DOCSLIB.ORG

Carotenoids and Retinoids in Human Nutrition

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Carotenoids and Retinoids in Human Nutrition Crilical Reviews in Food Science and NUlrilion, 31 (liZ): 103-163 (1992) Carotenoids and Retinoids in Human Nutrition E-Siong Tee Division of Human Nutrition, Institute for Medical Research, 50588 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Referee: C. Y. Lee, Ph.D., Department of Food Science and Technology, Cornell University, Geneva, New York 14456 ABSTRACT: Since the discovery of vitamin A as a fat-soluble growth factor in thl~ early part of the century. research into carotenoids and retinoids has attracted the attention of many scientists. These two groups of compounds are still being actively studied all over the world since many gaps in knowledge exist and new frontiers are being pursued. Recent developments in studies into the possible roles of carotl~noids and retinoids beyond their classical functions in vision have created a great deal of excitement in the biomedical community. This review covers a wide range of topics pertaining to these two closely related compounds. Particular emphasis is given to the functions of these compounds and their roles in human nutrition. V2,rious aspects of vitamin A deficiency and ,tudies on carotenoids and retmoids in cancer development and prevention are reviewed in some detail. KEY WORDS: carotenoids. retinoids, human nutrition, vitamin A deficiency, cancer development and prevention. I. INTRODUCTION chemical synthesis are all more recent achieve­ ments, accomplished during the 20th century. Some 75 years ago, vitamin A was discov-­ ered as a fat-soluble growth factor present in liver Vitamin A, or retinol, is an essential nutrient and recognized as an essential biochemical for for man and all mammalian species since it can­ normal vision in man and animals. It is, in fact.. not be synthesized within the body. Deficiency the first vitamin to be discovered. Today, after of the vitamin results in adverse effects on growth, several decades, very little is known about the reproduction, and resistance to infections. Var­ vitamin's biochemical mechanisms of action in ious mild to severe biochemical and clinical signs the different functions except for the process of develop, depending on the degree of severity of vision. 1 Vitamin A deficiency remains one of the the insufficiency. The most important manifes­ major public health nutritional problems in many tation of severe vitamin A deficiency is xeroph­ developing countries and is an important cause thalmia, and irreversible blindness may eventu­ of preventable blindness. Afflicting large num .. ally occur in one or both eyes. bers of pre-school children in southeast Asia, Xerophthalmia is not a condition of recent vitamin A deficiency is often associated with pro.. recognition. The ancient Papyrus Ebers, an tein-energy malnutrition, parasitic infestation, and Egyptian medical treatise of about 1500 B. C. , diarrheal disease. The interaction between vita .. and the Chinese at about the same time, had min A and infection has recently been given a already documented the occurrence of night great deal of attention. The synergistic effect be· blindness. 1.2 For the treatment of this early stage tween vitamin A deficiency and infection may of xerophthalmia, liver or liver extract was rec­ be responsible for excessi ve childhood morbidity ommended. However, the identification, isola­ and mortality in many developing regions of the tion, synthesis, and production of vitamin A by world. Recent studies on vitamin A supp1emen­ 1040-8398/92/$ .50 © 1992 by CRC Press, Inc. tation and child survival and mortality have cre­ ular attention to their importance to human nu­ ated a great deal of interest and debate in the trition. A detailed discussiOll of analytical meth­ international health and nutrition community. ods for retinoids and carotenoids is treated in a The major source of vitamin A in the diet of separate review by the author." most communities in developing countries is ca­ rotenoids. A review of vitamin A in human nu­ trition would thus be incomplete without due con­ II. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE sideration to these pigments of provitamin A activity. Carotenoids and retinoids have had a long Carotenoids are synthesized exclusively by and interesting history. Biologists, organic chem­ photosynthetic microorganisms and by members ists, and biochemists were fascinated by the of the plant kingdom where they play a funda­ brightly colored carotenoid pigments more than mental role in metabolism. Aside from providing a century ago. Studies on these pigments have aesthetic qualities as colorants in the plant and been traced to the beginning of the 19th century, the animal kingdoms, these pigments also take when the crystalline yellow pigment carotene was part in the photosynthetic process. Most impor­ first isolated in 1831 and the naming in 1837 of tantly, the carotenoids serve the animal kingdom the yellow pigments of autumn leaves as xan­ as sources of vitamin A activity. thophylls.7-9 In the early part of the 20th century, A large number of pigments in living organ­ it was clearly shown that there existed a whole isms - carotenoids, chlorophylls, anthocyanins, family of carotenoids, and that these were iso­ and porphyrins - provide the rich variety of prenoid derivatives. color in nature. The carotenoids, believed to have In 1913 McCollum and Davis 10 reported the derived their name from the fact that they con­ existence in certain foods of an essential Iipid­ stitute the major pigment in the carrot root, Dau­ soluble substance capable of promoting growth cus carata, are undoubtedly among the most in rats. They called this substance "fat-soluble widespread and important. This group of pig­ A" to distinguish it from essential water-soluble ments is found throughout the plant kingdom (al­ nutrients, which they called' . water-soluble B,', It though the~ir presence is often masked by chlo­ During the subsequent decade, further informa­ rophyll) and in insects, fish, birds, and other tion about the existence and properties of this animals. These pigments provide a whole range soluble essential nutrient was obtained from the of light yellow to dark red colorings, and when work of a number of investigators, including comp1exed with proteins, green and blue color­ McCollum and associates Osborne and Mendel, ations are achieved. Thus, a wide variety offoods Stepp, Steenbock, Moore, and others. It was and feeds - yellow vegetables, tomatoes, apri­ shown that • 'fat-soluble A" (now known as vi­ cots, oranges, egg yolk, chicken, butter, shrimp, tamin A) not only maintained growth in rats but lobsters, salmon, trout, yellow corn, etc. owe was capable of preventing night blindness and their color principally to carotenoids, as do cer­ xerophthalmia. Subsequently, the relationship tain food color extracts from natural sources such between vitamin A in animals and the provitamin as palm oil, paprika, annatto, and saffron. 3-5 carotene in plants was also clarified, particularly This review discusses these two large groups after Karrer and associat,~sI2 determined the of interrelated compounds, which are still being chemical structure of ~-carotene in 1930 and of actively studied all over the world. Many gaps retinol in 1931 using a highly purified vitamin A in knowledge exist, and new frontiers are being extract that they had obtained from shark liver pursued. Recent developments in studies into the oil. 13.14 Using such retinol preparations, the first possible roles of carotenoids and retinoids be­ oily retinol esters (e,g., retinyl acetate) were yond their classical functions have created a great prepared. 13 deal of excitement in the biomedical community. The structure of ~-carotene had been deter­ This is one of the few reviews on the subj(~ct that mined as early as 1930. 12 These two results made deals with the carotenoids and retinoids together. it possible to see from a chemical standpoint why A wide range of topics is discussed, with partic­ ~-car()tene is a natural precursor of vitamin A 104 compounds. This relationship was discovered be­ noic acid, but nevertheless retain many of the tween 1928 and 1930 in a large number of ammal biological activities of these substances. Ad­ experiments. 15.16 The elucidation of the vtamin vances in tracer chemistry now permit the syn­ A precursor function of these pigments has proved thesis of almost any desired retinoid in radioac­ to have great scientific and economic importance. tively labeled form.30 Remarkable progress has In 1937. Holmes and Corbet 17 were a.bIe to been made in the synthesis of carotl.~noids, par­ crystallize pure retinol from fish liver. Various ticularly to meet the needs of a wide range of crystalline esters of retinol were obtained from commercial uses. 31 fish liver oils by Baxter and Robeson. 18.19 These Major advances have occurred in understand­ pure compounds made possible the accurate deter­ ing the intermediary metabolism as well as the mination of a number of physicochemical c:harac­ transport systems of rctinoids, both extracellular teristics of carotenoids. Several years later. Arens and intracellular. The development of cell culture and Van Dorp20 and Isler and associates:~l suc­ techniques has facilitated study of the effects of ceeded in achieving the chemical synthesis of retinoids on cell differentiation and proliferation, pure retinoic acid and retinol. Shortly thereafter. one of the most basic problems of biology ..12 Fun­ the total synthesis of f3-carotene was also damental to these new studies is the realization reported. 