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Carotenoids in Representatives of the Pseudocyphellaria Genus from South America

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J Hattori Bot. lab. No. 87: 277- 286 (Nov. 1999) CAROTENOIDS IN REPRESENTATIVES OF THE PSEUDOCYPHELLARIA GENUS FROM SOUTH AMERICA 1 2 3 BAZYLI CZECZUGA , SUSANA CALVEL0 , LARS ARVIDSSON AND EWA CZECZUGA-SEME !UK 1 ABSTRACT. Column and thin-layer chromatography revealed the presence of the following carotenoids in the thalli of 20 species (39 specimens) of Pseudocyphellaria genus from various habi­ tats on the South-America: a-carotene, /3-carotene, /3-cryptoxanthin, lute in, 3 '-epilutein, zeaxanthin, lutein epoxide, antheraxanthin, echinenone, hydroxyechinenone, canthaxanthin, astaxanthin, celaxan­ thin, citranaxanthin, reticulataxanthin, violaxanthin, neoxanthin, dinoxanthin, heteroxanthin, cryptoftavin, mutatoxanthin, chrysanthemaxanthin, auroxanthin, aurochrome, 3,4,3 ',4' -bisdehydro­ /3-carotene, capsochrome, rhodoxanthin, /3-apo-2 ' -carotenal, /3-citraurin, apo-6'-lycopenal and azafrin. In the thalli of all the 20 species of the Pseudocyphel/aria genus /3-carotene and astaxanthin were found as constant carotenoids. The total content of carotenoids ranged from 16.4 (specimen no. 27 of Pseudocyphellaria faveo­ lata) to 95.9 µg g- 1 dry mass (specimen no. 8 of Pseudocyphellaria aurata). INTRODUCTION Initially the lichens belonging to the genus Pseudocyphellaria genus were described as representatives of the Sticta genus (Muller Argoviensis 1879, Zahlbruckner 1905, Gal­ loway and James 1986). In the forties of the present century the Pseudocyphellaria genus was distinguished from Sticta genus (Magnusson 1940). A great contribution to the knowl­ edge of the morphological, anatomical and biochemical details of South-American and New Zealand species of Pseudocyphellaria was made by Galloway (1988). The lichen species belonging to Pseudocyphellaria genus occur mainly in the Southern Hemisphere, usually in a cool temperature region (Galloway 1985, 1986, 1989, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1997) though such species as Pseudocyphellaria clathrata or Pseudocyphellaria aurata are to be found in countris with a warm climate like Mexico (Imshang I 956a), the West Indies (lmshang l 956b) or Brazil (Vainio 1890). However, the most numerously represented species are found in Ecuador (Galloway and Arvidsson 1990), on the Galapagos Islands (Weber 1966, 1986) and Patagonia (Guzman et al. 1990, Calvelo 1992). Chemical studies carried out some time ago of thalli of some Pseudocyphel/aria species made it possible to determine a number of chemical compounds not previously noted in lichens (Huneck et al. 1973; Elix et al. 1987, 1990). Ecophysiological adaptations of the lichen genera Pseudo­ cyphellaria to various conditions egsamined by Snelgar and Green (I 981 ), Renuer and 1 Department of General Biology, Medical University, Kilinskiego I, PL-15-230 Bialystok 8, Poland. 