DOCSLIB.ORG

Sources of Carotenoids and Their Uses As Animal Feed

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Sources of Carotenoids and Their Uses As Animal Feed Scientific Papers. Series D. Animal Science. Vol. LXI, Number 2, 2018 ISSN 2285-5750; ISSN CD-ROM 2285-5769; ISSN Online 2393-2260; ISSN-L 2285-5750 important role in molecular processes of cell molecules, joined in a head to tail pattern membranes whose structure, properties and (Mattea, 2009; Domonkos, 2013). Structurally, SOURCES OF CAROTENOIDS AND THEIR USES stability can be modified, leading to possible carotenoids take the form of a polyene chain AS ANIMAL FEED ADDITIVES – A REVIEW beneficial effects on human health (Zaheer, that functions as a chromophore, due to 9-11 2017). conjugated double bonds and possibly Diana PASARIN, Camelia ROVINARU Out of high production and marketability terminating in rings, what determines their reasons, carotenoids are present in the animal characteristic color in the yellow to red range National Institute for Research and Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry kingdom, playing functions such as coloring (Vershinin, 1999). The presence of different 202 Spl. Independentei, Bucharest, Romania (pets/ornamental birds and fish, mimicking), number of conjugated double bounds leades to flavoring (scents and pollination in nature), various stereoisomers abbreviated as E- and Z- Corresponding author email: [email protected] reproduction (bird feathers and finding mates; isomers, depending on whether the double development of embryos), resistance to bonds are in the trans (E) or cis (Z) Abstract bacterial and fungal diseases, immune configuration (Vincente et al., 2017). responses (lutein connected to anti- Carotenoids are synthesized by all Carotenoids are natural pigments, widely distributed in nature, synthesized by plants, algae, fungi, and phototrophic bacteria. Carotenoids have coloring power and antioxidant properties, being used as colorants for foods, cosmetics and inflammatory natural substance in poultry), as photosynthetic organisms and some non- feeds. Nowadays, a small part of industrial carotenoids is obtained from algae and plants, and the most part is well as normal development of skin and photosynthetic bacteria and fungi (Ruiz-Sola, chemically synthesized, but with high production cost. Taking into account consumer’s demand for natural compounds, mucosa. 2012). Due to length of the polyene there is an increased trend for products containing natural ingredients including those used in animal feed. Products The aim of this review is to highlight the tail, carotenoid compounds are involved in quality and animal health are influenced by carotenoids added in feed as important component in daily diet. This paper various sources of carotenoids and their capturing energy from light, absorbing reviews aspects regarding the main sources of carotenoids used as feed additives for nutritional and coloring properties and their impact on animal and human health. application in animal feed additives. This topic wavelengths, ranging from 400-550 has rarely been described in a general matter, nanometers (violet to green light), thus Key words: carotenoids, feed additives, sources of carotenoids, pigmentation. and as such we endeavor to provide an assisting in photosynthesis and causes the overview of published works on the subject. compounds to be deeply colored yellow, INTRODUCTION properties and deposition of carotenoids crucial orange, or red (Vershinin, 1999; Zakynthinos, for consumers (egg yolks and other products). DEFINITION, CHEMICAL STRUCTURE 2016). Carotenoids gained great interest lately for food In fact, as studies show, there is a strong AND CLASSIFICATION OF There have been identified over 750 naturally and feeding, as their functions related to relationship between diets/foods rich in CAROTENOIDS occurring carotenoids, biosynthesized de novo nutrition, health and wellbeing are well carotenoids and the risk reduction of various by plants, algae, fungi and bacteria (Okada et appreciated. As consumers become more and diseases. Carotenoids increase the immune Carotenoids are natural pigments, widely al., 2008), among which only 50 have more aware of the importance of natural response, are excellent antioxidants, scavenging distributed in nature, responsible for the significant biological activity for animals and instead of synthetic and artificial ingredients, and inactivating free radicals. This is why both coloring of fruits, vegetables and flowers. humans (Mezzomo et al., 2016). they tend to change preferences and replace vitamin A precursor carotenoids and the non- Carotenoids take their name from carrot Animals cannot synthesize carotenoids (Rock, products in their diets according to norms precursors ones play an important role in the (Daucus carota), which accumulates high 2009), obtaining them through dietary intake, which no longer respond to good, tasty and protection and inhibition of serious diseases as levels of these pigments in the root, being an with a few exceptions, represented by aphids affordable consumptions, yet to higher, long- cancer, atherosclerosis, cataracts, macular exception among plants (Stange, 2015). They and spiders which acquired the ability and term perspective standards (García-Chavarría degeneration, multiple sclerosis, degenerative are used as food colorants, feed supplements, genes from fungi (Moran, 2010; Nováková, and Lara-Flores, 2013; Carotenoids Market by diseases, and cardiovascular diseases for cosmetic and pharmaceutical purposes. 