roots of large-scale migration flows to the European Union (EU) during the past ten years. In addition, the article also explores the potential link between such migration flows and modern hybrid warfare, characterised by the coordination of various types of warfare (i.e. military and non-military means, conventional and non-conventional capabilities, state and non-state actors, etc.), all employed with an aim to cause instability and disorder. In the 2010s, the migration flows to EU countries increased significantly, particu- larly from the conflict areas in Syria, Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, and Pakistan, as well as from Albania, Kosovo and Ukraine. The analysis focuses on the question of whether the increase in migration flows could be linked to the ongoing confronta- tion between Russia and the West. Specifically, the article focuses on two particular cases: Syria and Ukraine. The article explores the commonalities of the resulting migration flows to the EU and proposes policy recommendations for reducing the negative impact of such events in the future. Keywords: migration, hybrid warfare, security, European Union, Ukraine, Syria 1. Introduction During the 2015 European migration crisis, an unusually large number of refugees flowed into the European Union. During the past decade, the number of first-time asylum applications submitted by non-EU citizens has increased exponentially, peaking in 2015–2016 when more than a million people from non-EU countries applied for asylum in the EU over the course of just one year (Figure 1(a)). -
Al-Bab, Turkish Military Says at Least 30 Civilians Fleeing Al-Bab in Northern Syr- with Improvised Explosive Devices
Tuesday December 27, 2016 www.aa.com.tr/en WEATHER / ANKARA Tuesday PARTLY CLOUDY 4°C Wednesday SNOW RONALDO’S MEssAGE TO SYRIAN SECTORAL CONFIDENCE IN TURKEY POP ICON GEORGE MICHAEL DEAD AT 1°C CHILDREN GOES VIRAL >> SPORTS LARGELY FLAT IN DECEMBER >> ECONOMY 53 >> CULTURE and ART YEARS Number of Aleppo evacuees reaches 44,000: Spokesman Activists to march from Berlin to Syria’s Aleppo Activists from across Europe are set Monday to begin a nearly 3,000-kilo- meter trek from Berlin to war-bat- tered Aleppo, via Turkey, with the goal of promoting immediate and unhindered humanitarian access to all besieged areas in Syria. Polish blogger and journalist Anna Alboth called on everybody to join the start of the walk in Berlin to show Euro- pean politicians how much the un- folding humanitarian tragedy in Syria means to them. ”We hope for 3,000 people at... >>MORE DETAILS Pro-govt forces take Houthi sites east of Yemen’s Sanaa Ibrahim Kalin says Turkey will continue to provide aid as well as establish 10,000-person capacity camp in Idlib Pro-government forces on Monday re- captured two military sites in Sanaa’s The number of evacuees from Aleppo, Syria to the opposition-held city of “Currently, every step is being taken to provide basic humanitarian aid to” eastern Nahm directorate from Shia Idlib over the last three weeks has reached 44,000 as a result of Turkey’s the Aleppans, presidential spokesman Ibrahim Kalin told a press briefing. Houthi militiamen and their allies, intense diplomatic efforts, Turkey’s presidential spokesman said Monday. -
Kvüõa Toimetised 13/2010
KVÜÕA TOIMETISED 13/2010 ■ CONTRIBUTORS 3 KAITSEVÄE ÜHENDATUD ÕPPEASUTUSED KVÜÕA TOIMETISED 13/2010 ■ Tartu 2010 TEGEVTOIMETAJA (executive editor): Andres Saumets (Estonia) TOIMETUS (editorial board): Ken Kalling (Estonia) Alar Kilp (Estonia) Peeter Kukk (Estonia) Rain Liivoja (Finland) Enno Mõts (Estonia) Erik Männik (Estonia) Andreas Pawlas (Germany) Claus Freiherr von Rosen (Germany) Volker Stümke (Germany) KEELETOIMETAJAD (language editors): Karen Kuldnokk (Estonia) Epp Leete (Estonia) Roy Lowthian (United Kingdom) Reet Hendrikson (Estonia) Kristiina Haug (Estonia) David W. E. Thomas (United Kingdom) KOLLEEGIUM (editorial council): Aarne Ermus (Estonia) Wilfried Gerhard (Germany) Rudolf Hamann (Germany) Jakob Kübarsepp (Estonia) Ants Laaneots (Estonia) Raul Mälk (Estonia) Ago Pajur (Estonia) Eric Allan Sibul (USA) Villu Tamul (Estonia) Peeter Tulviste (Estonia) Matti Turtola (Finland) ISSN 1736–0242 Autoriõigus: Kaitseväe Ühendatud Õppeasutused, 2010 Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus www.tyk.ee SISUKORD ■ Toomas Möls Critical and Creative Thinking: Are Innovation and Initiative Welcome in the Military? ........................................................................................ 7 Jaan Murumets Võimepõhise planeerimise alused ........................................................... 18 Toomas Tõniste Taktikaliste otsustusmängude kasutamine jalaväekompanii lahingutegevuse juhtimise õpetamiseks ................................................... 34 Merle Parmak Adverse Effects of Tobacco Use in Deployed Military Units ................ -
UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations
