DOCSLIB.ORG

BREXIT and Its Consequences for the UK and EU Citizenship Or Monstrous Citizenship Jean Monnet Professor Ad Personam Elspeth

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
BREXIT and Its Consequences for the UK and EU Citizenship Or Monstrous Citizenship Jean Monnet Professor Ad Personam Elspeth BREXIT and its consequences for the UK and EU Citizenship or Monstrous Citizenship Jean Monnet Professor ad personam Elspeth Guild Queen Mary University of London, Law 1 Acknowledgements There are many people who have played an important role in the writing of this book. First and foremost I must thank my partner, Didier Bigo, Sciences-Po and Kings College London for all the wonderful discussions and debates about the subject and for his valuable insights from a continental perspective on many of the political issues. Our discussions about the image of the monster were central to the form this book has taken. Second, I must thank emeritus Professor Kees Groenendijk, Radboud University Nijmegen (NL) with whom many long discussions and debates have provided me with invaluable insights into the relations of the UK with the other Member States particularly in the field of free movement of persons. My Head of Department, Professor Valsamis Mitsilegas, has provided me with invaluable support and encouragement throughout the process and pushed me to write this book to present at my inaugural lecture, (five years after my recruitment) at Queen Mary University of London. He agreed to act as a discussant at the lecture providing me with important new insights which I have woven into the text. Similarly Professor Sionaidh Douglas-Scott agreed to be a discussant and from her deep knowledge of British constitutionalism, raised important issues about the nature of sovereignty in the UK which have deepened my thinking. Emeritus Professor Carol Harlow, LSE, kindly agreed to chair my inaugural lecture but went far beyond the exigencies of that role and both read and provide me with important comments and suggestions on the text. I must also thank Professor Marina Warner, All Souls College University of Oxford and Birkbeck College University of London, for the inspiration of her Reith Lectures 1994. Her deployment of the image of the monster has inspired my investigation into BREXIT. Finally, I must thank all my colleagues and students in London, Nijmegen, Paris and Bruges for their fascinating reflections, comments and questions which have enriched my thinking and for my editor, Lindy Melman, with whom is always a delight to work. Elspeth Guild September 2016 2 Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. The Monstrous Negotiations 3. Monstrous Citizenships 4. Citizens and their monstrous families 5. Monstrous Fears 6. Conclusions 3 List of Abbreviations BREXIT: The referendum held in the UK on 23 June 2016 on whether to remain or leave the European Union – including the negotiations, campaign and after events around the voters’ decision Citizens Directive: Directive 2004/38/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the right of citizens of the Union and their family members to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States amending Regulation (EEC) No 1612/68 and repealing Directives 64/221/EEC, 68/360/EEC, 72/194/EEC, 73/148/EEC, 75/34/EEC, 75/35/EEC, 90/364/EEC, 90/365/EEC and 93/96/EEC CJEU: Court of Justice of the European Union (used also for the ECJ – European Court of Justice as it was before 1 December 2009) ECHR; European Convention of Human Rights ECtHR: European Court of Human Rights EEA: European Economic Area EHRC: Equality and Human Rights Commission (UK) EU: European Union (including its predecessors: European Economic Community and European Community) EU 8: Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Lithuania, Latvia, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia EUCFR: European Union Charter of Fundamental Rights EU citizen: Citizen of the European Union IMF: International Monetary Fund ISIS: Islamic State in Iraq and Syria MEP: Members of the European Parliament TEU: Treaty on the European Union TFEU: Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organisation UK: United Kingdom 4 List of Cases European Court of Human Rights East African Asians v UK [1973] 3 EHRR 76 Court of Justice of the European Union (chronological order by case number) Case 43/75 Defrenne ECR [1976] 455 267/83 Diatta ECR [1984] 567 C-68/86 UK v Council ECR [1988] 855 C-370/90 Surinder Singh ECR [1992] I-4265 C-85/96 Martinez Sala ECR [1998] I-2691 C-192/99 Kaur ECR [2001] I-1237 C-291/05 Eind ECR [2007] I-10719. C-127/08 Metock ECR [2008] I-6241 C-135/08 Rottmann ECR [2010] I-1449 C-459/99 MRAX ECR [2002] I-5691 C-109/01 Akrich ECR [2003] I-9607 C-157/03 Commission v Spain ECR [2005] I-2911 C-34/09 Zambrano ECR [2011] I-1177 C-456/12 O 12 March 2014 C-457/12 S 12 March 2014 C-28/12 Commission v Council 29 June 2015 C-244/13 Ogieriakhi 10 July 2014 UK National Courts R (on the application of Baiai and others) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2008] UKHL 53 Pham v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2015] UKSC 19. 