DOCSLIB.ORG

ASSESSMENT PLAN for the NATURAL RESOURCE DAMAGE ASSESSMENT of the EAST BRANCH LITTLE CALUMET RIVER / BURNS WATERWAY and ASSOCIATED LAKE MICHIGAN ENVIRONMENTS

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
ASSESSMENT PLAN for the NATURAL RESOURCE DAMAGE ASSESSMENT of the EAST BRANCH LITTLE CALUMET RIVER / BURNS WATERWAY and ASSOCIATED LAKE MICHIGAN ENVIRONMENTS ASSESSMENT PLAN for the NATURAL RESOURCE DAMAGE ASSESSMENT of the EAST BRANCH LITTLE CALUMET RIVER / BURNS WATERWAY AND ASSOCIATED LAKE MICHIGAN ENVIRONMENTS February 2021 Prepared by: U.S. Department of the Interior State of Indiana U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Department of Environmental Management and and National Park Service Department of Natural Resources TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 1 AUTHORITY TO CONDUCT A NATURAL RESOURCE DAMAGE ASSESSMENT ........................................... 1 PURPOSE OF THE ASSESSMENT PLAN .................................................................................................... 2 DECISION TO PERFORM A TYPE B ASSESSMENT .................................................................................... 4 PRELIMINARY ESTIMATE OF DAMAGES ................................................................................................ 4 COORDINATION WITH OTHER GOVERNMENTAL ACTIVITIES ................................................................. 5 PARTICIPATION IN THE ASSESSMENT BY NON-TRUSTEE PARTIES ......................................................... 5 ORGANIZATION OF THE ASSESSMENT PLAN.......................................................................................... 6 CHAPTER 2 BACKGROUND INFORMATION ......................................................................... 7 GEOLOGIC SETTING OF THE ASSESSMENT AREA AND THE SOUTHERN LAKE MICHIGAN DUNES ............ 7 Indiana Dunes Ecological Values ...................................................................................................... 8 Recent History of Indiana Dunes 1860-2010 ..................................................................................... 8 1860-1899 .................................................................................................................................................. 8 1900-1910 .................................................................................................................................................. 9 1911-1920 .................................................................................................................................................. 9 1921-1930 .................................................................................................................................................. 9 1940-1950 .................................................................................................................................................. 9 1951-1960 .................................................................................................................................................. 9 1961-1970 ................................................................................................................................................ 10 1971-1999 ................................................................................................................................................ 10 2000-2010 ................................................................................................................................................ 11 GEOGRAPHIC SCOPE OF THE ASSESSMENT AREA ................................................................................ 11 East Branch Little Calumet River.................................................................................................... 11 Burns Waterway ............................................................................................................................. 11 Lake Michigan ............................................................................................................................... 11 Indiana Dunes National Park .......................................................................................................... 14 INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITY AND IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIALLY RESPONSIBLE PARTIES ...................... 14 HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES AND OIL PRESENT IN THE ASSESSMENT AREA .......................................... 15 Ammonia ....................................................................................................................................... 15 Cyanide .......................................................................................................................................... 16 Oil and Related Compounds ........................................................................................................... 16 Metals ............................................................................................................................................ 17 NATURAL RESOURCES IN THE ASSESSMENT AREA ............................................................................. 17 Surface Water Resources ................................................................................................................ 17 Ground Water Resources ................................................................................................................ 