2012) or are produced by endosymbiotic Type, 2016; Mohiseni., 2017). (Mezzomo et al., 2016). Most carotenoids are made up of eight bacteria in whiteflies (Sloan, 2012). In this line, arguments related to the On the other hand, there is no novelty feeding condensed 5-carbon-containing isoprene Carotenoids are classified in Table 1. replacement of synthetic carotenoids with animals with carotenoids, these have always natural ones in case of animal feed additives been part of their daily diet. Astaxanthin is the Table 1. Classification of carotenoids lay in multiple health impact through major carotenoid used for pigmentation of fish Classification Major classes Structure Examples Attribute References environment and animal to human health (Kaur muscle, mainly salmons (Bhosale, 2004). Beta- criteria and Shah, 2017). carotene, lycopene, and lutein increase growth Chemical Carotenes Hydrocarbons (constituted α-carotene -color range from pale Delgado-Vargas, 2000 As such, many researches have been directed to performance of animals and quality of structure by carbon and hydrogen) β- carotene yellow, bright orange to Tinoi, 2005 in-depth knowledge on carotenoid sources, pigmented products (Nelis and De Leenheer, that can be cyclized at one γ-carotene deep red Aizawa, 2007 or both ends of the molecule lycopene -maintains eye health Kaur and Shah, 2017 especially natural ones, for their use as animal 1991). Animals and humans are unable to torulene -does not color the fish feed additives, so as to benefit from their synthesize carotenoids, they have to meet their Oxycarotenoids Oxygenated hydrocarbon lutein, zeaxanthin, β- -generally yellow in color Delgado-Vargas, functions including skin and tissues daily nutritional needs from the products (xanthophylls) derivatives that contain at cryptoxanthin, -antiallergic and anti- 2000; pigmentation (especially when it comes to ingested (Priyadarshani and Rath, 2012). least one oxygen atom as astaxanthin, cancerous actions Bhosale and Berstein, hydroxyl groups, keto, canthaxanthin, -can color the fish 2005; animals/birds grown in captivity), as growth Carotenoids, as part of the nutrients in the feed, epoxy, methoxy, or violaxanthin,neoxanthin, -colors egg yolks Kushwaha et al, 2014. promoters (in terms of mass production), for support animal health and animal products carboxylic acid antheraxanthin reproduction and survival goals, sensory quality (Amaya et al., 2014). They have an 74 important role in molecular processes of cell molecules, joined in a head to tail pattern membranes whose structure, properties and (Mattea, 2009; Domonkos, 2013). Structurally, SOURCES OF CAROTENOIDS AND THEIR USES stability can be modified, leading to possible carotenoids take the form of a polyene chain AS ANIMAL FEED ADDITIVES – A REVIEW beneficial effects on human health (Zaheer, that functions as a chromophore, due to 9-11 2017). conjugated double bonds and possibly Diana PASARIN, Camelia ROVINARU Out of high production and marketability terminating in rings, what determines their reasons, carotenoids are present in the animal characteristic color in the yellow to red range National Institute for Research and Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry kingdom, playing functions such as coloring (Vershinin, 1999). The presence of different 202 Spl. Independentei, Bucharest, Romania (pets/ornamental birds and fish, mimicking), number of conjugated double bounds leades to flavoring (scents and pollination in nature), various stereoisomers abbreviated as E- and Z- Corresponding author email: [email protected] reproduction (bird feathers and finding mates; isomers, depending on whether the double development of embryos), resistance to bonds are in the trans (E) or cis (Z) Abstract bacterial and fungal diseases, immune configuration (Vincente et al., 2017). responses (lutein connected to anti- Carotenoids are synthesized by all Carotenoids are natural pigments, widely distributed in nature, synthesized by plants, algae, fungi, and phototrophic bacteria. Carotenoids have coloring power and antioxidant properties, being used as colorants for foods, cosmetics and inflammatory
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Egg Consumption and Human Health
    nutrients Egg Consumption and Human Health Edited by Maria Luz Fernandez Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Nutrients www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrients Egg Consumption and Human Health Special Issue Editor Maria Luz Fernandez MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade Special Issue Editor Maria Luz Fernandez University of Connecticut USA Editorial Office MDPI AG St. Alban-Anlage 66 Basel, Switzerland This edition is a reprint of the Special Issue published online in the open access journal Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643) in 2015–2016 (available at: http://www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrients/special issues/egg-consumption-human-health). For citation purposes, cite each article independently as indicated on the article page online and as indicated below: Lastname, F.M.; Lastname, F.M. Article title. Journal Name. Year. Article number, page range. First Edition 2018 ISBN 978-3-03842-666-0 (Pbk) ISBN 978-3-03842-667-7 (PDF) Articles in this volume are Open Access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. The book taken as a whole is c 2018 MDPI, Basel, Switzerland, distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Table of Contents About the Special Issue Editor ...................................... v Preface to ”Egg Consumption and Human Health” .......................... vii Jose M. Miranda, Xaquin Anton, Celia Redondo-Valbuena, Paula Roca-Saavedra, Jose A.