5 Introduction “Monsters breed in this terrible playground of fabricated identity, and all the hostile strategems of labelling and differentiation… for the vindication of us against them… England against Brussels and Strasbourg.” Marina Warner, Six myths of our time – managing monsters the Reith Lectures 1994 This inaugural lecture examines the consequences of the UK vote on 23 June 2016 to leave the European Union on EU citizenship. The simple fact which appears to result from this vote is that within a fairly short period of time – not less than two years from the commencement of the departure procedure provided for in Article 50 TEU – British citizens will cease to be citizens of the European Union while the nationals of the other 27 will continue to have this status. Thus nationals of the other 27 Member States will continue to have the rights which attach to EU citizenship but British citizens will cease to have these rights. British citizens will retain only their British citizenship which is based on the principle of allegiance to the sovereign – the foundation of state sovereignty – not on the principle of rights as is the case with EU citizenship. So what was so terrible about these EU citizenship rights? This question is at the heart of my lecture. The construction and image of the monster and the monstrous form are my metaphorical frameworks to understand what happened to the EU project in the UK that led to the vote in June and what this means for all of us as citizens. St George is the patron saint of England, that part of the UK whose people were decisive in determining the outcome of the 23 June 2016 referendum.1 St George is normally portrayed slaying a dragon – he is the monster killer. Usually, he is mounted on a horse and his lance is piercing the monstrous dragon which has been the cause of so much suffering to the people, the English. The image of the threatening monster is central to English religious identity and the victory of St George over his monster is a fixture of the socio-political landscape of England. The 1870 mosaic in the Central Lobby of the Palace of Westminster which greets British members of Parliament each day when they enter depicts St George as designed by Sir Edward Poynter. St George stands in full armour, the slain dragon at his feet. The figure of Fortitude stands on his right carrying a club and a lion’s skin. Purity is on his left bearing white lilies and the saint’s helmet. In the iconography of the BREXIT campaign, the EU was presented as a truly monstrous entity, sucking out British state sovereignty from the British polity2 and enslaving the British 1 In England 53.4% of the votes were to leave the EU (15,188,406); in Northern Ireland 44.2% of the votes were to leave (349,442); in Scotland 38.0% of the votes were to leave (854,572) http://www.bbc.com/news/politics/eu_referendum/results visited 5 September 2016. 2 http://www.spectator.co.uk/2016/08/brexit-means-that-britain-will-be-boss-again/ visited 6 September 2016. 6 people with foreign laws.3 The vote to leave was presented as a vote for liberty and the independence of Britain as opposed to remaining in the thrall of the monstrous EU.4 Yet when one steps away from the sacred image of St George and his monster and one examines the more secular monsters of our common mythology and the stories we tell our children, the picture is quite different. Europa and Zeus in the form of her monster bull are positive images which produce Europe. Beauty discovers the excellent qualities of her beast and once kissed, the toad turns into a prince. Monsters can also be no more than our own misunderstanding of the qualities of others. Returning briefly, to sacred imagery, the hero of St George and the dragon depends on the belief structure of the viewer. The tremendous popularity of the image of St George in Haiti as documented by Metraux5 resulted from the presence of the dragon, Damballa, the serpent spirit in Haitian traditional belief. In one form of the story, Damballa, through his sacrifice, becomes divine and thereby the Great Master who creates the cosmos. For the Haitians, the dragon was the venerated subject of the image not St George. The monstrous and the monster are the frameworks of analysis which have been used by many social scientists to examine the citizen/immigrant divide. Marina Warner’s Managing Monsters Reith Lectures in 1994 has provided me with much inspiration for this discussion.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Liechtenstein