17 Air Resources ................................................................................................................................. 18 Geologic Resources ........................................................................................................................ 18 Biological Resources ...................................................................................................................... 18 Benthic Invertebrates ................................................................................................................................ 18 Fish .......................................................................................................................................................... 19 Freshwater Mussels .................................................................................................................................. 19 RECREATIONAL USES IN THE ASSESSMENT AREA ....................................................................... 19 TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont.) CONFIRMATION OF EXPOSURE ........................................................................................................... 20 CHAPTER 3 INJURY DETERMINATION AND QUANTIFICATION ................................... 22 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 22 PATHWAY DETERMINATION ............................................................................................................... 23 INJURY DETERMINATION.................................................................................................................... 24 Task 1 - Evaluate Surface Water with Respect to Applicable Water Quality Criteria ....................... 25 Objective .................................................................................................................................................. 25 Operative Injury Definition ....................................................................................................................... 25 Regulatory Conformance........................................................................................................................... 25 Background Information ........................................................................................................................... 26 Approach .................................................................................................................................................. 26 Task 2 - Characterize the Nature and Extent of Soil and Sediment Contamination ........................... 26 Objective .................................................................................................................................................. 26 Operative Injury Definition ....................................................................................................................... 26 Regulatory Conformance........................................................................................................................... 27 Background Information ........................................................................................................................... 27 Approach .................................................................................................................................................. 27 Review of existing data ......................................................................................................................... 27 Data gap analysis .................................................................................................................................. 27 Additional sampling and analysis .......................................................................................................... 28 Task 3 - Evaluate the Impact of Sediment Contamination on Invertebrate Communities .................. 28 Objective .................................................................................................................................................. 28 Operative Injury Definition ....................................................................................................................... 29 Regulatory Conformance........................................................................................................................... 29
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Outdoor Adventures
    1 M18 Alyea Park 2 M18 Ambler Flatwoods Nature Preserve 3 M18 American Discovery Trail 4 M18 Aukiki Wetland Conservation Area 5 M18 Bailly Homestead and Chellberg Farm 6 M18 Barker Woods 7 M18 Beverly Shores Area OUTDOOR ADVENTURES MAP 8 M18 Bicentennial Park 9 M18 Bluhm County Park 10 M18 Brincka-Cross Gardens 11 M18 Broken Wagon Bison 12 M18 Brookdale Park 13 M18 C&O Greenway 14 M18 Calumet Bike Trail 15 M18 Calumet Park 16 M18 Campbell Street Access 17 M18 Central Avenue Beach 18 M18 Central Park Plaza 19 M18 Chustak Public Fishing Area 20 M18 Coffee Creek Park A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y 21 M18 Coffee Creek Watershed Preserve 22 M18 Countryside Park and Alton Goin Museum 1 1 23 M18 Cowles Bog Trail 24 M18 Creek Ridge County Park 95 New Buffalo 25 M18 Creekside Park 2 2 26 M18 Cressmoor Prairie Nature Preserve 27 M18 239 94 Dale B. Engquist Nature Preserve 12 28 M18 Deep River County Park US BIKE ROUTE #36 3 Wilson Rd 3 29 M18 Deep River Water Trail Michiana MICHIGAN 30 M18 Deer Trail Park Michiana 77 W 10 E 1000 N ShShooresres 00 N INDIANA 31 M18 Drazer Park (Thomas S. Drazer Memorial Park) E 0 0 5 Long 94 4 N 32 M18 Dunbar Beach 4 E 900 N 77 Beach 12 US BIKE ROUTE #36 33 M18 Dune Park Station 128 44 2 Tryon Rd 39 92 d W 800 N Saugany 15 R 34 E k M18 Dune Succession Trail Lake c E i 5 W Michigan 2 w 131 0 r Blvd 4 0 Hudson a 212 3 124 N K t Lake S N Meer Rd.
