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Iudila Y Suniefredo, Reyes Visigodos

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Iudila Y Suniefredo, Reyes Visigodos Iudila y Suniefredo, reyes visigodos rdit 1'10 LIELTRAN El asunto dc este artículo no es nuevo, y sil estiidio ha sido heclio en varias ocasiones sin haberlo tlcjado concluído; quii.5 lo que yo escribo ahora estíi tan sujeto a rcvisibn como lo cliclio por los iliictres autores qiic nie precetlieroti ; pero riii íiriica aq~i- raciOti consiste en (locii~iiciitar, mediante las nioiieclas y los itistrunieiitos, algiitias liipó- tesis que parecen l~robaliles; y no digo definitivas, porque siempre resulta tenierario el etiiplco (le esta palabra en asuntos tan complejos. La irionarqiiía goda fiié clectiva entre un grupo de familias privilegiadas, y, conio conseciieiicia, csistió c~iella el nefiotisnto, con sus grandes iticoriveiiicntes. Siis reyes, absolutos y tiranos, pasaron grandes pesadumbres al pensar en la suerte reservada, dcspii6s (le iiiuertos ellos, a siis familias, espuestas a caer en manos (le siis enemigos ; prociirarori, por ello, reriictliarla, apoy!tildose en los crírioiies (le los Concilios de Toledo, qiie castigaban con esconiuiiióri a los qiic atentasen contra la faniilia de los monarcas (lifiiiitos. Así resiilta que, al ectiicliar los hechos Iiistóricos clcsde Leovigildo Iiasta el final de 1:i iiioiiarcliiía gotla, aparece una piigiia tenaz y continiia(1a ciitre los iiionarcas inil~erantes, qiie ~)retciidíaiivincular la corona en gentes (le sil sangre, y los próceres ~>ertenecicntcsa la clase (le fiituros elegidos, ociirrieticlo a vcccs que vencían los rehel<les,y su acto de fi1cri.a era legitiinatlo 110s los ol>ispos; o, por el contrario, eran vencidos, y el sol~crariose vengaba (le ellos y (le siis cóniplices. Rri csta liiclia intervenían los electores qiie hal->íaii(le 1eg-i- tiin:ir al iiiievo iiioiinrca, y pos ello casi no liay caso algiirio (le siihlcvacióii (de las cono- cidas) en que rio interviniera algíiii obispo o nietropolitano. 13 camino segiiido por los reyes goclos para conservar la corona tlcritro de sil fatn'ilia consistió en asociarse a 1111 familiar (gencraliiiciite a iin hijo) conio heredero para la gober- iiacióii (le1 país, y lograr repararle la devoción del cuerpo electoral, frícil de conqiiistar por qiiicn actiial~aconio rey antes de scrlo efectivo. BII los casos de reyes ~mclerosos, Cstos, aiiii sin asociarse a siis heretleros, lograban inclinar coiivcnientementc a los electores, cluc coiisagraríaii cri sil (lía a la persona sefialada por el nioiiarca difunto. Soii ejetiiplos claros de lo que antecede, los casos de Leovigildo coi1 sil hijo Hcr- riicricgilclo y liicgo con Recaredo; la sucesión de Liiiva 11 ; la de Recaredo 11 a su padre Sisebuto; la asociación cle Ricímer por su padre Suintila ; la sucesión de Tulga a sil padre Chintila, la asociación de Recesvinto con su padre Chindasvinto ; la sucesión de Ervigio por sil yerno Egica ; la asociación de Wittiza a su padre Egica, y, finalmente, la de Achila, si se admite que este 1)ersoliaje fué hijo de Wittiza. I,os casos citados originaron los iniportantcs feiiónicr~os iiumisnicíticos sigiiicntes: 1. La csirtencia coetánea (le iiiotiedas acufiadas iirias a tionibrc de Leovigildo y otras con el de rii liijo Herliietiegil(10. 