    [Show full text]
  • Synthèse Organique D'apo-Lycopénoïdes, Étude Des
    Synthèse organique d’apo-lycopénoïdes, étude des propriétés antioxydantes et de complexation avec l’albumine de sérum humain Eric Reynaud To cite this version: Eric Reynaud. Synthèse organique d’apo-lycopénoïdes, étude des propriétés antioxydantes et de com- plexation avec l’albumine de sérum humain. Sciences agricoles. Université d’Avignon, 2009. Français. NNT : 2009AVIG0231. tel-00870922 HAL Id: tel-00870922 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00870922 Submitted on 8 Oct 2013 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. ACADEMIE D’AIX-MARSEILLE UNIVERSITE D’AVIGNON ET DES PAYS DE VAUCLUSE THESE présentée pour obtenir le grade de Docteur en Sciences de l’Université d’Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse SPECIALITE : Chimie SYNTHESE ORGANIQUE D'APO-LYCOPENOÏDES ETUDE DES PROPRIETES ANTIOXYDANTES ET DE COMPLEXATION AVEC L'ALBUMINE DE SERUM HUMAIN par Eric REYNAUD soutenue le 23 novembre 2009 devant un jury composé de Hanspeter PFANDER Professeur, Université de Berne (Suisse) Rapporteur Catherine BELLE Chargée de recherche, CNRS Grenoble Rapporteur Paul-Henri DUCROT Directeur de recherche, INRA Versailles Examinateur Patrick BOREL Directeur de recherche, INRA Marseille Examinateur Olivier DANGLES Professeur, Université Avignon Directeur de thèse Catherine CARIS-VEYRAT Chargée de recherche, INRA Avignon Directeur de thèse Ecole doctorale 306 UMR 408, SQPOV A Je remercie l’ensemble du jury pour avoir accepté de juger ce travail : -Pr.
    [Show full text]
  • The Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Effects of Carotenoids: a Review
    ISSN (Online) : 2250-1460 Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Health Care, Vol 9(4), 186-191, 2017 DOI: 10.18311/ajprhc/2017/7689 The Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Effects of Carotenoids: A Review Miaad Sayahi1 and Saeed Shirali2,3* 1Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran 2Hyperlipidemia Research Center, Department of Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Paramedicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran 3Research Center of Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; [email protected] Abstract Carotenoids are a big group of phytochemicals that have a wide variety of protective and medical properties. They are widespread in plants and photosynthetic bacteria and have many medical functions. Here in this article, we studied antidiabetic and antioxidant effects of four kinds of carotenoids (lutein, lycopene, beta-carotene and astaxanthin) besides some of the ways they can lower blood glucose and prevent the oxidant damages. Many articles, including originals and reviewsbriefly defining were scanned them and in this also way, mentioned but only somea few ofhad their a suitable plant sources. data. All So,of ourwe referencescan say, the were aim articlesof this studyhas been was collected to show Beta-carotene is the most widely carotenoid in food prevent cancer and triggers the release of insulin and like lutein its electronically from valid journals and databases including PubMed, Science Direct, Elsevier, Springer and Google scholar. levels in the retina with diabetes. Lycopene helps to protect diabetes patients with cardiovascular disease. Astaxanthin has antioxidant is useful for the prevention of macular degeneration. Lutein has also anticancer effects and reduces the ROS of these phytochemicals produces a kind of protect against diabetes and oxidative damages and also have other medical significant hypoglycemic effects.