    [Show full text]
  • Core Strengths, Sustainable Returns
    Core strengths, sustainable returns Annual Report 2011 With revenues of $94 billion and crude steel production of 91.9 million tonnes, ArcelorMittal is the world’s leading steel and mining company, with a presence in more than 60 countries. Through our core values of sustainability, quality and leadership, we commit to operating in a responsible way with respect to the health, safety and well-being of our employees, contractors and the communities in which we operate. The theme for this year’s annual report is ‘core strengths, sustainable returns’. We believe consistency is crucial in a fast-changing world. And at the heart of this belief is a consistent strategy that focuses on our five core strengths. By continually focusing on these strengths throughout our operations, ArcelorMittal can deliver sustainable returns. Cover image Port-Cartier, Canada Global presence ArcelorMittal is the world’s leading steel and mining company. With a presence in more than 60 countries, we operate a balanced portfolio of cost competitive steel plants across both the developed and developing world. We are the leader in all the main sectors – automotive, household appliances, packaging and construction. We are also the world’s fourth largest producer of iron ore, with a global portfolio of 16 operating units with mines in operation or development. In 2011, we employed around 261,000 people. Flat Carbon Long Carbon Belgium France Mexico US Algeria Germany Charleroi Basse Indre Lázaro Cárdenas Burns Harbor, IN Annaba Duisburg Ghent Châteauneuf Cleveland, OH
    [Show full text]
  • Case No COMP/M.3334 Œ ARCELOR/ THYSSENKRUPP/ STEEL24-7
    Case No COMP/M.3334 – ARCELOR/ THYSSENKRUPP/ STEEL24-7 Only the English text is available and authentic. REGULATION (EEC) No 4064/89 MERGER PROCEDURE Article 6(1)(b) NON-OPPOSITION Date: 16/02/2004 Also available in the CELEX database Document No 304M3334 Office for Official Publications of the European Communities L-2985 Luxembourg COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES Brussels, 16.02.2004 SG-Greffe(2004) D/200619/200620 In the published version of this decision, PUBLIC VERSION some information has been omitted pursuant to Article 17(2) of Council Regulation (EEC) No 4064/89 concerning non-disclosure of business secrets and MERGER PROCEDURE other confidential information. The omissions are shown thus […]. Where ARTICLE 6(1)(b) DECISION possible the information omitted has been replaced by ranges of figures or a general description. To the notifying parties : Dear Sir/Madam, Subject: Case No COMP/M.3334 Arcelor/Thyssenkrupp/Steel 24-7 Notification of 14 January 2004 pursuant to Article 4 of Council Regulation No 4064/89 1. On January 14, 2004, the Commission received a notification pursuant to Article 4 of Regulation (EEC) No 4064/891 as last amended by Regulation (EC) No 1310/972 (“the Merger Regulation”) of a proposed concentration by which ThyssenKrupp AG (“ThyssenKrupp”) acquires an additional 25% of the share capital in the existing Joint Venture Steel 24-7. After completion of the transaction, ThyssenKrupp and Arcelor SA (“Arcelor”) will each own 50% of the shares in Steel 24-7. The companies will have joint control over Steel 24-7 within the meaning of Article 3(1) (b) of the Merger Regulation.
    [Show full text]
  • “Social Aspects and Financing of Industrial Restructuring”
    INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE REGIONAL FORUM “Social Aspects and Financing of Industrial Restructuring” 26 and 27 November 2003, Moscow, Russian Federation Topic 2. Social costs of restructuring and their financing: a closer view Restructuring in the Industry of Luxembourg. Major Issues, Actors and Lessons to Learn By Mr. Albert ZENNER – Director Human Resources, Arbed – Arcelor Group Luxembourg (This paper is being circulated by the secretariat as received from the author) UNITED NATIONS Page 1 sur 13 Restructuring in the Industry of Luxembourg Major issues, Actors and Lessons to learn By Albert ZENNER, Director Human Resources, Arbed – Arcelor Group. Luxembourg might be known by many of You as a banking centre or a country hosting European institutions, and some of You will even know that it is the Headquarters of ARCELOR, the world’s largest steel producer, created by the merger of three companies: the French USINOR, the Spanish ACERALIA, and ARBED, the steel company of LUXEMBOURG. All this is true, but LUXEMBOURG is also an independent country, which has undergone deep changes during the last three decades. These changes result from the restructuring of the steel industry, which for more than a century has been the pillar of the Luxembourg economy. During my presentation I will speak about the major issues of this restructuring, the key players, and the lessons to learn from our point of view. I will also try to show how some of the lessons are applied now within the new group ARCELOR. GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION AND POPULATION. For locating Luxembourg geographically we have to zoom the map of Western Europe.
