Universidade Federal Fluminense Instituto De História Programa De Pós-Graduação Em História – Ppgh-Uff Marco Antonio Sera

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Universidade Federal Fluminense Instituto De História Programa De Pós-Graduação Em História – Ppgh-Uff Marco Antonio Sera UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL FLUMINENSE INSTITUTO DE HISTÓRIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM HISTÓRIA – PPGH-UFF MARCO ANTONIO SERAFIM DE CARVALHO JULIO CORTÁZAR PELA AMÉRICA LATINA: O Tribunal Russell, literatura e engajamento no período 1963-1983. NITERÓI Abril de 2018 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL FLUMINENSE INSTITUTO DE HISTÓRIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM HISTÓRIA – PPGH-UFF MARCO ANTONIO SERAFIM DE CARVALHO JULIO CORTÁZAR PELA AMÉRICA LATINA: O Tribunal Russell, literatura e engajamento no período 1963-1983. Orientador: Prof. Dr. NORBERTO OSVALDO FERRERAS Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em História da Universidade Federal Fluminense, como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Doutor. Área de concentração: História Social. NITERÓI Abril de 2018 À Iza e Marcela; às minhas irmãs, Rose e Silvia; elas são parte de mim tanto quanto eu da América e vice-versa. A Antonio José, nascido num 25 de maio, in memoriam. Agradecimentos Agradeço à minha mãe, guerreira que criou os filhos sozinha, sem pensão, ajuda, telefonema, ou qualquer coisa do tipo. Cada passo meu na Universidade tem a força dela. À Marcela Skaba, companheira de vida, nunca convencional: acreditou quando ninguém acreditava e esteve ao meu lado apesar de, no momento em que, quando, como, onde: nunca faltou amor. Menciono também minhas irmãs, Rose e Silvia, pela presença, cuidado e invariavelmente, falta de silêncio. Menciono os Donda que vieram do Friuli no início do séc. XX para trabalhar no café: sem vocês não haveria alguém aqui escrevendo estas linhas. Agradeço aos mestres que tive, com os quais aprendi sobre o ofício de historiador tanto quanto sobre a vida, pessoas com as quais experimentei aprendizado e crescimento. Norberto Osvaldo Ferreras, professor, orientador e amigo que me ensinou muito sobre a vida prática como professor e pesquisador, em suas orientações e aulas, intelectual do povo e para o povo, ensinando a América para quem a queira. Obrigado por tanto, mestre. De Epistemologia da História, em 2010, a esta Tese, fica impresso aqui meu reconhecimento e gratidão. Professora Cláudia Beltrão da Rosa: nunca esquecerei do quanto buscou soluções para minha situação complicada na graduação nos tempos de UNIRIO. Professor Sebastião José Nacif, diretor do Colégio Itapuca, que não hesitou em me conceder bolsa de estudos entre 1998 e 2002. E ainda me deu um dos melhores empregos que pude ter: trabalhar em uma biblioteca. Augusto César, irmão alvinegro, talvez inimigos em Roma mas grandes amigos na UFF, desde 2008. Agradeço ao Abuja, pela grande camaradagem. Ao camarada Juan Ignacio González, por tamanha generosidade em ler, comentar e compartilhar tanto. Essa tese não se concluiria sem o apoio de outros amigos argentinos inestimáveis, como Brenda Rupar, Juan Manuel Sarasa e Julia Rigueiro. À Argentina, país que quiero tanto, onde tive mais do que poderia pedir. Agradeço enormemente à Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, a CAPES, pela concessão de bolsa, desde 2015. Foi essa bolsa que permitiu que esse trabalho fosse empreendido, através da compra de livros e demais itens necessários à sobrevivência de um pós-graduando. Através dessa agência, o governo do meu país permitiu que essa pesquisa fosse concretizada, em meio a tempos tão difíceis e futuro tão incerto. Agradeço imensamente à Universidade Federal Fluminense, a UFF, minha segunda casa de uns anos pra cá: meu agradecimento se estende aos funcionários de serviços gerais, seguranças, aos funcionários da Secretaria e Coordenação do PPGH, aos funcionários das Copiadoras, tanto os da xerox do Falcioni quanto os da xerox do Marcelo. Obrigado às coordenadoras do PPGH, pela compreensão e paciência, desde a gestão Ana Mauad/Samantha Quadrat à Giselle Venâncio/Alexandre Carneiro. Agradeço ao MinCyT argentino e à CAPES pela concessão da bolsa-sanduíche entre fevereiro e maio de 2017, sem a qual esse trabalho não teria tomado os rumos que tomou. A todos da Comisión Provincial de la Memoria e o fantástico trabalho de gestão e guarda dos arquivos da DIPPBA em La Plata; à Samanta Salvatori, da UNQ, aos professores Carlos Altamirano e Gustavo Zarrilli, Adolfo Prieto; aos funcionários do CEDINCI, da Biblioteca Nacional Mariano Moreno (sem moeda de 1 peso, sem armário), da Biblioteca del Congreso, da Biblioteca Nacional del Maestro, a Mariana Iglesias, da Coolturarte (e sua fantástica Ruta Temática Cortazariana), e à cidade mais instigante e nostálgica que já conheci, Buenos Aires, que para mim sempre será saudade – talvez como tenha sido para Julio, imagino. In memorian, agradeço a Julio Florencio Cortázar, que