    [Show full text]
  • (Italie), 4 - 9 Juillet 2005
    F ALINORM 05/28/12 Mai 2005 PROGRAMME MIXTE FAO/OMS SUR LES NORMES ALIMENTAIRES COMMISSION DU CODEX ALIMENTARIUS Vingt-huitième Session Rome (Italie), 4 - 9 juillet 2005 RAPPORT DE LA TRENTE-SEPTIÈME SESSION DU COMITÉ DU CODEX SUR LES ADDITIFS ALIMENTAIRES ET LES CONTAMINANTS La Haye (Pays-Bas) 25 - 29 avril 2005 Note: Le présent rapport comprend la Lettre circulaire CL 2005/22-FAC J5342/F CX 4/30.2 CL 2005/22-FAC Mai 2005 AUX: Service centraux de liaison avec le Codex Organisations internationales concernées DU: Secrétaire, Commission du Codex Alimentarius, Programme mixte FAO/OMS sur les normes alimentaires Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome (Italie) OBJET: Distribution du rapport de la trente-septième session du Comité du Codex sur les additifs alimentaires et les contaminants (ALINORM 05/28/12) Le rapport de la trente-septième session du Comité du Codex sur les additifs alimentaires et les contaminants sera examiné par la Commission du Codex Alimentarius à sa vingt-huitième session (Rome, Italie, 4 - 9 juillet 2005). QUESTIONS SOUMISES À LA COMMISSION DU CODEX ALIMENTARIUS POUR ADOPTION À SA VINGT-HUITIÈME SESSION AVAN T-PROJETS ET PROJETS DE NORME ET DE TEXTES APPARENTES AUX ETAPES 8 OU 5/8 DE LA PROCEDURE UNIQUE, RESPECTIVEMENT 1. Projet et avant-projet de disposition relatives aux additifs alimentaires de la Norme générale pour les additifs alimentaires à l’étape 8 et 5/8, respectivement (par. 83 et Annexe X); 2. Avant-projet d’amendements au Système international de numérotation des additifs alimentaires à l’étape 5/8 (par. 88 et Annexe XIII); 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Basis of Carotenoid Accumulation in Horticultural Crops
    This article is an Advance Online Publication of the authors’ corrected proof. Note that minor changes may be made before final version publication. The Horticulture Journal Preview e Japanese Society for doi: 10.2503/hortj.UTD-R003 JSHS Horticultural Science http://www.jshs.jp/ Invited Review Molecular Basis of Carotenoid Accumulation in Horticultural Crops Akemi Ohmiya1*, Masaya Kato2, Takehiko Shimada3, Kenji Nashima4, Sanae Kishimoto1 and Masayasu Nagata5 1Institute of Vegetable and Floriculture Science, NARO, Tsukuba 305-0852, Japan 2Department of Bioresource Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan 3Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea Science, NARO, Shizuoka 424-0292, Japan 4College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa 252-0880, Japan 5Food Research Institute, NARO, Tsukuba 305-8642, Japan Carotenoids are isoprenoid pigments, which are widely distributed in nature. In fruits and flowers, carotenoids are responsible for bright yellow, orange, and red colors and provide a substrate to form flavor compounds, which attract pollinators and seed dispersers. In leaves, carotenoids play an essential role in photosynthesis. When carotenoids are ingested in the diet, they play a vital role in human nutrition and health as a precursor of vitamin A, antioxidants, and anti-inflammatory agents. It is therefore important to control carotenoid accumulation to improve the commercial value of horticultural crops. Carotenoid accumulation is regulated by flux through the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway, and also by degradation and sequestration into plastids, which function as sink organelles. These processes are mostly controlled at the transcriptional levels of relevant genes. In this review, we summarize recent advances in studies on the molecular mechanisms that regulate carotenoid accumulation in vegetables, fruits, and ornamental flowers.