    G:\UNO\BERICHTE\Frauen\Vierter Länderbericht\4. Länderbericht-en.doc LIECHTENSTEIN Fourth PERIODIC REPORT submitted under article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women of 18 December 1979 Vaduz, 11 August 2009 RA 2009/1874 2 Table of contents FOREWORD .................................................................................................................................................. 3 I. OVERVIEW OF LIECHTENSTEIN........................................................................................................... 4 1. Political and social structures.................................................................................................4 2. Legal and institutional framework .........................................................................................5 II. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 8 The situation of women in Liechtenstein and implementation of the Beijing Platform for Action ...............8 III. REMARKS ON THE INDIVIDUAL ARTICLES OF THE CONVENTION ..................................................... 9 Article 2 Policy measures to eliminate discrimination against women ................................................9 Article 3 Ensuring the full development and advancement of women...............................................18 Article 4 Positive measures to accelerate de facto equality ...............................................................19
    [Show full text]
  • LIECHTENSTEIN the 341 © Lonely Planet Publications Planet Lonely © Malbun Triesenberg Schloss Vaduz Trail LANGUAGE: GERMAN LANGUAGE: „ Fürstensteig
    © Lonely Planet Publications 341 Liechtenstein If Liechtenstein didn’t exist, someone would have invented it. A tiny mountain principality governed by an iron-willed monarch in the heart of 21st-century Europe, it certainly has novelty value. Only 25km long by 12km wide (at its broadest point) – just larger than Man- hattan – Liechtenstein doesn’t have an international airport, and access from Switzerland is by local bus. However, the country is a rich banking state and, we are told, the world’s largest exporter of false teeth. Liechtensteiners sing German lyrics to the tune of God Save the Queen in their national anthem and they sure hope the Lord preserves their royals. Head of state Prince Hans Adam II and his son, Crown Prince Alois, have constitutional powers unmatched in modern Europe but most locals accept this situation gladly, as their monarchs’ business nous and, perhaps also, tourist appeal, help keep this landlocked sliver of a micro-nation extremely prosperous. Most come to Liechtenstein just to say they’ve been, and tour buses disgorge day- trippers in search of souvenir passport stamps. If you’re going to make the effort to come this way, however, it’s pointless not to venture further, even briefly. With friendly locals and magnificent views, the place comes into its own away from soulless Vaduz. In fact, the more you read about Fürstentum Liechtenstein (FL) the easier it is to see it as the model for Ruritania – the mythical kingdom conjured up in fiction as diverse as The Prisoner of Zenda and Evelyn Waugh’s Vile Bodies.
    [Show full text]
  • Liechtenstein Financial Market
    Financial Market, Entrepreneurial Economy and Studying Finance Prof. Dr. Marco J. Menichetti Chair in Business Administration, Banking and Financial Management Institute for Finance [email protected] October 2017 Outline What is a Financial Market? Liechtenstein: Entrepreneurial Economy and Financial Market Studying Finance in Connection with an Asset Management Hub Menichetti, October 2017 2 Outline What is a Financial Market? Liechtenstein: Entrepreneurial Economy and Financial Market Studying Finance connected to an important Asset Management Hub Menichetti, October 2017 3 What is a Financial Market? Financial Financial Intermediaries/ Centers Institutions Financial Markets Regulation and Market Supervision Menichetti, October 2017 4 Financial Markets Financial Markets • Bond Markets • Stock Markets • Foreign Exchange Markets • Markets for Alternative Investments • International Financial Markets Structure of Financial Markets • Primary and Secondary Markets • Exchanges and Over-the Counter Markets • Money and Capital Markets • Spot and Forward Markets Source: Mishkin & Eakins (2016). Menichetti, October 2017 5 Financial Center Geographical location (1) that has a heavy concentration of financial institutions, (2) that offers a highly developed commercial and communications infrastructure, and (3) where a great number of domestic and international trading transactions are conducted. London, New York, and Tokyo are the world's premier financial centers. • Regional, national, international financial center • Global financial center: direct access from all over the world • Niche financial centers: Corporate Finance, Asset Management, FX, Derivatives, Trade Finance, Project Finance etc. • Onshore vs. offshore financial centers Source: Zomoré (2007); Mishkin & Eakins (2016). Menichetti, October 2017 6 Leading Wealth Management Centers (2015) - International Private Client Market Volume MARKET VOLUME (IN USD TRILLION AND AS PERCENTAGE OF MARKET SHARE) Source: Deloitte (2015).