11. Qiiii.5 estc niis~iiofcnóiiieiio sc (lió coi1 Lcovigiltlo y Rccaretlo. i2partc tlc esto, la asociaciOri (le Recarcclo por sil padre (lió lugar a la aparición del tipo tnorictario nihs :ibuaclatite entre los gwlos, con scritlos bustos (le frente en anverso y reverso, correspoti- tlicntcs a Lcovigiltlo y a sii hijo. 171 hecho fu6 aprovecliado niiiy accrtatlamcritc Imr (loii Felipe JIateii Llopis al esljotier cl origen <le estc tipo eniincntcineiitc gn<lo.' 111. La cxsistcncia tlc tricritcs hureos, coetáiieos c iridcl)eiidierites, (le Cliiiitlarviiito y tlc Rcccsvinto, la aparición posterior (le siis nonibres corijutitanicnte cri iitias iiiisni:is riione(1as. IV. Las nionetlas qiie tiaicri a la vez los noriihres (le Iigica y IYittiza. !\(lenirís, piiedc asegiirarse qiic cti totlos los reinados hubo siiblevaciotics, iiiias triiiri- faiiter y otras aborta<las, coriociclas iiiias por la historia y otras por indicios esistentes eii los (lociinicritos (le la Cpoca, aiii6ii tlc otras ~lcscotioci~lashasta ahora. Lcovigildo tiivo 11iicn ciiitlatlo (le esterriiiiiar a siis posibles cnemigos ; Rec:ire<lo liuhc) (le sofocar la rehclióri (le los condes Segga y \Viterico, apoyatlos por los obispos Suiiiia y Athaloco; Liuv:i 11 fu6 clcpiicsto y niiicrto por \\Titerico, y &te fiií. asesinado en Tolc~lo, (liiraiitc iin ban(liicte, sicnclo siibstitiií(1o por Criiii(lcmaro, qiic riiurió pronto, sictido elegi(lo Sisebuta. No hay noticias sobre Rccarctlo TI, qiie vivió pocos nieses. Siiiiitila, qiic le sil- cedió, fii; (lc~~iiestopor Siseiiaritlo, pcro antcs o siniiiltáiieanicntc EX) ~)roclariiórey Ceiln, licrriiatio (le Suintila. Chiiitila, qiie siicc(li6 a Siseria~i(lo,liiibo (le Iiicliar cori alpíri intriisc, eti el niomento (Ic sil cieccióii, w;cdiri resulta del carioii III (le1 V Concilio Toletlaiio, por el qiie se csconiiilgaba a los qiie, faltos dc liriaje goclo, prcteiidíaii cl rciiio sin ser elcgi(1os I)or los nobles y los ol~isl)os,cl cual comienza tlicieiido : (<Alas novas cnfcrmctlades, ct noti corioci(1as corivicn nos allar nova nielecinan, etc. ;' y (1cl IV : ctDclos que quicreri ganar cl regno vivieiitlo c>1 rey,,, el ciial fu6 rcpeticlo en el canon XVII tlel VI Concilio 'I'olctlaiio. Acaba (le confii-niarse cstc hecho por la eslwsicióii prcliniinar (le1 Concilio SI11 y sii catiori 1, ciian(1o ISgica (lcvolvía sil cstado aiitigiio a los hijos dc los infamados en tier-ril)~ (le Chititila. Tulga, hijo (le Chintil:~,fuí. (1crl)oscítlo por los r&cl(les, quc rioriibraroii rey a Cliin<lasvinto, y este niisnio tiivo qiic Iiicliar contra la rel~cltlía. Rcccsvinto tiivo qiic so- focar la rcbclií)~~tlc 1:roya. Waniha, raro caso (le falta (le anihici6ri por el niancla, logró rediicir a los reheltles T-Iil(lerico y Paiilo, pcro tcrriiirió (1el)iiesto por la fclotiía tic Rrvigio. I'gica, ycrrio (lc Tlrvigio, apartó dcl trono a los hijos tlc Cste, y niás atlclaiitcb tiivo qiic sofocar una rcl)cilií,ri tramada por Sishcrta, metropolitano (le Toiedo. Finaliiierite, IVittiza o Achila (si fii6 su liijo) fueron clcpiiestm por Roclerico. Es cvidcntc qiie tan corititiuat1:is rebeliones y peripecias tirvieron qiie (Icjnr reciiertlos niiniisniáticos, y prescin(lien(1o (le Achila, que rcinó al filial clc la nioriarqiiía, en Tarragoria y en Narboria, las inoiic(1as han sido monunicntos (leniostrativos dc la csistenci:~de un rey godo llamado IVDILA, iniper:ititc eii Enierita e Iliberis, y (Ic iiri SVNIRFRIiDO, rey dc 'I'oie(1o. Es rniiy posible qiic los hallazgos iiiiniismáticos (lcl porvenir den a conocer otro:, personajes, insorl,cchados