22 that retinoids are highly potent agents for control Many studies were conducted in the first half of these processes_ In this regard, the retinoids of this century dealing with various aspects of have had a particularly striking role in helping to the physiology and metabolism of vitamin A. illuminate the problem of rnalignam cell differ­ Particularly noteworthy was the identification by entiation. There has thus been a thrust in the Wald,23 Morton,24 and Morton and Good"",in25 of development of new retinoids for prevention or the chromophore of the visual pigment a~, retin­ treatment of disease, particularly in the areas of aldehyde.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Cutaneous Manifestations of Systemic Diseases 428 C2 Notes Dr
    Cutaneous Manifestations of systemic diseases 428 C2 Notes Dr. Eman Almukhadeb Cutaneous Manifestations of systemic diseases Dr. Eman Almukhadeb CUTANEOUS MANIFESTATIONS OF DIABETES MELLITUS: Specific manifestations: 1 Cutaneous Manifestations of systemic diseases 428 C2 Notes Dr. Eman Almukhadeb 1. Diabetes dermopathy or “SHIN SPOTS”: Most common cutaneous manifestation of diabetes; M > F, males over age 50 years with long standing diabetes. They are: bilateral, symmetrical, atrophic red-brownish macules and patches, over the shins mainly but can occur at any sites, asymptomatic. There is no effective treatment. 2. Necrobiosis Lipoidica Diabeticorum (NLD): Patients classically present with single or multiple red-brown papules, which progress to sharply demarcated yellow-brown atrophic, telangiectatic erythematic plaques with a violaceous, irregular border. Usually it’s unilateral. Common sites include shins followed by ankles, calves, thighs and feet. Very atrophic plaque so any trauma will lead to ulceration, it occurs in about 35% of cases. Cutaneous anesthesia, hypohidrosis and partial alopecia can be found Pathology: Palisading granulomas containing degenerating collagen. The nonenzymatic glycosylation of dermal collagen and elastin will lead to degeneration of the collagen and atrophy (necrobiosis). 2 Cutaneous Manifestations of systemic diseases 428 C2 Notes Dr. Eman Almukhadeb Approximately 60% of NLD patients have diabetes and 20% have glucose intolerance. Conversely, up to 3% of diabetics have NLD, so if a patient has NLD its common that he is diabetic, but not every diabetic patient have NLD. (Important) Women are more affected than men. Treatment: Ulcer prevention (by avoiding trauma). No impact of tight glucose control on likelihood of developing NLD. There are multiple treatment options available and all of them reported to be effective: o Intralesional steroids o Systemic aspirin: 300mg/day and dipyridamole: 75 mg/day.
    [Show full text]
  • Altered Xanthophyll Compositions Adversely Affect Chlorophyll Accumulation and Nonphotochemical Quenching in Arabidopsis Mutants
    Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 95, pp. 13324–13329, October 1998 Plant Biology Altered xanthophyll compositions adversely affect chlorophyll accumulation and nonphotochemical quenching in Arabidopsis mutants BARRY J. POGSON*, KRISHNA K. NIYOGI†,OLLE BJO¨RKMAN‡, AND DEAN DELLAPENNA§¶ *Department of Plant Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1601; †Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3102; ‡Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Stanford, CA 94305-4101; and §Department of Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557-0014 Contributed by Olle Bjo¨rkman, September 4, 1998 ABSTRACT Collectively, the xanthophyll class of carote- thin, are enriched in the LHCs, where they contribute to noids perform a variety of critical roles in light harvesting assembly, light harvesting, and photoprotection (2–8). antenna assembly and function. The xanthophyll composition A summary of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway of higher of higher plant photosystems (lutein, violaxanthin, and neox- plants and relevant chemical structures is shown in Fig. 1. anthin) is remarkably conserved, suggesting important func- Lycopene is cyclized twice by the enzyme lycopene b-cyclase tional roles for each. We have taken a molecular genetic to form b-carotene. The two beta rings of b-carotene are approach in Arabidopsis toward defining the respective roles of subjected to identical hydroxylation reactions to yield zeaxan- individual xanthophylls in vivo by using a series of mutant thin, which in turn is epoxidated once to form antheraxanthin lines that selectively eliminate and substitute a range of and twice to form violaxanthin. Neoxanthin is derived from xanthophylls. The mutations, lut1 and lut2 (lut 5 lutein violaxanthin by an additional rearrangement (9).