    [Show full text]
  • The Evolution of Australian Citizenship*
    One Hundred Years of (Almost) Solitude: the Evolution of Australian Citizenship* Helen Irving On 1 January 1901, six of the Australasian colonies joined together in one ‘indissoluble federal Commonwealth’, as the words of the Preamble to the Australian Constitution put it. Massive celebrations accompanied the inauguration of the Commonwealth. They were repeated for the opening of the First Federal Parliament four months later, and again, around the new nation, for the tour of the Duke and Duchess of York that followed. The celebrations stretched over the first six months of that year. There were parades, banquets, picnics, sporting competitions, exhibitions and historical re- enactments. Streets were decorated, poems were composed, songs were sung, medals were struck, prisoners were pardoned, and fireworks lit again and again. What was being celebrated? Among the many other achievements of that day, Australians who read their newspapers learned on 1 January 1901, that they had become Australian citizens. It was a rather curious claim to make. There had been an attempt in 1898 to write a definition of citizenship into the Australian Constitution, but it had failed. Although the delegates to the Federal Convention laboured long and hard in their effort to say just what it was to be a citizen—traversing legal and political rights, as well as cultural attributes—the Constitution’s framers could not settle on a definition. * This paper was presented as a lecture in the Department of the Senate Occasional Lecture Series at Parliament House on 22 June 2001. Legally, Australians were British subjects, not citizens. To use the term ‘citizen’ meant going beyond this simple fact.
    [Show full text]
  • Hong Kong British National (Overseas) Visa 4
    BRIEFING PAPER Number CBP 8939, 5 May 2021 Hong Kong British By Melanie Gower National (Overseas) visa Esme Kirk-Wade Contents: 1. Background to British National (Overseas) status 2. Calls to extend BN(O) immigration and citizenship rights 3. The new Hong Kong British National (Overseas) visa 4. The BN(O) visa: topical issues www.parliament.uk/commons-library | intranet.parliament.uk/commons-library | [email protected] | @commonslibrary 2 Hong Kong British National (Overseas) visa Contents Summary 3 1. Background to British National (Overseas) status 5 1.1 Acquiring BN(O) status: legislation 5 1.2 Immigration and citizenship rights historically conferred by BN(O) status 6 2. Calls to extend BN(O) immigration and citizenship rights 10 2.1 Until May 2020 10 2.2 Summer 2020: Announcement of a new visa route for BN(O)s 11 2.3 Ten Minute Rule Bill: Hong Kong Bill 2019-21 13 3. The new Hong Kong British National (Overseas) visa 14 3.1 Policy, legislation and guidance 14 3.2 Practical details 14 3.3 More generous terms than other visa categories? 18 4. The BN(O) visa: topical issues 19 4.1 How many people might come to the UK? 19 4.2 Integration support and managing the impact on local areas 19 4.3 The gaps in the UK’s offer 21 4.4 What are other countries doing? 21 Cover page image copyright Attribution: Chinese demonstrators, 2019– 20 Hong Kong protests by Studio Incendo – Wikimedia Commons page. Licensed by Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic (CC BY 2.0) / image cropped.
    [Show full text]
  • ©Copyright 2017 Yu Sasaki Precocious Enough to Rationalize Culture? Explaining the Success and Failure of Nation-Building in Europe, 1400–2000
    ©Copyright 2017 Yu Sasaki Precocious Enough to Rationalize Culture? Explaining the Success and Failure of Nation-building in Europe, 1400–2000 Yu Sasaki A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2017 Reading Committee: Anthony Gill, Chair Edgar Kiser Victor Menaldo Steven Pfaff Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Department of Political Science University of Washington Abstract Precocious Enough to Rationalize Culture? Explaining the Success and Failure of Nation-building in Europe, 1400–2000 Yu Sasaki Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Professor Anthony Gill Political Science Why do some ethnic groups consolidate their cultural practices earlier than others? Extant schol- arship in ethnicity, nations, and state-building hypothesizes that the state is the most important determinant. In my dissertation, I argue that it is not the only channel and there are other fac- tors that matter. In three standalone essays, I investigate the role of (1) geography, (2) technology, and (3) public goods provision at the ethnic-group level. I provide a simple conceptual frame- work of how each of these determinants affects cultural consolidation for ethnic groups. I argue that geographical conditions and technology adoption can have a positive impact on ethnic groups’ ability to develop unique cultural attributes without an independent state. Although they may be politically incorporated by stronger groups in the modern period, they still demand self-rule or standardize their vernacular. I also argue that, in contrast with the expectation from the political economy research on ethnicity, cultural consolidation does not always yield public goods provision at the ethnic-group level.
