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Vers Une Croissance Plus Inclusive De La Métropole Aix-Marseille : Une Perspective Internationale

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Vers Une Croissance Plus Inclusive De La Métropole Aix-Marseille : Une Perspective Internationale Vers une croissance plus inclusive de la métropole Aix-Marseille : Une perspective internationale Un rapport réalisé dans le cadre de la réunion ministérielle du Comité des politiques de développement territorial de l’OCDE Marseille, France 5 - 6 décembre 2013 Vers une croissance plus inclusive de la métropole Aix-Marseille : UNE PERSPECTIVE INTERNATIONALE Crédits photo : Le Grand Port Maritime de Marseille GR® 2013 G. Cambreleng R. Cintas Florès TABLE DES MATIÈRES – 3 Table des matières Méthodologie utilisée pour l’étude 9 Résumé 11 Chapitre 1 L’émergence d’une aire fonctionnelle intégrée : le destin collectif de la métropole 13 Introduction 13 Section 1.1. La troisième aire métropolitaine française en termes de population 13 Section 1.2. Une croissance démographique forte mais qui ralentit depuis quelques années 16 Section 1.3. Croissance démographique en périphérie de Marseille et étalement urbain 18 Section 1.4. Un marché du travail de plus en plus intégré 24 Conclusion 28 Chapitre 2 Une dynamique de croissance favorable mais fragile 29 Section 2.1. Une résilience plus grande à la crise par rapport aux autres métropoles françaises 29 Section 2.2. Un positionnement stratégique de la métropole 42 Section 2.3. Une métropole innovante aux bases fragiles 50 Section 2.4. Une attractivité économique en hausse 54 Conclusion 56 Chapitre 3 Une réalité métropolitaine masquant de fortes disparités socio-économiques 57 Section 3.1. Une des métropoles françaises les plus inégalitaires en matière de revenus et de chômage 57 Section 3.2. Les inégalités en matière d’éducation sont encore plus prononcées que les inégalités de revenu 62 Section 3.3. Un contexte propice au développement de la criminalité 63 Section 3.4. Des inégalités amplifiées par une offre de transports inadéquate à l’échelle métropolitaine 65 Section 3.5. Une répartition des logements sociaux très inégale 72 Section 3.6. Capital social et qualité de la vie 73 Chapitre 4 Une gouvernance fragmentée et de faibles leviers de coordination 79 Introduction 79 Section 4.1. Une gouvernance fragmentée : des déficits de coordination à l’échelle fonctionnelle 79 Section 4.2. Des dynamiques de coopération territoriales nombreuses et peu institutionnalisées 92 Section 4.3 Des politiques publiques fragmentées malgré quelques démarches de coopération sectorielle 99 Section 4.4. La réforme de la gouvernance métropolitaine de 2013 : quel positionnement dans le panorama des réformes de l’OCDE ? 117 VERS UNE CROISSANCE PLUS INCLUSIVE DE LA METROPOLE AIX-MARSEILLE : UNE PERSPECTIVE INTERNATIONALE © OCDE 2014 4 – TABLE DES MATIÈRES Chapitre 5 Vers une gouvernance métropolitaine : les leviers du changement dans les métropoles de l’OCDE 125 Introduction 125 Section 5.1. Les leviers du changement 125 Section 5.2 Quelques règles pour un cadre d’action des réformes métropolitaines 129 Section 5.3. La mise en œuvre des réformes : construire des actions à l’échelle métropolitaine 138 Conclusion 155 Notes 156 Bibliographie 162 Partie I des Annexes Fiches sur les reformes de gouvernance métropolitaine dans l’OCDE 169 Annexe 1.1. Barcelone 170 Annexe 1.2. Busan 173 Annexe 1.3. Copenhague 176 Annexe 1.4. Manchester 179 Annexe 1.5 Oslo 183 Annexe 1.6. Perth 186 Annexe 1.7. Portland 190 Annexe 1.8. Porto 193 Annexe 1.9. Rotterdam 196 Annexe 1.10. Stuttgart 199 Annexe 1.11. Turin 202 Annexe 1.12. Vancouver 206 Partie II des Annexes 209 Annexe 2.1. Méthodologie de l’OCDE pour définir les aires urbaines fonctionnelles 209 Annexe 2.2. Les différents périmètres d’analyse utilisés dans l’étude 212 Annexe 2.3. Pyramide des âges de la métropole Aix-Marseille-Provence 213 Annexe 2.4. Les villes les plus inégalitaires de France selon l’indice de Gini 214 Annexe 2.5. Allocation des compétences entre niveaux de gouvernement en France 215 Annexe 2.6. Disparités des taux et des bases d’imposition locale des groupements intercommunaux 216 Annexe 2.7. Typologie des dispositifs de gouvernance métropolitaine dans les pays de l’OCDE 218 Liste des tableaux Tableau 2.1. Variation de l'emploi au sein de l'aire urbaine de Marseille 1999-2010 (%)..... 33 Tableau 2.2. Évolution de la Composition de l'Emploi par Secteur, 1999-2010 ................... 33 Tableau 2.3. Structure économique : part dans l’emploi salarié privé 2007 .......................... 36 Tableau 3.1. Part modale des transports au sein de l’aire urbaine de Marseille-Aix-en-Provence ........................................................................... 65 Tableau 4.1. Difficultés de coordination entre niveaux d’administration dans l’OCDE ....... 