UCLA UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Exile, Place and Politics: Syria's Transnational Civil War Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8b36058d Author Hamdan, Ali Nehme Publication Date 2019 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Exile, Place, and Politics: Syria’s Transnational Civil War A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Geography by Ali Nehme Hamdan 2019 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Exile, Place, and Politics: Syria’s Transnational Civil War by Ali Nehme Hamdan Doctor of Philosophy in Geography University of California, Los Angeles, 2019 Professor John A. Agnew, Co-Chair Professor Adam D. Moore, Co-Chair This dissertation explores the role of transnational dynamics in civil war. The conflict in Syria has been described as experiencing one of the most brutal civil wars in recent memory. At the same time, it bears the hallmarks of a deeply “internationalized” conflict, raising questions about the role of transnational forces in shaping its structural dynamics. Focusing on Syria’s conflict, I examine how different actors draw on transnational networks to shape the geographies of “wartime governance.” Wartime governance has been acknowledged by many scholars to be an important process of civil wars, and yet it is frequently conceptualized as a “subnational” or “local” process. For Syria’s opposition, I investigate how it both produces decidedly transnational spaces in Syria’s Northwest, while also illuminating the role of a particular network of actors in doing so. For the global jihadi network Daesh (known also as the Islamic State), I illustrate the contrast between its rhetoric of transnational jihad and its practices of governance, which is considerable. -
A Strategy for Success in Libya
A Strategy for Success in Libya Emily Estelle NOVEMBER 2017 A Strategy for Success in Libya Emily Estelle NOVEMBER 2017 AMERICAN ENTERPRISE INSTITUTE © 2017 by the American Enterprise Institute. All rights reserved. The American Enterprise Institute (AEI) is a nonpartisan, nonprofit, 501(c)(3) educational organization and does not take institutional positions on any issues. The views expressed here are those of the author(s). Contents Executive Summary ......................................................................................................................1 Why the US Must Act in Libya Now ............................................................................................................................1 Wrong Problem, Wrong Strategy ............................................................................................................................... 2 What to Do ........................................................................................................................................................................ 2 Reframing US Policy in Libya .................................................................................................. 5 America’s Opportunity in Libya ................................................................................................................................. 6 The US Approach in Libya ............................................................................................................................................ 6 The Current Situation -
Defining Detention: the Intervention of the European Court of Human Rights in the Detention of Involuntary Migrants
DEFINING DETENTION: THE INTERVENTION OF THE EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE DETENTION OF INVOLUNTARY MIGRANTS Anita Sinha* ABSTRACT This Article examines the European Court of Human Rights’ intervention in the detention of involuntary migrants. It analyzes the use of “carceral migration control” in response to a migration “crisis,” and argues that the actual crisis in the region is one of politics and policies rather than the magnitude of migration. It explores the consequences of a crisis moniker for migration, including shortsighted migration policies, entrenched caricatures of migrants as threatening, and excessive emphasis on punitive rather than humanitarian responses. Responding to migration as a crisis has led states in Europe and elsewhere to shift the movement of people across national borders from a human security issue—protecting people and providing assistance—to a national security issue. This Article applies the migration crisis framework to analyze the European states’ responses to the most recent rise in involuntary migration to the region. It examines the foundational principles of the * Assistant Professor of Law and Director, the International Human Rights Law Clinic, American University Washington College of Law (WCL). The author thanks the participants of the Southeastern Association of Law Schools’ New Scholars Workshop and the NYU Clinical Law Review Writers’ Workshop, Susan Bennett, Janie Chuang, Jennifer Koh, Fernanda Nicola, and Scott Rempell for their immensely helpful feedback. I am also grateful for the excellent research assistance of WCL students Alyssa Dunbar, Matthew Reiter, and Kathryn Steffy, as well as WCL Dean Camille A. Nelson for her ongoing generous support for junior faculty scholarship. -