2 Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche, CC-1336, Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina. 3 Botanical Museum, University ofGoteborg, Carl Skottsbergs Gata 22, S-413-19 Goteborg, Swe­ den. 278 J. Hattori Bot. Lab. o. 87 I 9 9 9 Galloway ( 1982), Lange et al. ( 1988), Demmig-Adams et al. ( l 990a, b ), Green and Lange (I 991) and Green et al. (1991 ). Preliminary studies of carotenoids in the thalli of Pseudo­ cyphellaria aurata and Pseudocyphellaria clathrata from Brazil (Czeczuga and Xavier­ Filho I 987) prompted us to undertake detailed studies of the carotenoid content in the thalli of different species from places where they are most abundant. MATERIALS AND M ETHODS The 8 species (21 specimens) from Argentina and 12 species (I 8 specimens) from Ecuador were studied and the name, the site and habitat of these species are presented in Table I. The investigated species of lichens are deposited in the Botanical Museum of Uni­ versity Goteborg (LA) and in University ofBariloche (SC). Cleaned, air dried thalli were macerated with acetone under nitrogen in dark glass bot­ tles and the extracts kept in a refrigerator until analysed. Saponification was carried out with I 0% KOH in ethanol at 20°C for 24 ha in the dark under nitrogen. Column and TLC (Czeczuga I 980) were used to separate the carotenoids, which were identified by compari­ son with standard compounds (Hoffman-La Roche and Sigma Company) by a) the behav­ iour on column chromatography; b) their UV-VIS spectra (Beckman 2400); c) their parti­ tion between n-hexane and 95% ethanol; d) their Rf-values on TLC; e) the presence of al­ lylic OH-group determined by the acid-CHCl2 test; f) the epoxide test; and g) the mass spectrum ( cf. Vetter et al. I 97 l ). Quantitative determinations were done by UV, VIS spec­ troscopy (Davies 1976). For the structures of carotenoids see Straub ( 1987). RESULTS In 39 specimens of 20 species of the Pseudocyphellaria genus from the mountains of South­ America, the presence of 31 carotenoids was established (Table 2). These were mainly carotenoids commonly occurring in lichens. Celaxanthin, citranaxanthin, dinoxanthin, reticulataxanthin and 3,4,3 ',4' -bisdehydro-/3-carotene were new to lichens and only azafrin, chrysanthemaxanthin and het­ eroxanthin have to date been found only sporadically in lichens. The total content of carotenoids ranged from 16.4 (specimen no. 27 of Pseudocyphellaria fa veolata) to 95 .9 µ g g- 1 dry mass (specimen no. 8 of Pseudocyphellaria aurata) (Table 3). DISCUSSION A new carotenoid, celaxanthin, a derivative of rubixanthin, also known as anhydros­ aproxanthin, was first isolated from red harries, Calastrus scandens (Weedon I 971 ). In the present study it was detected in the thalli of Pseudocyphel/aria hirsuta collected in the Lago Puelo National Park and Pseudocyphellaria subrubella in the Nahuel Huapi National Park in Argentina. Citranaxanthin and reticulataxanthin belong to apocarotenales. They were first detected in citrus fruit (Yokoyama and White I 965, Yokoyama et al. 1965). In lichen of the genus Pseudocyphellaria citranaxanthin was found in the thalli of Pseudo­ cyphel/aria corrifolia from the Nahuel Huapi ational Park, while reticulataxanthin in the thalli of Pseudocyphellaria granulata collected in the province of Rio Negro in Argentina. Dinoxanthin, a neoxanthin derivative (Goodwin I 980), is characteristic of algae of Pyrro­ phyta type (Jeffrey et al. 1975, Eugster 1979). In our study it was isolated from the thalli of B. CzECZUGA et al. : Carotenoids in representatives of the Pseudocyphe/laria genus from South America 279 Table I. Investigated species of Pseudocyphellaria genus. No. Species Coll. No. Collected from Altitude (m) I. P. arvidssonii D. J. Galloway LA-2070 Ecuador, Napo: Baeza 