    [Show full text]
  • Apocarotenoids: a Brief Review
    International Journal of Research and Review Vol.7; Issue: 12; December 2020 Website: www.ijrrjournal.com Review Article E-ISSN: 2349-9788; P-ISSN: 2454-2237 Apocarotenoids: A Brief Review Seba M C, Anatt Treesa Mathew, Sheeja Rekha, Prasobh G R Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Sree Krishna College of Pharmacy and Research Centre, Parassala, Kerala Corresponding Author: Seba M C ABSTRACT The development of apocarotenoids is started by oxidative cleavage reactions Carotenoids are broad group of natural that can be catalyzed by enzymes, generally pigments, extending from red to orange, to CCDs, or take place via exposure of yellow colours. Produced by plants and certain carotenoids to ROS. β-Cyclocitral is an microorganisms (e.g.: fungi, bacteria and example for a carotenoid cleavage product microalgae), carotenoids have significant physiological function (e.g.: light harvesting). that can be produced following both Apocarotenoids are organic compounds, which scenarios. The formation of this β-carotene– is cleavage products of C40 isoprenoid derived volatile in photosynthetic tissues is 1 pigments, named carotenoids, catalyzed by initiated by a singlet oxygen O2 attack, enzyme carotenoid oxygenase, produced which takes place in the photosystem II, absolutely by plants and microorganisms. particularly in the presence of high light Apocarotenoids show vital roles in several stress, while in citrus fruits, it is catalyzed biological activities (e.g., plant hormones). by a CCD (CCD4b) that cleaves β-carotene, Various carotenoids and apocarotenoids have β-cryptoxanthin, and zeaxanthin. Although great economic significance in feed, cosmetics, some CCDs display a quite relaxed substrate food supplements, pharmaceutical industries and and site (double bond) specificity , cleavage also possess high commercial values Key Words: Carotenoids, Apocarotenoids, reactions catalyzed by these enzymes Carotenoid oxygenase generally take place at definite double bond(s) in defined carotenoid/apocarotenoid INTRODUCTION substrate(s).
    [Show full text]
  • Carotenoids in Animal Nutrition Fefana Publication
    Fefana Publication Carotenoids in Animal Nutrition Fefana Publication Carotenoids in Animal Nutrition Contributing companies: DSM ITPSA NOVUS Authors: Elkin AMAYA Philippe BECQUET Sergi CARNÉ Silvia PERIS Pilar MIRALLES ISBN 978-2-9601289-4-9 © FEFANA 2014 Carotenoids -02- -03- 4.2 Fish 58 Table of Contents 4.3 Crustaceans 59 4.4 Ornamental birds 60 Introduction 05 4.5 Dogs and cats 60 5. SAFETY OF USE 61 1.NATURAL OCCURRENCE AND CLASSIFICATION 06 5.1 Safety for the target species . 61 1.1 Natural occurrence of Carotenoids 07 5.2 Safety for the consumers 62 1.1.1 Microorganisms 07 5.3 Safety for the workers 65 1.1.2 Fruits and Vegetables 11 6.4 Safety for the environment 65 1.1.3 Animals 14 6. CAROTENOIDS’ MONOGRAPHS 66 1.2 Chemical structure and classification 15 1.2.1 Carotenes 17 6.1 Ethyl ester of β-apo-8’-carotenoic acid 66 1.2.2 Xanthophylls 17 6.2 Astaxanthin 67 1.2.3 Biosynthesis pathway in nature 17 6.3 Canthaxanthin 68 6.4 Capsanthin 68 2. ROLE OF CAROTENOIDS 20 6.5 Lutein 69 2.1 Colour 21 7. BENEFITS FOR CONSUMERS AND FOOD PRODUCTS 70 2.2 Reproduction 26 2.3 Others 29 8. REGULATORY ASPECTS IN THE EU 76 2.4 Mimicking nature 31 8.1 Authorisation process 76 3. PROCESSING OF CAROTENOIDS AS FEED ADDITIVES 36 8.2 Other Regulatory considerations 79 3.1 Nature identical carotenoids prepared by total synthesis 37 9. REFERENCES 81 3.2 Extraction from plants 40 Acknowledgements 96 3.3 Biosynthesis from micro-organisms 41 3.4 Technological aspects of use in feed 42 Disclaimer and Copyright 3.5 Commercial products 45 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Role of Pparγ in the Nutritional and Pharmacological Actions of Carotenoids