    [Show full text]
  • Abscisic Acid Induced Protection Against Photoinhibition of PSII Correlates with Enhanced Activity of the Xanthophyll Cycle
    FEBS 15944 FEBS Letters 371 (1995) 61-64 Abscisic acid induced protection against photoinhibition of PSII correlates with enhanced activity of the xanthophyll cycle A.G. Ivanov a'*, M. Krol b, D. Maxwell b, N.P.A. Huner b alnstitute of Biophysics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Aead. (7. Bonchev Street, bl. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria bDepartment of Plant Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont. N6A 5B7, Canada Received 22 June 1995; revised version received 24 July 1995 applied ABA on the light-dependent zeaxanthin formation, the Abstract The exogenous application of abscisic acid (ABA) to related capacity for non-photochemical chlorophyll fluores- barley seedlings resulted in partial protection of the PSII photo- cence quenching and the possible involvement of ABA in the chemistry against photoinhibition at low temperature, the effect protection of PSII photochemistry from excessive radiation at being most pronounced at 10 -s M ABA. This was accompanied low temperatures. by higher photochemical quenching (qP) in ABA-treated leaves. A considerable increase (122%) in the amount of total carotenoids 2. Materials and methods and xanthophylls (antheraxanthin, violaxanthin and zeaxanthin) was also found in the seedlings subjected to ABA. The activity Seeds of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. var. cadette) were germinated of the xanthophyll cycle measured by the epoxidation state of for 3 days and grown in aqueous solutions of ABA (10 -5 M and 10-6 M) xanthophyUs under high-light treatment was higher in ABA- as in [23]. ABA treatments lasted 7 days. The solutions were changed treated plants compared with the control. This corresponds to a daily.
    [Show full text]
  • Sources of Carotenoids and Their Uses As Animal Feed
    Scientific Papers. Series D. Animal Science. Vol. LXI, Number 2, 2018 ISSN 2285-5750; ISSN CD-ROM 2285-5769; ISSN Online 2393-2260; ISSN-L 2285-5750 important role in molecular processes of cell molecules, joined in a head to tail pattern membranes whose structure, properties and (Mattea, 2009; Domonkos, 2013). Structurally, SOURCES OF CAROTENOIDS AND THEIR USES stability can be modified, leading to possible carotenoids take the form of a polyene chain AS ANIMAL FEED ADDITIVES – A REVIEW beneficial effects on human health (Zaheer, that functions as a chromophore, due to 9-11 2017). conjugated double bonds and possibly Diana PASARIN, Camelia ROVINARU Out of high production and marketability terminating in rings, what determines their reasons, carotenoids are present in the animal characteristic color in the yellow to red range National Institute for Research and Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry kingdom, playing functions such as coloring (Vershinin, 1999). The presence of different 202 Spl. Independentei, Bucharest, Romania (pets/ornamental birds and fish, mimicking), number of conjugated double bounds leades to flavoring (scents and pollination in nature), various stereoisomers abbreviated as E- and Z- Corresponding author email: [email protected] reproduction (bird feathers and finding mates; isomers, depending on whether the double development of embryos), resistance to bonds are in the trans (E) or cis (Z) Abstract bacterial and fungal diseases, immune configuration (Vincente et al., 2017). responses (lutein connected to anti- Carotenoids are synthesized by all Carotenoids are natural pigments, widely distributed in nature, synthesized by plants, algae, fungi, and phototrophic bacteria. Carotenoids have coloring power and antioxidant properties, being used as colorants for foods, cosmetics and inflammatory natural substance in poultry), as photosynthetic organisms and some non- feeds.
