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Therapy and Metaphor THE ROMANTIC BODY: THERAPY AND METAPHOR by Blake Parker A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of Sociology and Anthropology @ Blake Parker 1994 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY June 1994 All rights reserved. This work may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without permission of the author. APPROVAL NAME : Blake Parker DEGREE : Master of Arts TITLE OF THESIS: The Romantic Body: Therapy and Metaphor EXAMINING COMMITTEE: CHAIR: Dr. Gary ~eeple Dr. Michael Ke Senior Supervi Professor of Anthropology - ' / Assistant ~r.Anand Paranjpe External Examiner Psychology Department Simon Fraser University June 23, 1994 Date Approved I hereby grant to Simon Fraser University the right to lend my thesis, project or extended essay (the title of which is shown below) to users of the Simon Fraser University Library, and to make partial or single copies only for such users or in response to a request from the library of any other university, or other educational institution, on its own behalf or for one of its users. I further agree that permission for multiple copying of this work for scholarly purposes may be granted by me or the Dean of Graduate Studies. It is understood that copying or publication of this work for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Title of TlresislProject1 Extended Essay The Romantic Body: Therapv & Metaphor Author: (Signature) Blake Parker (Name) / ABSTRACT In this thesis, I analyse the controversial therapeutics of Wilhelm Reich (1897 -- 1957). Reich's work is acknowledged, at least in some intellectual circles, as a major attempt to synthesis the work of those two giants of "modem" thought, Freud and Marx. His work is also recognized as seminal to the development of the contemporary holistic health movement. On the other hand, the critical assessment of his thought remains incomplete partly because Reich's own aims were so inclusive and partly because the implications of his work run so counter to the prevailing western intellectual tradition. Many commentators see Reich's work as contradictory, some of it brilliant but much of it simply crazy or misguided. Most critiques of Reich isolate his psychoanalytic work from his marxist sociology, his sociology from his later "crazy" biological work and the religious symbolism of universal energy. I take Reich's image of the human body as the unifying element in his work. I argue that the apparent lack of unity in Reich's work is due to certain ambiguities in his phenomenological language and that his attempt to create a body-mind synthesis destabilizes western therapeutic and scientific categories. I am influenced by the recent interest in the concept of embodiment in symbolic anthropology. I use a theoretical model of ideological construction influenced by this embodiment theory to interpret Reich's ideas about bodily energetics and his understanding of neurotic and healthy character structure. In the theoretical model that I use, ideology is a dialectical development of embodied consciousness. I typify "Modem" ideology as a dialectic between Romantic and Enlightenment discourse, Reich's work being an expression of the Romantic. My thesis is that an understanding of Reich's work is fundamental to the understanding of therapeutics on the contemporary cultural scene. His work is also central to a new image of the human body (and its potential for experience) emerging in alternative therapeutics and in other aspects of cultural life, i.e., sports and spiritual practices. Beyond this, I argue that Reich's model of social and psychological processes as an energetic system has important implications for sociological and anthropological interpretive practice in general. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First, I would like to thank my committee chairman professor Michael Kenny for his patience and for his tolerance of intellectual positions that are not his own. I would also like to thank professor Stacy Pigg for her critical persistence which has helped me, I hope, to clarify some of the more obscure aspects of my argument. I would also like to thank professor Gary Teeple for his conversations over lunch early on. In addition, I would like to thank a number of friends and family with whom I have had ongoing discussions concerning the themes of the thesis. First, I thank my partner Monica Carpendale for her ongoing support in all aspects of the making of this thesis. She has been steadfast far beyond the call of duty and I doubt whether I would have persevered without her help. I would also like to thank Wade Montgomery for our discussions about hermeneutics and other general issues in philosophy. I thank Jeremy Carpendale for our discussions about epistemology, the social construction of reality and developmental psychology. I would also like to thank Ken Martin for our discussions of Reichian and energetic therapy over lunch at the Vienna Cafe. I thank Jan Fraser for sharing her thoughts on healing and the body. I also thank Sheelagh Carpendale for her mathematical appreciation of the diagrams. ... ABSTRACT ...................................................................................... 111 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ......................................................................iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................v .. LIST OF TABLES ..............................................................................vn ... TABLE OF ILLUSTRATIONS ............................................................... vm INTRODUCTION: THE THERAPY & POLITICS OF ENERGY ..................... 1 1) Overview ................................................................................. 1 2) Introduction to the Interpretive Model: Embodiment & Ideology ...............4 3) Thesis Aims: Reich & the Romantic Image of Reversal ..........................9 4) Ideology: Epistemology & the Relativity of Truth ................................. 16 5) The Structure of the Thesis............................................................ 20 CHAPTER I .................................................................................... -24 1) The Reichian Corpus ..................................................................-24 2) A Note on the Critical Assessment of Reich's Work .............................. 39 CHAPTER 11: EMBODIMENT & IDEOLOGICAL UNFOLDING ....................43 1) Introduction .............................................................................. 43 2) Elements of the Anthropological Model .............................................46 3) Reich's Work as an Embodied Phenomenon .......................................60 4) A Closer Look at the Nature of Bodily Experience & Cultural Convention ...61 5) The Dialectics of Invention and Convention ........................................ 64 6) Ideological Unfolding of the Conventional World .................................65 7) The Cultural Dialectic of Invention ..................................................67 8) Reich. Romantic Ideology & the Body ..............................................68 CHAPTER 111: THE SYMBOLIC STRUCTURE OF REICH'S THERAPEUTIC ...70 1) Introduction ..............................................................................70 2) The Romantic Language of Universal Energy: Flow & Stasis ...................70 3) Reich' s View of "Non-Modern" Character Structure .............................76 4) Neurotic Character: The Transit to "Modem" Ideology ..........................80 5) "Modem" Ideology & the Neurotic Character Structure.......................... 84 6) The Processual Unfolding of "Modern" Neurotic Character Structure .........91 7) Functional Identities in the Unfolding of the Dialectic ............................ 95 8) The Therapeutic Symbolism of Orgonomy ........................................96 9) Therapeutic Reversal of the Armoured Block ......................................103 CHAPTER IV: CONCLUSION ..............................................................107 1) Introduction .............................................................................-107 2) The Romantic Body ................................................................... -107 3) Embodied Energy. Therapeutics & Value ..........................................110 4) The Biological Self and the Moral Community .................................... 113 5) Giordano Bruno & the Plague Character ............................................119 6) The Cosmic Dimension of Evil .......................................................121 7) Evil, Historical Motivation & the Body .............................................122 8) Anthropology, the Paradigm of Embodiment & the Instability of Categories .129 BIBLIOGRAPHY .............................................................................. -141 Appendix A: The Four Stages of Reich's Work ............................................ 148 Appendix B: Chronology of Reich's Life ....................................................150 Appendix C: Glossary of Reichian Terminology .......................................... -151 Appendix D: Scientific Development of Wilhelm Reich .................................. 152 Appendix E: Summary of the Orgone Theory ..............................................153 Appendix F: Glossary of Terns Concerning the Theory of Embodied Meaning ...... 154 Appendix G: Symbolic Construction ......................................................... 170 Appendix H: Two Bodies:
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