    Research and Reports in Biochemistry Dovepress open access to scientific and medical research Open Access Full Text Article REVIEW Role of PPARγ in the nutritional and pharmacological actions of carotenoids Wen-en Zhao1 Abstract: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) has been shown to play Guoqing Shi2 an important role in the biological effects of carotenoids. The PPARγ-signaling pathway is Huihui Gu1,3 involved in the anticancer effects of carotenoids. Activation of PPARγ partly contributes to the Nguyen Ba Ngoc1,4 growth-inhibitory effects of carotenoids (β-carotene, astaxanthin, bixin, capsanthin, lutein, and lycopene) on breast cancer MCF7 cells, leukemia K562 cells, prostate cancer (LNCaP, DU145, 1School of Chemical Engineering and Energy, Zhengzhou University, and PC3 cells), and esophageal squamous cancer EC109 cells. PPARγ is the master regulator 2School of Food and Bioengineering, of adipocyte differentiation and adipogenesis. Downregulated PPARγ and PPARγ-target genes Zhengzhou University of Light have been associated with the suppressive effects of β-carotene and lycopene on 3T3L1 and Industry, 3School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, C3H10T1/2 adipocyte differentiation and adipogenesis. β-Carotene is cleaved centrally into 4 For personal use only. People’s Republic of China; Faculty retinaldehyde by BCO1, the encoding gene being a PPARγ-target gene. Retinaldehyde can of Food Industry, College of Food be oxidized to retinoic acid and also be reduced to retinol. β-Carotene can also be cleaved Industry, Da Nang, Vietnam asymmetrically into β-apocarotenals and β-apocarotenones by BCO2. The inhibitory effects of β-carotene on the development of adiposity and lipid storage are dependent substantially on BCO1-mediated production of retinoids.
    [Show full text]
  • Metabolic and Transcriptional Elucidation of the Carotenoid
    Hadjipieri et al. BMC Plant Biology (2017) 17:102 DOI 10.1186/s12870-017-1041-3 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Metabolic and transcriptional elucidation of the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway in peel and flesh tissue of loquat fruit during on-tree development Margarita Hadjipieri1, Egli C. Georgiadou1, Alicia Marin2, Huertas M. Diaz-Mula2, Vlasios Goulas1, Vasileios Fotopoulos1, Francisco A. Tomás-Barberán2 and George A. Manganaris1* Abstract Background: Carotenoids are the main colouring substances found in orange-fleshed loquat fruits. The aim of this study was to unravel the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway of loquat fruit (cv. ‘Obusa’) in peel and flesh tissue during distinct on-tree developmental stages through a targeted analytical and molecular approach. Results: Substantial changes regarding colour parameters, both between peel and flesh and among the different developmental stages, were monitored, concomitant with a significant increment in carotenoid content. Key genes and individual compounds that are implicated in the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway were further dissected with the employment of molecular (RT-qPCR) and advanced analytical techniques (LC-MS). Results revealed significant differences in carotenoid composition between peel and flesh. Thirty-two carotenoids were found in the peel, while only eighteen carotenoids were identified in the flesh. Trans-lutein and trans-β-carotene were the major carotenoids in the peel; the content of the former decreased with the progress of ripening, while the latter registered a 7.2-fold increase. However, carotenoid profiling of loquat flesh indicated trans-β- cryptoxanthin, followed by trans-β-carotene and 5,8-epoxy-β-carotene to be the most predominant carotenoids. High amounts of trans-β-carotene in both tissues were supported by significant induction in a chromoplast-specific lycopene β-cyclase (CYCB) transcript levels.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Carotenoids in Coloring Fish
    De Piscium Colore Carotenoidibus The Role of Carotenoids in Coloring Fish An Overview of Data from the Literature Composit et scripsit: Antonius H.M. Terpstra Philosophiae Doctor Universitate Vadensi Orando, Laborando et Cogitando Patefiet Verum Θαυμασια η αρχη τησ φιλοσοφιησ (Plato) The Netherlands, Anno Domini MMXV (2015) Page 1 of 10 De Piscium Colore Carotenoidibus - The Role of Carotenoids in Coloring Fish Antonius H.M. Terpstra Ph.D. The Role of Carotenoids in Coloring Fish Summary Xantophylles play an important role as an pigment in coloring fish. Xantophylles, such as astaxanthin, lutein etc. are oxy-carotenoids and are derived from the food. They can color both the skin and the flesh, but it depends on the fish species whether the skin or the flesh is colored. The pigments are located