hoy, qiie gobertiaroii tcnil)oralnicnte en algiirias ciii<la<lcsdel rciiio de los godos. T. MATEKJY I,LOPIS, Felipe, Las Mon~dasvisijiodas del Afuseo Avqileoldgico Norio~~ol.ll;itlri<l, io.30, 2. Todas 1a.s refcrcncias a Concilios Toledanos, están tomadais dc la C(i1erridn de C'ci>~o?irs?' dr todos los Concilios de la ljilesia d. Ecp.zlta y de Am-vica (en latitr JI castellano), por don Jiian Tcjada y liamirci, t. 11. Madrid, 1859. Por comodidad de lectiira, suprimo, cn general, el tcxto latino. I,a forma segunda de este nombre aparece frecuciitenientc, pues así se llamaron pcr- sonajes godos varios y obispos firmantes en los Concilios de 'I'oledo. E1 esimio coleccio- nista espaíiol seíior Cervera decía conocer dwiitiientos que nombraban a Iudila, y Fern:ín<lcz Guerra ascg-iirO qirc iin aiitor antiguo citaba un Goudila, rey de los godos, que sería cn estc caso el dc lar moneilas. 1. - Sltintila. Rm6rita. 2. - Izrdila. Emcrita. IAfiisro Arqiieol6zico Nncionnl ) (Ejcmpliir ~iicfue del gcnernl Chincliilla.) 3. - Siscnando. Embritn. (Institiito de Vnlenrin de Don Jiian.) Las monedas con el nombre de Iudila aparecieron por primera y finica vez (que yo sepa) en el Tecoro dc la Capilla cerca de Carnicna, el día 27 de agosto (le 1891,' (londc fricroii liallaclas iirias niil monedas, de las ciiales llegó a Pirjol la noticia de setecientas setenta, ci bien iio pudo terminar el cstudio, por su muerte repentina.' Sil distribución por reinados es la siguiente : Recaredo 1 (o 11). ..... I 1,iiiva 11 ......... I Witerico. ........ I Giindeinaro. ....... 2 Sisebuto. ........ 49 Siiintila .........394 Siscnanrlo. ........315 Iirdila .......... 2 I (Incierta). .........- Total. ..... 770 13asta mirar la lista anterior para saber qire el tesoro fuC cscondi(10 durante el reinado dc Siscnariclo, y que Iudila es de esta última época, Diles de haber sido más antiguo hubiera resiiltado muy difícil que salieran mcnedas tan rarísimas, ya que Iliitcrico, ciiyas monedas no son raras, solamente estuvo representado por cinco piezas, y qiie de las raras 1. FERN~NDEZY L~PEZ, Manuel, El Tesoro visigdlico de la Capilla, Sevilla, 1895. 2. Los papeles de Pujo1 sobre este hallazgo, se conservan en la Academia de la Historia. I 00 río BET,TRÁY (le Giindcmaro s:ilieron dos. Se coiifirrna esta ~->resiiticióricomparan<lo el Iiidila de Il:merita, que fii6 del General Cliiricliilla, luego de Ccrvcra y Iioy de la Hispariic ,%iety <le Ncw- York, con las aciifiacioiies enieriteiisci; de Siiiiitiln y Siscriando, i(l6riticas a ella. Liiego ate personaje reir16 eritrc Suiiitila y Siscriantlo, scgíiri vieron clara y acertatlamcrite los riiimisn~!iticos Artiir Engel y Aiitntiio Vives. Qiicclati, llar tanto, aniilatlas ciinritas hip6tesis no coiricitlnti coi1 este resiilta(1o.' I,a (lescril-~ci6ii(le estas nione<l:is (le Iiitlila es la siguiente: IV. III,iZ RIiS Biisto de frente N) + PIVS IiLIBEI¿ Busto de frente (Pernfiiidez, n.o 2) I\'. l>II,.Z RAX Riisto de frente Ii) + EMERTTIZ I'IVS Riisto (le frente (I:ertiilridez, n.O Go) , La niorictla cliic siil)origo iriciertri (niieritras iio la vea) es la tlcscrita por 1:cr- iiLnt1cr. (n." 3). I + JAJITIZ I'IVS Biisto de frente K) IVC'L'VS ACI Busto de frente Sin hal)cr.la visto, 1)itetlo :isegiir:ir qiic cst5 iiix1 leícla; ~~iicr;rcsiilta iiriposil)lc la csistcricia del tlicta(1o PIVS en el a~i\~erso(licicritlo IVSTVC eri el reverso.
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