    [Show full text]
  • The United Nations' Political Aversion to the European Microstates
    UN-WELCOME: The United Nations’ Political Aversion to the European Microstates -- A Thesis -- Submitted to the University of Michigan, in partial fulfillment for the degree of HONORS BACHELOR OF ARTS Department Of Political Science Stephen R. Snyder MARCH 2010 “Elephants… hate the mouse worst of living creatures, and if they see one merely touch the fodder placed in their stall they refuse it with disgust.” -Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia, 77 AD Acknowledgments Though only one name can appear on the author’s line, there are many people whose support and help made this thesis possible and without whom, I would be nowhere. First, I must thank my family. As a child, my mother and father would try to stump me with a difficult math and geography question before tucking me into bed each night (and a few times they succeeded!). Thank you for giving birth to my fascination in all things international. Without you, none of this would have been possible. Second, I must thank a set of distinguished professors. Professor Mika LaVaque-Manty, thank you for giving me a chance to prove myself, even though I was a sophomore and studying abroad did not fit with the traditional path of thesis writers; thank you again for encouraging us all to think outside the box. My adviser, Professor Jenna Bednar, thank you for your enthusiastic interest in my thesis and having the vision to see what needed to be accentuated to pull a strong thesis out from the weeds. Professor Andrei Markovits, thank you for your commitment to your students’ work; I still believe in those words of the Moroccan scholar and will always appreciate your frank advice.
    [Show full text]
  • Liechtenstein in Figures 2021
    OFFICE OF STATISTICS PRINCIPALITY OF LIECHTENSTEIN Liechtenstein in Figures 2021 Published and distributed by Office of Statistics Äulestrasse 51 9490 Vaduz Liechtenstein T +423 236 68 76 F +423 236 69 36 [email protected] www.as.llv.li Layout Karin Knöller Picture credits Thomas Erhart, © Office of Statistics Printed by BVD Druck + Verlag AG, Schaan Copyright © Office of Statistics, January 2021 Reproduction is authorised, provided publisher is mentioned. Key A dash (-) in place of a figure indicates absolute zero. A dot (.) in place of a figure indicates that the figure is not available or has been omitted for other reasons. Table of Contents Geographical Situation 4 Environment 6 History and Constitution 8 Liechtenstein in Figures 2021 Liechtenstein Population and Housing 10 3 National Economy 16 Employment and Education 22 Agriculture 30 Goods-producing industry 32 Services-providing industry 34 Transport and Communication 38 Energy 40 Public Finance 42 Statistical Publications 46 Germany Constance Bregenz St. Gallen Zurich Vaduz Austria Switzerland Liechtenstein Chur 4 Geographical Situation In geographical terms, Liechtenstein is situated between Switzerland and Austria in the centre of the Alpine arc. With a total area of 160 km2, it is the fourth smallest country in Europe. Its western neighbour Switzerland is around 260 times larger than Liechtenstein. In the west and south, the national frontier runs alongside the Swiss cantons of St. Gal- len and Graubünden for 41 km. In the north and east, Liech- tenstein shares a 37 km long frontier
    [Show full text]
  • British Nationality Act 1981
    Status: This version of this Act contains provisions that are prospective. Changes to legislation: There are outstanding changes not yet made by the legislation.gov.uk editorial team to British Nationality Act 1981. Any changes that have already been made by the team appear in the content and are referenced with annotations. (See end of Document for details) British Nationality Act 1981 1981 CHAPTER 61 An Act to make fresh provision about citizenship and nationality, and to amend the Immigration Act 1971 as regards the right of abode in the United Kingdom. [30th October 1981] Annotations: Modifications etc. (not altering text) C1 Act extended by British Nationality (Falkland Islands) Act 1983 (c. 6, SIF 87), s. 3(1); restricted by British Nationality (Falkland Islands) Act 1983 (c. 6, SIF 87), s. 3(2); amended by S.I. 1983/1699, art. 2(1) and amended by British Nationality (Hong Kong) Act 1990 (c. 34, SIF 87), s. 2(1) C2 Act modified: (18.7.1996) by 1996 c. 41, s. 2(1); (19.3.1997) by 1997 c. 20, s. 2(1) C3 Act applied (19.3.1997) by 1997 c. 20, s. 1(8) C4 Act amended (2.10.2000) by S.I. 2000/2326, art. 8 C5 Act modified (21.5.2002) by British Overseas Territories Act 2002 (c. 8), s. 3(3); S.I. 2002/1252, art. 2 C6 Act modified (21.5.2002) by British Overseas Territories Act 2002 (c. 8), s. 6(2); S.I. 2002/1252, art. 2 Act modified (21.5.2002) by British Overseas Territories Act 2002 (c.