Saddam Hussein
Saddam Hussein ﺻﺪام ﺣﺴﻴﻦ :Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti (/hʊˈseɪn/;[5] Arabic Marshal Ṣaddām Ḥusayn ʿAbd al-Maǧīd al-Tikrītī;[a] 28 April ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﻤﺠﻴﺪ اﻟﺘﻜﺮﻳﺘﻲ 1937[b] – 30 December 2006) was President of Iraq from 16 July 1979 until 9 Saddam Hussein ﺻﺪام ﺣﺴﻴﻦ April 2003.[10] A leading member of the revolutionary Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party, and later, the Baghdad-based Ba'ath Party and its regional organization the Iraqi Ba'ath Party—which espoused Ba'athism, a mix of Arab nationalism and socialism—Saddam played a key role in the 1968 coup (later referred to as the 17 July Revolution) that brought the party to power inIraq . As vice president under the ailing General Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr, and at a time when many groups were considered capable of overthrowing the government, Saddam created security forces through which he tightly controlled conflicts between the government and the armed forces. In the early 1970s, Saddam nationalized oil and foreign banks leaving the system eventually insolvent mostly due to the Iran–Iraq War, the Gulf War, and UN sanctions.[11] Through the 1970s, Saddam cemented his authority over the apparatus of government as oil money helped Iraq's economy to grow at a rapid pace. Positions of power in the country were mostly filled with Sunni Arabs, a minority that made up only a fifth of the population.[12] Official portrait of Saddam Hussein in Saddam formally rose to power in 1979, although he had already been the de 1979 facto head of Iraq for several years. -
Iraq: Bbb Ackground on Hhhuman Rrrights Ccconditions, 19841984----19921992
August 1993 Vol. 5, Issue 5 IRAQ: BBBACKGROUND ON HHHUMAN RRRIGHTS CCCONDITIONS, 19841984----19921992 This newsletter contains background information about human rights violations in Iraq, gathered by Middle East Watch in July and August 1992 from victims, eyewitnesses and family members currently living in exile in Syria and Jordan. It serves as a supplement to the Middle East Watch publications "Human Rights in Iraq" (Yale University Press: 1990) and "Endless Torment: The 1991 Uprising in Iraq & its Aftermath" (June 1992). With a few exceptions, the Iraqis interviewed for this publication left their country in 1991 or early 1992. For most, it was the first time they had been outside Iraq, and thus the first time they could speak freely about abuses that they or their relatives had endured, or that they themselves had witnessed. The first part of the newsletter examines some of the methods used by the regime's security apparatus to maintain control of Baghdad and southern Iraq after the post-war March 1991 uprisings were crushed. The second section includes detailed testimonies about human rights abuses from 1984 to 1989. TABLE OF CONTENTS Maintaining Control: 19911991----19921992................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................2222 Security Forces Open Fire on Baghdad Demonstration -
Thick Fog Disrupts Flight Services from Terror Acts DT News Network Blanket of White
An apple contains about 17% of People should not have to your daily needs choose between medicine and groceries. And yet the for vitamin C, an greed of the drug industry antioxidant that makes that happen every can help prevent day. skin cancer. @BernieSanders Wednesday, December 28, 2016 Issue No. 7244 Today’s Weather 200 Fils Max Min www.newsofbahrain.com www.facebook.com/nobonline newsofbahrain 38444680 nob_bh For Inquiries: 1724 6800 24°C 14°C Draft law to protect community Thick fog disrupts flight services from terror acts DT News Network blanket of white. At least 2000 number of arriving flights DT News Network Manama passengers were affected by the were diverted to other regional Manama ense fog in the early hours sudden closure of runway. The airport. However, BAC along he Representatives of the morning disrupted cancellation of many flights with its Airport partners Council endorsed today theD normal routine in including Gulf Air, Qatar took the necessary measures withT the majority of the votes different areas of the Kingdom Airways and Etihad last night to address the disruption to an amended draft law on yesterday, affecting dozens of left passengers stranded at the passenger’s delayed flights,” protecting the community flights operating to and from airport. Mohamed Yousif Al Binfalah from terror acts, in response the Bahrain International “Due to low visibility Bahrain Airport Company to a proposal by the Shura Airport. Several flights were experienced at Bahrain CEO said in response to a Council to amend article cancelled as heavy fog engulfed International Airport between query from DT News 11 of law 58 for 2006. -
Saddam Hussein, Saddam Hussein Was the President of Iraq