in the chromatophores which are highly branched dendrite like cells. Types of Carotenoids Carotenoids can be subdivided into: 1. Carotenes (oxygen-free carotenoids) such as lycopenes (in tomatoes) and α, β and γ carotenes (in carrots). Carotenes have a yellowish color but do not color the fish. 2. Xanthophylls or oxy-carotenoids (oxygen-containing carotenoids, xanthophylls means yellow leaves). These compounds have in contrast to carotenes one or more oxygen atoms. These compounds can color the fish, either the fillet or the skin and can also color egg yolks. Examples of xanthophylls are: Astaxanthin (in shrimps and trout, used to color trout and salmon fillet, trade names Carophyll pink by DSM or Lucanthin pink by BASF) Canthaxanthin (in cantharelle mushrooms, used to color eggs, trade name Carophyll red by DSM) Capsanthin (in red pepper, the capsicum) Zeaxanthin (in Zea Mais, red mais or corn, spirulina, alfalfa, grass meal) Lutein (luteus means yellow, in mais or corn, spirulina, alfalfa, grass meal) Apo ester (used to color eggs, Carophyll yellow, Food Orange 7 E 160f, the ethyl ester of β – apo – 8’- carotenic acid).
    [Show full text]
  • Carotenoid Profiling As a Tool for Egg Production
    ORAL SESSIONS L13 CAROTENOID PROFILING AS TOOL FOR VERIFYING EGG PRODUCTION CLAIMS IN THE UK? KATHARINA HEINRICH, CELINE PYE AND JAMES DONARSKI Fera Science Ltd, York, United Kingdom [email protected] Keywords: eggs, carotenoids, production claims, HPLC-UV/VIS. We developed and validated a method for the determination of production origin for eggs by (i) developing a carotenoid profiling method for hen eggs (and feed) and (ii) analysing hen eggs and feed from different productions methods [enriched caged (C), barn (B), free range (F) and organic (O)] and regions in the UK [England (E), Northern Ireland (NI), Scotland (S) and Wales (W)]. As part of the Defra project, FA0159, 18 eggs and a feed sample were collected by poultry officers from each of 16 different UK farms. On arrival at Fera Science Ltd, the egg samples were stored at 3 conditions (+4, +19 and +23 °C) for a 5 week period, generating 6 time points (week 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5). Individual eggs were taken from each farming system for week 0, 3 and 5, when stored at +4°C. In addition, at week 5, eggs stored at +19°C and +23°C were also sampled in order to give an indication of whether carotenoid profiles are affected by elevated temperatures. A total of 78 egg samples and 14 feed samples were analysed for carotenoids (capsorubin, capsanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, citranaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, ethyl-8’-apo-β-carotene-8’-oate, β-apo-8’-carotenal, β-carotene and canthaxanthin) by HPLC-UV/VIS; see Figure 1 - carotenoids affecting colour of yolks.
    [Show full text]
  • Optimisation De L'extraction Des Caroténoïdes À Partir Du Persimmon
    Optimisation de l’extraction des caroténoïdes à partir du persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.), de l’abricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) et de la pêche (Prunus persica L.) : étude photophysique en vue d’une application en thérapie photodynamique (PDT) Khalil Zaghdoudi To cite this version: Khalil Zaghdoudi. Optimisation de l’extraction des caroténoïdes à partir du persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.), de l’abricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) et de la pêche (Prunus persica L.) : étude photophysique en vue d’une application en thérapie photodynamique (PDT). Alimentation et Nutrition. Université de Lorraine, 2015. Français. NNT : 2015LORR0297. tel-01754591 HAL Id: tel-01754591 https://hal.univ-lorraine.fr/tel-01754591 Submitted on 30 Mar 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. AVERTISSEMENT Ce document est le fruit d'un long travail approuvé par le jury de soutenance et mis à disposition de l'ensemble de la communauté universitaire élargie. Il est soumis à la propriété intellectuelle de l'auteur. Ceci implique une obligation de citation et de référencement lors de l’utilisation de ce document. D'autre part, toute contrefaçon, plagiat, reproduction illicite encourt une poursuite pénale. Contact : [email protected] LIENS Code de la Propriété Intellectuelle.
    [Show full text]