foi um grande professor nesse período juntos, de dissertação e tese; o enormíssimo Cronópio e escritor latino- americano seguirá despertando possibilidades. Agradeço até ao emprego chatíssimo de horas sem atraso no autocad do qual Cortázar me salvava com seus Cronópios, Famas e Esperanzas, vez ou outra suspendendo minha descrença. Estudá-lo é uma forma de dizer que não estamos sozinhos. Há toda uma América Latina além do Brasil e que contém, inclusive, a todos nós brasileiros. Xangô, obrigado por tanto. A Oxóssi, Ogum, Yansã e Oxum. Aos Caboclos, Pretos-Velhos e Crianças, gratidão. Por como viveram nessa terra geralmente injusta. Nuestra América sigue de pie! AGUANTE, PALOMO! Resumo A presente pesquisa busca aprofundar a compreensão sobre as relações entre cultura e política, a partir do exame da trajetória biográfica do escritor argentino Julio Cortázar. Nesse sentido, buscou-se dimensionar as nuances do tipo de engajamento político e estratégias estéticas que o autor desenvolve durante as décadas de 1960 e 1970 em sua aproximação com Cuba, sua atuação no Tribunal Russell II, a defesa dos direitos humanos e seu envolvimento com a Nicarágua sandinista, entre negociações literário-estética e tomadas públicas de posição, em meio aos estremecimentos ocorridos no período no campo literário latino-americano. Palavras-chave: Julio Cortázar. História intelectual. América Latina. Engajamento político. Abstract The present research seeks to deepen the understanding of the relations between culture and politics, based on an examination of the biographical trajectory of the Argentine writer Julio Cortázar. In this sense, we sought to sketch the nuances of the type of political engagement and aesthetic strategies that the author developed during the 1960s and 1970s in his approach to Cuba, his role in the Russell II Tribunal, the defense of human rights and his involvement with Sandinista Nicaragua, between literary-aesthetic negotiations and public positions, amid the shudders that occurred during the period in the Latin American literary field. Key-words: Julio Cortázar. Intellectual history. Latin America. Political engagement. Sumário Introdução – escrever vidas: sobre História e Literatura ………......……................….p. 10 Capítulo 1 – O intelectual e o engajamento político..............................…...............…..p. 20 Capítulo 2 – Julio Cortázar e a política: itinerários......................................…...............p. 25 2.1 – Alguns passos no rastro do Cortázar “político”...........................................p. 25 2.1.1 – Estudos críticos sobre Julio Cortázar........................................................p. 27 2.1.2 – Unidade essencial ou unidade existencial?.............................................. p. 30 2.1.3 – Cortázar delimita o Cortázar apolítico..................................................... p. 33 2.1.4 – Rastros políticos na produção discursiva cortazariana............................ p. 38 2.2 – O caminho até Mendoza: vivendo a política, 1937-1945............................p. 40 2.3 – 2.3 Cortázar dixit: ensaios, traduções, Cuba e o maio francês 1961- 1968..................................................................................................................................p. 49 2.3.1 – O humanismo cortazariano também é um existencialismo – surrealista …......................................................................................................................................p. 49 2.3.2 – Cortázar em Havana: dos Cronópios ao júri do IV Concurso Literário de Casa de Las Américas, 1956-1966...................................................................................p. 56 2.3.3 – Reunião, 1966...........................................................................................p. 62 2.3.4 – Homenaje a una torre de fuego – Cortázar vê 1968.................................p. 75 Capítulo 3 – Livro de Manuel (1973), Chili: le Dossier Noir (1974) e Vampiros Multinacionales (1975): outras margens..........................................................................p. 78 3.1 Livro de Manuel (1973) e Prêmio Médicis – e onde reside Cortázar? .........................................................................................................................p. 78 3.2 O antiintelectualismo de Cortázar: Romero e Fraga......................................p. 93 3.3 Em defesa de Juan Carlos Onetti: avançam as ditaduras e o pragmatismo intelectual...................................................................................................................…..p. 99 3.4 Fantomas contra los Vampiros Multinacionales e o Tribunal Russell II: o agitado 1975........……........…...……………................................................................p. 111 3.4.1 Cortázar e os quadrinhos: contra os Vampiros Multinacionales – uma utopia realizável……................……………………................................................................p.
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