81 VERS UNE CROISSANCE PLUS INCLUSIVE DE LA METROPOLE AIX-MARSEILLE : UNE PERSPECTIVE INTERNATIONALE © OCDE 2014 TABLE DES MATIÈRES – 5 Liste des graphiques Graphique 1.1. Population des 50 aires métropolitaines sélectionnées (2012, million d’habitants) ................................................................................ 14 Graphique 1.2. Population et densité de la population des 275 aires métropolitaines de l’OCDE en 2012 .............................................................................................................. 15 Graphique 1.3. Croissance annuelle moyenne de la population métropolitaine 2000-2012 (%).. .. 16 Graphique 1.4. Taux de dépendance des personnes âgées (%, 2008) ....................................... 18 Graphique 1.5. Croissance de la population de l'aire urbaine d’Aix-Marseille .......................... 19 Graphique 1.6. Part de la population métropolitaine vivant dans l’aire centrale (%, 2012) ...... 22 Graphique 1.7. Indice d’étalement urbain 2000 – 2006 et population pour les aires métropolitaines françaises (hors Paris)........................................ 23 Graphique 1.8. Indice d’étalement urbain 2000 – 2006 et population 2012 (une comparaison internationale, hors Japon, Corée, Mexique, Canada, Chili) 23 Graphique 1.9. Croissance annuelle moyenne de l’emploi entre 2000 et 2012 (%) .................. 24 Graphique 1.10. Croissance de l’emploi dans les bassins d’emploi de la métropole Aix-Marseille : le dynamisme de la périphérie ........................ 25 Graphique 2.1. PIB et contribution métropolitaine au PIB national en 2010 ............................. 30 Graphique 2.2. PIB par habitant en 2010 (USD constants 2005) ............................................... 31 Graphique 2.3. Croissance annuelle moyenne du PIB total et par habitant entre 2000 et 2010 (%) ...................................................................................... 32 Graphique 2.4. Tendances de long terme de l'emploi dans les Bouches-du-Rhône ................... 35 Graphique 2.5. PIB par habitant, en euros courants ................................................................... 37 Graphique 2.6. Croissance annuelle moyenne du taux de chômage entre 2000 et 2012 (%) ..... 39 Graphique 2.7. Taux de chômage en 2012 (%). Aires métropolitaines sélectionnées. .............. 40 Graphique 2.8. Taux de chômage trimestriel par zone d'emploi, INSEE, 2003-2013. .............. 41 Graphique 2.9. Niveau de productivité du travail et croissance annuelle moyenne de la productivité du travail entre 2000 et 2010 ................................................ 42 Graphique 2.10. Évolution du nombre de passagers transportés dans différents aéroports français (1998-2012) hors Paris ........................................................................ 44 Graphique 2.11. Classement européen des aéroports européens selon le nombre de passagers en 2012 .............................................................................................................. 45 Graphique 2.12. Composition du trafic portuaire dans plusieurs ports européens ....................... 47 Graphique 2.13. Activité portuaire, mesurée en millions de tonnes (1971 – 2011). .................... 48 Graphique 2.14. Part des étudiants dans la population totale. 2009 ............................................. 50 Graphique 2.15. Nombre de brevets déposés pour 10 000 habitants en 2008 (%). ...................... 53 Graphique 2.16. Classement international des métropoles innovantes 2012-2013 ...................... 54 Graphique 3.1. Revenu médian et inégalités dans les 27 aires urbaines françaises les plus peuplées, 2010 ...................................................................................... 58 Graphique 3.2. Revenu fiscal médian par aire urbaine, 2010 .................................................... 59 Graphique 3.3. Revenu fiscal par décile à Aix-en-Provence, Marseille et Istres, 2010 ............. 59 Graphique 3.4. Taux de chômage et participation au marché du travail, par commune, 2011 .. 61 Graphique 3.5. Taux de chômage des 15 à 24 ans dans l’aire urbaine Aix-Marseille, INSEE, 2010 ...................................................................................................... 62 Graphique 3.6. Part de la population de 15 ans ou plus sans diplôme, par commune au sein de l’aire urbaine Aix-Marseille INSEE, 2010 ....................................... 63 Graphique 3.7. Taux de criminalité dans les régions de l’OCDE (2011) ................................... 64 Graphique 3.8. Part modale des transports urbains dans une sélection de villes de l’OCDE .... 66 Graphique 3.9. Accès aux transports publics, mesuré par la fréquence des arrêts ..................... 67 VERS UNE CROISSANCE PLUS INCLUSIVE DE LA METROPOLE AIX-MARSEILLE : UNE PERSPECTIVE INTERNATIONALE © OCDE 2014 6 – TABLE DES MATIÈRES Graphique 3.10. Réseaux de tramway .........................................................................................
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