2000 2. P. arvidssonii D. J. Galloway LA-6711 Ecuador, Napo: road Quito-Baeza 2250 3. P. arvidssonii D. J. Galloway LA-1244 Ecuador, Loja: road Loja-Zamora 2500 4. P. arvidssonii D. J. Galloway LA-839 Ecuador, Pichincha: road Quito-Mindo 2850 5. P. aurata (Ach.) Vain . LA-4074 Ecuador, Tungurahua: Rio Pastaza Valley 1500 6. P. aurora (Ach.) Vai n. LA-6468 Ecuador, Tangurahua: Rio Pastaza Valley 1650 7. P. aurata {Ach.) Vai n. LA-3875 Ecuador, Napo: road Baeza-Teno 1800 8. P. aurata (Ach.) Vain. LA-6627 Ecuador, Napo: road Quito-Baeza 2700 9. P. bartlettii D. J. Gall oway LA-6060 Ecuador, Napo: Cordillera Oriental 3450 10. P. bartlettii D. J. Galloway LA-7150 Ecuador, Azuay: road to Molleturo 3600 11. P. berberiana (Foster) SC-882 Argentina, PNNH'>: on 850 D. J. Galloway et P James Sa:xegothaea conspicua 12. P. berberina (Foster) SC-883 Argentina, PNNH: on 850 D. J. Galloway et P James Sa:xegothaea conspicua 13. P. berberina (Foster) SC-890 Argentina, PNNH: on 850 D. J. Galloway et P James Sa:xegothaea conspicua 14. P. clathrata (L.) Vain . LA-2074 Ecuador, Mapo: Baeza, the village 2000 15. P. clathrata (L.) Vain. LA-6716 Ecuador, Napo: road Quito-Baeza 2250 16. P. corrifolia (Miill. Arg.) Malme SC-67 Argentina, PNNH : Cerro Catedral 1350 17. P. corrifolia (Miill. Arg.) Malme SC-861 Argentina, Prov. Rio Negro: 1000 on Nothofagus antarctica 18. P. corrifo/ia (Miill. Arg.) Malme SC-862 Argentina, Prov. Rio Negro: on Diosteajuncea !OOO 19. P. crocata (L.) Vain . LA-67 10 Ecuador, Napo: road Quto-Baeza 2250 20. P. crocata (L.) Vain. LA- 1243 Ecuador, Loja: road Loja-Zamora 2200 2 1. P. crocata (L.) Vain. LA-7152 Ecuador, Azuay: road to Molleturo 3600 22. P. crocata (L.) Vain . SC-4 Argentina, PNN H: on Nothofagus dombeyii 850 23 . P. dozyana (Mont. Bosch) LA-6465 Ecuador, Tungurahua: Rio Pastaza Valley 1650 D. J. Galloway 24. P. encoensis R. Sant. LA-6565 Ecuador, Chimborazo: Cordillera Oriental 3500 25 . P.faveo/ata (Delise) Malme SC-98 Argentina, TNNH: Lago Frias 850 2 26. P.faveolata (Del ise) Malme SC-866 Argentina, PNL l: on Nothofagus a/pina 1200 27. P.faveolata (Delise) Malme SC-906 Argentina, Prov. Neuquen, on Luma apiculata 110 28. P.flavicans (Hook. Tayloe) Vai n. SC-595 Argentina, PNLP3l : on Nothofagus dombeyii 960 29. P.jfavicans (Hook. Tayloe) Vain . SC-880 Argentina, Prov. Rio Negro, 950 on Nothofagus dombeyii 30. P. gilva (Ach.) Malme SC-301 Argentina, Prov. Rio Negro, between mosses 850 31. P. glabra (Hook. Tayor) Va in. SC-867 Argentina, PNL: on Nothofagus dombeyii 800 32. P. granulata (Chrch., Bab.) Malme SC-59 Argentina, Prov. Rio Negro, Arroyo Casa de Piedra 860 33. P. hirsuta (Mont.) Malme SC-93 Argentina, Prov. Rio Negro, Arroyo Casa de Piedra 810 34. P. hirsuta (Mont.) Malme SC-669 Argentina, PNLP: on rocks 950 35. P. hirsuta (Mont.) Malme SC-873 Argentina, Prov. Rio Negro: Villa Tacul 1000 36. P. intricata (Delise) Vain. LA-6880 Ecuador, Azuay: Paramo de Tinaj illas 3400 37. P. neglecta (Miill. Agr.) H. Magn SC-869 Argentina, PNL: on rocks 1100 38. P. s11brubella Rasanen SC-851 Argentina, PNNH: on Sa:xegothaea conspicua 1120 39. P. vaccinia (Mont.) Malme SC-851 Argentina, P H: Arroyo Goye 1250 I) Parque Nacional Nahuel Huapi 2) Parque Nacional Lanin 3) Parque acional Lago Puelo 280 J. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 87 I 9 9 9 Table 2. Carotenoids found in species of Pseudocyphellaria genus. Summary Structure No.
