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38037 Bulletin Anglais.Pmd The IUCN Bulletin Number 1 2004 World Conservation REDISCOVERING Planet Ocean CMS turns 25 CONTENTS Rediscovering Planet Ocean How inappropriate to call this planet ‘Earth’, when it is clearly ‘Ocean’ – Arthur C. Clarke An embryonic marine programme first settled into IUCN’s headquarters in 1985. In the two decades since, it has worked closely with the marine groups of the IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas (WCPA) and Species Survival Commission (SSC). The programme today has a dozen staff, 15 commission groups and a large number of active partners. This issue of World Conservation presents some highlights of the work of the IUCN Marine Programme, carried out hand-in-hand with the Union’s Secretariat, members and Commissions; international partners, and the custodians of marine resources. JOSE ANTONIO MOYA CONTENTS 3 INTRODUCTION Improving ocean governance William Jackson World Conservation Troubled waters (formerly the IUCN Bulletin) 4 High seas: conservation beyond the fringe Kristina M. Gjerde and A publication of Graeme Kelleher IUCN – The World Conservation Union Rue Mauverney 28 6 Extinction in the deep sea Matthew Gianni CH-1196 Gland, Switzerland 8 Warming up to cold-water corals Kirsten Martin and Alex Rogers Tel: +41 (22) 999 0000 Fax: +41 (22) 999 0002 10 Tropical reefs: facing reality Kristin Sherwood Website: www.iucn.org 12 Large Marine Ecosystems – Managing Benguela: an African partnership Mick O’Toole and Claire Attwood Editor Nikki Meith 14 Small islands: a question of survival Pedro Rosabal Gonzales Contributing Editor Peter Hulm Charting a course Head, Marine Programme 16 Building a global MPA network, one park at a time Charles N. Ehler and Carl Gustaf Lundin Arthur Paterson Marine Programme Contributing Editor Kirsten Martin th Special insert: 25 Anniversary of CMS Marine Programme Photo Editor James Oliver 18 Marine extinctions: into the light Roger McManus and Amie Bräutigam Head of Global Communications 18 Groupers and wrasses spawn conservation action Yvonne Sadovy Corli Pretorius 19 Vanishing point for sharks? Rachel Cavanagh Head of Publications 20 A biological gold rush Imène Meliane Elaine Shaughnessy Publications Officer 21 Marine aquaria: from knowledge to respect François Simard Deborah Murith 22 Confronting invasives Imène Meliane and Chad Hewitt © 2004 International Union 24 Tanzania: three roads from poverty to prosperity Andrew K. Hurd and for Conservation of Nature Melita A. Samoilys and Natural Resources Volume 35, No. 1, 2004 The journey ahead ISSN: 1027-0965 26 International marine law: from hindsight to foresight Lee A. Kimball Cover concept: L’IV COM Sàrl Design/layout: Maximedia Ltd 28 Paying the price of climate change Herman Cesar Produced by: IUCN Publishing Division 29 Coral death in the Indian Ocean Olof Lindén Gland, Switzerland and 30 The IUCN Marine Programme: from need to action Carl Gustaf Lundin Cambridge, UK Printed by: Sadag Imprimerie 31 New group on ocean law David VanderZwaag Opinions expressed in this 32 In print publication do not necessarily reflect the official views Cover: this photo of garden eels Gorgasia of IUCN or its members. sillneri was taken by Laurent Ballesta Annual subscriptions (Andromede Environment Ltd) during a mission $45 (non-members) to study and enhance the natural values of including airmail postage Aqaba Marine Peace Park's coral reefs in For subscription information, Jordan. please contact: Andromede Environment Ltd offers a full [email protected] range of services for the study and promotion/ Please address all other queries communication of marine protected areas for regarding this publication to: management authorities. [email protected] Contact: [email protected] JOSE ANTONIO MOYA 2 World Conservation 1/2004 INTRODUCTION IUCN/CARL GUSTAF LUNDIN IUCN/CARL GUSTAF Kelp farmers in Fujian Province, China, have learned to sustainably manage their resource, but such wild harvest of natural ecosystems is gradually being replaced by aquaculture. THE IUCN MARINE PROGRAMME Improving ocean governance William Jackson The strength of the Union's marine work lies in its per- enforcement. There are no longer any blank areas on the sistent efforts to improve global ocean governance map where illegal activities are acceptable or will go through United Nations and other international proc- unnoticed. The fight against illegal, unreported and un- esses. It is reflected in the Programme's work to assist regulated fishing is of great importance. Our scientific nations in finding common interests and in developing understanding of some of these resources is increasing management regimes that are globally acceptable and exponentially, but we also need to apply the precaution- based on sound scientific understanding. It is embod- ary principle in many instances where our lack of knowl- ied in the development of best practice management edge limits our ability to predict the outcomes of our actions. tools and the field-testing of these tools, particularly for IUCN has seen a rapid increase in marine