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Colonial Marseille, 1906 and 2013

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Colonial Marseille, 1906 and 2013 Claiming Marseille Metropolis. A Diachronic Study on Urban Representation and Metropolitanism in (Post-)Colonial Marseille, 1906 and 2013 vorgelegt von Master of Arts Marlène de Saussure an der Fakultät I – Geistes- und Bildungswissenschaften der Technischen Universität Berlin zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktorin der Philosophie – Dr. phil. – genehmigte Dissertation Promotionsausschuss: Vorsitzende: Prof. Dr. Kerstin Wittmann-Englert Gutachterin: Prof. Dr. Dorothee Brantz Gutachterin: Prof. Dr. Rosemary Wakeman Tag der wissenschaftlichen Aussprache: 15. April 2019 Berlin 2020 To Apa 2 Table of Content List of Illustrations ..................................................................................................................... 5 Author’s Declaration .................................................................................................................. 6 Acknowledgments ...................................................................................................................... 7 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 9 1.1. Claiming Marseille Metropolis: Research Context and Problematization ............. 9 1.2. Theoretical Framework ........................................................................................ 13 1.3. Conceptual Approach and Case Studies ............................................................... 24 1.4. Analytical Approach ............................................................................................ 32 1.5. Data Collection and Analysis ............................................................................... 37 PART I – Making the Colonial Metropole ........................................................................... 44 2. The 1906 National Colonial Exposition in Marseille ....................................................... 44 2.1. Towards a Colonial Exposition in Marseille ........................................................ 58 2.2. The Exposition: Celebrating Colonial Economy and Trade ................................ 72 2.3. Educational Endeavor, Colonial Propaganda, and Promotional Mass Event ...... 94 2.4. The 1906 Colonial Exposition as a Means of Metropolitan Representation ...... 112 3. Establishing the Colonial Metropole: Representational Discourses and Metropolitanism during the 1906 Colonial Exposition ..................................................................................... 118 3.1. Urban Historicity and Colonial Legacy ............................................................. 126 3.2. Networked Economic Competitiveness ............................................................. 134 3.3. Contingent Relationality .................................................................................... 150 3.4. Metropolitanism in Colonial Marseille .............................................................. 168 PART II – Making the Metropolis in Post-Colonial Marseille ........................................ 175 4. The European Capital of Culture “Marseille-Provence 2013” ...................................... 175 4.1. Towards “Marseille-Provence 2013” ................................................................. 188 4.2. The Application Framework .............................................................................. 201 4.3. Making the Conflicted ‘Capital’ ........................................................................ 215 4.4. Prefiguring the Metropolis? ............................................................................... 236 5. Representing the Metropolis “Aix-Marseille-Provence”: Metropolitanism in Post- Colonial Marseille .................................................................................................................. 245 5.1. Urban Re-scaling and Governance Modell ........................................................ 251 5.2. Economic Growth and Place Branding .............................................................. 266 3 5.3. Metropolitan Culture: Eventization and Heritage .............................................. 276 5.4. Negotiating Metropolitanism ............................................................................. 292 6. Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 295 6.1. General Summary ............................................................................................... 295 6.2. Comparative Discussion of the Analytical Findings .......................................... 307 6.3. Theoretical Abstractions and Outlook ................................................................ 317 Bibliography ........................................................................................................................... 319 Archives ......................................................................................................................... 319 Primary Sources ............................................................................................................. 319 a. Unpublished Archival Material .............................................................................. 319 b. Published Archival Material ................................................................................... 319 c. Original Interviews ................................................................................................. 322 Secondary Sources ......................................................................................................... 322 Illustrations ..................................................................................................................... 341 4 List of Illustrations Illustration 1: Unknown. Exposition Coloniale Marseille 1906. Perspective Général Établie d’après Le Plan Précédent. 1906. 118 Illustration 2: Dellepiane, David. Exposition Coloniale Marseille 1906. 1906. 175 Illustration 3: Superbenjamin. Carte Des Métropoles Françaises. December 21, 2013. 243 Illustration 4: Superbenjamin. Territoires de La Métropole d’Aix-Marseille-Provence. October 16, 2015. 244 Illustration 5: Grésillon, Boris, and H. Parmentier. Le Périmètre de l’opération Marseille- Provence 2013. 2013. 245 5 Acknowledgments I would like to thank my dissertation committee members, Dorothee Brantz, Rosemary Wakeman and Kanishka Goonewardena, for your commitment, your availability and your constructive feedback. Your intellectual, academic and personal guidance has been an invaluable enrichment, support and source of motivation throughout this dissertation process. I thank the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft for the years of doctoral funding. I am grateful for the International Graduate Program New York – Berlin – Toronto “The World in the City” and the Center for Metropolitan Studies at the Technische Universität Berlin. Thank you for the rich network, resources and material infrastructures. You have offered me an institutional and intellectual home, as well as amazing colleagues, advisors and friends. Thank you to our IGK 2015-2018 cohort for these unforgettable years together, and for reading and productively challenging my drafts throughout the process. Without you, my fellow Fellows, this adventure would not have been the same. Thank you to the German Historical Institute Paris, the Centre Marc Bloch, the Lames and Telemme for your infrastructural and financial support, and for welcoming me into your enriching academic communities. Thank you, Mark Beirn, for your reliable, meticulous and thoughtful proofreading. Thank you, Friederike Landau, for the shared PhD-journey, the challenging exchanges and intellectual enrichment. Thank you to my (non-)academic mentors and friends, Noa Ha, Daniel Tödt, Julien Valnet, and Lis van der Bent. Thank you, Katharina Knaus, for being my long-time university and office partner, for the shared crying and laughing about the dissertation (and everything else), and for our amazing friendship. Thank you to my loving parents, Barbara and Nicolas, who have constantly supported me in what I wanted to do and are always there for me. Thank you to my equally fantastic sisters, my anchorages and confidents, Sibylle, Arabelle and Cassiopée. I am grateful for my grandparents, Oriane and the many members of our patchwork family. 7 Thank you to my incredibly reliable, fun and generous friends, Anne, Kathi, Anna, Tina, Ziska, Gesa, Niklas, Elsa, Gordi, Sophie, Christian, Dorit, Nathan, Camille, and all the other ones. You are my rocks. I am grateful to my cat Samy, to Beyoncé music and my bike, to my dancing and boxing studios, and to my therapist and Berlin bars for taking care of my mental sanity. Thank you, Laura, for supporting my work daily and enthusiastically, while always inspiring me to consider that there is more to life than the dissertation too. Thank you for your love. Last but not least, I thank you, my wonderful Apa, who taught me the love to learn, and who read all my university papers. This big one is for you. 8 1. Introduction 1.1. Claiming Marseille Metropolis: Research Context and Problematization When I was a historical urban studies graduate student, in the 2010s, I first encountered the sunny, chaotic, and exciting city of Marseille. At that time, a widespread advertising campaign prevailed in the landscape of the city center, promoting the latest urban development measures: the creation of the Métropole Aix-Marseille-Provence. Together with the
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