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    Tree Leaf Color Series WSFNR08-34 Sept. 2008 Pigment Palette by Dr. Kim D. Coder, Warnell School of Forestry & Natural Resources, University of Georgia Autumn tree colors grace our landscapes. The palette of potential colors is as diverse as the natural world. The climate-induced senescence process that trees use to pass into their Winter rest period can present many colors to the eye. The colored pigments produced by trees can be generally divided into the green drapes of tree life, bright oil paints, subtle water colors, and sullen earth tones. Unveiling Overpowering greens of summer foliage come from chlorophyll pigments. Green colors can hide and dilute other colors. As chlorophyll contents decline in fall, other pigments are revealed or produced in tree leaves. As different pigments are fading, being produced, or changing inside leaves, a host of dynamic color changes result. Taken altogether, the various coloring agents can yield an almost infinite combination of leaf colors. The primary colorants of fall tree leaves are carotenoid and flavonoid pigments mixed over a variable brown background. There are many tree colors. The bright, long lasting oil paints-like colors are carotene pigments produc- ing intense red, orange, and yellow. A chemical associate of the carotenes are xanthophylls which produce yellow and tan colors. The short-lived, highly variable watercolor-like colors are anthocyanin pigments produc- ing soft red, pink, purple and blue. Tannins are common water soluble colorants that produce medium and dark browns. The base color of tree leaf components are light brown. In some tree leaves there are pale cream colors and blueing agents which impact color expression.
  • The Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Effects of Carotenoids: a Review

    The Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Effects of Carotenoids: a Review

    ISSN (Online) : 2250-1460 Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Health Care, Vol 9(4), 186-191, 2017 DOI: 10.18311/ajprhc/2017/7689 The Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Effects of Carotenoids: A Review Miaad Sayahi1 and Saeed Shirali2,3* 1Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran 2Hyperlipidemia Research Center, Department of Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Paramedicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran 3Research Center of Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; [email protected] Abstract Carotenoids are a big group of phytochemicals that have a wide variety of protective and medical properties. They are widespread in plants and photosynthetic bacteria and have many medical functions. Here in this article, we studied antidiabetic and antioxidant effects of four kinds of carotenoids (lutein, lycopene, beta-carotene and astaxanthin) besides some of the ways they can lower blood glucose and prevent the oxidant damages. Many articles, including originals and reviewsbriefly defining were scanned them and in this also way, mentioned but only somea few ofhad their a suitable plant sources. data. All So,of ourwe referencescan say, the were aim articlesof this studyhas been was collected to show Beta-carotene is the most widely carotenoid in food prevent cancer and triggers the release of insulin and like lutein its electronically from valid journals and databases including PubMed, Science Direct, Elsevier, Springer and Google scholar. levels in the retina with diabetes. Lycopene helps to protect diabetes patients with cardiovascular disease. Astaxanthin has antioxidant is useful for the prevention of macular degeneration. Lutein has also anticancer effects and reduces the ROS of these phytochemicals produces a kind of protect against diabetes and oxidative damages and also have other medical significant hypoglycemic effects.
  • STB046 1939 the Carotenoid Pigments

    STB046 1939 the Carotenoid Pigments

    THE CAROTENOID PIGMENTS Occurrence, Properties, Methods of Determination, and Metabolism by the Hen FOREWORD This bulletin has been written as a brief review of the carotenoid pigments. The occurrence, properties, and methods of determina- tion of this interesting class of compounds are considered, and special consideration is given to their utilization by the hen. The work has been done in the departments of Chemistry and Poultry Husbandry, cooperating, on Project No. 193. The project was started in 1932 and several workers have aided in the accumulation of information. The following should be men- tioned for their contributions: Mr. Wilbor Owens Wilson, Mr. C. L. Gish, Mr. H. F. Freeman, Mr. Ben Kropp, and Mr. William Proudfit. We are also greatly indebted to Dr. H. D. Branion of the Depart- ment of Animal Nutrition, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, Canada, for his fine coöperative studies on the vitamin A potency of corn. A number of unpublished observations from these laboratories and others have been organized and included in this bulletin. Extensive use has also been made of the material presented in Zechmeister’s “Carotenoide,” and “Leaf Xanthophylls” by Strain. It is hoped that this work be considered in no way a complete story of the metab- olism of carotenoid pigments in the fowl, but rather an interpreta- tion of the information which is available at this time. The wide range of distribution of the carotenoid pigments in such a wide variety of organisms points strongly to the importance of these materials biologically. In recent years chemical and physio- logical studies of the carotenoids have revealed numerous relation- ships to other classes of substances in the plant and animal world.