INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS • TERRORISM Historical Dictionaries of War, Revolution, and Civil Unrest, No. 38 ANDERSON HISTORICAL The United States Department of Defense defines terrorism as “the calcu- SLOAN DICTIONARY lated use of unlawful violence or threat of unlawful violence to inculcate fear; THIRD EDITION intended to coerce or to intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of OF goals that are generally political, religious, or ideological.” Although terrorism SECOND EDITION has been around for centuries, the al Qa’eda attacks of September 11, 2001, HISTORICAL emphasized to the world, and most particularly the United States, just how DICTIONARY TERRORISM deadly it can be. OF TERRORISM This third edition of the Historical Dictionary of Terrorism presents the full spectrum of political violence through a chronology, an introductory essay, a bibliography, and hundreds of cross-referenced dictionary entries on major terrorist groups and their leaders, significant terrorist events, cyberterrorism, counterterrorism, and social-science concepts regarding the motivations and group dynamics of terrorist groups. Sean K. Anderson and Stephen Sloan move beyond the gut reaction we have to this volatile and divisive topic and instead provide a reliable and objective reference on terrorism. SEAN K. ANDERSON is professor of political science at Idaho State University in Pocatello. He has researched Iranian politics and Islamic funda- mentalism since working in the Pars News Agency in Iran in the early 1980s. STEPHEN SLOAN is professor emeritus of political science at the University of Oklahoma in Norman. He pioneered terrorist simulations to assist domestic and foreign law-enforcement departments, and he has contributed greatly to formulating a counterterrorism doctrine for the military and evaluating U.S. policies toward terrorism. In 1986 he served as an expert contributor to the Vice President’s Task Force on Combating Terrorism. For orders and information please contact the publisher SCARECROW PRESS, INC. THIRD EDITION A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200 Lanham, Maryland 20706 Cover design by Allison Nealon SEAN K. ANDERSON 1-800-462-6420 • fax 717-794-3803 www.scarecrowpress.com 90000 with STEPHEN SLOAN Cover photo of destruction caused by the 20 September 2008 suicide truck bomb attack outside the Marriott Hotel 9 780810 857643 in Islamabad, Pakistan; © Shabbir Hussein/epa/Corbis HD Terrorism CS2.indd 1 7/20/09 10:58:15 AM HISTORICAL DICTIONARIES OF WAR, REVOLUTION, AND CIVIL UNREST Jon Woronoff, Series Editor 1. Afghan Wars, Revolutions, and Insurgencies, by Ludwig W. Adamec. 1996. Out of print. See No. 30. 2. The United States–Mexican War, by Edward H. Moseley and Paul C. Clark Jr. 1997. 3. World War I, by Ian V. Hogg. 1998. 4. The United States Navy, by James M. Morris and Patricia M. Kearns. 1998. 5. The United States Marine Corps, by Harry A. Gailey. 1998. 6. The Wars of the French Revolution, by Steven T. Ross. 1998. 7. The American Revolution, by Terry M. Mays. 1999. 8. The Spanish-American War, by Brad K. Berner. 1998. 9. The Persian Gulf War, by Clayton R. Newell. 1998. 10. The Holocaust, by Jack R. Fischel. 1999. 11. The United States Air Force and Its Antecedents, by Michael Robert Terry. 1999. 12. Civil Wars in Africa, by Guy Arnold. 1999. Out of print. See No. 34. 13. World War II: The War Against Japan, by Anne Sharp Wells. 1999. 14. British and Irish Civil Wars, by Martyn Bennett. 2000. 15. The Cold War, by Joseph Smith and Simon Davis. 2000. 16. Ancient Greek Warfare, by Iain Spence. 2002. 17. The Vietnam War, by Edwin E. Moïse. 2001. 18. The Civil War, by Terry L. Jones. 2002. 19. The Crimean War, by Guy Arnold. 2002. 20. The United States Army: A Historical Dictionary, by Clayton R. Newell. 2002. 21. Terrorism, Second Edition, by Sean K. Anderson and Stephen Sloan. 2002. Out of print. See No. 38. 22. The Chinese Civil War, by Edwin Pak-wah Leung. 2002. 23. The Korean War: A Historical Dictionary, by Paul M. Edwards. 2002. 24. The “Dirty Wars,” by David Kohut, Olga Vilella, and Beatrice Julian. 2003. 25. The Crusades, by Corliss K. Slack. 2003. 26. Ancient Egyptian Warfare, by Robert G. Morkot. 2003. 27. The French Revolution, by Paul R. Hanson. 2004. 28. Arms Control and Disarmament, by Jeffrey A. Larsen and James M. Smith. 2005. 29. The Russo-Japanese War, by Rotem Kowner. 2005. 30. Afghan Wars, Revolutions, and Insurgencies, Second Edition, by Ludwig W. Adamec. 2005. 31. The War of 1812, by Robert Malcomson. 2006. 32. The Arab-Israeli Conflict, by P. R. Kumaraswamy. 2006. 33. Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Warfare, by Benjamin C. Garrett and John Hart. 2007. 34. Civil Wars in Africa, Second Edition, by Guy Arnold. 2008. 35. The Northern Ireland Conflict, by Gordon Gillespie. 2008. 36. The Anglo-Boer War, by Fransjohan Pretorius. 