    [Show full text]
  • Biosynthesis of Abscisic Acid by the Direct Pathway Via Ionylideneethane in a Fungus, Cercospora Cruenta
    Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 68 (12), 2571–2580, 2004 Biosynthesis of Abscisic Acid by the Direct Pathway via Ionylideneethane in a Fungus, Cercospora cruenta y Masahiro INOMATA,1 Nobuhiro HIRAI,2; Ryuji YOSHIDA,3 and Hajime OHIGASHI1 1Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan 2International Innovation Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan 3Department of Agriculture Technology, Toyama Prefectural University, Toyama 939-0311, Japan Received August 11, 2004; Accepted September 12, 2004 We examined the biosynthetic pathway of abscisic Key words: Cercospora cruenta; abscisic acid; allofar- acid (ABA) after isopentenyl diphosphate in a fungus, nesene; -ionylideneethane; all-E-7,8-dihy- Cercospora cruenta. All oxygen atoms at C-1, -1, -10, and dro- -carotene -40 of ABA produced by this fungus were labeled with 18 18 O from O2. The fungus did not produce the 9Z- A sesquiterpenoid, abscisic acid (ABA, 1), is a plant carotenoid possessing -ring that is likely a precursor hormone which regulates seed dormancy and induces for the carotenoid pathway, but produced new sesqui- dehydration tolerance by reducing the stomatal aper- terpenoids, 2E,4E- -ionylideneethane and 2Z,4E- -ion- ture.1) ABA is biosynthesized by some phytopathogenic ylideneethane, along with 2E,4E,6E-allofarnesene. The fungi in addition to plants,2) but the biosynthetic origin fungus converted these sesquiterpenoids labeled with of isopentenyl diphosphate (IDP) for fungal ABA is 13C to ABA, and the incorporation ratio of 2Z,4E- - different from that for plant ABA (Fig. 1). Fungi use ionylideneethane was higher than that of 2E,4E- - IDP derived from the mevalonate pathway for ABA, ionylideneethane.
    [Show full text]
  • Bioactive Compounds of Tomatoes As Health Promoters
    48 Natural Bioactive Compounds from Fruits and Vegetables, 2016, Ed. 2, 48-91 CHAPTER 3 Bioactive Compounds of Tomatoes as Health Promoters José Pinela1,2, M. Beatriz P. P Oliveira2, Isabel C.F.R. Ferreira1,* 1 Mountain Research Centre (CIMO), ESA, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, Ap. 1172, 5301-855 Bragança, Portugal 2 REQUIMTE/LAQV, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, n° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal Abstract: Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is one of the most consumed vegetables in the world and probably the most preferred garden crop. It is a key component of the Mediterranean diet, commonly associated with a reduced risk of chronic degenerative diseases. Currently there are a large number of tomato cultivars with different morphological and sensorial characteristics and tomato-based products, being major sources of nourishment for the world’s population. Its consumption brings health benefits, linked with its high levels of bioactive ingredients. The main compounds are carotenoids such as β-carotene, a precursor of vitamin A, and mostly lycopene, which is responsible for the red colour, vitamins in particular ascorbic acid and tocopherols, phenolic compounds including hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives and flavonoids, and lectins. The content of these compounds is variety dependent. Besides, unlike unripe tomatoes, which contain a high content of tomatine (glycoalkaloid) but no lycopene, ripe red tomatoes contain high amounts of lycopene and a lower quantity of glycoalkaloids. Current studies demonstrate the several benefits of these bioactive compounds, either isolated or in combined extracts, namely anticarcinogenic, cardioprotective and hepatoprotective effects among other health benefits, mainly due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic Modification of Tomato with the Tobacco Lycopene Β-Cyclase Gene Produces High Β-Carotene and Lycopene Fruit
    Z. Naturforsch. 2016; 71(9-10)c: 295–301 Louise Ralley, Wolfgang Schucha, Paul D. Fraser and Peter M. Bramley* Genetic modification of tomato with the tobacco lycopene β-cyclase gene produces high β-carotene and lycopene fruit DOI 10.1515/znc-2016-0102 and alleviation of vitamin A deficiency by β-carotene, Received May 18, 2016; revised July 4, 2016; accepted July 6, 2016 which is pro-vitamin A [4]. Deficiency of vitamin A causes xerophthalmia, blindness and premature death, espe- Abstract: Transgenic Solanum lycopersicum plants cially in children aged 1–4 [5]. Since humans cannot expressing an additional copy of the lycopene β-cyclase synthesise carotenoids de novo, these health-promoting gene (LCYB) from Nicotiana tabacum, under the control compounds must be taken in sufficient quantities in the of the Arabidopsis polyubiquitin promoter (UBQ3), have diet. Consequently, increasing their levels in fruit and been generated. Expression of LCYB was increased some vegetables is beneficial to health. Tomato products are 10-fold in ripening fruit compared to vegetative tissues. the most common source of dietary lycopene. Although The ripe fruit showed an orange pigmentation, due to ripe tomato fruit contains β-carotene, the amount is rela- increased levels (up to 5-fold) of β-carotene, with negli- tively low [1]. Therefore, approaches to elevate β-carotene gible changes to other carotenoids, including lycopene. levels, with no reduction in lycopene, are a goal of Phenotypic changes in carotenoids were found in vegeta- plant breeders. One strategy that has been employed to tive tissues, but levels of biosynthetically related isopre- increase levels of health promoting carotenoids in fruits noids such as tocopherols, ubiquinone and plastoquinone and vegetables for human and animal consumption is were barely altered.