    [Show full text]
  • SA in Kraków, Poland—Basic Oxygen Furnace Steel Production
    Int J Life Cycle Assess (2012) 17:463–470 DOI 10.1007/s11367-011-0370-y LCI METHODOLOGY AND DATABASES Life cycle inventory processes of the ArcelorMittal Poland (AMP) S.A. in Kraków, Poland—basic oxygen furnace steel production A case study Boguslaw Bieda Received: 8 September 2011 /Accepted: 12 December 2011 /Published online: 11 January 2012 # The Author(s) 2012. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract parameters as well as air emissions associated with the BOF Purpose The goal of this paper is to describe the life cycle steelmaking process were presented. The production data inventory (LCI) approach to steel produced by ArcelorMit- (steel) was given. The emissions of SO2,NO2, CO, CH4, ’ tal s Basic Oxygen Furnace (AMBOF) in Kraków, Poland. CO2, dust, heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Cu, Pb, Ni and Mn) and The present LCI is representative for the reference year waste (slag and gas cleaning sludge) are the most important 2005 by application of PN-EN ISO 14040:2009 (PN-EN outcomes of the steel process. ISO 2009). The system boundaries were labeled as gate-to- Results With regard to 1,677,987 Mg of steel produced by gate (covering a full chain process of steel production). The AMBOF, the consumption of natural gas, blast furnace gas background input and output data from the basic oxygen and coke oven gas amounted to 10,671,997, 755,094 and furnace (BOF) steelmaking process has been inventoried as 13,222,537.6 m3/year, respectively. Electric energy, steam, follows: pig iron, scrap, slag forming materials (CaO), fer- air, oxygen and heat input amounts were in the order of roalloys, Al, carbon and graphite carburizer (material for 45,003,611.3 kWh, 21,646.03 Mg, 107,592,526 m3, carburization of steel), isolating powder, consumption of 90,611,298 m3 and 16,779.87 GJ, respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • Lodged Consent Decree US Steel #2733655 (PDF)
    USDC IN/ND case 2:18-cv-00127 document 2-1 filed 04/02/18 page 1 of 59 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF INDIANA HAMMOND DIVISION __________________________________________ ) UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ) and the STATE OF INDIANA, ) ) Plaintiffs, ) ) Case No. v. ) ) Judge UNITED STATES STEEL CORPORATION, ) ) Defendant. ) _________________________________________ ) CONSENT DECREE USDC IN/ND case 2:18-cv-00127 document 2-1 filed 04/02/18 page 2 of 59 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. BACKGROUND .............................................................................................................. 1 II. OBJECTIVES .................................................................................................................. 4 III. JURISDICTION AND VENUE ...................................................................................... 4 IV. APPLICABILITY ............................................................................................................ 5 V. DEFINITIONS ................................................................................................................. 6 VI. COMPLIANCE REQUIREMENTS ............................................................................ 12 VII. REVIEW AND APPROVAL OF SUBMITTALS ...................................................... 17 VIII. REPORTING REQUIREMENTS ............................................................................... 19 IX. PAYMENT OF NOAA COSTS ...................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • A Plan by the Northwestern Indiana Regional Planning Commission Northwestern Indiana Regional Planning Commission (NIRPC) Table of Contents
    The Marquette Action Plan A Plan by the Northwestern Indiana Regional Planning Commission Northwestern Indiana Regional Planning Commission (NIRPC) Table of Contents Tyson Warner, AICP 4 Introduction Executive Director 4 History of the Marquette Plan 5 Overview Kathy Luther 6 Need for an Action Plan Chief of Staff 7 Lake Michigan Shoreline Access 8 Outreach Eman Ibrahim 9 Survey Results Planning Manager 13 Regional Approach Sarah Geinosky 14 Current Regionwide Shoreline Access Former GIS Analyst 16 Accessibility for All Project Manager 18 Pedestrian and Bicycle Access 20 Canoe and Kayak Access Gabrielle Biciunas 22 Fishing Access 24 Parking Access Long-Range Planner 26 Access by Public Transit 28 Planning Coordination James Winters 30 Tourism, Marketing, and Wayfinding Coordination Transit Planner 33 Community Approach Northwest Indiana Regional 34 Hammond 38 Whiting Development Authority (RDA) 42 East Chicago Bill Hanna 46 Gary West President and CEO 50 Gary East 54 Portage and Ogden Dunes 58 Burns Harbor and Dune Acres Policy Analytics 62 Indiana Dunes State Park, the Town of Porter, and Chesterton William Sheldrake 66 Beverly Shores, the Town of Pines, and the National Lakeshore East President 70 Michigan City, Long Beach, and Michiana Shores 74 Finance and Maintenance Jason O’Neill Senior Consultant The Marquette Action Plan For more information visit http://www.rdatransformation.com/ A Plan by The Northwestern Indiana Regional Planning Commission June 2018 www.nirpc.org Requests for alternate formats: please contact Mary Thorne at NIRPC at (219) 763-6060 extension 131 or at [email protected]. Individuals with hearing impairments may contact us through the Indiana Relay 711 service by calling 711 or (800) 743-3333.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report 2019 Contains a Full Overview of Its Corporate Stakeholder Expectations As Well As Long-Term Trends Governance Practices