Animal Farm Research Chapter.3 By: Zion and Caeleb The world leader we picked was Saddam Hussein, Saddam Hussein was the president of Iraq. He was born on April 28, 1937, in Al-Awja Iraq. Hussein was raised by his mother, her second husband Ibrahim alHassan and her brother Khairallah Talfah.Hussein's first wife, Sajida, was his first cousin, the daughter of his maternal uncle Khairallah Talfah. Many of Hussein's family members were part of his regime. Brotherinlaw Brig. General Adnan Khairallah was Minister of Defense. Sonsinlaw General Hussein Kamel, husband to Raghad Hussein, led Iraq's nuclear, chemical and biological weapons program and his brother, Colonel Saddam Kamel, husband to Rana Hussein, was in charge of the presidential security forces. Eldest son Uday was head of the Iraqi Olympic Committee and younger son Qusay was head of the Internal Security Forces. And halfbrother Busho Ibrahim was the Deputy Minister of Justice. 1956 Takes part in an unsuccessful coup to overthrow King Faisal II and Prime Minister Nuri asSaid.1957 Hussein formally joins the Baath Socialist Party.July 14, 1958 King Faisal is killed in a coup led by Abdul Karim Kassem.October 1959 Hussein and others attack the motorcade of Abdul Karim Kassem. The assassination attempt fails and most of the attackers are killed. Hussein escapes and flees to Syria. Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser hears of Hussein's exploits and arranges for him to travel to Cairo.February 8, 1963 Kassem is overthrown and executed, and the Baath Party takes over. -
KVÜÕA Toimetised Nr 17
1 KVÜÕA TOIMETISED 17/2013 2 3 KAITSEVÄE ÜHENDATUD ÕPPEASUTUSED KVÜÕA TOIMETISED Tartu 17/2013 4 EDITOR-IN-CHIEF: Andres Saumets (Estonia) EDITORIAL BOARD: Sten Allik (Estonia) Wilfried Gerhard (Germany) Ken Kalling (Estonia) Jörg Keller (Germany) Vitali Lokk (Estonia) Enno Mõts (Estonia) Erik Männik (Estonia) Andreas Pawlas (Germany) Claus Freiherr von Rosen (Germany) Vladimir Sazonov (Estonia) Volker Stümke (Germany) René Värk (Estonia) LANGUAGE EDITORS: Collin W. Hakkinen (USA) Kristiina Haug (Estonia) Reet Hendrikson (Estonia) Karen Kuldnokk (Estonia) Epp Leete (Estonia) David W. E. Thomas (United Kingdom) Amy Christine Tserenkova (Estonia) EDITORIAL COUNCIL: Hubert Annen (Šveits) Richard H. Clevenger (USA) Angelika Dörfler-Dierken (Germany) Sharon M. Freeman-Clevenger (USA) Martin Herem (Council Manager, Estonia) Thomas R. Kämmerer (Germany) Jakob Kübarsepp (Estonia) Ants Laaneots (Estonia) Tõnu Lehtsaar (Estonia) Rain Liivoja (Australia) Ago Pajur (Estonia) Robert Rollinger (Austria) Michael N. Schmitt (USA) Peeter Tulviste (Estonia) Matti Turtola (Finland) Zdzislaw Zliwa (Poland) ISSN 1736–0242 ISBN 978–9949–9304–2–5 Autoriõigus ja väljaandja: Kaitseväe Ühendatud Õppeasutused, 2013 Riia 12, 51013 Tartu, Estonia www.ksk.edu.ee/toimetised 5 SISUKORD EESTI SÕJAVÄE OHVITSERIDE ETTEVALMISTAMISE SÜSTEEMI KUJUNEMINE JA ARENG 1919–1940 .................................7 Andres Seene EESTI RIIGIKAITSEPOLIITIKA SÕNASTAMISEST 1996–1999: PÕHISUUNDADEST NATO-LIIKMELISUSE TEGEVUSKAVANI ....................................................................................81 -
A Tale of Two Caliphates Comparing the Islamic State’S Internal and External Messaging Priorities
A TALE OF TWO CALIPHATES COMPARING THE ISLAMIC STATE’S INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL MESSAGING PRIORITIES Dounia Mahlouly and Charlie Winter A TALE OF TWO CALIPHATES COMPARING THE ISLAMIC STATE’S INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL MESSAGING PRIORITIES About the authors Dr. Dounia Mahlouly is a VOX-Pol postdoctoral Research Fellow at ICSR, King’s College London. She completed her PhD in sociology at the University of Glasgow, where she has been teaching “Introduction to Online Research Methods”. Her thesis investigated the role of social media campaigning in the Tunisian and Egyptian post-revolutionary debates, examining how social media was incorporated into the campaigning strategy of leading political actors competing for power after the 2011 uprisings. She conducted an ethnographic fieldwork in affiliation with the American University in Cairo and contributed to an ESRC cross-country research project co-funded by Google and hosted by the Adam Smith Research Foundation. Dounia is also a part-time research associate for the Open University, where she works as a regional expert for a study commissioned by the British Council and Goethe-Institut in Egypt. Charlie Winter is a Senior Research Fellow at the International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation (ICSR). He studies terrorism and insurgency with a focus on online and offline strategic communication, and is working on a PhD in War Studies at King’s College London. Alongside his work at ICSR, which is supported by Facebook as part of the Online Civil Courage Initiative, he is an Associate Fellow at the International Centre for Counter-Terrorism in The Hague and an Associate of the Imperial War Museum Institute in London.