conserva- Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). One example is the new tion efforts since 2002 (perhaps not coincidentally, 30 publication How is your MPA doing? years since the UN Stockholm Conference on the Human IUCN has supported marine field work around the Environment) and we look forward to decades of im- world, with particular efforts in East Africa, Caribbean proved ocean governance. A renewed focus on marine and South Asia. In particular the programmes on devel- conservation can be seen in many nations and interna- opment of MPAs have been successful in West Africa, tional organizations and through international commit- Tanzania, Viet Nam and Samoa. Its major accomplish- ments such as the targets set by the World Summit on ments include assembling the knowledge and expertise Sustainable Development. that went into the production of the Coral Reefs of the This new commitment reflects a consensus that we World atlas in 1988 and 2002; work on A Global Repre- are experiencing a crisis in how marine resources have sentative System of MPAs in 1995; Guidelines for Marine been managed. But it also embodies an awareness that Protected Areas in 1999; MCPAs: A guide for planners and we have great opportunities to rectify some of these mis- managers (3rd edition) in 2000; and International Ocean takes. IUCN will try to facilitate this work and ensure Governance and Towards a Strategy for High Seas Marine that all stakeholders, including future generations, can Protected Areas in 2003. benefit from healthy marine ecosystems. Rapid changes in technology and its application in the marine field today permit us to manage areas that William Jackson is Director of were previously beyond the reach of day-to-day Global Programme, IUCN. World Conservation 1/2004 3 TROUBLED WATERS NATIONAL OCEANS OFFICE/VANCE WALLIN NATIONAL JEREMY STAFFORD-DEITSCH Due to declines from over-exploitation by fisheries, and the high value of its fins and other products, including liver oil, the basking shark is on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (globally Vulnerable, Endangered in the NE Atlantic and N Pacific), and is listed on CITES Appendix II. It is among the many sharks subject to incidental catch by high seas fishing boats (insert). HH igh seas: conservation beyond the fringe Kristina M. Gjerde and Graeme Kelleher Vast expanses of the ocean lie beyond the jurisdiction of findings, scientists estimate that over 99% of species coastal nations. These ‘high seas’ cover 64% of the inhabiting the high seas remain to be discovered. oceans’ surface, and include the deep seabed – the “com- It is hard to fathom that human activity is able to mon heritage of mankind” as defined in the United Na- threaten this vast domain and global reservoir of bio- tions Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) – and logical diversity and productivity, but the evidence is al- the water column beyond national jurisdiction. With an ready conclusive. average depth of almost 4000m, the high seas are the No refuge largest habitat for life on Earth, comprising >80% of the global biosphere. Most pressing are the threats from fishing activities. In the past 30 years, scientists have discovered that Industrial-scale fishing has already reduced populations the deep seabed contains as many as 100 million spe- of swordfish, marlin, tuna, sharks and other large ma- cies, more corals than in tropical waters, and exotic eco- rine predators by more than 90%. Bycatch of albatross systems such as hydrothermal vents, cold seeps and and other marine animals threatens some species with methane hydrates divorced from the sun’s energy. extinction. High-tech fish-finding electronics and mod- However, we have just skimmed the surface in terms ernized bottom fishing gear have opened up new fish- of our understanding of the ocean and its inhabitants. ing grounds and former refuges, making species-rich According to a recent study in Science, a few gulps of seabed habitats such as seamounts and cold-water coral seawater in the Sargasso Sea – thought to be of reefs vulnerable to destruction (see page 8). comparably low species diversity – contain at least 1800 Other threats stem from human activities such as new species of marine microbes and more than a million land-based discharges of plastics and pollutants; ship- genes previously unknown to science. Based on these ping; waste dumping, power plant emissions, military 4 World Conservation 1/2004 TROUBLED WATERS activities; deep seabed mining and constructions; en- These efforts with a broad range of partners are start- ergy generation and mechanical CO2 sequestration and, ing to have a significant impact. IUCN looks forward to finally, bioprospecting and scientific research. Together future collaborative efforts with an ever-widening range these factors imperil the species, ecosystems, and proc- of partners to protect and wisely manage the 64% of the esses of the deep sea and open ocean. Meanwhile, the ocean surface that lie beyond national jurisdiction. impacts of climate change have also been observed.
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