    Table of Contents Management report Company overview 4 Business overview 5 Disclosures about market risk 44 Group organizational structure 47 Key transactions and events in 2019 50 Recent developments 53 Research and development 54 Sustainable development 57 Corporate governance 67 Luxembourg takeover law disclosure 108 Additional information 110 Chief executive officer and chief financial officer’s responsibility statement 115 Financial statements of ArcelorMittal parent company for the year ended December 31, 2019 116 Statements of financial position 117 Statements of operations and statements of other comprehensive income 118 Statements of changes in equity 119 Statements of cash flows 120 Notes to the financial statements 121 Report of the réviseur d’entreprises agréé 170 4 Management report Company overview other countries, such as Kazakhstan, South Africa and Ukraine. In addition, ArcelorMittal’s sales of steel products History and development of the Company are spread over both developed and developing markets, which have different consumption characteristics. ArcelorMittal is the world’s leading integrated steel and ArcelorMittal’s mining operations, present in North and mining company. It results from the merger in 2007 of its South America, Africa, Europe and the CIS region, are predecessor companies Mittal Steel Company N.V. and integrated with its global steel-making facilities and are Arcelor, each of which had grown through acquisitions over important producers of iron ore and coal in their own right. many years. Since its creation ArcelorMittal has experienced periods of external growth as well consolidation Products: ArcelorMittal produces a broad range of high- and deleveraging (including through divestments), the latter quality finished and semi-finished steel products (“semis”).
    [Show full text]
  • 6. Images and Identities
    6. Images and Identities Wilhelm Amann, Viviane Bourg, Paul Dell, Fabienne Lentz, Paul Di Felice, Sebastian Reddeker 6.1 IMAGES OF NATIONS AS ‘INTERDISCOURSES’. PRELIMINARY THEORETICAL REFLECTIONS ON THE RELATION OF ‘IMAGES AND IDENTITIES’: THE CASE OF LUXEMBOURG The common theoretical framework for the analysis of different manifestations of ‘images and identities’ in the socio-cultural region of Luxembourg is provided by the so-called interdiscourse analysis (Gerhard/Link/Parr 2004: 293-295). It is regarded as an advancement and modification of the discourse analysis developed by Michel Foucault and, as an applied discourse theory, its main aim is to establish a relationship between practice and empiricism. While the discourses analysed by Foucault were, to a great extent, about formations of positive knowledge and institutionalised sciences (law, medicine, human sciences etc.), the interdiscourse analysis is interested in discourse complexes which are precisely not limited by specialisation, but that embrace a more comprehensive field and can therefore be described as ‘interdiscursive’ (Parr 2009). The significance of such interdiscourses arises from the general tension between the increasing differentiation of modern knowledge and the growing disorientation of modern subjects. In this sense, ‘Luxembourg’ can be described as a highly complex entity made up of special forms of organisation, e.g. law, the economy, politics or also the health service. Here, each of these sectors, as a rule, develops very specified styles of discourse restricted to the respective field, with the result that communication about problems and important topics even between these sectors is seriously impeded and, more importantly, that the everyday world and the everyday knowledge of the subjects is hardly ever reached or affected.
    [Show full text]
  • 2020-Arcelormittal-Annual-Report.Pdf
    Table of Contents Page Page Share capital 183 Management report Additional information Introduction Memorandum and Articles of Association 183 Company overview 3 Material contracts 192 History and development of the Company 3 Exchange controls and other limitations affecting 194 security holders Forward-looking statements 9 Taxation 195 Key transactions and events in 2020 10 Evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures 199 Risk Factors 14 Glossary - definitions, terminology and principal 201 subsidiaries Business overview Chief executive officer and chief financial officer’s 203 Business strategy 35 responsibility statement Research and development 36 Sustainable development 40 Consolidated financial statements 204 Products 54 Consolidated statements of operations 205 Sales and marketing 58 Consolidated statements of other comprehensive 206 Insurance 59 income Intellectual property 59 Consolidated statements of financial position 207 Government regulations 60 Consolidated statements of changes in equity 208 Organizational structure 67 Consolidated statements of cash flows 209 Notes to the consolidated financial statements 210 Properties and capital expenditures Property, plant and equipment 69 Report of the réviseur d’entreprises agréé - 322 consolidated financial statements Capital expenditures 91 Reserves and Resources (iron ore and coal) 93 Operating and financial review Economic conditions 99 Operating results 120 Liquidity and capital resources 132 Disclosures about market risk 137 Contractual obligations 139 Outlook 140 Management and employees Directors and senior management 141 Compensation 148 Corporate governance 164 Employees 173 Shareholders and markets Major shareholders 178 Related party transactions 180 Markets 181 New York Registry Shares 181 Purchases of equity securities by the issuer and 182 affiliated purchasers 3 Management report Introduction Company overview ArcelorMittal is one of the world’s leading integrated steel and mining companies.