    [Show full text]
  • Egg Consumption and Human Health
    nutrients Egg Consumption and Human Health Edited by Maria Luz Fernandez Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Nutrients www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrients Egg Consumption and Human Health Special Issue Editor Maria Luz Fernandez MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade Special Issue Editor Maria Luz Fernandez University of Connecticut USA Editorial Office MDPI AG St. Alban-Anlage 66 Basel, Switzerland This edition is a reprint of the Special Issue published online in the open access journal Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643) in 2015–2016 (available at: http://www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrients/special issues/egg-consumption-human-health). For citation purposes, cite each article independently as indicated on the article page online and as indicated below: Lastname, F.M.; Lastname, F.M. Article title. Journal Name. Year. Article number, page range. First Edition 2018 ISBN 978-3-03842-666-0 (Pbk) ISBN 978-3-03842-667-7 (PDF) Articles in this volume are Open Access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. The book taken as a whole is c 2018 MDPI, Basel, Switzerland, distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Table of Contents About the Special Issue Editor ...................................... v Preface to ”Egg Consumption and Human Health” .......................... vii Jose M. Miranda, Xaquin Anton, Celia Redondo-Valbuena, Paula Roca-Saavedra, Jose A.
    [Show full text]
  • Synthèse Organique D'apo-Lycopénoïdes, Étude Des
    Synthèse organique d’apo-lycopénoïdes, étude des propriétés antioxydantes et de complexation avec l’albumine de sérum humain Eric Reynaud To cite this version: Eric Reynaud. Synthèse organique d’apo-lycopénoïdes, étude des propriétés antioxydantes et de com- plexation avec l’albumine de sérum humain. Sciences agricoles. Université d’Avignon, 2009. Français. NNT : 2009AVIG0231. tel-00870922 HAL Id: tel-00870922 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00870922 Submitted on 8 Oct 2013 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. ACADEMIE D’AIX-MARSEILLE UNIVERSITE D’AVIGNON ET DES PAYS DE VAUCLUSE THESE présentée pour obtenir le grade de Docteur en Sciences de l’Université d’Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse SPECIALITE : Chimie SYNTHESE ORGANIQUE D'APO-LYCOPENOÏDES ETUDE DES PROPRIETES ANTIOXYDANTES ET DE COMPLEXATION AVEC L'ALBUMINE DE SERUM HUMAIN par Eric REYNAUD soutenue le 23 novembre 2009 devant un jury composé de Hanspeter PFANDER Professeur, Université de Berne (Suisse) Rapporteur Catherine BELLE Chargée de recherche, CNRS Grenoble Rapporteur Paul-Henri DUCROT Directeur de recherche, INRA Versailles Examinateur Patrick BOREL Directeur de recherche, INRA Marseille Examinateur Olivier DANGLES Professeur, Université Avignon Directeur de thèse Catherine CARIS-VEYRAT Chargée de recherche, INRA Avignon Directeur de thèse Ecole doctorale 306 UMR 408, SQPOV A Je remercie l’ensemble du jury pour avoir accepté de juger ce travail : -Pr.