2009. 37. The Zulu Wars, by John Laband. 2009. 38. Terrorism, Third Edition, by Sean K. Anderson with Stephen Sloan. 2009. Historical Dictionary of Terrorism Third Edition Sean K. Anderson with Stephen Sloan Historical Dictionaries of War, Revolution, and Civil Unrest, No. 38 The Scarecrow Press, Inc. Lanham, Maryland • Toronto • Plymouth, UK 2009 SCARECROW PRESS, INC. Published in the United States of America by Scarecrow Press, Inc. A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706 www.scarecrowpress.com Estover Road Plymouth PL6 7PY United Kingdom Copyright © 2009 by Sean K. Anderson with Stephen Sloan All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Anderson, Sean, 1952– Historical dictionary of terrorism / Sean K. Anderson with Stephen Sloan. — 3rd ed. p. cm. — (Historical dictionaries of war, revolution, and civil unrest ; no. 38) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-0-8108-5764-3 (cloth : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-0-8108-6311-8 (ebook) 1. Terrorism—History—Dictionaries. 2. Terrorists—History—Dictionaries. I. Sloan, Stephen, 1936–. II. Title. HV6431.A537 2009 363.32503—dc22 2009003226 ϱ ™ The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992. Manufactured in the United States of America. Contents Editor’s Foreword vii Acknowledgments ix Readers’ Notes xi Acronyms and Abbreviations xiii Chronology xxix Introduction li THE DICTIONARY 1 Bibliography 713 About the Authors 799 v Editor’s Foreword Terrorism has repeatedly dogged and literally “terrorized” this suppos- edly modern and enlightened age. It has regularly adopted new shapes and forms in keeping with the times. The causes have also evolved over the years, as old problems are solved and new ones emerge, and re- cently it has gone high-tech, with devastating results in the numbers of those killed and maimed and the possibility of chemical, biological, and nuclear attacks. With the end of the cold war, it mutated and becomes more sophisticated and potentially more dangerous. So as this book sadly shows, terrorism will remain with us for the foreseeable future. For a topic so widespread and diversified, it’s no simple task to explain just which acts or groups are terrorist since one man’s terror- ist may be another’s enforcer of justice. Still, this new, updated, and expanded edition of the Historical Dictionary of Terrorism certainly makes the situation much clearer by presenting an amazing amount of information in the dictionary’s hundreds of entries on main issues, techniques, and counterterrorism measures. The chronology puts terror- ism into a historical context, the introduction provides necessary back- ground information, and the list of acronyms allows readers to keep track of organizations best known by just a few letters. Finally, there is a comprehensive and well-structured bibliography. This third edition is again the work of Sean K. Anderson and Stephen Sloan; this time most of the updating and expansion was done by Anderson, and the introduction was amended by Sloan. Both of them have excellent credentials. Dr. Sloan was in Indonesia at the time of the 1965–1966 coup and wrote A Study in Political Violence: The Indonesian Experience. Later, while teaching political science at the University of Oklahoma, he pioneered simulations of terrorist incidents and formulated counterterrorist doctrine, resulting in a second book, Simulating Terrorism. His latest books are Low-Intensity Conflict, Corporate Aviation Security, and Terrorism: The Present Threat in vii viii • EDITOR’S FOREWORD Context. He has also been active in formulating and evaluating coun- terterrorism policies. Dr. Anderson became initially acquainted with terrorism in the early 1980s in Iran, where he was chief editor of the International Department of the Pars News Agency. Since then he has been teaching at Idaho State University, where he is presently professor of political science. His specialization is state-sponsored terrorism in the Middle East and counterinsurgency measures by the United States, on which he has published articles and chapters in edited collections. He has worked long and hard to make this historical dictionary into a standard reference work and key to understanding terrorism. Jon Woronoff Series Editor Acknowledgments I would like to thank those who have made the third edition of this work possible. In particular I want to recognize the efforts of Kathryn A. Way, chief librarian for the Pasadena Branch of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, who cataloged relevant U.S. government documents and publications. I must thank Cheryl Hardy, administrative assistant of the Political Science Department at Idaho State Univer- sity, who helped proofread an ever-growing text, and also Ralph and Rochelle Lillig, who not only helped proofread the text but offered valued comments regarding style and grammar.