    [Show full text]
  • Historical Survey of Iron and Steel Production in Bosnia and Herzegovina
    UDK 669.1(497.15)(091) ISSN 1580-2949 Professional article/Strokovni ~lanek MTAEC9, 43(4)223(2009) S. MUHAMEDAGI], M. ORU]: HISTORICAL SURVEY OF IRON AND STEEL PRODUCTION IN BiH HISTORICAL SURVEY OF IRON AND STEEL PRODUCTION IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA ZGODOVINSKI PREGLED PROIZVODNJE @ELEZA IN JEKLA V BOSNI IN HERCEGOVINI Sulejman Muhamedagi}1, Mirsada Oru~2 1University of Zenica, Faculty of metallurgy and materials, Travni~ka c. 1, 72000 Zenica, Bosna i Hercegovina 2University of Zenica, Institute of Metallurgy "Kemal Kapetanovi}", Travni~ka c. 1, 72000 Zenica, Bosna i Hercegovina [email protected] Prejem rokopisa – received: 2009-01-08; sprejem za objavo – accepted for publication: 2009-01-16 Cast-iron and steel production facilities were, and still are, frequently located on sites with deposits of iron ore and coal. The center of steel metallurgy in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and of the former Yugoslavia, is located in the Iron and Steel Plant Zenica, today known as Arcelor Mittal Zenica. In this paper the beginning, the development and the planned growth of the iron and steel plant in Zenica is presented with periods of success and periods of crisis. Key words: Iron and Steel Plant Zenica, developmentr, pig iron, steel. Proizvodne naprave za grodelj in jeklo so pogosto zgrajene na le`i{~ih `elezove rude in premoga. Sredi{~e proizvodnje jekla v Bosni in Hercegovini ter v nekdanji Jugoslaviji je bilo v @elezarni Zenica, danes Arcelor Mittal Zenica. V tem sestavku so predstavljeni za~etek, razvoj in na~rtovana rast @elezarne Zenica z obdobji krize in uspeha. Klju~ne besede: @elezarna Zenica, razvoj, grodelj, jeklo advantage of road and railway communications along the 1 INTRODUCTION Bosna valley.
    [Show full text]
  • Lehigh Preserve Institutional Repository
    Lehigh Preserve Institutional Repository Luxembourg: World Headquarters for the Steel Industry Copeland, Cameron 2008 Find more at https://preserve.lib.lehigh.edu/ This document is brought to you for free and open access by Lehigh Preserve. It has been accepted for inclusion by an authorized administrator of Lehigh Preserve. For more information, please contact [email protected]. LUXEMBOURG: WORLD HEADQUARTERS FOR THE STEEL INDUSTRY Cameron Copeland Introduction The History of Steel in Luxembourg The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (Luxem- bourg), although one of the smallest coun- Although there is evidence of ironworking tries in the world, has historically played a in Gallo-Roman times circa 500 A.D. (Edwards, disproportionate role in the formation of mod- p. 1), for all intents and purposes the steel indus- ern Europe. It was a charter member of the try’s rich history in Luxembourg took shape Benelux Economic Union, the European Union, in the late nineteenth century. Following the NATO, and the United Nations. The territory inventions of two British industrialists, Henry now called Luxembourg was a prized possession Bessemer and Sidney Gilchrist Thomas in 1855 of various powers in Europe because of its geog- and 1875 respectively, mass production of raphy and natural resources, only gaining its steel became feasible. The Bessemer process, independence in 1890; with a population of developed in Sheffield, England, utilized the 480,000 (2007), it boasts the world’s highest GDP patented Bessemer converter in order to mass- per capita of $87,995. (The World Factbook . .) produce steel from pig-iron by removing impu- Although insignificant in size and area, Luxem- rities using compressed air which was bubbled bourg has been able to maintain its economic through the molten metal.
    [Show full text]