    [Show full text]
  • Overall Skin Tone and Skin-Lightening-Improving Effects with Oral Supplementation of Lutein and Zeaxanthin Isomers: a Double-Blind, Placebo‑Controlled Clinical Trial
    Journal name: Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology Article Designation: ORIGINAL RESEARCH Year: 2016 Volume: 9 Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology Dovepress Running head verso: Juturu et al Running head recto: L/Zi supplementation improves overall skin tone and skin lightening open access to scientific and medical research DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/CCID.S115519 Open Access Full Text Article ORIGINAL RESEARCH Overall skin tone and skin-lightening-improving effects with oral supplementation of lutein and zeaxanthin isomers: a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial Vijaya Juturu1 Purpose: Carotenoids, especially lutein and zeaxanthin isomers (L/Zi), filter blue light and James P Bowman2 protect skin from environmental factors including high-energy sources. These carotenoids may be Jayant Deshpande1 able to block the formation of melanin pathways, decrease cytokines, and increase antioxidants. Subjects and methods: This is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical 1Department of Scientific and Clinical Affairs, OmniActive Health trial over a 12-week supplementation period. Fifty healthy people (50 healthy subjects were Technologies Inc., Morristown, NJ, recruited and 46 subjects completed the study) (males and females, age: 18–45 years) with 2 James P Bowman & Associates LLC, mild-to-moderate dry skin were included in this study. Skin type of the subjects was classified Loveland, OH, USA as Fitzpatrick skin type II–IV scale. Subjects were administered with either an oral dietary supplement containing 10 mg lutein (L) and 2 mg zeaxanthin isomers (Zi) (L/Zi: RR-zeaxanthin and RS (meso)-zeaxanthin) or a placebo daily for 12 weeks. The minimal erythemal dose and skin lightening (L*) were measured via the Chromameter®.
    [Show full text]
  • Pigment Palette by Dr
    Tree Leaf Color Series WSFNR08-34 Sept. 2008 Pigment Palette by Dr. Kim D. Coder, Warnell School of Forestry & Natural Resources, University of Georgia Autumn tree colors grace our landscapes. The palette of potential colors is as diverse as the natural world. The climate-induced senescence process that trees use to pass into their Winter rest period can present many colors to the eye. The colored pigments produced by trees can be generally divided into the green drapes of tree life, bright oil paints, subtle water colors, and sullen earth tones. Unveiling Overpowering greens of summer foliage come from chlorophyll pigments. Green colors can hide and dilute other colors. As chlorophyll contents decline in fall, other pigments are revealed or produced in tree leaves. As different pigments are fading, being produced, or changing inside leaves, a host of dynamic color changes result. Taken altogether, the various coloring agents can yield an almost infinite combination of leaf colors. The primary colorants of fall tree leaves are carotenoid and flavonoid pigments mixed over a variable brown background. There are many tree colors. The bright, long lasting oil paints-like colors are carotene pigments produc- ing intense red, orange, and yellow. A chemical associate of the carotenes are xanthophylls which produce yellow and tan colors. The short-lived, highly variable watercolor-like colors are anthocyanin pigments produc- ing soft red, pink, purple and blue. Tannins are common water soluble colorants that produce medium and dark browns. The base color of tree leaf components are light brown. In some tree leaves there are pale cream colors and blueing agents which impact color expression.
    [Show full text]
  • Multiplicity of Carotene Patterns Derives from Competition Between
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Multiplicity of carotene patterns derives from competition between phytoene desaturase diversifcation and biological environments Mathieu Fournié1,2,3 & Gilles Truan1* Phytoene desaturases catalyse from two to six desaturation reactions on phytoene, generating a large diversity of molecules that can then be cyclised and produce, depending on the organism, many diferent carotenoids. We constructed a phylogenetic tree of a subset of phytoene desaturases from the CrtI family for which functional data was available. We expressed in a bacterial system eight codon optimized CrtI enzymes from diferent clades. Analysis of the phytoene desaturation reactions on crude extracts showed that three CrtI enzymes can catalyse up to six desaturations, forming tetradehydrolycopene. Kinetic data generated using a subset of fve purifed enzymes demonstrate the existence of characteristic patterns of desaturated molecules associated with various CrtI clades. The kinetic data was also analysed using a classical Michaelis–Menten kinetic model, showing that variations in the reaction rates and binding constants could explain the various carotene patterns observed. Competition between lycopene cyclase and the phytoene desaturases modifed the distribution between carotene intermediates when expressed in yeast in the context of the full β-carotene production pathway. Our results demonstrate that the desaturation patterns of carotene molecules in various biological environments cannot be fully inferred from phytoene desaturases classifcation but is governed both by evolutionary-linked variations in the desaturation rates and competition between desaturation and cyclisation steps. Carotenoids are organic pigments produced by plants, algae, fungi, and bacteria and can be subdivided into two families of molecules, carotenes and their oxidised counterparts, xanthophylls 1.
    [Show full text]