    [Show full text]
  • 19 GEO V 1928 No 58 British Nationality and Status Of
    19 GEO. V.] British Nationality and Status of [1928, No. 58. 703 Aliens (in New Zealand). New Zealalltl ANALYSIS. Title. M i8cellaneous. 1. Short Title and commencement. 9. Oath of allegiance. 2. Interpretation. 10. Saving the powers of the Gem'ral Assembly to differentiate between different classeR of BRITISH NATIONALITY IN NEW ZEALAND. subjects. Adoption of Part Il of Imperial Act. 11. Records of naturalization. 3. Adoption of Part 11 of Imperial Act. 12. Penalty for false representation or statement. 4. Exercisc in New Zealand of powers conferred by Part 11 of Imperial Act. 5. Persons previously naturalized may receive STATUS OF ALIENS IN NEW ZEALAND. certificates of naturalization under this Act. Capacity to acquire Land. Derlnratory Statement as to olhe?· Provisions of l:l. Capacity of aliens to acquire Jam] in New Imperial Act8. Zealand. 6. Certain provisions of Imperial Acts declared part of law of New Zealand. REGULATIONR. Application of Act to Cook Islands and Western 14. Governor·General may mn.ke regulations for Samoa. purposes of this Act. 7. Naturalization of aliens in Cook Islands and, Western Samoa. ' R. Restricted operation of certain certificates of REPEALS. naturalization granted to residents of I 15. Repeals. Saving of existing certificates. Western Samoa. I Schedules. 1928, No. 58. AN ACT to adopt Part II of the British Nationality and Status of Title. Aliens Act, 1914 (Imperial), to make certain Provisions relating to British Nationality and the Status of Aliens in New Zealand, and also to make Special Provisions with respect to the N aturaliza­ tion of Persons resident in Western Samoa.
    [Show full text]
  • Priorities and Objectives of Liechtenstein Foreign Policy
    Priorities and objectives of Liechtenstein foreign policy content Foreword 5 European integration 25 Membership in the EEA 26 Summary 6 Relations with the EU 26 Foreign economic policy 27 Introduction 8 Foreign trade policy 27 Purpose of the report 9 Financial centre policy 29 Foreign policy in light of Liechtenstein's 300th anniversary 9 Multilateral engagement 30 OSCE 30 Background and foreign policy environment 12 Council of Europe 31 Background 13 United Nations 31 Foreign policy in the service of the International solidarity 32 population and the business community 13 Communication of foreign policy 15 Objectives and priorities through 2030 34 Foreign policy resources compared Changing foreign policy environment 35 with other countries 16 Bilateral relations 37 Assessment of the global and European integration and European political situation 18 foreign economic policy 38 Multilateral engagement Priorities of foreign policy 22 and international solidarity 40 Bilateral relations with neighbouring and priority countries 23 Neighbouring countries 23 Other priority countries 24 Regional policy 25 foreword 300 years Principality of Liechtenstein – The present report differs from its predecessors 5 this also means 300 years of successful and in another regard: The government does not autonomous foreign policy. The anniversary limit itself to stocktaking, but rather points out year 2019 was an invitation to take a deeper medium-term objectives in a strategic section. look at the orientation of our foreign policy. Liechtenstein’s foreign policy is well positioned This report, which the Liechtenstein parliament in its core areas, but will require individual debated in May 2019, is the product of that adjustments in order to react to global develop- analysis.
    [Show full text]
  • British Identity and the German Other William F
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2012 British identity and the German other William F. Bertolette Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Bertolette, William F., "British identity and the German other" (2012). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 2726. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/2726 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. BRITISH IDENTITY AND THE GERMAN OTHER A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of History by William F. Bertolette B.A., California State University at Hayward, 1975 M.A., Louisiana State University, 2004 May 2012 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to thank the LSU History Department for supporting the completion of this work. I also wish to express my gratitude for the instructive guidance of my thesis committee: Drs. David F. Lindenfeld, Victor L. Stater and Meredith Veldman. Dr. Veldman deserves a special thanks for her editorial insights
    [Show full text]